Articles | Volume 13, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
25 Aug 2021
Review article |
| 25 Aug 2021
EUREC4A
Bjorn Stevens
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
David Farrell
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Felix Ament
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Alan Blyth
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Christopher Fairall
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Johannes Karstensen
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Patricia K. Quinn
NOAA PMEL, Seattle, WA, USA
Sabrina Speich
LMD/IPSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
Claudia Acquistapace
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Franziska Aemisegger
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Anna Lea Albright
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Hugo Bellenger
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Eberhard Bodenschatz
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Kathy-Ann Caesar
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Gijs Boer
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Julien Delanoë
LATMOS/IPSL, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Guyancourt, France
Leif Denby
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Florian Ewald
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Benjamin Fildier
LMD/IPSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
Marvin Forde
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Geet George
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Silke Gross
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Martin Hagen
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Andrea Hausold
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Karen J. Heywood
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Lutz Hirsch
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Marek Jacob
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Friedhelm Jansen
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Stefan Kinne
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Daniel Klocke
Hans-Ertel-Zentrum für Wetterforschung, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany
Tobias Kölling
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Heike Konow
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Marie Lothon
Laboratoire d'Aérologie, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Wiebke Mohr
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Ann Kristin Naumann
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Meteorological Institute, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Louise Nuijens
Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Léa Olivier
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Robert Pincus
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Mira Pöhlker
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Gilles Reverdin
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Gregory Roberts
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Sabrina Schnitt
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Hauke Schulz
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
A. Pier Siebesma
Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Claudia Christine Stephan
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Peter Sullivan
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Jessica Vial
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Raphaela Vogel
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Paquita Zuidema
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Nicola Alexander
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Lyndon Alves
Hydrometeorological Service, Georgetown, Guyana
Sophian Arixi
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Hamish Asmath
Institute of Marine Affairs, Chaguaramas, Trinidad and Tobago
Gholamhossein Bagheri
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Katharina Baier
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Adriana Bailey
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Dariusz Baranowski
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Alexandre Baron
LSCE/IPSL, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Sébastien Barrau
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Paul A. Barrett
Met Office, Exeter, UK
Frédéric Batier
Frédéric Batier Photography, Berlin, Germany
Andreas Behrendt
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Arne Bendinger
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Florent Beucher
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Sebastien Bigorre
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Edmund Blades
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, St. Michael, Barbados
Peter Blossey
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Olivier Bock
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Paris, France
Steven Böing
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Pierre Bosser
ENSTA Bretagne, Lab-STICC, CNRS, Brest, France
Denis Bourras
Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Keith Bower
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Pierre Branellec
French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Brest, France
Hubert Branger
Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), CNRS/AMU/ECM, Marseille, France
Michal Brennek
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Alan Brewer
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Pierre-Etienne Brilouet
Laboratoire d'Aérologie, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Björn Brügmann
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Stefan A. Buehler
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Elmo Burke
St. Christopher Air & Sea Ports Authority, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
Ralph Burton
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Radiance Calmer
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Jean-Christophe Canonici
Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), Météo-France, CNRS, CNES, Cugnaux, France
Xavier Carton
LOPS/IUEM, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CNRS, Brest, France
Gregory Cato Jr.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Meteorological Services, Argyle, St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Jude Andre Charles
Grenada Meteorological Services, St. George’s, Grenada
Patrick Chazette
LSCE/IPSL, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Yanxu Chen
LMD/IPSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
Michal T. Chilinski
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Thomas Choularton
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Patrick Chuang
University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Shamal Clarke
Cayman Islands National Weather Service, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Céline Cornet
LOA, Université de Lille, CNRS, Lille, France
Pierre Coutris
LAMP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Fleur Couvreux
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Susanne Crewell
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Timothy Cronin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Zhiqiang Cui
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Yannis Cuypers
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Alton Daley
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Gillian M. Damerell
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Thibaut Dauhut
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Hartwig Deneke
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
Jean-Philippe Desbios
Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), Météo-France, CNRS, CNES, Cugnaux, France
Steffen Dörner
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Sebastian Donner
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Vincent Douet
IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France
Kyla Drushka
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Marina Dütsch
Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
André Ehrlich
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Kerry Emanuel
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
Alexandros Emmanouilidis
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Jean-Claude Etienne
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc
Meteorological Department St. Maarten, Simpson Bay, Sint Maarten
Ghislain Faure
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Graham Feingold
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Luca Ferrero
Gemma Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
Andreas Fix
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Cyrille Flamant
LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Piotr Jacek Flatau
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
Gregory R. Foltz
NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA
Linda Forster
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Iulian Furtuna
Compania Fortuna, Sucy-en-Brie, France
Alan Gadian
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Joseph Galewsky
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Martin Gallagher
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Peter Gallimore
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Cassandra Gaston
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Chelle Gentemann
Farallon Institute, Petaluma, CA, USA
Nicolas Geyskens
DT-INSU, CNRS, Plouzane, France
Andreas Giez
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
John Gollop
Barbados Coast Guard, St. Michael, Barbados
Isabelle Gouirand
The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Barbados
Christophe Gourbeyre
LAMP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Dörte Graaf
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Geiske E. Groot
Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Robert Grosz
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Johannes Güttler
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Manuel Gutleben
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Kashawn Hall
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
George Harris
Regional Security System, Christ Church, Barbados
Kevin C. Helfer
Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Dean Henze
College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Calvert Herbert
Regional Security System, Christ Church, Barbados
Bruna Holanda
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Antonio Ibanez-Landeta
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Janet Intrieri
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Suneil Iyer
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Fabrice Julien
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Heike Kalesse
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Jan Kazil
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Alexander Kellman
Barbados Coast Guard, St. Michael, Barbados
Abiel T. Kidane
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Ulrike Kirchner
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Marcus Klingebiel
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Mareike Körner
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Leslie Ann Kremper
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Jan Kretzschmar
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Ovid Krüger
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Wojciech Kumala
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Armin Kurz
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Pierre L'Hégaret
LOPS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
Matthieu Labaste
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Tom Lachlan-Cope
British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Arlene Laing
Caribbean Meteorological Organization, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Peter Landschützer
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Theresa Lang
Meteorological Institute, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Diego Lange
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Ingo Lange
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Clément Laplace
Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France
Gauke Lavik
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Rémi Laxenaire
Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Caroline Bihan
French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Brest, France
Mason Leandro
University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
Nathalie Lefevre
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Marius Lena
Compania Fortuna, Sucy-en-Brie, France
Donald Lenschow
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Gary Lloyd
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Sebastian Los
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Niccolò Losi
University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
Oscar Lovell
Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Services, Piarco Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago
Christopher Luneau
OSU Institut Pythéas, Marseille, France
Przemyslaw Makuch
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
Szymon Malinowski
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Gaston Manta
LMD/IPSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
Eleni Marinou
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
Nicholas Marsden
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Sebastien Masson
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Nicolas Maury
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Bernhard Mayer
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Margarette Mayers-Als
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Christophe Mazel
Dronexsolution, Toulouse, France
Wayne McGeary
Barbados Meteorological Services, Christ Church, Barbados
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
James C. McWilliams
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mario Mech
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Melina Mehlmann
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni
CIMA Research Foundation, Savona, Italy
Theresa Mieslinger
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Andreas Minikin
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Peter Minnett
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Gregor Möller
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Yanmichel Morfa Avalos
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Caroline Muller
LMD/IPSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
Ionela Musat
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Anna Napoli
CIMA Research Foundation, Savona, Italy
Almuth Neuberger
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Christophe Noisel
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
David Noone
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Freja Nordsiek
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Jakub L. Nowak
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Lothar Oswald
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Douglas J. Parker
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Carolyn Peck
Meteorological Service, Kingston, Jamaica
Renaud Person
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, UMR7159 LOCEAN/IPSL, Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, INRAE, ENS, UMS 3455, OSU Ecce Terra, Paris, France
Miriam Philippi
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Albert Plueddemann
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Christopher Pöhlker
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Veronika Pörtge
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Ulrich Pöschl
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Lawrence Pologne
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Michał Posyniak
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marc Prange
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez
College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Jule Radtke
Meteorological Institute, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Karim Ramage
IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France
Jens Reimann
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Lionel Renault
LEGOS, University of Toulouse, IRD, CNRS, CNES, UPS, Toulouse, France
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Klaus Reus
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Ashford Reyes
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Joachim Ribbe
University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
Maximilian Ringel
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Markus Ritschel
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Cesar B. Rocha
University of Connecticut Avery Point, Groton, CT, USA
Nicolas Rochetin
LMD/IPSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris, France
Johannes Röttenbacher
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Callum Rollo
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Haley Royer
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Pauline Sadoulet
CNRM, University of Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Leo Saffin
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Sanola Sandiford
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Irina Sandu
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Michael Schäfer
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Vera Schemann
Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Imke Schirmacher
Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Oliver Schlenczek
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Jerome Schmidt
Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA, USA
Marcel Schröder
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
Alfons Schwarzenboeck
LAMP, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Andrea Sealy
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Christoph J. Senff
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Ilya Serikov
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Samkeyat Shohan
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Elizabeth Siddle
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Alexander Smirnov
Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
Florian Späth
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Branden Spooner
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
M. Katharina Stolla
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Wojciech Szkółka
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Simon P. Szoeke
College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Stéphane Tarot
French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), Brest, France
Eleni Tetoni
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Elizabeth Thompson
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Jim Thomson
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Lorenzo Tomassini
Met Office, Exeter, UK
Julien Totems
LSCE/IPSL, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Alma Anna Ubele
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Leonie Villiger
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Jan Arx
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
Thomas Wagner
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
Andi Walther
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Ben Webber
Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Manfred Wendisch
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Shanice Whitehall
Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Barbados
Anton Wiltshire
Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Services, Piarco Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago
Allison A. Wing
Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Martin Wirth
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Jonathan Wiskandt
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Kevin Wolf
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Ludwig Worbes
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Ethan Wright
Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Volker Wulfmeyer
Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Shanea Young
National Meteorological Service of Belize, Ladyville, Belize
Chidong Zhang
NOAA PMEL, Seattle, WA, USA
Dongxiao Zhang
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
NOAA PMEL, Seattle, WA, USA
Florian Ziemen
Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
Tobias Zinner
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Martin Zöger
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
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Adriana Bailey, Franziska Aemisegger, Leonie Villiger, Sebastian A. Los, Gilles Reverdin, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Claudia Acquistapace, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Tobias Böck, Sandrine Bony, Tobias Bordsdorff, Derek Coffman, Simon P. de Szoeke, Christopher J. Diekmann, Marina Dütsch, Benjamin Ertl, Joseph Galewsky, Dean Henze, Przemyslaw Makuch, David Noone, Patricia K. Quinn, Michael Rösch, Andreas Schneider, Matthias Schneider, Sabrina Speich, Bjorn Stevens, and Elizabeth J. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 465–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, 2023
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One of the novel ways EUREC4A set out to investigate trade wind clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation was through an extensive network of isotopic measurements in water vapor, precipitation, and seawater. Samples were taken from the island of Barbados, from aboard two aircraft, and from aboard four ships. This paper describes the full collection of EUREC4A isotopic in situ data and guides readers to complementary remotely sensed water vapor isotope ratios.
Cathy Hohenegger, Peter Korn, Leonidas Linardakis, René Redler, Reiner Schnur, Panagiotis Adamidis, Jiawei Bao, Swantje Bastin, Milad Behravesh, Martin Bergemann, Joachim Biercamp, Hendryk Bockelmann, Renate Brokopf, Nils Brüggemann, Lucas Casaroli, Fatemeh Chegini, George Datseris, Monika Esch, Geet George, Marco Giorgetta, Oliver Gutjahr, Helmuth Haak, Moritz Hanke, Tatiana Ilyina, Thomas Jahns, Johann Jungclaus, Marcel Kern, Daniel Klocke, Lukas Kluft, Tobias Kölling, Luis Kornblueh, Sergey Kosukhin, Clarissa Kroll, Junhong Lee, Thorsten Mauritsen, Carolin Mehlmann, Theresa Mieslinger, Ann Kristin Naumann, Laura Paccini, Angel Peinado, Divya Sri Praturi, Dian Putrasahan, Sebastian Rast, Thomas Riddick, Niklas Roeber, Hauke Schmidt, Uwe Schulzweida, Florian Schütte, Hans Segura, Radomyra Shevchenko, Vikram Singh, Mia Specht, Claudia Christine Stephan, Jin-Song von Storch, Raphaela Vogel, Christian Wengel, Marius Winkler, Florian Ziemen, Jochem Marotzke, and Bjorn Stevens
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 779–811, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-779-2023, 2023
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Models of the Earth system used to understand climate and predict its change typically employ a grid spacing of about 100 km. Yet, many atmospheric and oceanic processes occur on much smaller scales. In this study, we present a new model configuration designed for the simulation of the components of the Earth system and their interactions at kilometer and smaller scales, allowing an explicit representation of the main drivers of the flow of energy and matter by solving the underlying equations.
Bjorn Stevens and Lukas Kluft
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1460, 2023
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Analytic expressions are derived for the clear-sky climate sensitivity in an atmosphere within which the relative humidity depends only on temperature. The expressions have quantitative fidelity and are physically insightful. The ideas leading to this derivation also help better understand how clouds modify the clear sky sensitivity, demonstrating a more ambiguous role of clouds, and in so doing providing a better theoretical underpinning for the climate sensitivity itself.
André Ehrlich, Martin Zöger, Andreas Giez, Vladyslav Nenakhov, Christian Mallaun, Rolf Maser, Timo Röschenthaler, Anna E. Luebke, Kevin Wolf, Bjorn Stevens, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-259, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-259, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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Measurements of the broadband radiative energy budget from aircraft are needed to study the effect of clouds, aerosol particles, and surface conditions on the Earth's energy budget. However, the moving aircraft introduces challenges to the instrument performance and post processing of the data. This study introduces a new radiometer package, outlines an efficient method to correct thermal offsets, and provides exemplary measurements of solar and thermal-infrared irradiance.
Marco A. Giorgetta, William Sawyer, Xavier Lapillonne, Panagiotis Adamidis, Dmitry Alexeev, Valentin Clément, Remo Dietlicher, Jan Frederik Engels, Monika Esch, Henning Franke, Claudia Frauen, Walter M. Hannah, Benjamin R. Hillman, Luis Kornblueh, Philippe Marti, Matthew R. Norman, Robert Pincus, Sebastian Rast, Daniel Reinert, Reiner Schnur, Uwe Schulzweida, and Bjorn Stevens
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6985–7016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6985-2022, 2022
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This work presents a first version of the ICON atmosphere model that works not only on CPUs, but also on GPUs. This GPU-enabled ICON version is benchmarked on two GPU machines and a CPU machine. While the weak scaling is very good on CPUs and GPUs, the strong scaling is poor on GPUs. But the high performance of GPU machines allowed for first simulations of a short period of the quasi-biennial oscillation at very high resolution with explicit convection and gravity wave forcing.
Theresa Mieslinger, Bjorn Stevens, Tobias Kölling, Manfred Brath, Martin Wirth, and Stefan A. Buehler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6879–6898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6879-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6879-2022, 2022
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The trades are home to a plethora of small cumulus clouds that are often barely visible to the human eye and difficult to detect with active and passive remote sensing methods. With the help of a new method and by means of high-resolution data we can detect small and particularly thin clouds. We find that optically thin clouds are a common phenomenon in the trades, covering a large area and influencing the radiative effect of clouds if they are undetected and contaminate the cloud-free signal.
Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Julien Delanoë, Pierre Coutris, Jean-Claude Etienne, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Thierry André, Hubert Bellec, Alexandre Baron, Jean-François Bourdinot, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Aurélien Bourdon, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Christophe Caudoux, Patrick Chazette, Michel Cluzeau, Céline Cornet, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Dominique Duchanoy, Cyrille Flamant, Benjamin Fildier, Christophe Gourbeyre, Laurent Guiraud, Tetyana Jiang, Claude Lainard, Christophe Le Gac, Christian Lendroit, Julien Lernould, Thierry Perrin, Frédéric Pouvesle, Pascal Richard, Nicolas Rochetin, Kevin Salaün, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Guillaume Seurat, Bjorn Stevens, Julien Totems, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Gilles Vergez, Jessica Vial, Leonie Villiger, and Raphaela Vogel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2021–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, 2022
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The French ATR42 research aircraft participated in the EUREC4A international field campaign that took place in 2020 over the tropical Atlantic, east of Barbados. We present the extensive instrumentation of the aircraft, the research flights and the different measurements. We show that the ATR measurements of humidity, wind, aerosols and cloudiness in the lower atmosphere are robust and consistent with each other. They will make it possible to advance understanding of cloud–climate interactions.
Michael Schäfer, Kevin Wolf, André Ehrlich, Christoph Hallbauer, Evelyn Jäkel, Friedhelm Jansen, Anna Elizabeth Luebke, Joshua Müller, Jakob Thoböll, Timo Röschenthaler, Bjorn Stevens, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1491–1509, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1491-2022, 2022
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The new airborne thermal infrared imager VELOX is introduced. It measures two-dimensional fields of spectral thermal infrared radiance or brightness temperature within the large atmospheric window. The technical specifications as well as necessary calibration and correction procedures are presented. Example measurements from the first field deployment are analysed with respect to cloud coverage and cloud top altitude.
Heike Konow, Florian Ewald, Geet George, Marek Jacob, Marcus Klingebiel, Tobias Kölling, Anna E. Luebke, Theresa Mieslinger, Veronika Pörtge, Jule Radtke, Michael Schäfer, Hauke Schulz, Raphaela Vogel, Martin Wirth, Sandrine Bony, Susanne Crewell, André Ehrlich, Linda Forster, Andreas Giez, Felix Gödde, Silke Groß, Manuel Gutleben, Martin Hagen, Lutz Hirsch, Friedhelm Jansen, Theresa Lang, Bernhard Mayer, Mario Mech, Marc Prange, Sabrina Schnitt, Jessica Vial, Andreas Walbröl, Manfred Wendisch, Kevin Wolf, Tobias Zinner, Martin Zöger, Felix Ament, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5545–5563, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, 2021
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The German research aircraft HALO took part in the research campaign EUREC4A in January and February 2020. The focus area was the tropical Atlantic east of the island of Barbados. We describe the characteristics of the 15 research flights, provide auxiliary information, derive combined cloud mask products from all instruments that observe clouds on board the aircraft, and provide code examples that help new users of the data to get started.
Geet George, Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, Robert Pincus, Chris Fairall, Hauke Schulz, Tobias Kölling, Quinn T. Kalen, Marcus Klingebiel, Heike Konow, Ashley Lundry, Marc Prange, and Jule Radtke
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5253–5272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5253-2021, 2021
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Dropsondes measure atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity and horizontal winds. The EUREC4A field campaign deployed 1215 dropsondes during January–February 2020 in the north Atlantic trade-wind region in order to characterize the thermodynamic and the dynamic structure of the atmosphere, primarily at horizontal scales of ~ 200 km. We present JOANNE, the dataset that provides these dropsonde measurements and thereby a rich characterization of the trade-wind atmosphere.
Hyunju Jung, Ann Kristin Naumann, and Bjorn Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10337–10345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10337-2021, 2021
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We analyze the behavior of organized convection in a large-scale flow by imposing a mean flow to idealized simulations. In the mean flow, organized convection initially propagates slower than the mean wind speed and becomes stationary. The initial upstream and downstream difference in surface fluxes becomes symmetric as the surface momentum flux acts as a drag, resulting in the stationarity. Meanwhile, the surface enthalpy flux has a minor role in the propagation of the convection.
Franziska Aemisegger, Raphaela Vogel, Pascal Graf, Fabienne Dahinden, Leonie Villiger, Friedhelm Jansen, Sandrine Bony, Bjorn Stevens, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 281–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-281-2021, 2021
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The interaction of clouds in the trade wind region with the atmospheric flow is complex and at the heart of uncertainties associated with climate projections. In this study, a natural tracer of atmospheric circulation is used to establish a link between air originating from dry regions of the midlatitudes and the occurrence of specific cloud patterns. Two pathways involving transport within midlatitude weather systems are identified, by which air is brought into the trades within 5–10 d.
Claudia Christine Stephan, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, Hugo Bellenger, Simon P. de Szoeke, Claudia Acquistapace, Katharina Baier, Thibaut Dauhut, Rémi Laxenaire, Yanmichel Morfa-Avalos, Renaud Person, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Tobias Böck, Alton Daley, Johannes Güttler, Kevin C. Helfer, Sebastian A. Los, Almuth Neuberger, Johannes Röttenbacher, Andreas Raeke, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Pauline Sadoulet, Imke Schirmacher, M. Katharina Stolla, Ethan Wright, Benjamin Charpentier, Alexis Doerenbecher, Richard Wilson, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Gilles Reverdin, Sabrina Speich, Sandrine Bony, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 491–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-491-2021, 2021
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The EUREC4A field campaign took place in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. A total of 811 radiosondes, launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from Barbados, and 4 ships measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. They sampled atmospheric variability associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data are described here.
James D. Annan, Julia C. Hargreaves, Thorsten Mauritsen, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 709–719, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-709-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-709-2020, 2020
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In this paper we explore the potential of variability for constraining the equilibrium response of the climate system to external forcing. We show that the constraint is inherently skewed, with a long tail to high sensitivity, and that while the variability may contain some useful information, it is unlikely to generate a tight constraint.
Heike Konow, Marek Jacob, Felix Ament, Susanne Crewell, Florian Ewald, Martin Hagen, Lutz Hirsch, Friedhelm Jansen, Mario Mech, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 921–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-921-2019, 2019
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High-resolution measurements of maritime clouds are relatively scarce. Airborne cloud radar, microwave radiometer and dropsonde observations are used to expand these data. The measurements are unified into one data set to enable easy joint analyses of several or all instruments together to gain insight into cloud properties and atmospheric state. The data set contains measurements from four campaigns between December 2013 and October 2016 over the tropical and midlatitude Atlantic.
Stephanie Fiedler, Bjorn Stevens, Matthew Gidden, Steven J. Smith, Keywan Riahi, and Detlef van Vuuren
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 989–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-989-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-989-2019, 2019
Uwe Mikolajewicz, Florian Ziemen, Guido Cioni, Martin Claussen, Klaus Fraedrich, Marvin Heidkamp, Cathy Hohenegger, Diego Jimenez de la Cuesta, Marie-Luise Kapsch, Alexander Lemburg, Thorsten Mauritsen, Katharina Meraner, Niklas Röber, Hauke Schmidt, Katharina D. Six, Irene Stemmler, Talia Tamarin-Brodsky, Alexander Winkler, Xiuhua Zhu, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 1191–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1191-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1191-2018, 2018
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Model experiments show that changing the sense of Earth's rotation has relatively little impact on the globally and zonally averaged energy budgets but leads to large shifts in continental climates and patterns of precipitation. The retrograde world is greener as the desert area shrinks. Deep water formation shifts from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific with subsequent changes in ocean overturning. Over large areas of the Indian Ocean, cyanobacteria dominate over bulk phytoplankton.
Andrew E. Dessler, Thorsten Mauritsen, and Bjorn Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5147–5155, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5147-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5147-2018, 2018
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One of the most important parameters in climate science is the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). Estimates of this quantity based on 20th-century observations suggest low values of ECS (below 2 °C). We show that these calculations may be significantly in error. Together with other recent work on this problem, it seems probable that the ECS is larger than suggested by the 20th-century observations.
Allison A. Wing, Kevin A. Reed, Masaki Satoh, Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, and Tomoki Ohno
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 793–813, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-793-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-793-2018, 2018
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RCEMIP, an intercomparison of multiple types of numerical models, is proposed. In RCEMIP, the climate system is modeled in an idealized manner with no spatial dependence of boundary conditions (i.e., sea surface temperature) or forcing (i.e., incoming sunlight). This set of simulations will be used to investigate how the amount of cloudiness changes with warming, how the clustering of clouds changes with warming, and how the state of the atmosphere in this idealized setup varies between models.
Rieke Heinze, Christopher Moseley, Lennart Nils Böske, Shravan Kumar Muppa, Vera Maurer, Siegfried Raasch, and Bjorn Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7083–7109, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7083-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7083-2017, 2017
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High-resolution multi-week simulations of a measurement campaign are evaluated with respect to mean boundary layer quantities and turbulence statistics. Two models are used in a semi-idealized setup through forcing, with output from a coarser-scale model to account for the larger-scale conditions. The boundary layer depth is in principal agreement with observations. Turbulence statistics like variance profiles agree satisfactorily with measurements.
Bjorn Stevens, Stephanie Fiedler, Stefan Kinne, Karsten Peters, Sebastian Rast, Jobst Müsse, Steven J. Smith, and Thorsten Mauritsen
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 433–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-433-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-433-2017, 2017
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A simple analytic description of aerosol optical properties and their main effects on clouds is developed and described. The analytic description is easy to use and easy to modify and should aid experimentation to help understand how aerosol radiative and cloud interactions effect climate and circulation. The climatology is recommended for adoption by models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.
Mark J. Webb, Timothy Andrews, Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo, Sandrine Bony, Christopher S. Bretherton, Robin Chadwick, Hélène Chepfer, Hervé Douville, Peter Good, Jennifer E. Kay, Stephen A. Klein, Roger Marchand, Brian Medeiros, A. Pier Siebesma, Christopher B. Skinner, Bjorn Stevens, George Tselioudis, Yoko Tsushima, and Masahiro Watanabe
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 359–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017, 2017
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The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) aims to improve understanding of cloud-climate feedback mechanisms and evaluation of cloud processes and cloud feedbacks in climate models. CFMIP also aims to improve understanding of circulation, regional-scale precipitation and non-linear changes. CFMIP is contributing to the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) by coordinating a hierarchy of targeted experiments with cloud-related model outputs.
Matthew Toohey, Bjorn Stevens, Hauke Schmidt, and Claudia Timmreck
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4049–4070, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4049-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4049-2016, 2016
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Stratospheric sulfate aerosols from volcanic eruptions have a significant impact on the Earth's climate. The Easy Volcanic Aerosol (EVA) volcanic forcing generator provides a tool whereby the optical properties of volcanic aerosols can be included in climate model simulations in a self-consistent, complete, and flexible manner. EVA is based on satellite observations of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption but can be applied to any real or hypothetical eruption of interest.
Robert Pincus, Piers M. Forster, and Bjorn Stevens
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 3447–3460, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3447-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3447-2016, 2016
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This paper describes an experimental protocol to understand the changes in energy balance (the "radiative forcing") that arise due to changes in atmospheric composition and why this value is not the same across climate models. The protocol includes a way to determine the total forcing to which each model is subjected, experiments designed at teasing out why certain errors occur, and experiments to identify any robust signals caused by atmospheric particles from human activities.
Veronika Eyring, Sandrine Bony, Gerald A. Meehl, Catherine A. Senior, Bjorn Stevens, Ronald J. Stouffer, and Karl E. Taylor
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016
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The objective of CMIP is to better understand past, present, and future climate change in a multi-model context. CMIP's increasing importance and scope is a tremendous success story, but the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. In response to these challenges, we have adopted a more federated structure for the sixth phase of CMIP (i.e. CMIP6) and subsequent phases.
M. Mech, E. Orlandi, S. Crewell, F. Ament, L. Hirsch, M. Hagen, G. Peters, and B. Stevens
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4539–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4539-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4539-2014, 2014
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Here the High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft Microwave Package (HAMP) is introduced. The package consists
of three passive radiometer modules with 26 channels between 22
and 183 GHz and a 36 GHz Doppler cloud radar. The manuscript
describes the instrument specifications, the installation in the aircraft, and the operation. Furthermore, results from simulation
and retrieval studies, as well as measurements from a first test
campaign, are shown.
Julia Crook, Cornelia Klein, Sonja Folwell, Christopher M. Taylor, Douglas J. Parker, Adama Bamba, and Kouakou Kouadio
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 229–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-229-2023, 2023
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We estimate recent deforestation in West Africa and use a climate model allowing explicit convection to determine impacts on early season rainfall. We find enhanced rainfall over deforestation, in line with recent observational results, due to changes in circulation rather than humidity, showing potential for future studies. Local changes depend on initial soil moisture, deforestation extent, and ocean proximity, with sea breezes shifting inland where surface friction decreased.
Kezia Lange, Andreas Richter, Anja Schönhardt, Andreas C. Meier, Tim Bösch, André Seyler, Kai Krause, Lisa K. Behrens, Folkard Wittrock, Alexis Merlaud, Frederik Tack, Caroline Fayt, Martina M. Friedrich, Ermioni Dimitropoulou, Michel Van Roozendael, Vinod Kumar, Sebastian Donner, Steffen Dörner, Bianca Lauster, Maria Razi, Christian Borger, Katharina Uhlmannsiek, Thomas Wagner, Thomas Ruhtz, Henk Eskes, Birger Bohn, Daniel Santana Diaz, Nader Abuhassan, Dirk Schüttemeyer, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1357–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1357-2023, 2023
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We present airborne imaging DOAS and ground-based stationary and car DOAS measurements conducted during the S5P-VAL-DE-Ruhr campaign in the Rhine-Ruhr region. The measurements are used to validate spaceborne NO2 data products from the Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Auxiliary data of the TROPOMI NO2 retrieval, such as spatially higher resolved a priori NO2 vertical profiles, surface reflectivity, and cloud treatment are investigated to evaluate their impact.
Pragya Vishwakarma, Julien Delanoë, Susana Jorquera, Pauline Martinet, Frederic Burnet, Alistair Bell, and Jean-Charles Dupont
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1211–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1211-2023, 2023
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Cloud observations are necessary to characterize the cloud properties at local and global scales. The observations must be translated to cloud geophysical parameters. This paper presents the estimation of liquid water content (LWC) using radar and microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements. Liquid water path from MWR scales LWC and retrieves the scaling factor (ln a). The retrievals are compared with in situ observations. A climatology of ln a is built to estimate LWC using only radar information.
Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Martin Wirth, Martina Krämer, and Christian Rolf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3103–3117, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3103-2023, 2023
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Cirrus clouds affect Earth's atmosphere, deeming our study important. Here we use water vapor measurements by lidar and study the relative humidity (RHi) within and around midlatitude cirrus clouds. We find high supersaturations in the cloud-free air and within the clouds, especially near the cloud top. We study two cloud types with different formation processes. Finally, we conclude that the shape of the distribution of RHi can be used as an indicator of different cloud evolutionary stages.
Arne Bendinger, Sophie Cravatte, Lionel Gourdeau, Laurent Brodeau, Aurélie Albert, Michel Tchilibou, Florent Lyard, and Clément Vic
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-361, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-361, 2023
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New Caledonia represents a hot spot of internal tide generation. Using regional modeling, we show that the bulk of energy is converted in shallow waters and on very steep slopes. Tidal beams emerge from the generation sites despite strong energy dissipation. Tidal incoherence is linked with mesoscale eddies. The region exhibits a challenge for SWOT observability of meso-/submesoscale dynamics. Correcting the SSH for the coherent internal tide may improve observability in winter down to 50 km.
Kevin Ohneiser, Albert Ansmann, Jonas Witthuhn, Hartwig Deneke, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Gregor Walter, and Fabian Senf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2901–2925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2901-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2901-2023, 2023
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This study shows that smoke layers can reach the tropopause via the self-lofting effect within 3–7 d in the absence of pyrocumulonimbus convection if the
aerosol optical thickness is larger than approximately 2 for a longer time period. When reaching the stratosphere, wildfire smoke can sensitively influence the stratospheric composition on a hemispheric scale and thus can affect the Earth’s climate and the ozone layer.
Anja Hünerbein, Sebastian Bley, Hartwig Deneke, Jan Fokke Meirink, Gerd-Jan van Zadelhoff, and Andi Walther
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-305, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-305, 2023
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
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The ESA cloud, aerosol and radiation mission EarthCARE will provide active profiling and passive imaging measurements from a single satellite platform. The passive multi-spectral imager (MSI) will add information in the across-track direction. We present the cloud optical and physical properties algorithm, which combine the visible to infrared MSI channels to determine the cloud top pressure, optical thickness, particle size, and water path.
Antonis Gkikas, Anna Gialitaki, Ioannis Binietoglou, Eleni Marinou, Maria Tsichla, Nikolaos Siomos, Peristera Paschou, Anna Kampouri, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Emmanouil Proestakis, Maria Mylonaki, Christina-Anna Papanikolaou, Konstantinos Michailidis, Holger Baars, Anne Grete Straume, Dimitris Balis, Alexandros Papayannis, Tomasso Parrinello, and Vassilis Amiridis
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1017–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1017-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1017-2023, 2023
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We perform an assessment analysis of the Aeolus Standard Correct Algorithm (SCA) backscatter coefficient retrievals against reference observations acquired at three Greek lidar stations (Athens, Thessaloniki and Antikythera) of the PANACEA network. Overall, 43 cases are analysed, whereas specific aerosol scenarios in the vicinity of Antikythera island (SW Greece) are emphasised. All key Cal/Val aspects and recommendations, and the ongoing related activities, are thoroughly discussed.
Veronica Z. Berta, Lynn M. Russell, Derek J. Price, Chia-Li Chen, Alex K. Y. Lee, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Thomas G. Bell, and Michael J. Behrenfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2765–2787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2765-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2765-2023, 2023
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Amines are compounds emitted from a variety of marine and continental sources and were measured by aerosol mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy during the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) cruises. Secondary continental and primary marine sources of amines were identified by comparisons to tracers. The results show that the two methods are complementary for investigating amines in the marine environment.
Dominik Brunner, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Stephan Henne, Erik Koene, Bastian Kern, Sebastian Wolff, Christiane Voigt, Patrick Jöckel, Christoph Kiemle, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Sven Krautwurst, Konstantin Gerilowski, Heinrich Bovensmann, Jakob Borchardt, Michal Galkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Marshall, Andrzej Klonecki, Pascal Prunet, Robert Hanfland, Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Andrzej Wyszogrodzki, and Andreas Fix
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2699–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2699-2023, 2023
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We evaluated six atmospheric transport models for their capability to simulate the CO2 plumes from two of the largest power plants in Europe by comparing the models against aircraft observations collected during the CoMet (Carbon Dioxide and Methane Mission) campaign in 2018. The study analyzed how realistically such plumes can be simulated at different model resolutions and how well the planned European satellite mission CO2M will be able to quantify emissions from power plants.
Huazhe Shang, Souichiro Hioki, Guillaume Penide, Céline Cornet, Husi Letu, and Jérôme Riedi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2729–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2729-2023, 2023
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We find that cloud profiles can be divided into four prominent patterns, and the frequency of these four patterns is related to intensities of cloud-top entrainment and precipitation. Based on these analyses, we further propose a cloud profile parameterization scheme allowing us to represent these patterns. Our results shed light on how to facilitate the representation of cloud profiles and how to link them to cloud entrainment or precipitating status in future remote-sensing applications.
Steffen Beirle, Christian Borger, Adrian Jost, and Thomas Wagner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-44, 2023
Preprint under review for ESSD
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We present a catalog of nitrogen oxide emissions from point sources (like power plants or metal smelters) based on satellite observations of NO2 combined with meteorological wind fields.
Chuan-Yao Lin, Wan-Chin Chen, Yi-Yun Chien, Charles C. K. Chou, Chian-Yi Liu, Helmut Ziereis, Hans Schlager, Eric Förster, Florian Obersteiner, Ovid O. Krüger, Bruna A. Holanda, Mira L. Pöhlker, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Birger Bohn, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Benjamin Weyland, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2627–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2627-2023, 2023
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During the EMeRGe campaign in Asia, atmospheric pollutants were measured on board the HALO aircraft. The WRF-Chem model was employed to evaluate the biomass burning (BB) plume transported from Indochina and its impact on the downstream areas. The combination of BB aerosol enhancement with cloud water resulted in a reduction in incoming shortwave radiation at the surface in southern China and the East China Sea, which potentially has significant regional climate implications.
Melanie Lauer, Annette Rinke, Irina Gorodetskaya, Michael Sprenger, Mario Mech, and Susanne Crewell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-261, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-261, 2023
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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We present a new method to analyse the influence of Atmospheric Rivers (ARs), cyclones, and fronts on the precipitation in the Arctic, based on two campaigns ACLOUD (early summer 2017) and AFLUX (early spring 2019). There are first indications for seasonal differences: In early summer, the precipitation is mostly related to ARs and fronts, especially when they are co-located, whereas in early spring, cyclones are isolated from ARs and fronts. contributed most to the precipitation.
Herizo Narivelo, Paul David Hamer, Virginie Marécal, Luke Surl, Tjarda Roberts, Sophie Pelletier, Béatrice Josse, Jonathan Guth, Mickaël Bacles, Simon Warnach, Thomas Wagner, Stefano Corradini, Giuseppe Salerno, and Lorenzo Guerrieri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-184, 2023
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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Volcanic emissions provide large amounts of gases and particles that can have important effects on the atmosphere. This is why the paper presents a study of the fate of the volcanic emissions from the Mt Etna’s eruption from 24 to 30 December 2018. Using a numerical model and satellite observations, we analyse the impact of the volcanic plume as it travels and how it modifies the air composition over the whole Mediterranean basin.
Yun Li, Christoph Mahnke, Susanne Rohs, Ulrich Bundke, Nicole Spelten, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Silke Groß, Christiane Voigt, Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Petzold, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2251–2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2251-2023, 2023
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The radiative effect of aviation-induced cirrus is closely related to ambient conditions and its microphysical properties. Our study investigated the occurrence of contrail and natural cirrus measured above central Europe in spring 2014. It finds that contrail cirrus appears frequently in the pressure range 200 to 245 hPa and occurs more often in slightly ice-subsaturated environments than expected. Avoiding slightly ice-subsaturated regions by aviation might help mitigate contrail cirrus.
José Dias Neto, Louise Nuijens, Christine Unal, and Steven Knoop
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 769–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-769-2023, 2023
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This paper describes a dataset from a novel experimental setup to retrieve wind speed and direction profiles, combining cloud radars and wind lidar. This setup allows retrieving profiles from near the surface to the top of clouds. The field campaign occurred in Cabauw, the Netherlands, between September 13th and October 3rd 2021. This paper also provides examples of applications of this dataset (e.g. studying atmospheric turbulence, validating numerical atmospheric models).
Manuel Moser, Christiane Voigt, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Valerian Hahn, Guillaume Mioche, Olivier Jourdan, Régis Dupuy, Christophe Gourbeyre, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Johannes Lucke, Yvonne Boose, Mario Mech, Stephan Borrmann, André Ehrlich, Andreas Herber, Christof Lüpkes, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2023-44, 2023
Preprint under review for ACP
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This study provides comprehensive microphysical and thermodynamic phase analyses of low-level cloud properties in the northern Fram Strait, above the sea ice and the open ocean, during spring and summer. Using data collected by airborne in-situ cloud instruments during 20 research flights in the vicinity of Svalbard, we show that Arctic low-level cloud properties vary significantly with the seasonal meteorological situations and surface conditions.
Philipp Gregor, Tobias Zinner, Fabian Jakub, and Bernhard Mayer
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-26, 2023
Preprint under review for AMT
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This work introduces MACIN, a model for short-term forecasting of direct irradiance for solar energy applications. MACIN exploits cloud images of multiple cameras to predict irradiances. The model is applied to artificial images of clouds from a weather model. The artificial cloud data allows for a more in-depth evaluation and attribution of errors compared to real data. Good performance of derived cloud information and significant forecast improvements over a baseline forecast were found.
Akriti Masoom, Ilias Fountoulakis, Stelios Kazadzis, Ioannis-Panagiotis Raptis, Anna Kampouri, Basil Psiloglou, Dimitra Kouklaki, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Eleni Marinou, Stavros Solomos, Anna Gialitaki, Dimitra Founda, Vasileios Salamalikis, Dimitris Kaskaoutis, Natalia Kouremeti, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Vassilis Amiridis, Andreas Kazantzidis, Christos S. Zerefos, and Kostas Eleftheratos
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-180, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-180, 2023
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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We analyse the spatial and temporal aerosol spectral optical properties during the extreme wildfires of August 2021 in Greece and assess their effects on air quality and solar radiation quantities related to health, agriculture, and energy. Different aerosol conditions are identified (pure smoke, pure dust, dust-smoke together) and largest impact on solar radiation quantities is found for cases with mixed dust-smoke aerosols. Such situations are expected to occur more frequently in the future.
Sebastian Becker, André Ehrlich, Michael Schäfer, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-849, 2023
Preprint under review for ACP
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This study analyzes the variability of the warming/cooling effect of clouds on the Arctic surface. Therefore, aircraft radiation measurements were performed over sea ice and open ocean during three seasonally different campaigns. It is found that clouds cool the open ocean surface, strongest in summer. Over sea ice, clouds warm the surface in spring, but have a neutral effect in summer. Due to the variable sea ice extent, clouds warm the surface during spring, but cool it during late summer.
Konstantinos Michailidis, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Dimitris Balis, J. Pepijn Veefkind, Martin de Graaf, Lucia Mona, Nikolaos Papagianopoulos, Gesolmina Pappalardo, Ioanna Tsikoudi, Vassilis Amiridis, Eleni Marinou, Anna Gialitaki, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Argyro Nisantzi, Daniele Bortoli, Maria João Costa, Vanda Salgueiro, Alexandros Papayannis, Maria Mylonaki, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Salvatore Romano, Maria Rita Perrone, and Holger Baars
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1919–1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1919-2023, 2023
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Comparisons with ground-based correlative lidar measurements constitute a key component in the validation of satellite aerosol products. This paper presents the validation of the TROPOMI aerosol layer height (ALH) product, using archived quality assured ground-based data from lidar stations that belong to the EARLINET network. Comparisons between the TROPOMI ALH and co-located EARLINET measurements show good agreement over the ocean.
Ziming Wang, Luca Bugliaro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Romy Heller, Ulrike Burkhardt, Helmut Ziereis, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Martin Wirth, Silke Groß, Simon Kirschler, Stefan Kaufmann, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1941–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1941-2023, 2023
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Differences in the microphysical properties of contrail cirrus and natural cirrus in a contrail outbreak situation during the ML-CIRRUS campaign over the North Atlantic flight corridor can be observed from in situ measurements. The cirrus radiative effect in the area of the outbreak, derived from satellite observation-based radiative transfer modeling, is warming in the early morning and cooling during the day.
Leon Kuhn, Steffen Beirle, Vinod Kumar, Sergey Osipov, Andrea Pozzer, Tim Bösch, Rajesh Kumar, and Thomas Wagner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1473, 2023
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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NO₂ is an important air pollutant. It was observed that state of the art models for chemistry and transport show significant deviations in NO₂ abundance when compared to measurements. We use the model WRF-Chem for a 1-month simulation over central Europe and show that these deviations can be mostly resolved by precise temporal tuning of the emission data driving the model. In order to validate our results, they are compared to in-situ, satellite and MAX-DOAS measurements.
Dean Henze, David Noone, and Darin Toohey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-69, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-69, 2023
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The interaction between biomass burning aerosols and clouds remains challenging to accurately determine from observations. This is in part because of difficulties distinguishing aerosol differences due to precipitation versus dilution processes from the observations. This study addresses the challenge by utilizing atmospheric heavy water isotope ratios to constrain mixing versus precipitation processes during a field campaign (ORACLES) and in turn explain observed aerosol concentrations.
Veronika Pörtge, Tobias Kölling, Anna Weber, Lea Volkmer, Claudia Emde, Tobias Zinner, Linda Forster, and Bernhard Mayer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 645–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-645-2023, 2023
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In this work, we analyze polarized cloudbow observations by the airborne camera system specMACS to retrieve the cloud droplet size distribution defined by the effective radius (reff) and the effective variance (veff). Two case studies of trade-wind cumulus clouds observed during the EUREC4A field campaign are presented. The results are combined into maps of reff and veff with a very high spatial resolution (100 m × 100 m) that allow new insights into cloud microphysics.
Kevin Wolf, Nicolas Bellouin, and Olivier Boucher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-155, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-155, 2023
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Cirrus and contrails considerably impact the Earths energy budget. Such ice clouds can have a positive (warming) or negative (cooling) net radiative effect (RE), which depends on cloud and ambient properties. The effect of 8 parameters on the cloud RE is estimated. In total, 94,500 radiative transfer simulations have been performed, spanning the typical parameter ranges associated with cirrus and contrails. Specific cases are selected and discussed. The generated data set is publicly available.
Adriana Bailey, Franziska Aemisegger, Leonie Villiger, Sebastian A. Los, Gilles Reverdin, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Claudia Acquistapace, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Tobias Böck, Sandrine Bony, Tobias Bordsdorff, Derek Coffman, Simon P. de Szoeke, Christopher J. Diekmann, Marina Dütsch, Benjamin Ertl, Joseph Galewsky, Dean Henze, Przemyslaw Makuch, David Noone, Patricia K. Quinn, Michael Rösch, Andreas Schneider, Matthias Schneider, Sabrina Speich, Bjorn Stevens, and Elizabeth J. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 465–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-465-2023, 2023
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One of the novel ways EUREC4A set out to investigate trade wind clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation was through an extensive network of isotopic measurements in water vapor, precipitation, and seawater. Samples were taken from the island of Barbados, from aboard two aircraft, and from aboard four ships. This paper describes the full collection of EUREC4A isotopic in situ data and guides readers to complementary remotely sensed water vapor isotope ratios.
Cathy Hohenegger, Peter Korn, Leonidas Linardakis, René Redler, Reiner Schnur, Panagiotis Adamidis, Jiawei Bao, Swantje Bastin, Milad Behravesh, Martin Bergemann, Joachim Biercamp, Hendryk Bockelmann, Renate Brokopf, Nils Brüggemann, Lucas Casaroli, Fatemeh Chegini, George Datseris, Monika Esch, Geet George, Marco Giorgetta, Oliver Gutjahr, Helmuth Haak, Moritz Hanke, Tatiana Ilyina, Thomas Jahns, Johann Jungclaus, Marcel Kern, Daniel Klocke, Lukas Kluft, Tobias Kölling, Luis Kornblueh, Sergey Kosukhin, Clarissa Kroll, Junhong Lee, Thorsten Mauritsen, Carolin Mehlmann, Theresa Mieslinger, Ann Kristin Naumann, Laura Paccini, Angel Peinado, Divya Sri Praturi, Dian Putrasahan, Sebastian Rast, Thomas Riddick, Niklas Roeber, Hauke Schmidt, Uwe Schulzweida, Florian Schütte, Hans Segura, Radomyra Shevchenko, Vikram Singh, Mia Specht, Claudia Christine Stephan, Jin-Song von Storch, Raphaela Vogel, Christian Wengel, Marius Winkler, Florian Ziemen, Jochem Marotzke, and Bjorn Stevens
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 779–811, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-779-2023, 2023
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Models of the Earth system used to understand climate and predict its change typically employ a grid spacing of about 100 km. Yet, many atmospheric and oceanic processes occur on much smaller scales. In this study, we present a new model configuration designed for the simulation of the components of the Earth system and their interactions at kilometer and smaller scales, allowing an explicit representation of the main drivers of the flow of energy and matter by solving the underlying equations.
Mareike Körner, Peter Brandt, and Marcus Dengler
Ocean Sci., 19, 121–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-121-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-121-2023, 2023
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The coastal waters off Angola host a productive ecosystem. Surface waters at the coast are colder than further offshore. We find that surface heat fluxes warm the coastal region more strongly than the offshore region and cannot explain the differences. The influence of horizontal heat advection is minor on the surface temperature change. In contrast, ocean turbulence data suggest that cooling associated with vertical mixing is an important mechanism to explain the near-coastal cooling.
Je-Yun Chun, Robert Wood, Peter Blossey, and Sarah J. Doherty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1345–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1345-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1345-2023, 2023
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We investigate the impact of injected aerosol on subtropical low marine clouds under a variety of meteorological conditions using high-resolution model simulations. This study illustrates processes perturbed by aerosol injections and their impact on cloud properties (e.g., cloud number concentration, thickness, and cover). We show that those responses are highly sensitive to background meteorological conditions, such as precipitation, and background cloud properties.
Florian Späth, Verena Rajtschan, Tobias K. D. Weber, Shehan Morandage, Diego Lange, Syed Saqlain Abbas, Andreas Behrendt, Joachim Ingwersen, Thilo Streck, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 12, 25–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-25-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-25-2023, 2023
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Important topics in land–atmosphere feedback research are water and energy balances and heterogeneities of fluxes at the land surface and in the atmosphere. To target these questions, the Land–Atmosphere Feedback Observatory (LAFO) has been installed in Germany. The instrumentation allows for comprehensive measurements from the bedrock to the troposphere. The LAFO observation strategy aims for simultaneous measurements in all three compartments: atmosphere, soil and land surface, and vegetation.
Peter M. F. Sheehan, Gillian M. Damerell, Philip J. Leadbitter, Karen J. Heywood, and Rob A. Hall
Ocean Sci., 19, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-77-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-77-2023, 2023
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We calculate the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, i.e. the mixing driven by small-scale ocean turbulence, in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean via two methods. We find good agreement between the results of both. A region of elevated mixing is found between 200 and 500 m, and we calculate the associated heat and salt fluxes. We find that double-diffusive mixing in salt fingers, a common feature of the tropical oceans, drives larger heat and salt fluxes than the turbulent mixing.
Clemens Schannwell, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Florian Ziemen, and Marie-Luise Kapsch
Clim. Past, 19, 179–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-179-2023, 2023
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Heinrich-type ice-sheet surges are recurring events over the course of the last glacial cycle during which large numbers of icebergs are discharged from the Laurentide ice sheet into the ocean. These events alter the evolution of the global climate. Here, we use model simulations of the Laurentide ice sheet to identify and quantify the importance of various climate and ice-sheet parameters for the simulated surge cycle.
Haley M. Royer, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ovid Krüger, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, Nurun Nahar Lata, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Andrew P. Ault, Patricia K. Quinn, Paquita Zuidema, Christopher Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat Andreae, and Cassandra J. Gaston
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 981–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-981-2023, 2023
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This paper presents atmospheric particle chemical composition and measurements of aerosol water uptake properties collected at Ragged Point, Barbados, during the winter of 2020. The result of this study indicates the importance of small African smoke particles for cloud droplet formation in the tropical North Atlantic and highlights the large spatial and temporal pervasiveness of smoke over the Atlantic Ocean.
Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Heini Wernli, Andreas Fix, and Martin Wirth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-999-2023, 2023
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In this study, airborne lidar profile measurements of H2O and O3 across a midlatitude jet stream are combined with analyses in tracer–trace space and backward trajectories. We highlight that transport and mixing processes in the history of the observed air masses are governed by interacting tropospheric weather systems on synoptic timescales. We show that these weather systems play a key role in the high variability of the paired H2O and O3 distributions near the tropopause.
Jianhao Zhang and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1073–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1073-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1073-2023, 2023
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Using observations from space, we show maps of potential brightness changes in marine warm clouds in response to increases in cloud droplet concentrations. The environmental and aerosol conditions in which these clouds reside covary differently in each ocean basin, leading to distinct evolutions of cloud brightness changes. This work stresses the central importance of the covariability between meteorology and aerosol for scaling up the radiative response of cloud brightness changes.
Magdalena Pühl, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Alan M. Gorchov Negron, Eric A. Kort, Stefan Schwietzke, Ignacio Pisso, Amy Foulds, James Lee, James L. France, Anna E. Jones, Dave Lowry, Rebecca E. Fisher, Langwen Huang, Jacob Shaw, Prudence Bateson, Stephen Andrews, Stuart Young, Pamela Dominutti, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Alexandra Weiss, and Grant Allen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-826, 2023
Preprint under review for ACP
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In April–May 2019 we carried out an airborne field campaign in the Southern North Sea with the aim to study methane emissions of offshore gas installations. We determine methane emissions from elevated methane measured downstream of the sampled installations. We compare our measured methane emissions with estimated methane emissions from national and global annual inventories. As a result, we find inconsistencies of inventories and large discrepancies between measurements and inventories.
Denis Leppla, Nora Zannoni, Leslie Kremper, Jonathan Williams, Christopher Pöhlker, Marta Sá, Maria Christina Solci, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 809–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-809-2023, 2023
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Chiral chemodiversity plays a critical role in biochemical processes such as insect and plant communication. Here we report on the measurement of chiral-specified secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon rainforest. The results show that the chiral ratio is mainly determined by large-scale emission processes. Characteristic emissions of chiral aerosol precursors from different forest ecosystems can thus provide large-scale information on different biogenic sources via chiral particle analysis.
Marc Prange, Stefan A. Buehler, and Manfred Brath
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 725–741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-725-2023, 2023
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We investigate the representation of elevated moist layers (EMLs) in two satellite retrieval products and ERA5 reanalysis. EMLs occur in the vicinity of tropical convective storms and are thought to have an impact on their evolution through radiative heating. We provide a first dedicated assessment of EMLs in long-term data products in terms of moist layer strength, vertical thickness and altitude by comparing to collocated radiosondes over the western Pacific, a region where EMLs often occur.
Yunfan Liu, Hang Su, Siwen Wang, Chao Wei, Wei Tao, Mira L. Pöhlker, Christopher Pöhlker, Bruna A. Holanda, Ovid O. Krüger, Thorsten Hoffmann, Manfred Wendisch, Paulo Artaxo, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Yafang Cheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 251–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-251-2023, 2023
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The origins of the abundant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the upper troposphere (UT) of the Amazon remain unclear. With model developments of new secondary organic aerosol schemes and constrained by observation, we show that strong aerosol nucleation and condensation in the UT is triggered by biogenic organics, and organic condensation is key for UT CCN production. This UT CCN-producing mechanism may prevail over broader vegetation canopies and deserves emphasis in aerosol–climate feedback.
Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Hélène Angot, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Manuel Dall'Osto, David C. S. Beddows, Zoé Brasseur, Ivo Beck, Silvia Bucci, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Tiia Laurila, Eija Asmi, Andreas Massling, Daniel Charles Thomas, Jakob Klenø Nøjgaard, Tak Chan, Sangeeta Sharma, Peter Tunved, Radovan Krejci, Hans Christen Hansson, Federico Bianchi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikko Sipilä, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 389–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-389-2023, 2023
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The Arctic is a unique environment that is warming faster than other locations on Earth. We evaluate measurements of aerosol particles, which can influence climate, over the central Arctic Ocean for a full year and compare the data to land-based measurement stations across the Arctic. Our measurements show that the central Arctic has similarities to but also distinct differences from the stations further south. We note that this may change as the Arctic warms and sea ice continues to decline.
Samira Atabakhsh, Laurent Poulain, Gang Chen, Francesco Canonaco, André S. H. Prévôt, Mira Pöhlker, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-842, 2023
Preprint under review for ACP
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The study focuses on the aerosol chemical variations found in the rural-background station of Melpitz based on ACSM and MAAP measurements. Source apportionment on both organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (eBC) was performed, and source seasonality was also linked to air mass trajectories. In overall, three anthropogenic sources were identified in OA and eBC, plus two additional aged-OA. Our results demonstrate the influence of transported coal-combustion-related OA even during summertime.
Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Peter Hoor, Daniel Kunkel, Martina Bramberger, Andreas Dörnbrack, Stefan Müller, Philipp Reutter, Andreas Giez, Thorsten Kaluza, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 355–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, 2023
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We present an analysis of high-resolution airborne measurements during a flight of the DEEPWAVE 2014 campaign in New Zealand. The focus of this flight was to study the effects of enhanced mountain wave activity over the Southern Alps. We discuss changes in the upstream and downstream distributions of N2O and CO and show that these changes are related to turbulence-induced trace gas fluxes which have persistent effects on the trace gas composition in the lower stratosphere.
Kevin Wolf, Nicolas Bellouin, and Olivier Boucher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 287–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-287-2023, 2023
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Recent studies estimate the radiative impact of contrails to be similar to or larger than that of emitted CO2; thus, contrail mitigation might be an opportunity to reduce the climate effects of aviation. A radiosonde data set is analyzed in terms of the vertical distribution of potential contrails, contrail mitigation by flight altitude changes, and linkages with the tropopause and jet stream. The effect of prospective jet engine developments and alternative fuels are estimated.
Olivia Linke, Johannes Quaas, Finja Baumer, Sebastian Becker, Jan Chylik, Sandro Dahlke, André Ehrlich, Dörthe Handorf, Christoph Jacobi, Heike Kalesse-Los, Luca Lelli, Sina Mehrdad, Roel A. J. Neggers, Johannes Riebold, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, Niklas Schnierstein, Matthew D. Shupe, Chris Smith, Gunnar Spreen, Baptiste Verneuil, Kameswara S. Vinjamuri, Marco Vountas, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-836, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-836, 2023
Preprint under review for ACP
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The lapse-rate feedback (LRF) is a major driver of the "Arctic amplification" of climate change. It arises since the warming is more pronounced at the surface than aloft. There are several processes mediating the LRF in the Arctic, for instance the omnipresent temperature inversion. Here, we compare multi-model climate simulations to Arctic-based observations from a large research consortium to broaden our understanding of these processes, find synergy among them, and constrain the Arctic LRF.
Marcus Klingebiel, André Ehrlich, Elena Ruiz-Donoso, Nils Risse, Imke Schirmacher, Evelyn Jäkel, Michael Schäfer, Kevin Wolf, Mario Mech, Manuel Moser, Christiane Voigt, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-848, 2023
Preprint under review for ACP
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In this study we explain how we use aircraft measurements from two Arctic research campaigns to identify cloud properties (like droplet size) over sea-ice and ice-free ocean. To make sure that our measurements make sense, we compare them with other observations. Our results show e.g. larger cloud droplets in early summer than in spring. Moreover, the cloud droplets are also larger over ice-free ocean than compared to sea-ice. In the future, our data can be used to improve climate models.
Ria Oelerich, Karen J. Heywood, Gillian M. Damerell, Marcel du Plessis, Louise C. Biddle, and Sebastiaan Swart
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1527, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1527, 2023
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At the Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, relatively warm waters encounter the colder waters surrounding Antarctica. Observations from underwater vehicles and altimetry show that medium-sized cold-core eddies influence the Southern Boundary’s barrier properties by strengthening the slopes of constant density lines across it and amplifying its associated jet. As a result, the ability of exchanging properties, such as heat, across the Southern Boundary is reduced.
Ulrike Egerer, John J. Cassano, Matthew D. Shupe, Gijs de Boer, Dale Lawrence, Abhiram Doddi, Holger Siebert, Gina Jozef, Radiance Calmer, and Jonathan Hamilton
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-314, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-314, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for AMT
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This paper describes how measurements from a small uncrewed aircraft system can be used to estimate the vertical turbulent heat energy exchange between different layers in the atmosphere. This is particularly important for the atmosphere in the Arctic because here turbulent exchange is often suppressed, but still important to understand how the atmosphere interacts with the sea ice. Three case studies from the MOSAiC field campaign in the Arctic sea ice in 2020 are presented.
Bjorn Stevens and Lukas Kluft
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1460, 2023
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Analytic expressions are derived for the clear-sky climate sensitivity in an atmosphere within which the relative humidity depends only on temperature. The expressions have quantitative fidelity and are physically insightful. The ideas leading to this derivation also help better understand how clouds modify the clear sky sensitivity, demonstrating a more ambiguous role of clouds, and in so doing providing a better theoretical underpinning for the climate sensitivity itself.
Sunil Baidar, Timothy J. Wagner, David D. Turner, and W. Alan Brewer
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-337, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2022-337, 2023
Preprint under review for AMT
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This paper provides a new method for retrieving wind profile from Coherent Doppler Lidar (CDL) measurements. It takes advantage of layer-to-layer correlation in wind profiles to fill in the gaps, where CDL signal is too small, to provide continuous wind profiles up to 3 km. Comparison with current method and collocated radiosonde wind measurements showed excellent agreement with no degradation in results where the current method provides a valid results.
Justyna Swolkień, Andreas Fix, and Michał Gałkowski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 16031–16052, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16031-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-16031-2022, 2022
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Determination of emissions from coal mines on a local scale requires instantaneous data. We analysed temporal emission data for ventilation shafts and factors influencing their variability. They were saturation of the seams with methane, the permeability of the rock mass, and coal output. The data for the verification should reflect the actual values of emissions from point sources. It is recommended to achieve this by using a standardised emission measurement system for all coal mines.
Qiang Li and Silke Groß
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15963–15980, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15963-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15963-2022, 2022
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The IPCC report identified that cirrus clouds have a significant impact on the radiation balance comparable to the CO2 effects, which, however, is still hard to parameterize. The current study investigates the possible impact of aviation on cirrus properties based on the analysis of 10-year lidar measurements of CALIPSO. The results reveal that there is a significant positive trend in cirrus depolarization ratio in the last 10 years before COVID-19, which is strongly correlated with aviation.
Gregor Köcher, Tobias Zinner, and Christoph Knote
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-835, 2022
Revised manuscript under review for ACP
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Polarimetric radar observations of 30 days of convective precipitation events are used to statistically analyze 5 state-of-the-art microphysics schemes of varying complexity. The frequency and area of simulated heavy precipitation events are in some cases significantly different from those observed, depending on the microphysics scheme. Analysis of simulated particle size distributions and reflectivities shows that some schemes have problems reproducing the correct particle size distributions.
Yuan Wang, Silvia Henning, Laurent Poulain, Chunsong Lu, Frank Stratmann, Yuying Wang, Shengjie Niu, Mira L. Pöhlker, Hartmut Herrmann, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15943–15962, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15943-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15943-2022, 2022
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Aerosol particle activation affects cloud, precipitation, radiation, and thus the global climate. Its long-term measurements are important but still scarce. In this study, more than 4 years of measurements at a central European station were analyzed. The overall characteristics and seasonal changes of aerosol particle activation are summarized. The power-law fit between particle hygroscopicity factor and diameter was recommended for predicting cloud
condensation nuclei number concentration.
Bianca Lauster, Steffen Dörner, Carl-Fredrik Enell, Udo Frieß, Myojeong Gu, Janis Puķīte, Uwe Raffalski, and Thomas Wagner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15925–15942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15925-2022, 2022
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Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are an important component in ozone chemistry. Here, we use two differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments in the Antarctic and Arctic to investigate the occurrence of PSCs based on the colour index, i.e. the colour of the zenith sky. Additionally using radiative transfer simulations, the variability and the seasonal cycle of PSC occurrence are analysed and an unexpectedly high signal during spring suggests the influence of volcanic aerosol.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-800, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-800, 2022
Revised manuscript under review for ACP
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The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and ozone production regime in Beijing Summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
Jonathan Wiskandt, Inga Monika Koszalka, and Johan Nilsson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1296, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1296, 2022
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Ice ocean interactions under floating ice tongues in Greenland and Antarctica is one of the major challenges in climate modelling and a source of uncertainty in future sea level projections. We use a high resolution ocean model to investigate basal melting and melt driven circulation under the floating tongue of Ryder Glacier, northwestern Greenland. We study the response to oceanic and atmospheric warming. Our results are universal and relevant for the development of climate models.
Konstantin Krüger, Andreas Schäfler, Martin Wirth, Martin Weissmann, and George C. Craig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15559–15577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15559-2022, 2022
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A comprehensive data set of airborne lidar water vapour profiles is compared with ERA5 reanalyses for a robust characterization of the vertical structure of the mid-latitude lower-stratospheric moist bias. We confirm a moist bias of up to 55 % at 1.3 km altitude above the tropopause and uncover a decreasing bias beyond. Collocated O3 and H2O observations reveal a particularly strong bias in the mixing layer, indicating insufficiently modelled transport processes fostering the bias.
Pierre L'Hégaret, Florian Schütte, Sabrina Speich, Gilles Reverdin, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Rena Czeschel, Tim Fischer, Gregory R. Foltz, Karen J. Heywood, Gerd Krahmann, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Philippe Le Bot, Stéphane Leizour, Callum Rollo, Michael Schlundt, Elizabeth Siddle, Corentin Subirade, Dongxiao Zhang, and Johannes Karstensen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-402, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-402, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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In early 2020, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment took place in the northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean, a dynamical region where different water masses interact. Four oceanographic vessels and a fleet of autonomous devices were deployed to study the processes at play and sample the upper-ocean, each with its own observing capability. The article first describes the data calibration and validation, and second their cross-validation using a hierarchy of instruments, and estimating the uncertainty.
Baseerat Romshoo, Mira Pöhlker, Alfred Wiedensohler, Sascha Pfeifer, Jorge Saturno, Andreas Nowak, Krzysztof Ciupek, Paul Quincey, Konstantina Vasilatou, Michaela N. Ess, Maria Gini, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Chris Robins, François Gaie-Levrel, and Thomas Müller
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6965–6989, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6965-2022, 2022
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Black carbon (BC) is often assumed to be spherically shaped, causing uncertainties in its optical properties when modelled. This study investigates different modelling techniques for the optical properties of BC by comparing them to laboratory measurements. We provide experimental support for emphasizing the use of appropriate size representation (polydisperse size method) and morphological representation (aggregate morphology) for optical modelling and parameterization scheme development of BC.
Peter Brandt, Gaël Alory, Founi Mesmin Awo, Marcus Dengler, Sandrine Djakouré, Rodrigue Anicet Imbol Koungue, Julien Jouanno, Mareike Körner, Marisa Roch, and Mathieu Rouault
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1354, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1354, 2022
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Tropical upwelling systems are among the most productive ecosystems globally. The tropical Atlantic upwelling undergoes a strong seasonal cycle that is forced by the seasonal cycle of the zonal wind along the equator and the near-coastal wind field off Africa. Besides the wind forcing that lead to an up- and downward movement of the nitracline, turbulent diffusion results in upward mixing of nutrients. Here, we review the different physical processes responsible for upward nutrient supply.
Lei Shi, Carl J. Schreck III, Viju O. John, Eui-Seok Chung, Theresa Lang, Stefan A. Buehler, and Brian J. Soden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6949–6963, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6949-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6949-2022, 2022
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Four upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) datasets derived from satellite microwave and infrared sounders are evaluated to assess their consistency as part of the activities for the Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) water vapor assessment project. The study shows that the four datasets are consistent in the interannual temporal and spatial variability of the tropics. However, differences are found in the magnitudes of the anomalies and in the changing rates during the common period.