Data description paper 13 Aug 2019
Data description paper | 13 Aug 2019
A decade of detailed observations (2008–2018) in steep bedrock permafrost at the Matterhorn Hörnligrat (Zermatt, CH)
Samuel Weber et al.
Related authors
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger,, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70, 2020
Preprint under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanical response of permafrost degradation on high-mountain rock slope stability has not been calculated in a numerical model yet. We present the first approach for a model with thermal and mechanical input data derived from laboratory and field work, and existing concepts. This is applied to a test site at the Zugspitze, Germany. A numerical sensitivity analysis provides the first critical stability thresholds related to the rock temperature, slope angle and fracture network orientation.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Maximilian Lanz, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 14, 1849–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A failure criterion for ice-filled rock joints is a prerequisite to accurately assess the stability of permafrost rock slopes. In 2018 a failure criterion was proposed based on limestone. Now, we tested the transferability to other rocks using mica schist and gneiss which provide the maximum expected deviation of lithological effects on the shear strength. We show that even for controversial rocks the failure criterion stays unaltered, suggesting that it is applicable to mostly all rock types.
Matthias Meyer, Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, and Lothar Thiele
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 171–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring rock slopes for a long time helps to understand the impact of climate change on the alpine environment. Measurements of seismic signals are often affected by external influences, e.g., unwanted anthropogenic noise. In the presented work, these influences are automatically identified and removed to enable proper geoscientific analysis. The methods presented are based on machine learning and intentionally kept generic so that they can be equally applied in other (more generic) settings.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Tanja Schröder, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 12, 3333–3353, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected alpine rock walls are likely triggered by the mechanical destabilisation of warming bedrock permafrost including ice-filled joints. We present a systematic study of the brittle shear failure of ice and rock–ice contacts along rock joints in a simulated depth ≤ 30 m and at temperatures from −10 to −0.5 °C. Warming and sudden reduction in rock overburden due to the detachment of an upper rock mass lead to a significant drop in shear resistance.
Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, Jérome Faillettaz, Andreas Hasler, Michael Krautblatter, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 11, 567–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 8-year continuous time series of measured fracture kinematics and thermal conditions on steep permafrost bedrock at Hörnligrat, Matterhorn. Based on this unique dataset and a conceptual model for strong fractured bedrock, we develop a novel quantitative approach that allows to separate reversible from irreversible fracture kinematics and assign the dominant forcing. A new index of irreversibility provides useful indication for the occurrence and timing of irreversible displacements.
Rupesh Subedi, Steven V. Kokelj, and Stephan Gruber
The Cryosphere, 14, 4341–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4341-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost beneath tundra near Lac de Gras (Northwest Territories, Canada) contains more ice and less organic carbon than shown in global compilations. Excess-ice content of 20–60 %, likely remnant Laurentide basal ice, is found in upland till. This study is based on 24 boreholes up to 10 m deep. Findings highlight geology and glacial legacy as determinants of a mosaic of permafrost characteristics with potential for thaw subsidence up to several metres in some locations.
Niccolò Tubini, Stephan Gruber, and Riccardo Rigon
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-293, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-293, 2020
Preprint under review for TC
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to compute temperature changes with melting and freezing, a fundamental challenge in cryosphere research, extremely efficiently and with guaranteed correctness of the energy balance for any time step size. This is a key feature since the integration time step can then be chosen according to the timescale of the processes to study, from seconds to days.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger,, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70, 2020
Preprint under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanical response of permafrost degradation on high-mountain rock slope stability has not been calculated in a numerical model yet. We present the first approach for a model with thermal and mechanical input data derived from laboratory and field work, and existing concepts. This is applied to a test site at the Zugspitze, Germany. A numerical sensitivity analysis provides the first critical stability thresholds related to the rock temperature, slope angle and fracture network orientation.
James Ferguson and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-228, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-228, 2020
Revised manuscript under review for TC
Short summary
Short summary
Debris-covered glaciers have a greater extent than their debris-free counterparts due to insulation from the debris cover. However, the transient response to climate change remains poorly understood. We use a numerical model that couples ice dynamics and debris transport and vary the climate signal. We find that debris cover delays the transient response, especially strong for the extent. However, adding cryokarst features near the terminus greatly enhances the response.
Bin Cao, Stephan Gruber, Donghai Zheng, and Xin Li
The Cryosphere, 14, 2581–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports that ERA5-Land (ERA5L) soil temperature bias in permafrost regions correlates with the bias in air temperature and with maximum snow height. While global reanalyses are important drivers for permafrost study, ERA5L soil data are not well suited for directly informing permafrost research decision making due to their warm bias in winter. To address this, future soil temperature products in reanalyses will require permafrost-specific alterations to their land surface models.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Maximilian Lanz, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 14, 1849–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1849-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A failure criterion for ice-filled rock joints is a prerequisite to accurately assess the stability of permafrost rock slopes. In 2018 a failure criterion was proposed based on limestone. Now, we tested the transferability to other rocks using mica schist and gneiss which provide the maximum expected deviation of lithological effects on the shear strength. We show that even for controversial rocks the failure criterion stays unaltered, suggesting that it is applicable to mostly all rock types.
Stephan Gruber
The Cryosphere, 14, 1437–1447, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A simple method to record heave and subsidence of the land surface at specific field locations is described. Hourly observations from three sites, over two winters and one summer, are analyzed and discussed. The data are rich in features that point to the influence of freezing and thawing and of wetting and drying of the soil. This type of observation may offer new insight into the processes of heat and mass transfer in soil and help to monitor climate change impacts.
Andrea Walter, Martin P. Lüthi, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 14, 1051–1066, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1051-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1051-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier calving plays a key role in the dynamic mass loss of ocean-terminating glaciers in Greenland. Source areas and volumes of 900 individual calving events were analysed for size and timing related to environmental forcings. We found that calving volume distribution and style vary along the calving front and are controlled by the water depth and front geometry. We suggest that in deep water both oceanic melt and subaquatic calving contribute substantially to the frontal mass loss.
John Mohd Wani, Renoj J. Thayyen, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha, and Stephan Gruber
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-286, 2020
Revised manuscript under review for TC
Short summary
Short summary
This study focus on the Surface Energy Balance (SEB) of cold arid permafrost environment of Ladakh Himalaya. The SEB partitioning show Rn was converted as 47% into H, 44% into LE, 1% into G and 7% for melting of seasonal snow. Low Relative humidity (43%) of this region could be playing a critical role in SEB regime and permafrost processes. Key difference of surface energy balance characteristics was observed between low and high snow years.
Guillaume Jouvet, Eef van Dongen, Martin P. Lüthi, and Andreas Vieli
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report the first-ever in situ measurements of ice flow motion using a remotely controlled drone. We used a quadcopter to land on a highly crevassed area of Eqip Sermia Glacier, Greenland. The drone measured 70 cm of ice displacement over more than 4 h thanks to an accurate onboard GPS. Our study demonstrates that drones have great potential for geoscientists, especially to deploy sensors in hostile environments such as glaciers.
Christoph Rohner, David Small, Jan Beutel, Daniel Henke, Martin P. Lüthi, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 13, 2953–2975, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2953-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2953-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The recent increase in ice flow and calving rates of ocean–terminating glaciers contributes substantially to the mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Using in situ reference observations, we validate the satellite–based method of iterative offset tracking of Sentinel–1A data for deriving flow speeds. Our investigations highlight the importance of spatial resolution near the fast–flowing calving front, resulting in significantly higher ice velocities compared to large–scale operational products.
Bin Cao, Xiaojing Quan, Nicholas Brown, Emilie Stewart-Jones, and Stephan Gruber
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4661–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4661-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4661-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
GlobSim is a tool for simulating land-surface processes and phenomena at point locations globally, even where no site-specific meteorological observations exist. This is important because simulation can add insight to the analysis of observations or help in anticipating climate-change impacts and because site-specific simulation can help in model evaluation.
Joe R. Melton, Diana L. Verseghy, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, and Stephan Gruber
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4443–4467, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Soils in cold regions store large amounts of carbon that could be released to the atmosphere if the soils thaw. To best simulate these soils, we explored different configurations and parameterizations of the CLASS-CTEM model and compared to observations. The revised model with a deeper soil column, new soil depth dataset, and inclusion of moss simulated greatly improved annual thaw depths and ground temperatures. We estimate subgrid-scale features limit further improvements against observations.
Jérome Faillettaz, Martin Funk, Jan Beutel, and Andreas Vieli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1399–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1399-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1399-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new strategy for real-time early warning of
gravity-driven slope failures (such as landslides, rockfalls, glacier break-off, etc.). This method enables us to investigate natural slope stability based on continuous monitoring and interpretation of seismic waves generated by the potential instability. Thanks to a pilot experiment, we detected typical patterns of precursory events prior to slide events, demonstrating the potential of this method for real-word applications.
Nico Mölg, Tobias Bolch, Andrea Walter, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 13, 1889–1909, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Debris can partly protect glaciers from melting. But many debris-covered glaciers change similar to debris-free glaciers. To better understand the debris influence we investigated 150 years of evolution of Zmutt Glacier in Switzerland. We found an increase in debris extent over time and a link to glacier flow velocity changes. We also found an influence of debris on the melt locally, but only a small volume change reduction over the whole glacier, also because of the influence of ice cliffs.
Alessandro Cicoira, Jan Beutel, Jérome Faillettaz, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 13, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-927-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-927-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glacier flow varies on multiple timescales. The variations have been linked to climatic forcing, but a quantitative understanding is still missing.
We use a 1-D numerical modelling approach coupling heat conduction to a creep model in order to study the influence of temperature variations on rock glacier flow. Our results show that heat conduction alone cannot explain the observed variations. Other processes, likely linked to water, must dominate the short-term velocity signal.
Matthias Meyer, Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, and Lothar Thiele
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 171–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring rock slopes for a long time helps to understand the impact of climate change on the alpine environment. Measurements of seismic signals are often affected by external influences, e.g., unwanted anthropogenic noise. In the presented work, these influences are automatically identified and removed to enable proper geoscientific analysis. The methods presented are based on machine learning and intentionally kept generic so that they can be equally applied in other (more generic) settings.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Tanja Schröder, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 12, 3333–3353, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected alpine rock walls are likely triggered by the mechanical destabilisation of warming bedrock permafrost including ice-filled joints. We present a systematic study of the brittle shear failure of ice and rock–ice contacts along rock joints in a simulated depth ≤ 30 m and at temperatures from −10 to −0.5 °C. Warming and sudden reduction in rock overburden due to the detachment of an upper rock mass lead to a significant drop in shear resistance.
Ladina Steiner, Michael Meindl, Charles Fierz, and Alain Geiger
The Cryosphere, 12, 3161–3175, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of water stored in snow cover is of high importance for flood risks, climate change, and early-warning systems. We evaluate the potential of using GPS to estimate the stored water. We use GPS antennas buried underneath the snowpack and develop a model based on the path elongation of the GPS signals while propagating through the snowpack. The method works well over full seasons, including melt periods. Results correspond within 10 % to the state-of-the-art reference data.
Rémy Mercenier, Martin P. Lüthi, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 12, 721–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-721-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-721-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the effect of geometrical properties on the stress state and flow regime in the vicinity of the calving front of grounded tidewater glaciers. Our analysis shows that the stress state for simple geometries can be determined solely by the water depth relative to ice thickness. This scaled relationship allows for a simple parametrization to predict calving rates of grounded tidewater glaciers that is simple, physics-based and in good agreement with observations.
Bin Cao, Stephan Gruber, and Tingjun Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2905–2923, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2905-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2905-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To derive the air temperature in mountain enviroments, we propose a new downscaling method with a spatially variable magnitude of surface effects. Our findings suggest that the difference between near-surface air temperature and upper-air temerpature is a good proxy of surface effects. It can be used to improve downscaling results, especially in valleys with strong surface effects and cold air pooling during winter.
Florian Frank, Brian W. McArdell, Nicole Oggier, Patrick Baer, Marc Christen, and Andreas Vieli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 801–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-801-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-801-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a sensitivity analysis of the RAMMS debris-flow entrainment model, which is intended to help solve problems related to predicting the runout of debris flows. The results indicate that the entrainment model predicts plausible erosion volumes in comparison with field data. These eroded volumes are sensitive to the initial landslide volume, suggesting that this tool may be useful for both reconstruction of historical events and modeling of debris flow scenarios.
Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, Jérome Faillettaz, Andreas Hasler, Michael Krautblatter, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 11, 567–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a 8-year continuous time series of measured fracture kinematics and thermal conditions on steep permafrost bedrock at Hörnligrat, Matterhorn. Based on this unique dataset and a conceptual model for strong fractured bedrock, we develop a novel quantitative approach that allows to separate reversible from irreversible fracture kinematics and assign the dominant forcing. A new index of irreversibility provides useful indication for the occurrence and timing of irreversible displacements.
Stephan Gruber, Renate Fleiner, Emilie Guegan, Prajjwal Panday, Marc-Olivier Schmid, Dorothea Stumm, Philippus Wester, Yinsheng Zhang, and Lin Zhao
The Cryosphere, 11, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We review what can be inferred about permafrost in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region. This is important because the area of permafrost exceeds that of glaciers in this region. Climate change will produce diverse permafrost-related impacts on vegetation, water quality, geohazards, and livelihoods. To mitigate this, a better understanding of high-elevation permafrost in subtropical latitudes as well as the pathways connecting environmental change and human livelihoods, is needed.
Johann Müller, Andreas Vieli, and Isabelle Gärtner-Roer
The Cryosphere, 10, 2865–2886, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2865-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2865-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are landforms indicative of permafrost creep and received considerable attention concerning their dynamical and thermal changes. We use a holistic approach to analyze and model the current and long-term dynamical development of two rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps. The modeling results show the impact of variations in temperature and sediment–ice supply on rock glacier evolution and describe proceeding signs of degradation due to climate warming.
Martin P. Lüthi and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 10, 995–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-995-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-995-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers flowing into the ocean sometimes release huge pieces of ice and
cause violent tsunami waves which, upon landfall, can cause severe
destruction. During an exceptionally well-documented event at Eqip Sermia,
west Greenland, the collapse of a 200 m high ice cliff caused a tsunami wave
of 50 m height, traveling at a speed exceeding 100 km h−1. This tsunami wave
was filmed from a tour boat, and was simultaneously observed with several
instruments, as was the run-up of 15 m on the shore.
V. Wirz, S. Gruber, R. S. Purves, J. Beutel, I. Gärtner-Roer, S. Gubler, and A. Vieli
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-103-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-103-2016, 2016
F. Frank, B. W. McArdell, C. Huggel, and A. Vieli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2569–2583, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2569-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2569-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The sudden onset of large and erosive debris flows has been observed recently in different catchments in Switzerland, implicating the importance of erosion for debris flow modelling. Therefore, an erosion model was established based on field data (relationship between maximum shear stress and erosion depth and rate) of several debris flows measured at the Illgraben. Erosion model tests at the Spreitgraben showed considerable improvements in runout pattern as well as hydrograph propagation.
M.-O. Schmid, P. Baral, S. Gruber, S. Shahi, T. Shrestha, D. Stumm, and P. Wester
The Cryosphere, 9, 2089–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2089-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2089-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The extent and distribution of permafrost in the mountainous parts of the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region are largely unknown. This article provides a first-order assessment of the two available permafrost maps in the HKH region based on the mapping of rock glaciers in Google Earth. The Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions does not reproduce mapped conditions in the HKH region adequately, whereas the Global Permafrost Zonation Index does so with more success.
A. Hasler, M. Geertsema, V. Foord, S. Gruber, and J. Noetzli
The Cryosphere, 9, 1025–1038, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1025-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1025-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we describe surface and thermal offsets derived from distributed measurements at seven field sites in British Columbia. Key findings are i) a small variation of the surface offsets between surface types; ii) small thermal offsets at all sites; iii) a clear influence of the micro-topography due to snow cover effects; iv) a north--south difference of the surface offset of 4°C in vertical bedrock and of 1.5–-3°C on open gentle slopes; v) only small macroclimatic differences.
J. Fiddes, S. Endrizzi, and S. Gruber
The Cryosphere, 9, 411–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates a new land surface modelling approach that uses globally available data sets to generate high-resolution simulation results of land surface processes. We successfully simulate a highly resolution-dependent variable, ground surface temperatures, over the entire Swiss Alps at high resolution. We use a large evaluation data set to test the model. We suggest that this scheme represents a useful step in application of numerical models over large areas in heterogeneous terrain.
S. Endrizzi, S. Gruber, M. Dall'Amico, and R. Rigon
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2831–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2831-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2831-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
GEOtop is a fine scale grid-based simulator that represents the heat and water budgets at and below the soil surface, reproduces the highly non-linear interactions between the water and energy balance during soil freezing and thawing and simulates snow cover. The core components of GEOtop 2.0. are described. Based on a synthetic simulation, it is shown that the interaction of processes represented in GEOtop 2.0. can result in phenomena that are relevant for applications involving frozen soils.
V. Wirz, J. Beutel, S. Gruber, S. Gubler, and R. S. Purves
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2503–2520, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2503-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2503-2014, 2014
J. Fiddes and S. Gruber
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 387–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-387-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-387-2014, 2014
E. M. Enderlin, I. M. Howat, and A. Vieli
The Cryosphere, 7, 1579–1590, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1579-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1579-2013, 2013
S. Gubler, S. Endrizzi, S. Gruber, and R. S. Purves
Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1319–1336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1319-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1319-2013, 2013
E. M. Enderlin, I. M. Howat, and A. Vieli
The Cryosphere, 7, 1007–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1007-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1007-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Data, Algorithms, and Models
Crowdsourced air traffic data from the OpenSky Network 2019–2020
A restructured and updated global soil respiration database (SRDB-V5)
The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record
Dielectric database of organic Arctic soils (DDOAS)
Global Carbon Budget 2020
A global long-term (1981–2000) land surface temperature product for NOAA AVHRR
A coastally improved global dataset of wet tropospheric corrections for satellite altimetry
Development of a standard database of reference sites for validating global burned area products
A Last Glacial Maximum forcing dataset for ocean modelling
An update of IPCC climate reference regions for subcontinental analysis of climate model data: definition and aggregated datasets
Shipborne lidar measurements showing the progression of the tropical reservoir of volcanic aerosol after the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption
Improved estimate of global gross primary production for reproducing its long-term variation, 1982–2017
Hyperspectral longwave infrared reflectance spectra of naturally dried algae, anthropogenic plastics, sands and shells
Merging ground-based sunshine duration with satellite cloud and aerosol data to produce high resolution long-term surface solar radiation over China
Hyperspectral reflectance dataset of dry, wet and submerged marine litter
The PetroPhysical Property Database (P3) – a global compilation of lab-measured rock properties
A Climate Service for Ecologists: Sharing pre-processed EUROCORDEX Regional Climate Scenario Data using the eLTER Information System
WFDE5: bias-adjusted ERA5 reanalysis data for impact studies
Database of Petrophysical Properties of the Mid-German Crystalline High
A high-resolution reanalysis of global fire weather from 1979 to 2018 – overwintering the Drought Code
Improving the usability of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) L1B2 Georectified Radiance Product (2000–present) in land surface applications
Annual dynamics of global land cover and its long-term changes from 1982 to 2015
A global compilation of in situ aquatic high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property data for remote sensing applications
A digital archive of human activity in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
An integrated compilation of data sources for the development of a marine protected area in the Weddell Sea
European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data
Asset exposure data for global physical risk assessment
Historic photographs of glaciers and glacial landforms from the Ralph Stockman Tarr collection at Cornell University
A Fundamental Climate Data Record of SMMR, SSM/I, and SSMIS brightness temperatures
Replacing missing values in the standard Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) radiometric camera-by-camera cloud mask (RCCM) data product
High-resolution meteorological forcing data for hydrological modelling and climate change impact analysis in the Mackenzie River Basin
Geometric accuracy assessment of coarse-resolution satellite datasets: a study based on AVHRR GAC data at the sub-pixel level
A national dataset of 30 m annual urban extent dynamics (1985–2015) in the conterminous United States
Reconstructing three decades of total international trawling effort in the North Sea
Remote sensing of lake water volumes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Northern Alaska
The European Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP): 25 years of monitoring data exchange
The UK Environmental Change Network datasets – integrated and co-located data for long-term environmental research (1993–2015)
Hyperspectral ultraviolet to shortwave infrared characteristics of marine-harvested, washed-ashore and virgin plastics
Cloud_cci Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer post meridiem (AVHRR-PM) dataset version 3: 35-year climatology of global cloud and radiation properties
Reference crop evapotranspiration database in Spain (1961–2014)
A 16-year dataset (2000–2015) of high-resolution (3 h, 10 km) global surface solar radiation
Comprehensive aerosol and gas data set from the Sydney Particle Study
Geostrophic currents in the northern Nordic Seas from a combination of multi-mission satellite altimetry and ocean modeling
The BernClim plant phenological data set from the canton of Bern (Switzerland) 1970–2018
High-temporal-resolution water level and storage change data sets for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau during 2000–2017 using multiple altimetric missions and Landsat-derived lake shoreline positions
Djankuat glacier station in the North Caucasus, Russia: a database of glaciological, hydrological, and meteorological observations and stable isotope sampling results during 2007–2017
The spatial allocation of population: a review of large-scale gridded population data products and their fitness for use
The Environment and Climate Change Canada solid precipitation intercomparison data from Bratt's Lake and Caribou Creek, Saskatchewan
STEAD: a high-resolution daily gridded temperature dataset for Spain
Time series of the Inland Surface Water Dataset in China (ISWDC) for 2000–2016 derived from MODIS archives
Martin Strohmeier, Xavier Olive, Jannis Lübbe, Matthias Schäfer, and Vincent Lenders
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Flight data have been used widely for research by academic researchers and (supra)national institutions. Example domains range from epidemiology (e.g. examining the spread of COVID-19 via air travel) to economics (e.g. use as proxy for immediate forecasting of the state of a country's economy) and Earth sciences (climatology in particular). Until now, accurate flight data have been available only in small pieces from closed, proprietary sources. This work changes this with a crowdsourced effort.
Jinshi Jian, Rodrigo Vargas, Kristina Anderson-Teixeira, Emma Stell, Valentine Herrmann, Mercedes Horn, Nazar Kholod, Jason Manzon, Rebecca Marchesi, Darlin Paredes, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 255–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux (soil respiration, Rs) observations were compiled into a global database (SRDB) a decade ago. Here, we restructured and updated the database to the fifth version, SRDB-V5, with data published through 2017 included. SRDB-V5 aims to be a data framework for the scientific community to share seasonal to annual field Rs measurements, and it provides opportunities for the scientific community to better understand the spatial and temporal variability of Rs.
Robert A. Rohde and Zeke Hausfather
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A global land and ocean temperature record was created by combining the Berkeley Earth monthly land temperature field with a newly interpolated version of the HadSST3 ocean dataset. The resulting dataset covers the period from 1850 to present.
This paper describes the methods used to create that combination and compares the results to other estimates of global temperature and the associated recent climate change, giving similar results.
Igor Savin, Valery Mironov, Konstantin Muzalevskiy, Sergey Fomin, Andrey Karavayskiy, Zdenek Ruzicka, and Yuriy Lukin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3481–3487, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3481-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3481-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a dielectric database of organic Arctic soils. This database was created based on dielectric measurements of seven samples of organic soils collected in various parts of the Arctic tundra. The created database can serve not only as a source of experimental data for the development of new soil dielectric models for the Arctic tundra but also as a source of training data for artificial intelligence satellite algorithms of soil moisture retrievals based on neural networks.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Jin Ma, Ji Zhou, Frank-Michael Göttsche, Shunlin Liang, Shaofei Wang, and Mingsong Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3247–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface temperature is an important parameter in the research of climate change and many land surface processes. This article describes the development and testing of an algorithm for generating a consistent global long-term land surface temperature product from 20 years of NOAA AVHRR radiance data. The preliminary validation results indicate good accuracy of this new long-term product, which has been designed to simplify applications and support the scientific research community.
Clara Lázaro, Maria Joana Fernandes, Telmo Vieira, and Eliana Vieira
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3205–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3205-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3205-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In satellite altimetry (SA), the wet tropospheric correction (WTC) accounts for the path delay induced mainly by atmospheric water vapour. In coastal regions, the accuracy of the WTC determined by the on-board radiometer deteriorates. The GPD+ methodology, developed by the University of Porto in the remit of ESA-funded projects, computes improved WTCs for SA. Global enhanced products are generated for all past and operational altimetric missions, forming a relevant dataset for coastal altimetry.
Magí Franquesa, Melanie K. Vanderhoof, Dimitris Stavrakoudis, Ioannis Z. Gitas, Ekhi Roteta, Marc Padilla, and Emilio Chuvieco
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3229–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3229-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3229-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents a database of reference sites for the validation of burned area products. We have compiled 2661 reference files from different international projects. The paper describes the methods used to generate and standardize the data. The Burned Area Reference Data (BARD) is publicly available and will facilitate the arduous task of validating burned area algorithms.
Anne L. Morée and Jörg Schwinger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2971–2985, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2971-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2971-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset consists of eight variables needed in ocean modelling and is made to support modelers of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 years ago) ocean. The LGM is a time of specific interest for climate researchers. The data are based on the results of state-of-the-art climate models and are the best available estimate of these variables for the LGM. The dataset shows clear spatial patterns but large uncertainties and is presented in a way that facilitates applications in any ocean model.
Maialen Iturbide, José M. Gutiérrez, Lincoln M. Alves, Joaquín Bedia, Ruth Cerezo-Mota, Ezequiel Cimadevilla, Antonio S. Cofiño, Alejandro Di Luca, Sergio Henrique Faria, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Mathias Hauser, Sixto Herrera, Kevin Hennessy, Helene T. Hewitt, Richard G. Jones, Svitlana Krakovska, Rodrigo Manzanas, Daniel Martínez-Castro, Gemma T. Narisma, Intan S. Nurhati, Izidine Pinto, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Bart van den Hurk, and Carolina S. Vera
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2959–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an update of the IPCC WGI reference regions used in AR5 for the synthesis of climate change information. This revision was guided by the basic principles of climatic consistency and model representativeness (in particular for the new CMIP6 simulations). We also present a new dataset of monthly CMIP5 and CMIP6 spatially aggregated information using the new reference regions and describe a worked example of how to use this dataset to inform regional climate change studies.
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, Philippe Keckhut, Sergey Avdyushin, Bruno Nardi, and Larry W. Thomason
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2843–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report the recovery of lidar measurements of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Two Soviet ships crossing the tropical Atlantic in July–September 1991 and January–February 1992 measured the vertical profile of the Pinatubo cloud at different points in its spatio-temporal evolution. The datasets provide valuable new information on the eruption's impacts on climate, with the SAGE-II satellite measurements not able to measure most of the lower half of the Pinatubo cloud in the tropics in this period.
Yi Zheng, Ruoque Shen, Yawen Wang, Xiangqian Li, Shuguang Liu, Shunlin Liang, Jing M. Chen, Weimin Ju, Li Zhang, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2725–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately reproducing the interannual variations in vegetation gross primary production (GPP) is a major challenge. A global GPP dataset was generated by integrating the regulations of several major environmental variables with long-term changes. The dataset can effectively reproduce the spatial, seasonal, and particularly interannual variations in global GPP. Our study will contribute to accurate carbon flux estimates at long timescales.
Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba, Tomás Acuña-Ruz, and Cristian B. Mattar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2665-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2665-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Technologies to support detection and tracking of plastic litter in aquatic environments capable of repeated observations at a wide-area scale have been getting increased interest from scientists and stakeholders. We report findings about thermal infrared optical properties of naturally dried samples of algae, sands, sea shells and synthetic plastics obtained in Chile. Diagnostic features of the dataset are foreseen to contribute towards research relevant in thermal infrared sensing of plastics.
Fei Feng and Kaicun Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-231, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-231, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Els Knaeps, Sindy Sterckx, Gert Strackx, Johan Mijnendonckx, Mehrdad Moshtaghi, Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba, and Dieter Meire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-294, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-294, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a dataset consisting of 47 hyperspectral reflectance measurements of plastic litter samples. The plastic litter samples include virgin and real samples. They were measured in dry conditions and a selection of the samples was also measured in wet conditions and submerged in a watertank. The dataset can be used to better understand the effect of water absorption on the plastics and develop algorithms to detect and characterize marine plastics.
Kristian Bär, Thomas Reinsch, and Judith Bott
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2485–2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Petrophysical properties are key to populating numerical models of subsurface process simulations and the interpretation of many geophysical exploration methods. The P3 database presented here aims at providing easily accessible, peer-reviewed information on physical rock properties in one single compilation. The uniqueness of P3 emerges from its coverage and metadata structure. Each measured value is complemented by the corresponding location, petrography, stratigraphy and original reference.
Susannah Rennie, Klaus Goergen, Christoph Wohner, Sander Apweiler, Johannes Peterseil, and John Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-225, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-225, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a climate service data product intended for the ecological researchers. Access to regional climate scenario data will save ecological researchers time, and for many it will allow them to work with data resources that they will not previously have had due to a lack of knowledge and skills to access them. Providing easy access to climate scenario data in this way enhances long term ecological research; for example in general regional climate change or impact assessments.
Marco Cucchi, Graham P. Weedon, Alessandro Amici, Nicolas Bellouin, Stefan Lange, Hannes Müller Schmied, Hans Hersbach, and Carlo Buontempo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2097–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
WFDE5 is a novel meteorological forcing dataset for running land surface and global hydrological models. It has been generated using the WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to surface meteorological variables from the ERA5 reanalysis. It is publicly available, along with its source code, through the C3S Climate Data Store at ECMWF. Results of the evaluations described in the paper highlight the benefits of using WFDE5 compared to both ERA5 and its predecessor WFDEI.
Sebastian Weinert, Kristian Bär, and Ingo Sass
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-211, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Physical rock properties are a key element for resource exploration, the interpretation of results from geophysical methods or the parameterization of physical or geological models. Despite the need of physical rock properties, data is still very scarce and often not available for the area of interest.
The database presented aims to provide easy access to physical rock properties measured on 224 locations in Bavaria, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Thuringia (Germany).
Megan McElhinny, Justin F. Beckers, Chelene Hanes, Mike Flannigan, and Piyush Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1823–1833, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Canadian Fire Weather Index uses temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall to provide a fire danger rating that is crucial for fire managers and communities for risk assessment. We provide a global calculation of this index and other relevant indices using high-resolution modelled weather data for 1979–2018. These data will be useful for research studies aiming to quantify the relationships between fire occurrence, growth, or severity and weather or for trend analysis studies.
Michel M. Verstraete, Linda A. Hunt, and Veljko M. Jovanovic
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1321–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1321-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1321-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The L1B2 Georectified Radiance Product, available for each of the nine cameras of the MISR instrument, contains a variable number of missing values, especially wherever and whenever the instrument is switched from the Global to the Local Mode. This paper proposes an algorithm to effectively replace those missing values and demonstrates the performance of the process. MISR data and software tools are obtainable from public domain websites to explore this issue further.
Han Liu, Peng Gong, Jie Wang, Nicholas Clinton, Yuqi Bai, and Shunlin Liang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1217–1243, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We built the first set of 5 km resolution CDRs to record the annual dynamics of global land cover (GLASS-GLC) from 1982 to 2015. The average overall accuracy is 82 %. By conducting long-term change analysis, significant land cover changes and spatiotemporal patterns at various scales were found, which can improve our understanding of global environmental change and help achieve sustainable development goals. This will be further applied in Earth system modeling to facilitate relevant studies.
Kimberly A. Casey, Cecile S. Rousseaux, Watson W. Gregg, Emmanuel Boss, Alison P. Chase, Susanne E. Craig, Colleen B. Mouw, Rick A. Reynolds, Dariusz Stramski, Steven G. Ackleson, Annick Bricaud, Blake Schaeffer, Marlon R. Lewis, and Stéphane Maritorena
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An increase in spectral resolution in forthcoming remote-sensing missions will improve our ability to understand and characterize aquatic ecosystems. We organize and provide a global compilation of high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property data from polar, midlatitude, and equatorial open-ocean, estuary, coastal, and inland waters. The data are intended to aid in development of remote-sensing data product algorithms and to perform calibration and validation activities.
Adrian Howkins, Stephen M. Chignell, Poppie Gullett, Andrew G. Fountain, Melissa Brett, and Evelin Preciado
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1117–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Historical data have much to offer current research activities and environmental management in Antarctica, but such information is often widely scattered and difficult to access. We addressed this need in the McMurdo Dry Valleys by compiling over 5000 historical photographs, maps, oral interviews, and other archival resources into a user-friendly digital archive. This can be used to identify benchmarks for understanding change over time, as well as the date and extent of past human activities.
Katharina Teschke, Hendrik Pehlke, Volker Siegel, Horst Bornemann, Rainer Knust, and Thomas Brey
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1003–1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Successful nature conservation depends on well-founded decisions. Such decisions rely on valid and comprehensive information and data. This paper compiles data sources on the environment and ecology of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), primarily to support the development of a marine protected area in this region. However, future projects can also benefit from our systematic data overview, as it can be used to develop specific data collections, thus saving a time-consuming data search from scratch.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Glen P. Peters, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Philippe Ciais, Francesco N. Tubiello, Giacomo Grassi, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Adrian Leip, Gema Carmona-Garcia, Wilfried Winiwarter, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Dirk Günther, Efisio Solazzo, Anja Kiesow, Ana Bastos, Julia Pongratz, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Giulia Conchedda, Roberto Pilli, Robbie M. Andrew, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, and Albertus J. Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 961–1001, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up GHG anthropogenic emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the EU28. The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models, aiming at reconciling GHG budgets with official country-level UNFCCC inventories. We provide comprehensive emission assessments in support to policy, facilitating real-time verification procedures.
Samuel Eberenz, Dario Stocker, Thomas Röösli, and David N. Bresch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-817-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-817-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The modeling of economic disaster risk on a global scale requires high-resolution maps of exposed asset values. We have developed a generic and scalable method to downscale national asset value estimates proportional to a combination of nightlight intensity and population data. Here, we present the methodology together with an evaluation of its performance for the subnational downscaling of GDP. The resulting exposure data for 224 countries and the open-source Python code are available online.
Julie Elliott and Matthew E. Pritchard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 771–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-771-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-771-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have digitized a collection of photographs of glaciated and formerly glaciated regions in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and New York taken during the late 1800s and early 1900s, and we compiled related information just as photo locations, photo dates, and photographic techniques. The photos document dramatic landscape transformations related to climate change and preserve records of everyday life in the Arctic during the early 20th century.
Karsten Fennig, Marc Schröder, Axel Andersson, and Rainer Hollmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-647-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-647-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) from satellite-borne microwave radiometers has been created, covering the time period from October 1978 to December 2015. This article describes how the observations are processed, calibrated, corrected, inter-calibrated, and evaluated in order to provide a homogeneous data record of brightness temperatures across 10 different instruments aboard three different satellite platforms.
Michel M. Verstraete, Linda A. Hunt, Hugo De Lemos, and Larry Di Girolamo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 611–628, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The radiometric camera-by-camera cloud mask product, available for each of the nine cameras of the MISR instrument, contains a variable number of missing values, especially wherever and whenever the instrument is switched from the Global to Local Mode of operation. This paper proposes a simple method for effectively replacing those missing values and demonstrates the performance of the process. MISR data and software tools are obtainable from public domain websites to explore this issue further.
Zilefac Elvis Asong, Mohamed Ezzat Elshamy, Daniel Princz, Howard Simon Wheater, John Willard Pomeroy, Alain Pietroniro, and Alex Cannon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 629–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-629-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-629-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset provides an improved set of forcing data for large-scale hydrological models for climate change impact assessment in the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB). Here, the strengths of two historical datasets were blended to produce a less-biased long-record product for hydrological modelling and climate change impact assessment over the MRB. This product is then used to bias-correct climate projections from the Canadian Regional Climate Model under RCP8.5.
Xiaodan Wu, Kathrin Naegeli, and Stefan Wunderle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 539–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-539-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-539-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the idea of the co-registration method, this study proposes a method named correlation-based patch matching method (CPMM), which is capable of quantifying the geometric accuracy of coarse-resolution satellite data. The assessment is conducted at the sub-pixel level and not affected by the mixed-pixel problem. It is not limited to a certain landmark such as a lake or sea shoreline and thus enables a more comprehensive assessment.
Xuecao Li, Yuyu Zhou, Zhengyuan Zhu, and Wenting Cao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-357-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-357-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The information of urban dynamics with fine spatial and temporal resolutions is highly needed in urban studies. In this study, we generated a long-term (1985–2015), fine-resolution (30 m) product of annual urban extent dynamics in the conterminous United States using all available Landsat images on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The data product is of great use for relevant studies such as urban growth projection, urban sprawl modeling, and urbanization impacts on environments.
Elena Couce, Michaela Schratzberger, and Georg H. Engelhard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-373-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-373-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fishing – especially trawling – is one of the most ubiquitous anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems, yet very few long-term, spatially explicit datasets on trawling effort exist, greatly hampering our understanding of its medium- to long-term impacts. Here we provide a dataset on the spatial distribution of total international otter and beam trawling effort in the North Sea, for the period 1985–2015, reconstructed using compiled effort datasets with data gaps filled by estimations.
Claire E. Simpson, Christopher D. Arp, Yongwei Sheng, Mark L. Carroll, Benjamin M. Jones, and Laurence C. Smith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-226, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-226, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Sonar depth point measurements collected at 17 lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska are used to train and validate models to map lake bathymetry. These models predict depth from remotely sensed lake color and are able to explain 58.5–97.6 % of depth variability. To calculate water volumes, we integrate this modeled bathymetry with lake surface area. Knowledge of Alaskan lake bathymetries and volumes is crucial to better understanding water storage, energy balance and ecological habitat.
Marco Sangiorgi, Miguel Angel Hernández-Ceballos, Kevin Jackson, Giorgia Cinelli, Konstantins Bogucarskis, Luca De Felice, Andrei Patrascu, and Marc De Cort
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 109–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-109-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-109-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
After the Chernobyl accident in 1986 the European Commission has invested resources for developing and improving a complete system called the European Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP) to exchange real-time monitoring data to competent authorities and the public. We provide two complete datasets (air-concentration samples and gamma dose rates) for the recent radiological release of 106Ru in Europe, which occurred between the end of September and early October 2017.
Susannah Rennie, Chris Andrews, Sarah Atkinson, Deborah Beaumont, Sue Benham, Vic Bowmaker, Jan Dick, Bev Dodd, Colm McKenna, Denise Pallett, Rob Rose, Stefanie M. Schäfer, Tony Scott, Carol Taylor, and Helen Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 87–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-87-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-87-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the meteorological, biological and biogeochemical datasets of the UK Environmental Change Network, a nationally unique long-term record environmental variability across UK habitats. The co-location of these measurements provides a rare opportunity to directly investigate relationships between environmental variables over significant time scales (1992–2015). This data record also provides the UK contribution to a global system of long-term environmental research networks.
Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba and Heidi M. Dierssen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-77-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-77-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
As remote sensing is becoming more integral in future plastic litter monitoring strategies, there is need to improve our understanding of the optical properties of plastics. We present spectral reflectance data (350–2500 nm) of wet and dry marine-harvested (Atlantic and Pacific oceans), washed-ashore, and virgin plastics. Absorption features were identified at ~ 931, 1215, 1417 and 1732 nm in both the marine-harvested and washed-ashore plastics.
Martin Stengel, Stefan Stapelberg, Oliver Sus, Stephan Finkensieper, Benjamin Würzler, Daniel Philipp, Rainer Hollmann, Caroline Poulsen, Matthew Christensen, and Gregory McGarragh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 41–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-41-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-41-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Cloud_cci AVHRR-PMv3 dataset contains global, cloud and radiative flux properties covering the period of 1982 to 2016. The properties were retrieved from AVHRR measurements recorded by afternoon satellites of the NOAA POES missions. Validation against CALIOP, BSRN and CERES demonstrates the high quality of the data. The Cloud_cci AVHRR-PMv3 dataset allows for a large variety of climate applications that build on cloud properties, radiative flux properties and/or the link between them.
Miquel Tomas-Burguera, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Santiago Beguería, Fergus Reig, and Borja Latorre
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1917-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1917-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A database of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was obtained and made publicly available for Spain covering the 1961–2014 period at a spatial resolution of 1.1 km. Previous to ETo calculation, data of required climate variables were interpolated and validated, and the uncertainty was estimated. Obtained ETo values can be used to calculate irrigation requirements, improve drought studies (our main motivation) and study the impact of climate change, as a positive trend was detected.
Wenjun Tang, Kun Yang, Jun Qin, Xin Li, and Xiaolei Niu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1905–1915, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1905-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1905-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study produced a 16-year (2000–2015) global surface solar radiation dataset (3 h, 10 km) based on recently updated ISCCP H-series cloud products with a physically based retrieval scheme. Its spatial resolution and accuracy are both higher than those of the ISCCP-FD, GEWEX-SRB and CERES. The dataset will contribute to photovoltaic applications and research related to the simulation of land surface processes.
Melita Keywood, Paul Selleck, Fabienne Reisen, David Cohen, Scott Chambers, Min Cheng, Martin Cope, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Erin Dunne, Kathryn Emmerson, Rosemary Fedele, Ian Galbally, Rob Gillett, Alan Griffiths, Elise-Andree Guerette, James Harnwell, Ruhi Humphries, Sarah Lawson, Branka Miljevic, Suzie Molloy, Jennifer Powell, Jack Simmons, Zoran Ristovski, and Jason Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1883–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1883-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1883-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Sydney Particle Study increased scientific knowledge of the processes leading to particle formation and transformations in Sydney through two comprehensive observation programs which are described in detail here. The data set and its analysis underpin comprehensive chemical transport modelling tools that can be used to assist in the development of a long-term control strategy for particles in Sydney and thus reduce the impact of particles on human health.
Felix L. Müller, Denise Dettmering, Claudia Wekerle, Christian Schwatke, Marcello Passaro, Wolfgang Bosch, and Florian Seitz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1765–1781, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1765-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1765-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Polar regions by satellite-altimetry-derived geostrophic currents (GCs) suffer from irregular and sparse data coverage. Therefore, a new dataset is presented, combining along-track derived dynamic ocean topography (DOT) heights with simulated differential water heights. For this purpose, a combination method, based on principal component analysis, is used. The results are combined with spatio-temporally consistent DOT and derived GC representations on unstructured, triangular formulated grids.
This Rutishauser, François Jeanneret, Robert Brügger, Yuri Brugnara, Christian Röthlisberger, August Bernasconi, Peter Bangerter, Céline Portenier, Leonie Villiger, Daria Lehmann, Lukas Meyer, Bruno Messerli, and Stefan Brönnimann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1645–1654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1645-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1645-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports 7414 quality-controlled plant phenological observations of the BernClim phenological network in Switzerland. The data from 1304 sites at 110 stations were recorded between 1970 and 2018. The quality control (QC) points to very good internal consistency (only 0.2 % flagged as internally inconsistent) and likely to high quality of the data. BernClim data originally served in regional planning and agricultural suitability and are now valuable for climate change impact studies.
Xingdong Li, Di Long, Qi Huang, Pengfei Han, Fanyu Zhao, and Yoshihide Wada
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1603–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1603-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1603-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau experienced rapid changes (mainly expanding) in the past 2 decades. Here we provide a data set of high temporal resolution and accuracy reflecting changes in water level and storage of Tibetan lakes. A novel source of water levels generated from Landsat archives was validated with in situ data and adopted to resolve the inconsistency in existing studies, benefiting monitoring of lake overflow floods, seasonal and interannual variability, and long-term trends.
Ekaterina P. Rets, Viktor V. Popovnin, Pavel A. Toropov, Andrew M. Smirnov, Igor V. Tokarev, Julia N. Chizhova, Nadine A. Budantseva, Yurij K. Vasil'chuk, Maria B. Kireeva, Alexey A. Ekaykin, Arina N. Veres, Alexander A. Aleynikov, Natalia L. Frolova, Anatoly S. Tsyplenkov, Aleksei A. Poliukhov, Sergey R. Chalov, Maria A. Aleshina, and Ekaterina D. Kornilova
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1463–1481, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1463-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1463-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As climate change completely restructures hydrological processes and ecosystems in alpine areas, monitoring is fundamental to adaptation. Here we present a database on more than 10 years of hydrometeorological monitoring at the Djankuat station in the North Caucasus, which is one of 30 unique world reference sites with annual mass balance series longer than 50 years. We hope it will be useful for scientists studying various aspects of hydrological processes in mountain areas.
Stefan Leyk, Andrea E. Gaughan, Susana B. Adamo, Alex de Sherbinin, Deborah Balk, Sergio Freire, Amy Rose, Forrest R. Stevens, Brian Blankespoor, Charlie Frye, Joshua Comenetz, Alessandro Sorichetta, Kytt MacManus, Linda Pistolesi, Marc Levy, Andrew J. Tatem, and Martino Pesaresi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1385–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1385-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1385-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Population data are essential for studies on human–nature relationships, disaster or environmental health. Several global and continental gridded population data have been produced but have never been systematically compared. This article fills this gap and critically compares these gridded population datasets. Through the lens of the
fitness for useconcept it provides users with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions about appropriate data use in relation to the target application.
Craig D. Smith, Daqing Yang, Amber Ross, and Alan Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1337–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
During and following the WMO Solid Precipitation Inter-Comparison Experiment (SPICE), winter (2013–2017) precipitation intercomparison data sets were collected at two test sites in Saskatchewan: Caribou Creek in the southern boreal forest and Bratt's Lake on the prairies. Precipitation was measured by the WMO automated reference and can be compared to measurements made by gauge configurations commonly used in Canada to examine issues with systematic bias.
Roberto Serrano-Notivoli, Santiago Beguería, and Martín de Luis
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1171–1188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Spanish TEmperature At Daily scale (STEAD) is a new daily gridded maximum and minimum temperature dataset for Spain. It covers the whole territory of peninsular Spain and the Balearic and Canary Islands at a 5 km × 5 km spatial resolution for the 1901–2014 period. This product is useful not only for climatic analysis but also to provide support to any other climate-related variable and for decision-making purposes.
Shanlong Lu, Jin Ma, Xiaoqi Ma, Hailong Tang, Hongli Zhao, and Muhammad Hasan Ali Baig
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1099–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1099-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1099-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A 8 d time series 250 m resolution surface water dataset of inland China (ISWDC) from 2000 to 2016 is introduced. It is a fully public-sharing data product with prominent features of long time series, moderate spatial resolution, and high temporal resolution. The ISWDC is a valuable basic data source for the analysis of dynamic changes of surface water in China over the past 20 years. It can be used as cross-validation reference data for other global surface water datasets.
Cited articles
Aberer, K., Hauswirth, M., and Salehi, A.: A Middleware for Fast and Flexible
Sensor Network Deployment, in: Proceedings of the 32nd International
Conference on Very Large Data Bases, VLDB '06, pp. 1199–1202, VLDB
Endowment, 2006. a
Aberer, K., Alonso, G., Barrenetxea, G., Beutel, J., Bovay, J.,
Dubois-Ferriere, H., Kossmann, D., Parlange, M., Thiele, L., and Vetterli,
M.: Infrastructures for a Smart Earth – The Swiss NCCR-MICS initiative,
Praxis der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation, 30, 20–25,
https://doi.org/10.1515/PIKO.2007.20, 2007. a
Amitrano, D., Gruber, S., and Girard, L.: Evidence of frost-cracking inferred
from acoustic emissions in a high-alpine rock-wall, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
341–344, 86–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.014, 2012. a
Beutel, J., Gruber, S., Hasler, A., Lim, R., Meier, A., Plessl, C., Talzi, I.,
Thiele, L., Tschudin, C., Woehrle, M., and Yuecel, M.: PermaDAQ: A
scientific instrument for precision sensing and data recovery in
environmental extremes, in: The 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on
Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 265–276, 2009. a, b, c, d
Beutel, J., Buchli, B., Ferrari, F., Keller, M., Thiele, L., and Zimmerling,
M.: X-Sense: Sensing in Extreme Environments, Proceedings of Design,
Automation and Test in Europe (DATE 2011), 1460–1465,
https://doi.org/10.1109/DATE.2011.5763236, 2011. a
Biskaborn, B. K., Smith, S. L., Noetzli, J., Matthes, H., Vieira, G.,
Streletskiy, D. A., Schoeneich, P., Romanovsky, V. E., Lewkowicz, A. G.,
Abramov, A., Allard, M., Boike, J., Cable, W. L., Christiansen, H. H.,
Delaloye, R., Diekmann, B., Drozdov, D., Etzelmüller, B., Grosse, G.,
Guglielmin, M., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Isaksen, K., Ishikawa, M., Johansson,
M., Johannsson, H., Joo, A., Kaverin, D., Kholodov, A., Konstantinov, P.,
Kröger, T., Lambiel, C., Lanckman, J.-P., Luo, D., Malkova, G., Meiklejohn,
I., Moskalenko, N., Oliva, M., Phillips, M., Ramos, M., Sannel, A. B. K.,
Sergeev, D., Seybold, C., Skryabin, P., Vasiliev, A., Wu, Q., Yoshikawa, K.,
Zheleznyak, M., and Lantuit, H.: Permafrost is warming at a global scale,
Nat. Commun., 10, 264, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4, 2019. a
Bucher, K., Dal Piaz, G. V., Oberhänsli, R., Gouffon, Y., Martinotti, G.,
and Polino, R.: Blatt 1347 Matterhorn. Geol. Atlas Schweiz 1:25 000,
Erläut. 107, Bundesamt für Wasser und Geologie, Wabern, 2004. a
Burri, N., von Rickenbach, P., and Wattenhofer, R.: Dozer: Ultra-Low Power Data
Gathering in Sensor Networks, in: 6th International Symposium on Information
Processing in Sensor Networks, 450–459, https://doi.org/10.1109/IPSN.2007.4379705,
2007. a, b
Caduff, R., Schlunegger, F., Kos, A., and Wiesmann, A.: A review of terrestrial
radar interferometry for measuring surface change in the geosciences, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 208–228, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3656, 2015. a
Coviello, V., Chiarle, M., Arattano, M., Pogliotti, P., and di Cella, U. M.:
Monitoring Rock Wall Temperatures and Microseismic Activity for Slope
Stability Investigation at J.A. Carrel Hut, Matterhorn, in: Engineering
Geology for Society and Territory – Volume 1, edited by: Lollino, G., Manconi,
A., Clague, J., Shan, W., and Chiarle, M., Springer
International Publishing, Cham, 305–309, 2015. a, b
Dach, R., Lutz, S., Walser, P., and Fridez, P.: Bernese GNSS Software Version
5.2. User manual, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern,
https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.72297, 2015. a
Daily, W., Ramirez, A., Binley, A., and LaBrecque, D.: 17. Electrical
Resistance Tomography—Theory and Practice, Society of
Exploration Geophysicists, 525–550, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801719.ch17, 2012. a
Davies, M., Hamza, O., and Harris, C.: The effect of rise in mean annual
temperature on the stability of rock slopes containing ice-filled
discontinuities, Permafrost Periglac., 12, 137–144,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.378, 2001. a
Draebing, D., Krautblatter, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Thermo-cryogenic controls of
fracture kinematics in permafrost rockwalls, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
44, 3535–3544, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072050, 2017. a
Faillettaz, J., Funk, M., and Vagliasindi, M.: Time forecast of a break-off event from a hanging glacier, The Cryosphere, 10, 1191–1200, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1191-2016, 2016. a
Fischer, L., Kääb, A., Huggel, C., and Noetzli, J.: Geology, glacier retreat and permafrost degradation as controlling factors of slope instabilities in a high-mountain rock wall: the Monte Rosa east face, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 761–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-761-2006, 2006. a
Fort, M., Cossart, E., Deline, P., Dzikowski, M., Nicoud, G., Ravanel, L.,
Schoeneich, P., and Wassmer, P.: Geomorphic impacts of large and rapid mass
movements: a review, Geomorphologie, 15,
47–64, https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.7495, 2009. a
Girard, L., Beutel, J., Gruber, S., Hunziker, J., Lim, R., and Weber, S.: A custom acoustic emission monitoring system for harsh environments: application to freezing-induced damage in alpine rock walls, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 1, 155–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-1-155-2012, 2012. a
Girard, L., Gruber, S., Weber, S., and Beutel, J.: Environmental controls of
frost cracking revealed through in-situ acoustic emission measurements in
steep bedrock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1748–1753, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50384,
2013. a, b
Gischig, S., Moore, J. R., Evans, K. F., Amann, F., and Loew, S.:
Thermomechanical forcing of deep rock slope deformation: 2. The Randa rock
slope instability, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F04011,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002007, 2011. a
Gobiet, A., Kotlarski, S., Beniston, M., Heinrich, G., Rajczak, J., and
Stoffel, M.: 21st century climate change in the European Alps—A review,
Sci. Total Environ., 493, 1138–1151,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050, 2014. a
Gruber, S. and Haeberli, W.: Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its
temperature-related destabilization following climate change, J. Geophys.
Res., 112, F02S18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000547, 2007. a
Gruber, S., Peter, M., Hoelzle, M., Woodhatch, I., and Haeberli, W.: Surface
temperatures in steep Alpine rock faces – a strategy for regional-scale
measurement and modelling, in: Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Permafrost 2008, Zurich, Switzerland, 1, 325–330,
2003. a
Gruber, S., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W.: Permafrost thaw and destabilization
of Alpine rock walls in the hot summer of 2003, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31,
L13504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020051, 2004a. a
Gruber, S., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W.: Rock-wall temperatures in the Alps:
modelling their topographic distribution and regional differences, Permafrost
Periglac., 15, 299–307, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.501,
2004b. a, b
Gruber, S., King, L., Kohl, T., Herz, T., Haeberli, W., and Hoelzle, M.:
Interpretation of geothermal profiles perturbed by topography: the alpine
permafrost boreholes at Stockhorn Plateau, Switzerland, Permafrost
Periglac., 15, 349–357, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.503,
2004c. a, b
Gruber, S., Burn, C., Arenson, L., Geertsema, M., Harris, S., Smith, S.,
Bonnaventure, P., and Benkert, B.: Permafrost in mountainous regions of
Canada, in: Proc. 68th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, 7th Canadian
Permafrost Conference, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Québec-City, Qc,
Canada, 2015. a
Gruber, S., Fleiner, R., Guegan, E., Panday, P., Schmid, M.-O., Stumm, D., Wester, P., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, L.: Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, The Cryosphere, 11, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017, 2017. a
Günzel, F.: Shear strength of ice-filled rock joints, in: Proceedings of the
9th International Conference on Permafrost, edited by: Hinkel, K. M., 1,
581–586, 2008. a
Haeberli, W., Noetzli, J., and Springman, S.: Matterhorn “for ever”?, in:
Matterhorn – Berg der Berge, edited by: Anker, D., 294–301, AS Verlag
& Buchkonzept, Zürich, 2015. a
Haeberli, W., Schaub, Y., and Huggel, C.: Increasing risks related to
landslides from degrading permafrost into new lakes in de-glaciating mountain
ranges, Geomorphology, 293, 405–417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.009,
2017. a
Hall, K., Thorn, C. E., Matsuoka, N., and Prick, A.: Weathering in cold
regions: Some thoughts and perspectives, Prog. Phys. Geog., 26, 577–603,
https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp353ra, 2002. a
Hasler, A., Gruber, S., Font, M., and Dubois, A.: Advective heat transport in
frozen rock clefts: Conceptual model, laboratory experiments and numerical
simulation, Permafrost Periglac., 22, 378–389, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.737, 2011a. a
Hasler, A., Gruber, S., and Haeberli, W.: Temperature variability and offset in steep alpine rock and ice faces, The Cryosphere, 5, 977–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-977-2011, 2011b. a, b
Hiebl, J., Auer, I., Böhm, R., Schöner, W., Maugeri, M., Lentini, G.,
Spinoni, J., Brunetti, M., Nanni, T., Tadić, M., Pervcec Bihari, Z.,
Dolinar, M., and Müller-Westermeier, G.: A high-resolution 19611990
monthly temperature climatology for the greater Alpine region,
Meteorol. Z., 18, 507–530, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0403,
2009. a
Huggel, C., Zgraggen-Oswald, S., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Polkvoj, A., Galushkin, I., and Evans, S. G.: The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-173-2005, 2005. a
Huggel, C., Allen, S., Deline, P., Fischer, L., Noetzli, J., and Ravanel, L.:
Ice thawing, mountains falling—are alpine rock slope failures increasing?,
Geology Today, 28, 98–104, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00836.x, 2012. a
Hurter, F., Geiger, A., Perler, D., and Rothacher, M.: GNSS water vapor
monitoring in the Swiss Alps, in: 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Symposium, 1972–1975, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351115,
2012. a
Jia, H., Xiang, W., and Krautblatter, M.: Quantifying rock fatigue and
decreasing compressive and tensile strength after repeated freeze-thaw
cycles, Permafrost Periglac., 26, 368–377,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1857, 2015. a
Keller, M., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: Mountainview – Precision Image Sensing
on High-Alpine Locations, in: Proc. 6th European Conference on Sensor
Networks (EWSN 2009), Springer, Cork, Ireland, 15–16,
2009a. a
Keller, M., Woehrle, M., Lim, R., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: Comparative
performance analysis of the PermaDozer protocol in diverse deployments, in:
2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks, 957–965,
https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN.2011.6115578, 2011. a, b
Keller, M., Beutel, J., Saukh, O., and Thiele, L.: Visualizing large sensor
network data sets in space and time with vizzly, in: 37th Annual IEEE
Conference on Local Computer Networks – Workshops, 925–933,
https://doi.org/10.1109/LCNW.2012.6424084, 2012a. a, b, c
Keller, M., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: How Was Your Journey?: Uncovering
Routing Dynamics in Deployed Sensor Networks with Multi-hop Network
Tomography, in: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Embedded Network
Sensor Systems, SenSys '12, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15–28,
https://doi.org/10.1145/2426656.2426659, 2012b. a
Keuschnig, M., Krautblatter, M., Hartmeyer, I., Fuss, C., and Schrott, L.:
Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography Testing for Early Warning in
Unstable Permafrost Rock Walls Around Alpine Infrastructure, Permafrost
Periglac., 28, 158–171, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1916, 2017. a
Krautblatter, M.: Detection and quantification of permafrost change in alpine
rock walls and implications for rock instability, PhD thesis, Bonn
University, 2009. a
Krautblatter, M. and Hauck, C.: Electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of
permafrost in solid rock walls, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F02S20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000546, 2007. a, b
Krautblatter, M., Funk, D., and Günzel, F.: Why permafrost rocks become
unstable: A rock-ice-mechanical model in time and space, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 38, 876–887, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3374, 2013. a
Levis, P., Madden, S., Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., Whitehouse, K., Woo, A.,
Gay, D., Hill, J., Welsh, M., Brewer, E., and Culler, D.: TinyOS: An
Operating System for Sensor Networks, Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 115–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27139-2_7, 2005. a
Luethi, R. and Phillips, M.: Challenges and solutions for long-term permafrost borehole temperature monitoring and data interpretation, Geogr. Helv., 71, 121–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-71-121-2016, 2016. a, b
Magnin, F., Deline, P., Ravanel, L., Noetzli, J., and Pogliotti, P.: Thermal characteristics of permafrost in the steep alpine rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi (Mont Blanc Massif, 3842 m a.s.l), The Cryosphere, 9, 109–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-109-2015, 2015. a
Mamot, P., Weber, S., Schröder, T., and Krautblatter, M.: A temperature- and stress-controlled failure criterion for ice-filled permafrost rock joints, The Cryosphere, 12, 3333–3353, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, 2018. a
Matsuoka, N. and Murton, J.: Frost weathering: Recent advances and future
directions, Permafrost Periglac., 19, 195–210,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.620, 2008. a
Mellor, M.: Mechanical properties of rocks at low temperatures, in: 2nd
International Conference on Permafrost, Yakutsk, International
Permafrost Association, 334–344, 1973. a
MeteoSwiss: Climate normals from all measuring stations with long-time series
of measurrements,
available at: https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/home/climate/swiss-climate-in-detail/climate-normals/normal-values-per-measured-parameter.html,
last access: 28 July 2019. a
Meyer, M., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: Unsupervised feature learning for audio
analysis, in: Workshop track – ICLR 2017, 2017. a
Meyer, M., Weber, S., Beutel, J., Gruber, S., Gsell, T., Hasler, A., and Vieli,
A.: Micro-Seismic And Image Dataset Acquired At Matterhorn Hörnligrat,
Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1320834, 2018. a, b, c
Meyer, M., Farei-Campagna, T., Pasztor, A., Forno, R. D., Gsell, T.,
Faillettaz, J., Vieli, A., Weber, S., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.:
Event-triggered Natural Hazard Monitoring with Convolutional Neural Networks
on the Edge, in: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on
Information Processing in Sensor Networks, IPSN '19, ACM, New
York, NY, USA, 73–84, https://doi.org/10.1145/3302506.3310390, 2019a. a
Meyer, M., Weber, S., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: Systematic identification of external influences in multi-year microseismic recordings using convolutional neural networks, Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 171–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-171-2019, 2019b. a
Murton, J., Peterson, R., and Ozouf, J.-C.: Bedrock fracture by ice segregation
in cold regions, Science, 314, 1127–1129, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132127,
2006. a
Noetzli, J., Gruber, S., Kohl, T., Salzmann, N., and Haeberli, W.:
Three-dimensional distribution and evolution of permafrost temperatures in
idealized high-mountain topography, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F02S13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000545, 2007. a
Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H., Deline, P., Gugliemin, M., Isaksen, K.,
Romanovsky, V., Smith, S., Zhao, L., and Streletskiy, D. A.: Permafrost
thermal state, in: State of the Climate in 2017, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, S20–S22,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1, 2018. a
Noetzli, J., Pellet, C., and Staub, B. (Eds.): PERMOS 2019, Permafrost in
Switzerland 2014/2015 to 2017/2018, Glaciological Report (Permafrost) No.
16–19 of the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT),
https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-rep-2019-16-19, 2019. a, b, c
Occhiena, C., Coviello, V., Arattano, M., Chiarle, M., Morra di Cella, U., Pirulli, M., Pogliotti, P., and Scavia, C.: Analysis of microseismic signals and temperature recordings for rock slope stability investigations in high mountain areas, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2283–2298, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2283-2012, 2012. a, b
PERMOS Database 2019: Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS),
https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-2019-01, 2019. a
Pogliotti, P., Guglielmin, M., Cremonese, E., Morra di Cella, U., Filippa, G., Pellet, C., and Hauck, C.: Warming permafrost and active layer variability at Cime Bianche, Western European Alps, The Cryosphere, 9, 647–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-647-2015, 2015. a
Popescu, R.: Permafrost investigations in Iezer Mountains, Southern
Carpathians, Revista de Geomorfologie, 20, 102–122,
2018. a
Ravanel, L. and Deline, P.: Climate influence on rockfalls in high-Alpine steep
rockwalls: The north side of the Aiguilles de Chamonix (Mont Blanc massif)
since the end of the “Little Ice Age”, Holocene, 21, 357–365,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610374887, 2011. a, b
Ravanel, L. and Deline, P.: Rockfall hazard in the Mont Blanc massif increased
by the current atmospheric warming, in: IAEG 12th Congress, edited by:
Lollino, G., Manconi, A., Clague, J., Shan, W., and Chiarle, M., Climate
Change and Engineering Geology, Italy, 425–428, Torino,
available at: https://hal-sde.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01896005 (last access: 28 July 2019), 2014. a
Ravanel, L., Allignol, F., Deline, P., Gruber, S., and Ravello, M.: Rock falls
in the Mont Blanc Massif in 2007 and 2008, Landslides, 7, 493–501,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-010-0206-z, 2010. a
Ravanel, L., Magnin, F., and Deline, P.: Impacts of the 2003 and 2015 summer
heatwaves on permafrost-affected rock-walls in the Mont Blanc massif, Sci.
Total Environ., 609, 132–143,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.055, 2017. a, b
Sass, O.: Rock moisture fluctuations during freeze-thaw cycles: Preliminary
results from electrical resistivity measurements, Polar Geography, 28,
13–31, https://doi.org/10.1080/789610157, 2004. a, b
Sass, O.: Rock moisture measurements: Techniques, results, and implications for
weathering, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 30, 359–374,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1214, 2005. a, b
Sutton, F., Buchli, B., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: Zippy: On-Demand Network
Flooding, in: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked
Sensor Systems, SenSys '15, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 45–58,
https://doi.org/10.1145/2809695.2809705, 2015a. a
Sutton, F., Zimmerling, M., Da Forno, R., Lim, R., Gsell, T., Giannopoulou, G.,
Ferrari, F., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: Bolt: A Stateful Processor
Interconnect, in: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded
Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys '15, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 267–280,
https://doi.org/10.1145/2809695.2809706, 2015b. a
Sutton, F., Da Forno, R., Beutel, J., and Thiele, L.: BLITZ: A Network
Architecture for Low Latency and Energy-efficient Event-triggered Wireless
Communication, in: Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in
Wireless, HotWireless '17, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 55–59,
https://doi.org/10.1145/3127882.3127883, 2017a. a
Sutton, F., Da Forno, R., Gschwend, D., Gsell, T., Lim, R., Beutel, J., and
Thiele, L.: The Design of a Responsive and Energy-efficient Event-triggered
Wireless Sensing System, in: Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference
on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks, EWSN 2017, Junction
Publishing, USA, 144–155,
available at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3108009.3108028 (last access: 28 July 2019),
2017b. a
Talzi, I., Hasler, A., Gruber, S., and Tschudin, C.: PermaSense: Investigating
Permafrost with a WSN in the Swiss Alps, in: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop
on Embedded Networked Sensors, EmNets '07, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 8–12,
https://doi.org/10.1145/1278972.1278974, 2007. a, b, c
Teunissen, P. J. and Montenbruck, O. (Eds.): Handbook of Global Navigation
Satellite Systems, Springer International Publishing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1, 2017. a
Walder, J. and Hallet, B.: A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during
freezing, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96, 336–346,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<336:ATMOTF>2.0.CO;2, 1985. a
Weber, S.: Rock Slope Dynamics in Bedrock Permafrost: Insights Across Scales,
PhD thesis, University of Zurich, 2018. a
Weber, S., Gruber, S., Girard, L., and Beutel, J.: Design of a measurement
assembly to study in situ rock damage driven by freezing, in: Proceedings of
the 10th Interntational Conference on Permafrost, Salekhard, Russia, edited
by: Hinkel, K. M., 1, 437–442, 2012. a
Weber, S., Beutel, J., Gruber, S., Gsell, T., Hasler, A., and Vieli, A.:
Rock-temperature, fracture displacement and acoustic/micro-seismic data
measured at Matterhorn Hörnligrat, Switzerland,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1163037, 2018a. a, b
Weber, S., Fäh, D., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J., Gruber, S., and Vieli, A.:
Ambient seismic vibrations in steep bedrock permafrost used to infer
variations of ice-fill in fractures, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
501, 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.042, 2018b. a, b, c
Weber, S., Faillettaz, J., Meyer, M., Beutel, J., and Vieli, A.: Acoustic and
micro-seismic characterization in steep bedrock permafrost on Matterhorn
(CH), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 1363–1385,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004615, 2018c. a, b, c, d
Weber, S., Beutel, J., Da Forno, R., Geiger, A., Gruber, S., Gsell,
T., Hasler, A., Keller, M., Lim, R., Limpach, P., Meyer, M.,
Talzi, I., Thiele, L., Tschudin, C., Vieli, A., Vonder Mühll,
D., and Yücel, M.: In-situ measurements in steep bedrock permafrost in
an Alpine environment on the Matterhorn Hörnligrat, Zermatt Switzerland,
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.897640,
2019a. a, b, c
Weber, S., Beutel, J., and Meyer, M.: Code for PermaSense GSN data management,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2542714, 2019b.
a, b, c
Wegmann, M.: Permafrost in bedrock, in: Mountain permafrost and slope stability
in the periglacial belt of the Alps. Proceedings of VIth International
Conference on Geomorphology, Bologna, edited by: Dramis, F., 47–51, 1997. a
Westoby, M., Glasser, N., Brasington, J., Hambrey, M., Quincey, D., and
Reynolds, J.: Modelling outburst floods from moraine-dammed glacial lakes,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 134, 137–159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.009, 2014. a
Wirz, V., Beutel, J., Buchli, B., Gruber, S., and Limpach, P.: Temporal
Characteristics of Different Cryosphere-Related Slope Movements in High
Mountains, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 383–390,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31337-0_49, 2013. a, b
Wirz, V., Beutel, J., Gruber, S., Gubler, S., and Purves, R. S.: Estimating velocity from noisy GPS data for investigating the temporal variability of slope movements, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2503–2520, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2503-2014, 2014. a, b
Zhao, L., Wu, Q., Marchenko, S., and Sharkhuu, N.: Thermal state of permafrost
and active layer in Central Asia during the international polar year,
Permafrost Periglac., 21, 198–207, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.688,
2010. a
Short summary
In this paper, we describe a unique 10-year or more data record obtained from in situ measurements in steep bedrock permafrost in an Alpine environment on the Matterhorn Hörnligrat, Zermatt, Switzerland, at 3500 m a.s.l. By documenting and sharing these data in this form, we contribute to facilitating future research based on them, e.g., in the area of analysis methodology, comparative studies, assessment of change in the environment, natural hazard warning and the development of process models.
In this paper, we describe a unique 10-year or more data record obtained from in situ...