Articles | Volume 13, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA) – an internally consistent data product for discrete inorganic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients on the North American ocean margins
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
Richard A. Feely
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Rik Wanninkhof
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida
33149, USA
Dana Greeley
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Leticia Barbero
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida
33149, USA
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
Simone Alin
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Brendan R. Carter
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies,
University of Washington, 3737 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, Washington 98105,
USA
Denis Pierrot
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida
33149, USA
Charles Featherstone
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida
33149, USA
James Hooper
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida
33149, USA
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
Chris Melrose
Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 28 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA
Natalie Monacci
Ocean Acidification Research Center, College of Fisheries and Ocean
Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2150 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks,
Alaska 99775, USA
Jonathan D. Sharp
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies,
University of Washington, 3737 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, Washington 98105,
USA
Shawn Shellito
Ocean Process Analysis Lab (OPAL), University of New Hampshire, 8
College Rd, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
Yuan-Yuan Xu
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida
33149, USA
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
Alex Kozyr
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
Robert H. Byrne
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th
Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
Wei-Jun Cai
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 261 S. College Ave, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
Jessica Cross
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Gregory C. Johnson
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington
98115, USA
Burke Hales
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State
University, 2651 SW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
Chris Langdon
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of
Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
Jeremy Mathis
Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington,
District of Columbia 20057, USA
Joe Salisbury
Ocean Process Analysis Lab (OPAL), University of New Hampshire, 8
College Rd, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
David W. Townsend
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
USA
Related authors
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Li-Qing Jiang, Tim P. Boyer, Christopher R. Paver, Hyelim Yoo, James R. Reagan, Simone R. Alin, Leticia Barbero, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we unveil a data product featuring ten coastal ocean acidification variables. These indicators are provided on 1°×1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins.
Li-Qing Jiang, Adam V. Subhas, Daniela Basso, Katja Fennel, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides comprehensive guidelines for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) researchers on archiving their metadata and data. It includes data standards for various OAE studies and a universal metadata template. Controlled vocabularies for terms like alkalinization methods are included. These guidelines also apply to ocean acidification data.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Darren J. Pilcher, Jessica N. Cross, Natalie Monacci, Linquan Mu, Kelly A. Kearney, Albert J. Hermann, and Wei Cheng
Biogeosciences, 22, 3103–3125, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3103-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3103-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Bering Sea shelf is a highly productive marine ecosystem that is vulnerable to ocean acidification. We use a computational model to simulate the carbon cycle and acidification rates from 1970–2022. The results suggest that bottom water acidification rates are more than twice as great as surface rates. Bottom waters are also naturally more acidic. Thus these waters will pass key thresholds known to negatively impact marine organisms, such as red king crab, much sooner than surface waters.
Brendan R. Carter, Jörg Schwinger, Rolf Sonnerup, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jonathan D. Sharp, Larissa M. Dias, and Daniel E. Sandborn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3073–3088, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3073-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3073-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We infer ocean gas exchange and circulation from ocean tracer measurements and use this to create code to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean that is there due to human emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. The code works across the ocean depths for the past, present, or future from information about the location, temperature, and salinity of the seawater. We produce a data product with estimates throughout the ocean throughout the last ~300 and the next ~500 years.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Larissa Marie Dias and Brendan Rae Carter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-458, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing availability of oceanographic physical and chemical data necessitates accompanying methods for optimizing use of this data. This project produced algorithms (PyESPERs) for estimating biogeochemical seawater properties in Python, a freely available coding language. These algorithms were based on Empirical Seawater Property Estimation Routines (ESPERs), which were originally written in the proprietary MATLAB coding language and can be used in studies of marine carbonate chemistry.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Nina Bednaršek, Hanna van de Mortel, Greg Pelletier, Marisol García-Reyes, Richard A. Feely, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 22, 473–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The environmental impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) are unknown. Our synthesis, based on 68 collected studies with 84 unique species, shows that 35 % of species respond positively, 26 % respond negatively, and 39 % show a neutral response to alkalinity addition. Biological thresholds were found from 50 to 500 µmol kg−1 NaOH addition. A precautionary approach is warranted to avoid potential risks, while current regulatory framework needs improvements to assure safe biological limits.
Zelun Wu, Wenfang Lu, Alizée Roobaert, Luping Song, Xiao-Hai Yan, and Wei-Jun Cai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the lack of comprehensive sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) data in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin (NAACOM) by developing the Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database (ReCAD-NAACOM-pCO2). The product reconstructed sea surface pCO2 from 1993 to 2021 using machine-learning and environmental data, capturing seasonal cycles, regional variations, and long-term trends of pCO2 for coastal carbon research.
Mallory C. Ringham, Nathan Hirtle, Cody Shaw, Xi Lu, Julian Herndon, Brendan R. Carter, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3551–3570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Results show that CO2 equilibration occurred on the order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Li-Qing Jiang, Tim P. Boyer, Christopher R. Paver, Hyelim Yoo, James R. Reagan, Simone R. Alin, Leticia Barbero, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we unveil a data product featuring ten coastal ocean acidification variables. These indicators are provided on 1°×1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins.
Amanda R. Fay, David R. Munro, Galen A. McKinley, Denis Pierrot, Stewart C. Sutherland, Colm Sweeney, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2123–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Presented here is a near-global monthly climatological estimate of the difference between atmosphere and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. The ocean's ability to take up carbon, both now and in the future, is defined by this difference in concentrations. With over 30 million measurements of surface ocean carbon over the last 40 years and utilization of an extrapolation technique, a mean estimate of surface ocean ΔfCO2 is presented.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2023 is the fifth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1108 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Samantha Siedlecki, and Dana Greeley
Biogeosciences, 21, 1639–1673, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new multi-stressor data product that allows us to characterize the seasonality of temperature, O2, and CO2 in the southern Salish Sea and delivers insights into the impacts of major marine heatwave and precipitation anomalies on regional ocean acidification and hypoxia. We also describe the present-day frequencies of temperature, O2, and ocean acidification conditions that cross thresholds of sensitive regional species that are economically or ecologically important.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Dana Greeley, Beth Curry, Julian Herndon, and Mark Warner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 837–865, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Salish cruise data product provides 2008–2018 oceanographic data from the southern Salish Sea and nearby coastal sampling stations. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrient, and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 715 oceanographic profiles will facilitate further study of ocean acidification, hypoxia, and marine heatwave impacts in this region. Three subsets of the compiled datasets from 35 cruises are available with consistent formatting and multiple commonly used units.
Natalie M. Monacci, Jessica N. Cross, Wiley Evans, Jeremy T. Mathis, and Hongjie Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As carbon dioxide is released into the air through human-generated activity, about one third dissolves into the surface water of oceans, lowering pH and increasing acidity. This is known as ocean acidification. We merged 10 years of ocean carbon data and made them publicly available for adaptation planning during a time of change. The data confirmed that Alaska is already experiencing the effects of ocean acidification due to naturally cold water, high productivity, and circulation patterns.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Li-Qing Jiang, Adam V. Subhas, Daniela Basso, Katja Fennel, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides comprehensive guidelines for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) researchers on archiving their metadata and data. It includes data standards for various OAE studies and a universal metadata template. Controlled vocabularies for terms like alkalinization methods are included. These guidelines also apply to ocean acidification data.
Katja Fennel, Matthew C. Long, Christopher Algar, Brendan Carter, David Keller, Arnaud Laurent, Jann Paul Mattern, Ruth Musgrave, Andreas Oschlies, Josiane Ostiguy, Jaime B. Palter, and Daniel B. Whitt
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes biogeochemical models and modelling techniques for applications related to ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) research. Many of the most pressing OAE-related research questions cannot be addressed by observation alone but will require a combination of skilful models and observations. We present illustrative examples with references to further information; describe limitations, caveats, and future research needs; and provide practical recommendations.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Gregory C. Johnson, Cristina Schultz, and John P. Dunne
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4481–4518, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of autonomous platforms that measure oxygen in the ocean have produced a wealth of new data. We leverage machine learning to take advantage of this growing global dataset, producing a gridded data product of ocean interior dissolved oxygen at monthly resolution over nearly 2 decades. This work provides novel information for investigations of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in ocean oxygen.
Aubin Thibault de Chanvalon, George W. Luther, Emily R. Estes, Jennifer Necker, Bradley M. Tebo, Jianzhong Su, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 20, 3053–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The intensity of the oceanic trap of CO2 released by anthropogenic activities depends on the alkalinity brought by continental weathering. Between ocean and continent, coastal water and estuaries can limit or favour the alkalinity transfer. This study investigate new interactions between dissolved metals and alkalinity in the oxygen-depleted zone of estuaries.
Fabian A. Gomez, Sang-Ki Lee, Charles A. Stock, Andrew C. Ross, Laure Resplandy, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Filippos Tagklis, and Joseph E. Salisbury
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2223–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a river chemistry and discharge dataset for 140 rivers in the United States, which integrates information from the Water Quality Database of the US Geological Survey (USGS), the USGS’s Surface-Water Monthly Statistics for the Nation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This dataset includes dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, two key properties to characterize the carbonate system, as well as nutrient concentrations, such as nitrate, phosphate, and silica.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Christopher S. Moore, Robert H. Byrne, and Kimberly K. Yates
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1493, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1493, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents time series measurements of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, and total alkalinity for organic rich estuarine water. The efficacy of sample preservation is examined by comparing results obtained with and without additions of the HgCl2. Our results show that addition of HgCl2 affects titration alkalinity and subsequently pH. Accurate analyses can be achieved using improvements in sample preservation techniques for carbonate system measurements in organic-rich estuarine waters.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Paige D. Lavin, and Adrienne J. Sutton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2081–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographers calculate the exchange of carbon between the ocean and atmosphere by comparing partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2). Because seawater pCO2 is not measured everywhere at all times, interpolation schemes are required to fill observational gaps. We describe a monthly gap-filled dataset of pCO2 in the northeast Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America created by machine-learning interpolation. This dataset is unique in its robust representation of coastal seasonality.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Matthew P. Humphreys, Ernie R. Lewis, Jonathan D. Sharp, and Denis Pierrot
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 15–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean helps to mitigate our impact on Earth's climate by absorbing about a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human activities each year. However, once absorbed, chemical reactions between CO2 and water reduce seawater pH (
ocean acidification), which may have adverse effects on marine ecosystems. Our Python package, PyCO2SYS, models the chemical reactions of CO2 in seawater, allowing us to quantify the corresponding changes in pH and related chemical properties.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Samantha A. Siedlecki, Darren Pilcher, Evan M. Howard, Curtis Deutsch, Parker MacCready, Emily L. Norton, Hartmut Frenzel, Jan Newton, Richard A. Feely, Simone R. Alin, and Terrie Klinger
Biogeosciences, 18, 2871–2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2871-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Future ocean conditions can be simulated using projected trends in fossil fuel use paired with Earth system models. Global models generally do not include local processes important to coastal ecosystems. These coastal processes can alter the degree of change projected. Higher-resolution models that include local processes predict modified changes in carbon stressors when compared to changes projected by global models in the California Current System.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lijing Cheng, Matthew D. Palmer, James Hansen, Caterina Tassone, Valentin Aich, Susheel Adusumilli, Hugo Beltrami, Tim Boyer, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Damien Desbruyères, Catia Domingues, Almudena García-García, Pierre Gentine, John Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Masayoshi Ishii, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian A. King, Gottfried Kirchengast, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, John Lyman, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Maeva Monier, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Axel Schweiger, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Andrew Shepherd, Donald A. Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Fiammetta Straneo, Mary-Louise Timmermans, and Susan E. Wijffels
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2013–2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This study is a Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to obtain the Earth heat inventory over the period 1960–2018.
Cited articles
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Barton, A., Hales, B., Waldbusser, G. G., Langdon, C., and Feely, R. A.: The
Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally
elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean
acidification effects, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 698–710, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0698, 2012.
Barton, A., Waldbusser, G. G., Feely, R. A., Weisberg, S. B., Newton, J. A.,
Hales, B., Cudd, S., Eudeline, B., Langdon, C. J., Jefferds, I., King, T., Suhrbier, A., and McLaughlin, K.: Impacts of Coastal Acidification on the Pacific Northwest Shellfish
Industry and Adaptation Strategies Implemented in Response, Oceanography,
28, 146–159, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.38, 2015.
Beckwith, S. T., Byrne, R. H., and Hallock, P.: Riverine calcium end-members
improve coastal saturation state calculations and reveal regionally variable
calcification potential, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 169, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00169,
2019.
Borges, A. V. and Gypens, N.: Carbonate chemistry in the coastal zone
responds more strongly to eutrophication than ocean acidification, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 55, 346–353, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.1.0346, 2010.
Broecker, W. S.: The great ocean conveyor, Oceanography 4, 79–89,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1991.07, 1991.
Byrne, R. H. and Breland, J. A.: High precision multiwavelength pH
determinations in seawater using cresol red, Deep-Sea Res., 36, 803–810,
1989.
Byrne, R. H. and Yao, W.: Procedures for measurement of carbonate ion
concentrations in seawater by direct spectrophotometric observations of
Pb(II) complexation, Mar. Chem., 112, 128–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.07.009, 2008.
Cai, W.-J., Guo, X., Chen, C.-T. A., Dai, M., Zhang, L., Zhai, W., Lohrenz,
S. E., Yin, K., Harrison, P. J., and Wang, Y.: A comparative overview of
weathering intensity and HCO flux in the world's major rivers
with emphasis on the Changjiang, Huanghe, Zhujiang (Pearl) and Mississippi
Rivers, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 1538–1549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.10.014,
2008.
Cai, W.-J., Hu, X., Huang, W.-J., Murrell, M. C., Lehrter, J. C., Lohrenz,
S. E., Chou, W.-C., Zhai, W., Hollibaugh, J. T., Wang, Y., Zhao, P., Guo,
X., Gundersen, K., Dai, M., and Gong, G.-C.: Acidification of subsurface
coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication, Nature Geosci., 4, 766–770,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297, 2011.
Cai, W.-J., Xu, Y.-Y., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Jönsson, B., Alin,
S. R., Barbero, L., Cross, J. N., Azetsu-Scott, K., Fassbender, A. J.,
Carter, B. R., Jiang, L.-Q., Pepin, P., Chen, B., Hussain, N., Reimer, J.
J., Xue, L., Salisbury, J. E., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Langdon, C.,
Li, Q., Sutton, A. J., Chen, C.-T. A., and Gledhill, D. K.: Controls on
surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins, Nat.
Commun., 11, 2691, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16530-z, 2020.
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Williams, N. L., Dickson, A. G., and Fong, M.
B., and Takeshita, Y.: Updated methods for global locally interpolated
estimation of alkalinity, pH, and nitrate, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 16,
119–131, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10232, 2018.
Cicin-Sain, B., Bernal, P., Vandeweerd, V., Belfiore, S., and Goldstein, K.:
A Guide to Oceans, Coasts, and Islands at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development, Center for the Study of Marine Policy, Newark, Delaware, 2002.
Clayton, T. D. and Byrne, R. H.: Spectrophotometric seawater pH
measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-cresol
purple and at-sea results, Deep-Sea Res., 40, 2115–2129, 1993.
Cooley, S. R. and Doney, S. C.: Anticipating ocean acidification's economic
consequences for commercial fisheries,
Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 024007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024007, 2009.
Dickson, A. G.: Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s) + 1/2 H2(g)
= Ag(s) + HCl(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion
HSO in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K, J. Chem.
Thermodyn., 22, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(90)90074-z, 1990.
Dickson, A. G.: The measurement of seawater pH, Mar. Chem., 44, 131–142,
1993.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R.: Guide to best practices
for ocean CO2 measurement, Sidney, British Columbia, North Pacific
Marine Science Organization, PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp.,
http://hdl.handle.net/11329/249, 2007.
Dillon, W. D. N., Dillingham, P. W., Currie, K. I., and McGraw, C. M.: Inclusion
of uncertainty in the calcium-salinity relationship improves estimates of
ocean acidification monitoring data quality, Mar. Chem., 226, 103872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103872, 2020.
Doney, S. C., Busch, D. S., Cooley, S. R., and Kroeker, K. J.: The impacts
of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and reliant human communities,
Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 45, 83–112, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019, 2020.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V.
J., and Millero, F. J.: Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3
system in the oceans, Science, 305, 362–366, 2004.
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Ianson, D., and Hales, B.:
Evidence for upwelling of corrosive “acidified” water onto the Continental
Shelf. Science, 320, 1490–1492, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676, 2008.
Feely, R. A., Alin, S. R., Carter, B., Bednaršek, N., Hales, B., Chan,
F., Hill, T. M., Gaylord, B., Sanford, E., Byrne, R. H., Sabine, C. L.,
Greeley, D., and Juranek, L.: Chemical and biological impacts of ocean
acidification along the west coast of North America, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 183, 260–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.043, 2016.
Feely, R. A., Okazaki, R. R., Cai, W.-J., Bednaršek, N., Alin, S. R.,
Byrne, R. H., and Fassbender, A.: The combined effects of acidification and
hypoxia on pH and aragonite saturation in the coastal waters of the
Californian Current Ecosystem and the northern Gulf of Mexico, Cont. Shelf
Res., 152, 50–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.11.002, 2018.
Garcia, H. E. and Gordon, L. I.: Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better
fitting equations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1307–1312,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.6.1307, 1992.
Gattuso, J.-P. and Hansson, L.: Ocean acidification, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2011.
Gomez, F. A., Wanninkhof, R., Barbero, L., Lee, S.-K., and Hernandez Jr., F. J.: Seasonal patterns of surface inorganic carbon system variables in the Gulf of Mexico inferred from a regional high-resolution ocean biogeochemical model, Biogeosciences, 17, 1685–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020, 2020.
Gruber N., Clement D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Monaco, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.: The oceanic sink for
anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007, Science, 363, 1193–1199, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153, 2019.
Hales, B., Takahashi, T., and Bandstra, L.: Atmospheric CO2 uptake by a
coastal upwelling system, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002295, 2005.
Hales, B., Cai, W.-J., Mitchell, B. G., Sabine, C. L., and Schofield, O.:
North American Continental Margins – Report of the North American
Continental Margins Working Group for the U.S. Carbon Cycle Scientific
Steering Group and Interagency Working Group, available at:
https://data.globalchange.gov/assets/48/3f/48c42b8c11bb5e3f5e442a72a7ae/north-american-continental-margins.pdf (last access: 15 May 2021),
2008.
Hood, E. M., Sabine, C. L., and Sloyan, B. M. (Eds.): The GO-SHIP Repeat
Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines,
ICPO Publication Series number 134, IOCCP
Report Number 14, available at: http://www.go-ship.org/HydroMan.html (last access: 15 May 2021), 2011.
Hugo, G.: Future demographic change and
its interactions with migration and climate change, Glob. Environ.
Change, 21, S21–S33, 2011.
Hunt, C. W., Salisbury, J. E., and Vandemark, D.: Contribution of non-carbonate anions to total alkalinity and overestimation of pCO2 in New England and New Brunswick rivers, Biogeosciences, 8, 3069–3076, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3069-2011, 2011.
Hydes, D. J. and Hill, N. C.: Determination of nitrate in seawater: Nitrate
to nitrite reduction with copper-cadmium alloy, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. S., 21, 127–130, 1985.
IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO: The international thermodynamic equation of seawater –
2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties, Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56, UNESCO, 196 pp., 2010.
IPCC: Workshop report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) Workshop on impacts of ocean acidification on marine biology and
ecosystems, edited by: Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Mach, K. J.,
Plattner, G.-K., Mastrandrea, M. D., Tignor, M., and Ebi, K. L., IPCC
Working Group II Technical Support Unit, Carnegie Institution, Stanford,
California, USA, 164 pp., 2011.
Jiang, L.-Q., Cai, W.-J., Feely, R. A., Wang, Y., Guo, X., Gledhill, D. K.,
Hu, X., Arzayus, F., Chen, F., Hartmann, J., and Zhang, L.: Carbonate
mineral saturation states along the U.S. East Coast, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55,
2424–2432, 2010.
Jiang L.-Q., Feely, R. A., Carter, B. R., Greeley, D. J., Gledhill, D. K.,
and Arzayus, K. M.: Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation
state in the global oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 1656–1673, 2015a.
Jiang, L.-Q., O'Connor, S. A., Arzayus, K. M., and Parsons, A. R.: A metadata template for ocean acidification data, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 117–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-117-2015, 2015b.
Jiang, L.-Q., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Lauvset, S., and Olsen, A.:
Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity, past, present and future, Sci. Rep.,
9, 18624, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4, 2019.
Jiang, L.-Q., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Greeley, D., Barbero, L., Alin,
S. R., Carter, B. R., Pierrot, D., Featherstone, C., Hooper, J., Melrose,
C., Monacci, N., Sharp, J., Shellito, S., Xu, Y.-Y., Kozyr, A., Byrne, R.
H., Cai, W.-J., Cross, J., Johnson, G. C., Hales, B., Langdon, C., Mathis,
J., Salisbury, J., and Townsend, D. W.: Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in
North America (CODAP-NA, Version 2021) (NCEI Accession 0219960), NOAA
National Centers for Environmental Information, Dataset,
https://doi.org/10.25921/531n-c230, 2021a.
Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin,
S., Barbero, L., Byrne, R. H., Carter, B. R., Dickson, A. G., Gattuso,
J.-P., Greeley, D., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Karstensen, J. Lange, N.,
Lauvset, S. K., Lewis, E. R., Olsen, A., Pérez, F. F., Sabine, C.,
Sharp, J. D., Tanhua, T., Trull, T., Velo, A., Allegra, A. J., Barker, P.,
Burger, E., Cai, W.-J., Chen, C.-T. A., Cross, J., Garcia, H.,
Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Hu, X., Kozyr, A., Langdon, C., Lee, K., Salisbury,
J., Wang, Z. A., and Xue, L.: Best practice data standards for discrete chemical
oceanographic observations, Front. Mar. Sci., in review, 2021b.
Jiang, L.-Q., Pierrot, D., Sharp, J., and Carter, B.: A suite of internal
consistency based primary-level quality control tools for discrete bottle
based chemical oceanographic data, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Methods, in preparation, 2021c.
Joyce, T. and Corry, C.: Chapter 4. Hydrographic Data Formats, in:
Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting, WOCE
Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
Hole, MA, 1994.
Laruelle, G. G., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Tison, J.-L., Delille, B., and Regnier, P.: Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation, Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017.
Laurent, A., Fennel, K., Cai, W.-J., Huang, W.-J., Barbero, L., and
Wanninkhof, R.: Eutrophication-induced acidification of coastal waters in
the northern Gulf of Mexico: Insights into origin and processes from a
coupled physical-biogeochemical model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 946–956,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071881, 2017.
Lauvset, S. K., Gruber, N., Landschützer, P., Olsen, A., and Tjiputra, J.: Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades, Biogeosciences, 12, 1285–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1285-2015, 2015.
Lauvset, S. K. and Tanhua, T.: A toolbox for secondary quality control on
ocean chemistry and hydrographic data, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 13,
601–608, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10050, 2015.
Lauvset, S. K., Carter, B. R., Perez, F. F., Jiang, L.-Q., Feely, R. A.,
Velo, A., and Olsen, A.: Processes Driving Global Interior Ocean pH
Distribution, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2019GB006229, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006229, 2020.
Le Menn, M., Giuliano, Albo, P. A. G., Lago, S., Romeo, R., and Sparasci,
F.: The absolute salinity of seawater and its measurands, Metrologia, 56,
015005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aaea92, 2018.
Lee, K., Kim, T.-W., Byrne, R. H., Millero, F. J., Feely, R. A., and Liu,
Y.-M.: The universal ratio of boron to chlorinity for the North Pacific and
North Atlantic oceans, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 1801–1811,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.12.027, 2010.
Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program Developed for CO2 System
Calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105 (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, 1998.
Lueker, T. J., Dickson, A. G., and Keeling, C. D.: Ocean pCO2 calculated
from dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K1 and K2:
validation based on laboratory measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at
equilibrium, Mar. Chem., 70, 105–119, 2000.
Millero, F. J.: Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 661–677, 1995.
Mucci, A.: The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various
salinities, temperatures, and one atmosphere total pressure, Am. J. Sci.,
283, 781–799, 1983.
Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.: The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016.
Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Bittig, H. C., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Karlsen, M. K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., and Wanninkhof, R.: GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1437–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1437-2019, 2019.
Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Kozyr, A., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Becker, S., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jutterström, S., Landa, C. S., Lauvset, S. K., Michaelis, P., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., Wanninkhof, R., and Woosley, R. J.: An updated version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, GLODAPv2.2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020.
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A.:
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its
impact on calcifying organisms, Nature, 437, 681–686, 2005.
Orr, J. C., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Routine
uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system, Mar. Chem., 207, 84–107,
2018.
Perez, F. F. and Fraga, F.: Association constant of fluoride and hydrogen
ions in seawater, Mar. Chem., 21, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(87)90036-3, 1987.
Riley, J. P., and Tongudai, M.: The major cation/chlorinity ratios in sea
water, Chem. Geol., 2, 263–269, 1967.
Roobaert, A., Laruelle, G. G., Landschützer, P., Gruber,
N., Chou, L., and Regnier, P.: The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sources
and sinks of CO2 in the global coastal ocean, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 33, 1693–1714, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006239, 2019.
Sharp, J. D. and Byrne, R. H.: Carbonate ion concentrations in seawater:
spectrophotometric determination at ambient temperatures and evaluation of
propagated calculation uncertainties, Mar. Chem., 209, 70–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.12.001, 2019.
Sharp, J. D., Pierrot, D., and Humphreys, M. P.: CO2-System-Extd, v3.0.1,
MATLAB (MathWorks), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3952803, 2020.
Sherman, K., Aquarone, M. C., and Adams, S.: Sustaining the World's Large
Marine Ecosystems, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, viii+142 pp., 2009.
Stets, E. G., Kelly, V. J., and Crawford, C. G.: Long-term trends in
alkalinity in large rivers of the conterminous US in relation to
acidification, agriculture, and hydrologic modification, Sci. Total
Environ., 488–489, 280–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.054, 2014.
Sulpis, O., Lauvset, S. K., and Hagens, M.: Current estimates of K and K appear inconsistent with measured CO2 system parameters in cold oceanic regions, Ocean Sci., 16, 847–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-847-2020, 2020.
Swift, J. H. and Diggs, S. C.: Description of WHP-Exchange Format for
CTD/Hydrographic Data, available at: https://cchdo.github.io/hdo-assets/documentation/WHP_Exchange_Description.pdf (last access: 15 May 2021), 2008.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., and Kozyr, A.: Global Ocean Surface Water
Partial Pressure of CO2 Database (LDEO Database Version 2019):
Measurements Performed During 1957–2019 (NCEI Accession 0160492), NOAA
National Centers for Environmental Information, Dataset,
https://doi.org/10.3334/cdiac/otg.ndp088(v2015), 2020.
Tanhua, T., van Heuven, S., Key, R. M., Velo, A., Olsen, A., and Schirnick, C.: Quality control procedures and methods of the CARINA database, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-35-2010, 2010.
Wanninkhof, R. and Thoning, K.: Measurement of fugacity of CO2 in
surface water using continuous and discrete methods, Mar. Chem., 44,
189–204, 1993.
Wanninkhof, R., Barbero, L., Byrne, R., Cai, W.-J., Huang, W.-J., Zhang,
J.-Z., Baringer, M., and Langdon, C.: Ocean acidification along the Gulf
Coast and East Coast of the USA, Cont. Shelf Res., 98, 54–71,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.02.008, 2015.
Xue, L., Cai, W.-J., Hu, X., Sabine, C., Jones, S., Sutton, A., Jiang, L.-Q.,
and Reimer, J. J.: Sea surface carbon dioxide at the Georgia time series
site (2006–2007): Air-sea flux and controlling processes, Prog. Oceanogr,
140, 14–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.09.008, 2016.
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint