Articles | Volume 10, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1327-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1327-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
20 Jul 2018
Review article |
| 20 Jul 2018
| 20 Jul 2018
Upscaled diurnal cycles of land–atmosphere fluxes: a new global half-hourly data product
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Martin Jung
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Fabian Gans
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Miguel D. Mahecha
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Michael Stifel Center Jena (MSCJ) for Data-Driven & Simulation Science, Jena, Germany
Markus Reichstein
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Michael Stifel Center Jena (MSCJ) for Data-Driven & Simulation Science, Jena, Germany
Related authors
Milan Flach, Fabian Gans, Alexander Brenning, Joachim Denzler, Markus Reichstein, Erik Rodner, Sebastian Bathiany, Paul Bodesheim, Yanira Guanche, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 677–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalies and extremes are often detected using univariate peak-over-threshold approaches in the geoscience community. The Earth system is highly multivariate. We compare eight multivariate anomaly detection algorithms and combinations of data preprocessing. We identify three anomaly detection algorithms that outperform univariate extreme event detection approaches. The workflows have the potential to reveal novelties in data. Remarks on their application to real Earth observations are provided.
Francesco Martinuzzi, Miguel D. Mahecha, Gustau Camps-Valls, David Montero, Tristan Williams, and Karin Mora
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 535–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how machine learning can forecast extreme vegetation responses to weather. Examining four models, no single one stood out as the best, though "echo state networks" showed minor advantages. Our results indicate that while these tools are able to generally model vegetation states, they face challenges under extreme conditions. This underlines the potential of artificial intelligence in ecosystem modeling, also pinpointing areas that need further research.
Anca Anghelea, Ewelina Dobrowolska, Gunnar Brandt, Martin Reinhardt, Miguel Mahecha, Tejas Morbagal Harish, and Stephan Meissl
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-2024, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-13-2024, 2024
Mélanie Weynants, Chaonan Ji, Nora Linscheid, Ulrich Weber, Miguel D. Mahecha, and Fabian Gans
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-396, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-396, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Climate extremes are intensifying. The impacts of heatwaves and droughts can be made worse when they happen at the same time. Dheed is a global database of dry and hot compound extreme events from 1950 to 2022. It can be combined with other data to study the impacts of those events on terrestrial ecosystems, specific species or human societies. Dheed's analysis confirms that extremely dry and hot days have become more common on all continents in recent decades, especially in Europe and Africa.
Laura Dénise Nadolski, Tarek Sebastian El Madany, Jacob Allen Nelson, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Richard K. F. Nair, Yunpeng Luo, Anke Hildebrandt, Victor Rolo, Markus Reichstein, and Sung-Ching Lee
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3190, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Semi-arid ecosystems are crucial for Earth's carbon balance and are sensitive to changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels. Their carbon dynamics are complex and not fully understood. We studied how long-term nutrient changes affect carbon exchange. In summer, N+P changed plant composition and productivity. In transitional seasons, carbon exchange was less weather-dependent with N. Adding N and N+P are increasing carbon exchange variability, driven by grass greenness.
Basil Kraft, Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Ulrich Weber, Gregory Duveiller, Markus Reichstein, Weijie Zhang, Marc Rußwurm, Devis Tuia, Marco Körner, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, and Martin Jung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2896, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2896, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global evapotranspiration (ET) can be estimated using machine learning (ML) models optimized on local data and applied to global data. This study explores whether sequential neural networks, which consider past data, perform better than models that do not. The findings show that sequential models struggle with global upscaling, likely due to their sensitivity to data shifts from local to global scales. To improve ML-based upscaling, additional data or integration of physical knowledge is needed.
Zavud Baghirov, Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, Marco Körner, and Basil Kraft
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2044, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2044, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use an innovative approach to study the Earth's water cycle by blending advanced computer learning techniques with a traditional water cycle model. We developed a model that learns from meteorological data, with a special focus on understanding how vegetation influences water movement. Our model closely aligns with real-world observations, yet there are areas that need improvement. This study opens up new possibilities to better understand the water cycle and its interactions with vegetation.
Guohua Liu, Mirco Migliavacca, Christian Reimers, Basil Kraft, Markus Reichstein, Andrew D. Richardson, Lisa Wingate, Nicolas Delpierre, Hui Yang, and Alexander J. Winkler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6683–6701, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to model canopy greenness and phenology, integrating meteorological memory effects. The LSTM model outperforms traditional methods, enhancing accuracy in predicting greenness dynamics and phenological transitions across plant functional types. Highlighting the importance of multi-variate meteorological memory effects, our research pioneers unlock the secrets of vegetation phenology responses to climate change with deep learning techniques.
Eva-Marie Metz, Sanam Noreen Vardag, Sourish Basu, Martin Jung, and André Butz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1955, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate CO2 fluxes in semi-arid southern Africa from 2009 to 2018 based on satellite CO2 measurements and atmospheric inverse modelling. By selecting process-based vegetation models, which agree with the satellite CO2 fluxes, we find that soil respiration mainly drives the seasonality, whereas photosynthesis substantially influences the interannual variability. Our study emphasizes the need of better representing the response of semi-arid ecosystems to soil rewetting in vegetation models.
Miguel D. Mahecha, Guido Kraemer, and Fabio Crameri
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1153–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper examines the visual representation of the planetary boundary concept, which helps convey Earth's capacity to sustain human life. We identify three issues: exaggerated impact sizes, confusing color patterns, and inaccessibility for colour-vision deficiency. These flaws can lead to overstating risks. We suggest improving these visual elements for more accurate and accessible information for decision-makers.
Friedrich J. Bohn, Ana Bastos, Romina Martin, Anja Rammig, Niak Sian Koh, Giles B. Sioen, Bram Buscher, Louise Carver, Fabrice DeClerck, Moritz Drupp, Robert Fletcher, Matthew Forrest, Alexandros Gasparatos, Alex Godoy-Faúndez, Gregor Hagedorn, Martin Hänsel, Jessica Hetzer, Thomas Hickler, Cornelia B. Krug, Stasja Koot, Xiuzhen Li, Amy Luers, Shelby Matevich, H. Damon Matthews, Ina C. Meier, Awaz Mohamed, Sungmin O, David Obura, Ben Orlove, Rene Orth, Laura Pereira, Markus Reichstein, Lerato Thakholi, Peter Verburg, and Yuki Yoshida
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2551, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An interdisciplinary collaboration of 35 international researchers from 34 institutions highlighting nine recent findings in biosphere research. Within these themes, they discuss issues arising from climate change and other anthropogenic stressors, and highlight the co-benefits of nature-based solutions and ecosystem services. They discuss recent findings in the context of global trade and international policy frameworks, and highlight lessons for local implementation of nature-based solutions.
Theertha Kariyathan, Ana Bastos, Markus Reichstein, Wouter Peters, and Julia Marshall
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1382, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon uptake period (CUP) refers to the time of the year when there is net absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere to the land. Several studies have assessed changes in CUP based on seasonal metrics from CO2 mole fraction measurements to understand the response of terrestrial biosphere to climate variations. However, we find that the CUP derived from CO2 mole fraction measurements are not likely to provide an accurate magnitude of the actual changes occurring over the surface.
Francesco Martinuzzi, Miguel D. Mahecha, David Montero, Lazaro Alonso, and Karin Mora
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W12-2024, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-89-2024, 2024
David Montero, Miguel D. Mahecha, César Aybar, Clemens Mosig, and Sebastian Wieneke
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W12-2024, 105–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024, 2024
Jasper M. C. Denissen, Adriaan J. Teuling, Sujan Koirala, Markus Reichstein, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Martha M. Vogel, Xin Yu, and René Orth
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 717–734, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heat extremes have severe implications for human health and ecosystems. Heat extremes are mostly introduced by large-scale atmospheric circulation but can be modulated by vegetation. Vegetation with access to water uses solar energy to evaporate water into the atmosphere. Under dry conditions, water may not be available, suppressing evaporation and heating the atmosphere. Using climate projections, we show that regionally less water is available for vegetation, intensifying future heat extremes.
Jan Sodoge, Christian Kuhlicke, Miguel D. Mahecha, and Mariana Madruga de Brito
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1757–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We delved into the socio-economic impacts of the 2018–2022 drought in Germany. We derived a dataset covering the impacts of droughts in Germany between 2000 and 2022 on sectors such as agriculture and forestry based on newspaper articles. Notably, our study illustrated that the longer drought had a wider reach and more varied effects. We show that dealing with longer droughts requires different plans compared to shorter ones, and it is crucial to be ready for the challenges they bring.
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Martin Jung, Jacob Nelson, Mirco Migliavacca, Tarek El-Madany, Dario Papale, Markus Reichstein, Sophia Walther, and Thomas Wutzler
Biogeosciences, 21, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1827-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a methodology to detect inconsistencies in perhaps the most important data source for measurements of ecosystem–atmosphere carbon, water, and energy fluxes. We expect that the derived consistency flags will be relevant for data users and will help in improving our understanding of and our ability to model ecosystem–climate interactions.
Samuel Upton, Markus Reichstein, Fabian Gans, Wouter Peters, Basil Kraft, and Ana Bastos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2555–2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2555-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2555-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Data-driven eddy-covariance upscaled estimates of the global land–atmosphere net CO2 exchange (NEE) show important mismatches with regional and global estimates based on atmospheric information. To address this, we create a model with a dual constraint based on bottom-up eddy-covariance data and top-down atmospheric inversion data. Our model overcomes shortcomings of each approach, producing improved NEE estimates from local to global scale, helping to reduce uncertainty in the carbon budget.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billdesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Gharun Mana, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the earth surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand that impacts all of our lives. Here we outline a method to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from site around the world called FLUXCOM-X. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Marleen Pallandt, Marion Schrumpf, Holger Lange, Markus Reichstein, Lin Yu, and Bernhard Ahrens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-186, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As soils get warmer due to climate change, SOC decomposes faster because of higher microbial activity, but only with sufficient soil moisture. We modelled how microbes decompose plant litter and microbial residues at different soil depths. We found that deep soil layers are more sensitive than topsoils. SOC is lost from the soil with warming, but this can be mitigated or worsened depending on the type of litter and its sensitivity to temperature. Droughts can reduce warming-induced SOC losses.
Richard Nair, Yunpeng Luo, Tarek El-Madany, Victor Rolo, Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Silvia Caldararu, Kendalynn A. Morris, Marion Schrumpf, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2434, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a Mediterranean ecosystem to understand carbon uptake efficiency and its controls. These ecosystems face potential nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances due to pollution. Analysing six years of carbon data, we assessed controls at different timeframes. This is crucial for predicting such vulnerable regions. Our findings revealed N limitation on C uptake, not N:P imbalance, and strong influence of water availability. whether drought or wetness promoted net C uptake depended on timescale.
Theertha Kariyathan, Ana Bastos, Julia Marshall, Wouter Peters, Pieter Tans, and Markus Reichstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3299–3312, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The timing and duration of the carbon uptake period (CUP) are sensitive to the occurrence of major phenological events, which are influenced by recent climate change. This study presents an ensemble-based approach for quantifying the timing and duration of the CUP and their uncertainty when derived from atmospheric CO2 measurements with noise and gaps. The CUP metrics derived with the approach are more robust and have less uncertainty than when estimated with the conventional methods.
Hoontaek Lee, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, Tina Trautmann, Basil Kraft, Markus Reichstein, Matthias Forkel, and Sujan Koirala
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1531–1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1531-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1531-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We spatially attribute the variance in global terrestrial water storage (TWS) interannual variability (IAV) and its modeling error with two data-driven hydrological models. We find error hotspot regions that show a disproportionately large significance in the global mismatch and the association of the error regions with a smaller-scale lateral convergence of water. Our findings imply that TWS IAV modeling can be efficiently improved by focusing on model representations for the error hotspots.
Robert Vautard, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Rémy Bonnet, Sihan Li, Yoann Robin, Sarah Kew, Sjoukje Philip, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Brigitte Dubuisson, Nicolas Viovy, Markus Reichstein, Friederike Otto, and Iñaki Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1045–1058, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1045-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1045-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A deep frost occurred in early April 2021, inducing severe damages in grapevine and fruit trees in France. We found that such extreme frosts occurring after the start of the growing season such as those of April 2021 are currently about 2°C colder [0.5 °C to 3.3 °C] in observations than in preindustrial climate. This observed intensification of growing-period frosts is attributable, at least in part, to human-caused climate change, making the 2021 event 50 % more likely [10 %–110 %].
Sinikka Jasmin Paulus, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, René Orth, Anke Hildebrandt, Thomas Wutzler, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Perez-Priego, Olaf Kolle, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6263–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze small inputs of water to ecosystems such as fog, dew, and adsorption of vapor. To measure them, we use a scaling system and later test our attribution of different water fluxes to weight changes. We found that they occur frequently during 1 year in a dry summer ecosystem. In each season, a different flux seems dominant, but they all mainly occur during the night. Therefore, they could be important for the biosphere because rain is unevenly distributed over the year.
Na Li, Sebastian Sippel, Alexander J. Winkler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, and Ana Bastos
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1505–1533, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying the imprint of large-scale atmospheric circulation dynamics and associated carbon cycle responses is key to improving our understanding of carbon cycle dynamics. Using a statistical model that relies on spatiotemporal sea level pressure as a proxy for large-scale atmospheric circulation, we quantify the fraction of interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 growth rate and the land CO2 sink that are driven by atmospheric circulation variability.
Melissa Ruiz-Vásquez, Sungmin O, Alexander Brenning, Randal D. Koster, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Ulrich Weber, Gabriele Arduini, Ana Bastos, Markus Reichstein, and René Orth
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1451–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Subseasonal forecasts facilitate early warning of extreme events; however their predictability sources are not fully explored. We find that global temperature forecast errors in many regions are related to climate variables such as solar radiation and precipitation, as well as land surface variables such as soil moisture and evaporative fraction. A better representation of these variables in the forecasting and data assimilation systems can support the accuracy of temperature forecasts.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
D. Montero, C. Aybar, M. D. Mahecha, and S. Wieneke
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W1-2022, 301–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W1-2022-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W1-2022-301-2022, 2022
Philip J. Ward, James Daniell, Melanie Duncan, Anna Dunne, Cédric Hananel, Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler, Annegien Tijssen, Silvia Torresan, Roxana Ciurean, Joel C. Gill, Jana Sillmann, Anaïs Couasnon, Elco Koks, Noemi Padrón-Fumero, Sharon Tatman, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Adewole Adesiyun, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Alexander Alabaster, Bernard Bulder, Carlos Campillo Torres, Andrea Critto, Raúl Hernández-Martín, Marta Machado, Jaroslav Mysiak, Rene Orth, Irene Palomino Antolín, Eva-Cristina Petrescu, Markus Reichstein, Timothy Tiggeloven, Anne F. Van Loon, Hung Vuong Pham, and Marleen C. de Ruiter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1487–1497, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of natural-hazard risk research focuses on single hazards (a flood, a drought, a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, etc.). In the international research and policy community it is recognised that risk management could benefit from a more systemic approach. In this perspective paper, we argue for an approach that addresses multi-hazard, multi-risk management through the lens of sustainability challenges that cut across sectors, regions, and hazards.
Basil Kraft, Martin Jung, Marco Körner, Sujan Koirala, and Markus Reichstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1579–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1579-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1579-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a physics-aware machine learning model of the global hydrological cycle. As the model uses neural networks under the hood, the simulations of the water cycle are learned from data, and yet they are informed and constrained by physical knowledge. The simulated patterns lie within the range of existing hydrological models and are plausible. The hybrid modeling approach has the potential to tackle key environmental questions from a novel perspective.
Tina Trautmann, Sujan Koirala, Nuno Carvalhais, Andreas Güntner, and Martin Jung
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1089–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1089-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1089-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the effect of how vegetation is defined in a global hydrological model on the composition of total water storage (TWS). We compare two experiments, one with globally uniform and one with vegetation parameters that vary in space and time. While both experiments are constrained against observational data, we found a drastic change in the partitioning of TWS, highlighting the important role of the interaction between groundwater–soil moisture–vegetation in understanding TWS variations.
J. Pacheco-Labrador, U. Weber, X. Ma, M. D. Mahecha, N. Carvalhais, C. Wirth, A. Huth, F. J. Bohn, G. Kraemer, U. Heiden, FunDivEUROPE members, and M. Migliavacca
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-1-W1-2021, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-49-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-49-2022, 2022
Ana Bastos, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Sönke Zaehle, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Pierre Gentine, Emilie Joetzjer, Sebastian Lienert, Tammas Loughran, Patrick C. McGuire, Sungmin O, Julia Pongratz, and Stephen Sitch
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 1015–1035, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-1015-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Temperate biomes in Europe are not prone to recurrent dry and hot conditions in summer. However, these conditions may become more frequent in the coming decades. Because stress conditions can leave legacies for many years, this may result in reduced ecosystem resilience under recurrent stress. We assess vegetation vulnerability to the hot and dry summers in 2018 and 2019 in Europe and find the important role of inter-annual legacy effects from 2018 in modulating the impacts of the 2019 event.
Christopher Krich, Mirco Migliavacca, Diego G. Miralles, Guido Kraemer, Tarek S. El-Madany, Markus Reichstein, Jakob Runge, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 18, 2379–2404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystems and the atmosphere interact with each other. These interactions determine e.g. the water and carbon fluxes and thus are crucial to understand climate change effects. We analysed the interactions for many ecosystems across the globe, showing that very different ecosystems can have similar interactions with the atmosphere. Meteorological conditions seem to be the strongest interaction-shaping factor. This means that common principles can be identified to describe ecosystem behaviour.
Milan Flach, Alexander Brenning, Fabian Gans, Markus Reichstein, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 18, 39–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. We study the impact of droughts and heatwaves on the uptake of CO2 of different vegetation types at the global scale. We find that agricultural areas are generally strongly affected. Forests instead are not particularly sensitive to the events under scrutiny. This implies different water management strategies of forests but also a lack of sensitivity to remote-sensing-derived vegetation activity.
Naixin Fan, Sujan Koirala, Markus Reichstein, Martin Thurner, Valerio Avitabile, Maurizio Santoro, Bernhard Ahrens, Ulrich Weber, and Nuno Carvalhais
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2517–2536, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2517-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2517-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The turnover time of terrestrial carbon (τ) controls the global carbon cycle–climate feedback. In this study, we provide a new, updated ensemble of diagnostic terrestrial carbon turnover times and associated uncertainties on a global scale. Despite the large variation in both magnitude and spatial patterns of τ, we identified robust features in the spatial patterns of τ which could contribute to uncertainty reductions in future projections of the carbon cycle–climate feedback.
B. Kraft, M. Jung, M. Körner, and M. Reichstein
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2020, 1537–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1537-2020, 2020
Daniel E. Pabon-Moreno, Talie Musavi, Mirco Migliavacca, Markus Reichstein, Christine Römermann, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 3991–4006, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3991-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3991-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem CO2 uptake changes in time depending on climate conditions. In this study, we analyze how different climate variables affect the timing when CO2 uptake is at a maximum (DOYGPPmax). We found that the joint effects of radiation, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit are the most relevant controlling factors of DOYGPPmax and that if they increase, DOYGPPmax will happen earlier. These results help us to better understand how CO2 uptake could be affected by climate change.
René Orth, Georgia Destouni, Martin Jung, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 17, 2647–2656, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2647-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2647-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Drought duration is a key control of the large-scale biospheric drought response.
Thereby, the vegetation responds linearly to drought duration at large spatial scales.
The slope of the linear relationship between the vegetation drought response and drought duration is steeper in drier climates.
Guido Kraemer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Markus Reichstein, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 2397–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To closely monitor the state of our planet, we require systems that can monitor
the observation of many different properties at the same time. We create
indicators that resemble the behavior of many different simultaneous
observations. We apply the method to create indicators representing the
Earth's biosphere. The indicators show a productivity gradient and a water
gradient. The resulting indicators can detect a large number of changes and
extremes in the Earth system.
Martin Jung, Christopher Schwalm, Mirco Migliavacca, Sophia Walther, Gustau Camps-Valls, Sujan Koirala, Peter Anthoni, Simon Besnard, Paul Bodesheim, Nuno Carvalhais, Frédéric Chevallier, Fabian Gans, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Philipp Köhler, Kazuhito Ichii, Atul K. Jain, Junzhi Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Jacob A. Nelson, Michael O'Sullivan, Martijn Pallandt, Dario Papale, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Christian Rödenbeck, Stephen Sitch, Gianluca Tramontana, Anthony Walker, Ulrich Weber, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 17, 1343–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We test the approach of producing global gridded carbon fluxes based on combining machine learning with local measurements, remote sensing and climate data. We show that we can reproduce seasonal variations in carbon assimilated by plants via photosynthesis and in ecosystem net carbon balance. The ecosystem’s mean carbon balance and carbon flux trends require cautious interpretation. The analysis paves the way for future improvements of the data-driven assessment of carbon fluxes.
Christopher Krich, Jakob Runge, Diego G. Miralles, Mirco Migliavacca, Oscar Perez-Priego, Tarek El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 1033–1061, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Causal inference promises new insight into biosphere–atmosphere interactions using time series only. To understand the behaviour of a specific method on such data, we used artificial and observation-based data. The observed structures are very interpretable and reveal certain ecosystem-specific behaviour, as only a few relevant links remain, in contrast to pure correlation techniques. Thus, causal inference allows to us gain well-constrained insights into processes and interactions.
Miguel D. Mahecha, Fabian Gans, Gunnar Brandt, Rune Christiansen, Sarah E. Cornell, Normann Fomferra, Guido Kraemer, Jonas Peters, Paul Bodesheim, Gustau Camps-Valls, Jonathan F. Donges, Wouter Dorigo, Lina M. Estupinan-Suarez, Victor H. Gutierrez-Velez, Martin Gutwin, Martin Jung, Maria C. Londoño, Diego G. Miralles, Phillip Papastefanou, and Markus Reichstein
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 201–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The ever-growing availability of data streams on different subsystems of the Earth brings unprecedented scientific opportunities. However, researching a data-rich world brings novel challenges. We present the concept of
Earth system data cubesto study the complex dynamics of multiple climate and ecosystem variables across space and time. Using a series of example studies, we highlight the potential of effectively considering the full multivariate nature of processes in the Earth system.
Nora Linscheid, Lina M. Estupinan-Suarez, Alexander Brenning, Nuno Carvalhais, Felix Cremer, Fabian Gans, Anja Rammig, Markus Reichstein, Carlos A. Sierra, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 945–962, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-945-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-945-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation typically responds to variation in temperature and rainfall within days. Yet seasonal changes in meteorological conditions, as well as decadal climate variability, additionally shape the state of ecosystems. It remains unclear how vegetation responds to climate variability on these different timescales. We find that the vegetation response to climate variability depends on the timescale considered. This scale dependency should be considered for modeling land–atmosphere interactions.
Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Tarek S. El-Madany, M. Pilar Martin, Rosario Gonzalez-Cascon, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Perez-Priego, Tiana Hammer, Heiko Moossen, Kathrin Henkel, Olaf Kolle, David Martini, Vicente Burchard, Christiaan van der Tol, Karl Segl, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-501, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-501, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The new generation of sensors on-board satellites have the potential to provide richer information about the function of vegetation than before. This information, nowadays missing, is fundamental to improve our understanding and prediction of carbon and water cycles, and therefore to anticipate effects and responses to Climate Change. In this manuscript we propose a method to exploit the data provided by these satellites to successfully obtain this information key to face Climate Change.
Paul C. Stoy, Tarek S. El-Madany, Joshua B. Fisher, Pierre Gentine, Tobias Gerken, Stephen P. Good, Anne Klosterhalfen, Shuguang Liu, Diego G. Miralles, Oscar Perez-Priego, Angela J. Rigden, Todd H. Skaggs, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ray G. Anderson, A. Miriam J. Coenders-Gerrits, Martin Jung, Wouter H. Maes, Ivan Mammarella, Matthias Mauder, Mirco Migliavacca, Jacob A. Nelson, Rafael Poyatos, Markus Reichstein, Russell L. Scott, and Sebastian Wolf
Biogeosciences, 16, 3747–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Key findings are the nearly optimal response of T to atmospheric water vapor pressure deficits across methods and scales. Additionally, the notion that T / ET intermittently approaches 1, which is a basis for many partitioning methods, does not hold for certain methods and ecosystems. To better constrain estimates of E and T from combined ET measurements, we propose a combination of independent measurement techniques to better constrain E and T at the ecosystem scale.
Sven Boese, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, Adriaan J. Teuling, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 16, 2557–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2557-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2557-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how limited water availability during droughts affects water-use efficiency. This metric describes how much carbon an ecosystem can assimilate for each unit of water lost by transpiration. We test how well different water-use efficiency models can capture the dynamics of transpiration decrease due to increased soil-water limitation. Accounting for the interacting effects of radiation and water limitation is necessary to accurately predict transpiration during these periods.
Richard K. F. Nair, Kendalynn A. Morris, Martin Hertel, Yunpeng Luo, Gerardo Moreno, Markus Reichstein, Marion Schrumpf, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 16, 1883–1901, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how nutrient availability affects seasonal timing of root growth and death in a Spanish savanna, adapted to a long summer drought. We found that nitrogen (N) additions led to more root biomass but number of roots was higher with N and phosphorus together. These effects were strongly affected by the time of year. In autumn root growth occurred after leaf production. This has implications for how we understand biomass production and carbon uptake in these systems.
Xiaolu Tang, Nuno Carvalhais, Catarina Moura, Bernhard Ahrens, Sujan Koirala, Shaohui Fan, Fengying Guan, Wenjie Zhang, Sicong Gao, Vincenzo Magliulo, Pauline Buysse, Shibin Liu, Guo Chen, Wunian Yang, Zhen Yu, Jingjing Liang, Leilei Shi, Shenyan Pu, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-37, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation CUE is a key measure of carbon transfer from the atmosphere to terrestrial biomass. This study modelled global CUE with published observations using random forest. CUE varied with ecosystem types and spatially decreased with latitude, challenging the previous conclusion that CUE was independent of environmental controls. Our results emphasize a better understanding of environmental controls on CUE to reduce uncertainties in prognostic land-process model simulations.
Sophia Walther, Luis Guanter, Birgit Heim, Martin Jung, Gregory Duveiller, Aleksandra Wolanin, and Torsten Sachs
Biogeosciences, 15, 6221–6256, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6221-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6221-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the timing of the peak of the short annual growing season in tundra ecosystems as indicated by an extensive suite of satellite indicators of vegetation productivity. Delayed peak greenness compared to peak photosynthesis is consistently found across years and land-cover classes. Plants also experience growth after optimal conditions for assimilation regarding light and temperature have passed. Our results have implications for the modelling of the circumpolar carbon balance.
Milan Flach, Sebastian Sippel, Fabian Gans, Ana Bastos, Alexander Brenning, Markus Reichstein, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 15, 6067–6085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Northern forests enhanced their productivity during and before the 2010 Russian mega heatwave. We scrutinize this issue with a novel type of multivariate extreme event detection approach. Forests compensate for 54 % of the carbon losses in agricultural ecosystems due to vulnerable conditions in spring and better water management in summer. The findings highlight the importance of forests in mitigating climate change, while not alleviating the consequences of extreme events for food security.
Thomas Wutzler, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Mirco Migliavacca, Jürgen Knauer, Kerstin Sickel, Ladislav Šigut, Olaf Menzer, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 15, 5015–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Net fluxes of carbon dioxide at the ecosystem level measured by eddy covariance are a main source for understanding biosphere–atmosphere interactions. However, there is a need for more usable and extensible tools for post-processing steps of the half-hourly flux data. Therefore, we developed the REddyProc package, providing data filtering, gap filling, and flux partitioning. The extensible functions are compatible with state-of-the-art tools but allow easier integration in extended analysis.
Tina Trautmann, Sujan Koirala, Nuno Carvalhais, Annette Eicker, Manfred Fink, Christoph Niemann, and Martin Jung
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4061–4082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4061-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4061-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we adjust a simple hydrological model to several observational datasets, including satellite observations of the land's total water storage. We apply the model to northern latitudes and find that the dominating factor of changes in the total water storage depends on both the spatial and temporal scale of analysis. While snow dominates seasonal variations, liquid water determines year-to-year variations, yet with increasing contribution of snow when averaging over larger regions.
Jacob A. Nelson, Nuno Carvalhais, Mirco Migliavacca, Markus Reichstein, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 15, 2433–2447, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2433-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2433-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Plants have typical daily carbon uptake and water loss cycles. However, these cycles may change under periods of duress, such as water limitation. Here we identify two types of patterns in response to water limitations: a tendency to lose more water in the morning than afternoon and a decoupling of the carbon and water cycles. The findings show differences in responses by trees and grasses and suggest that morning shifts may be more efficient at gaining carbon per unit water used.
Jannis von Buttlar, Jakob Zscheischler, Anja Rammig, Sebastian Sippel, Markus Reichstein, Alexander Knohl, Martin Jung, Olaf Menzer, M. Altaf Arain, Nina Buchmann, Alessandro Cescatti, Damiano Gianelle, Gerard Kiely, Beverly E. Law, Vincenzo Magliulo, Hank Margolis, Harry McCaughey, Lutz Merbold, Mirco Migliavacca, Leonardo Montagnani, Walter Oechel, Marian Pavelka, Matthias Peichl, Serge Rambal, Antonio Raschi, Russell L. Scott, Francesco P. Vaccari, Eva van Gorsel, Andrej Varlagin, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 15, 1293–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our work systematically quantifies extreme heat and drought event impacts on gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration globally across a wide range of ecosystems. We show that heat extremes typically increased mainly respiration whereas drought decreased both fluxes. Combined heat and drought extremes had opposing effects offsetting each other for respiration, but there were also strong reductions in GPP and hence the strongest reductions in the ecosystems carbon sink capacity.
Iulia Ilie, Peter Dittrich, Nuno Carvalhais, Martin Jung, Andreas Heinemeyer, Mirco Migliavacca, James I. L. Morison, Sebastian Sippel, Jens-Arne Subke, Matthew Wilkinson, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3519–3545, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3519-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3519-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate representation of land-atmosphere carbon fluxes is essential for future climate projections, although some of the responses of CO2 fluxes to climate often remain uncertain. The increase in available data allows for new approaches in their modelling. We automatically developed models for ecosystem and soil carbon respiration using a machine learning approach. When compared with established respiration models, we found that they are better in prediction as well as offering new insights.
Miguel D. Mahecha, Fabian Gans, Sebastian Sippel, Jonathan F. Donges, Thomas Kaminski, Stefan Metzger, Mirco Migliavacca, Dario Papale, Anja Rammig, and Jakob Zscheischler
Biogeosciences, 14, 4255–4277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the likelihood of ecological in situ networks to detect and monitor the impact of extreme events in the terrestrial biosphere.
Jakob Zscheischler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Valerio Avitabile, Leonardo Calle, Nuno Carvalhais, Philippe Ciais, Fabian Gans, Nicolas Gruber, Jens Hartmann, Martin Herold, Kazuhito Ichii, Martin Jung, Peter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Ronny Lauerwald, Dario Papale, Philippe Peylin, Benjamin Poulter, Deepak Ray, Pierre Regnier, Christian Rödenbeck, Rosa M. Roman-Cuesta, Christopher Schwalm, Gianluca Tramontana, Alexandra Tyukavina, Riccardo Valentini, Guido van der Werf, Tristram O. West, Julie E. Wolf, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 14, 3685–3703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Here we synthesize a wide range of global spatiotemporal observational data on carbon exchanges between the Earth surface and the atmosphere. A key challenge was to consistently combining observational products of terrestrial and aquatic surfaces. Our primary goal is to identify today’s key uncertainties and observational shortcomings that would need to be addressed in future measurement campaigns or expansions of in situ observatories.
Milan Flach, Fabian Gans, Alexander Brenning, Joachim Denzler, Markus Reichstein, Erik Rodner, Sebastian Bathiany, Paul Bodesheim, Yanira Guanche, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 677–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalies and extremes are often detected using univariate peak-over-threshold approaches in the geoscience community. The Earth system is highly multivariate. We compare eight multivariate anomaly detection algorithms and combinations of data preprocessing. We identify three anomaly detection algorithms that outperform univariate extreme event detection approaches. The workflows have the potential to reveal novelties in data. Remarks on their application to real Earth observations are provided.
Sven Boese, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 14, 3015–3026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3015-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3015-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For plants, the ratio of carbon uptake to water loss by transpiration is usually thought to depend on characteristic properties (their adaption to water scarcity) and the dryness of the atmosphere at any given moment. We show that, on the ecosystem scale, radiation has an independent effect on this ratio that had not been previously considered. When including this variable in models, predictions of transpiration improve considerably.
Sebastian Sippel, Jakob Zscheischler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Rene Orth, Markus Reichstein, Martha Vogel, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 387–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-387-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-387-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The present study (1) evaluates land–atmosphere coupling in the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble against an ensemble of benchmarking datasets and (2) refines the model ensemble using a land–atmosphere coupling diagnostic as constraint. Our study demonstrates that a considerable fraction of coupled climate models overemphasize warm-season
moisture-limitedclimate regimes in midlatitude regions. This leads to biases in daily-scale temperature extremes, which are alleviated in a constrained ensemble.
Sebastian Sippel, Jakob Zscheischler, Martin Heimann, Holger Lange, Miguel D. Mahecha, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Friederike E. L. Otto, and Markus Reichstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 441–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-441-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-441-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper re-investigates the question whether observed precipitation extremes and annual totals have been increasing in the world's dry regions over the last 60 years. Despite recently postulated increasing trends, we demonstrate that large uncertainties prevail due to (1) the choice of dryness definition and (2) statistical data processing. In fact, we find only minor (and only some significant) increases if (1) dryness is based on aridity and (2) statistical artefacts are accounted for.
Gianluca Tramontana, Martin Jung, Christopher R. Schwalm, Kazuhito Ichii, Gustau Camps-Valls, Botond Ráduly, Markus Reichstein, M. Altaf Arain, Alessandro Cescatti, Gerard Kiely, Lutz Merbold, Penelope Serrano-Ortiz, Sven Sickert, Sebastian Wolf, and Dario Papale
Biogeosciences, 13, 4291–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have evaluated 11 machine learning (ML) methods and two complementary drivers' setup to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy exchanges between land ecosystems and atmosphere. Obtained results have shown high consistency among ML and high capability to estimate the spatial and seasonal variability of the target fluxes. The results were good for all the ecosystems, with limitations to the ones in the extreme environments (cold, hot) or less represented in the training data (tropics).
D. G. Miralles, C. Jiménez, M. Jung, D. Michel, A. Ershadi, M. F. McCabe, M. Hirschi, B. Martens, A. J. Dolman, J. B. Fisher, Q. Mu, S. I. Seneviratne, E. F. Wood, and D. Fernández-Prieto
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 823–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The WACMOS-ET project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Evaluation of current evaporation data sets on the global scale showed that they manifest large dissimilarities during conditions of water stress and drought and deficiencies in the way evaporation is partitioned into several components. Different models perform better under different conditions, highlighting the potential for considering biome- or climate-specific model ensembles.
D. Michel, C. Jiménez, D. G. Miralles, M. Jung, M. Hirschi, A. Ershadi, B. Martens, M. F. McCabe, J. B. Fisher, Q. Mu, S. I. Seneviratne, E. F. Wood, and D. Fernández-Prieto
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 803–822, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-803-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-803-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study a common reference input data set from satellite and in situ data is used to run four established evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms using sub-daily and daily input on a tower scale as a testbed for a global ET product. The PT-JPL model and GLEAM provide the best performance for satellite and in situ forcing as well as for the different temporal resolutions. PM-MOD and SEBS perform less well: the PM-MOD model generally underestimates, while SEBS generally overestimates ET.
S. Sippel, F. E. L. Otto, M. Forkel, M. R. Allen, B. P. Guillod, M. Heimann, M. Reichstein, S. I. Seneviratne, K. Thonicke, and M. D. Mahecha
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-71-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-71-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel technique to bias correct climate model output for impact simulations that preserves its physical consistency and multivariate structure. The methodology considerably improves the representation of extremes in climatic variables relative to conventional bias correction strategies. Illustrative simulations of biosphere–atmosphere carbon and water fluxes with a biosphere model (LPJmL) show that the novel technique can be usefully applied to drive climate impact models.
O. Perez-Priego, J. Guan, M. Rossini, F. Fava, T. Wutzler, G. Moreno, N. Carvalhais, A. Carrara, O. Kolle, T. Julitta, M. Schrumpf, M. Reichstein, and M. Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 12, 6351–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6351-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6351-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index revealed controls of climate and nutrient availability on photosynthesis (gross primary production, GPP). Meteo-driven models (MMs) were unable to describe nutrient-induced effects on GPP. Important implications can be derived from these results, and uncertainties in the prediction of global GPP still remain when MMs do not account for plant nutrient availability.
S. Hashimoto, N. Carvalhais, A. Ito, M. Migliavacca, K. Nishina, and M. Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 12, 4121–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015, 2015
A. Rammig, M. Wiedermann, J. F. Donges, F. Babst, W. von Bloh, D. Frank, K. Thonicke, and M. D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 12, 373–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-373-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-373-2015, 2015
P. Ciais, A. J. Dolman, A. Bombelli, R. Duren, A. Peregon, P. J. Rayner, C. Miller, N. Gobron, G. Kinderman, G. Marland, N. Gruber, F. Chevallier, R. J. Andres, G. Balsamo, L. Bopp, F.-M. Bréon, G. Broquet, R. Dargaville, T. J. Battin, A. Borges, H. Bovensmann, M. Buchwitz, J. Butler, J. G. Canadell, R. B. Cook, R. DeFries, R. Engelen, K. R. Gurney, C. Heinze, M. Heimann, A. Held, M. Henry, B. Law, S. Luyssaert, J. Miller, T. Moriyama, C. Moulin, R. B. Myneni, C. Nussli, M. Obersteiner, D. Ojima, Y. Pan, J.-D. Paris, S. L. Piao, B. Poulter, S. Plummer, S. Quegan, P. Raymond, M. Reichstein, L. Rivier, C. Sabine, D. Schimel, O. Tarasova, R. Valentini, R. Wang, G. van der Werf, D. Wickland, M. Williams, and C. Zehner
Biogeosciences, 11, 3547–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014, 2014
X. Wu, F. Babst, P. Ciais, D. Frank, M. Reichstein, M. Wattenbach, C. Zang, and M. D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 11, 3057–3068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3057-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3057-2014, 2014
J. Zscheischler, M. Reichstein, S. Harmeling, A. Rammig, E. Tomelleri, and M. D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 11, 2909–2924, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2909-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2909-2014, 2014
B. Ahrens, M. Reichstein, W. Borken, J. Muhr, S. E. Trumbore, and T. Wutzler
Biogeosciences, 11, 2147–2168, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2147-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2147-2014, 2014
J. v. Buttlar, J. Zscheischler, and M. D. Mahecha
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-203-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-203-2014, 2014
R. Valentini, A. Arneth, A. Bombelli, S. Castaldi, R. Cazzolla Gatti, F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, E. Grieco, J. Hartmann, M. Henry, R. A. Houghton, M. Jung, W. L. Kutsch, Y. Malhi, E. Mayorga, L. Merbold, G. Murray-Tortarolo, D. Papale, P. Peylin, B. Poulter, P. A. Raymond, M. Santini, S. Sitch, G. Vaglio Laurin, G. R. van der Werf, C. A. Williams, and R. J. Scholes
Biogeosciences, 11, 381–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-381-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-381-2014, 2014
B. Badawy, C. Rödenbeck, M. Reichstein, N. Carvalhais, and M. Heimann
Biogeosciences, 10, 6485–6508, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6485-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6485-2013, 2013
B. Mueller, M. Hirschi, C. Jimenez, P. Ciais, P. A. Dirmeyer, A. J. Dolman, J. B. Fisher, M. Jung, F. Ludwig, F. Maignan, D. G. Miralles, M. F. McCabe, M. Reichstein, J. Sheffield, K. Wang, E. F. Wood, Y. Zhang, and S. I. Seneviratne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3707–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013, 2013
M. C. Braakhekke, T. Wutzler, C. Beer, J. Kattge, M. Schrumpf, B. Ahrens, I. Schöning, M. R. Hoosbeek, B. Kruijt, P. Kabat, and M. Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 10, 399–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-399-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-399-2013, 2013
G. Lasslop, M. Migliavacca, G. Bohrer, M. Reichstein, M. Bahn, A. Ibrom, C. Jacobs, P. Kolari, D. Papale, T. Vesala, G. Wohlfahrt, and A. Cescatti
Biogeosciences, 9, 5243–5259, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5243-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5243-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Data, Algorithms, and Models
Improved maps of surface water bodies, large dams, reservoirs, and lakes in China
The Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) global active fire product: principle, methodology and validation
A high-resolution inland surface water body dataset for the tundra and boreal forests of North America
A Central Asia hydrologic monitoring dataset for food and water security applications in Afghanistan
HOTRUNZ: an open-access 1 km resolution monthly 1910–2019 time series of interpolated temperature and rainfall grids with associated uncertainty for New Zealand
A dataset of microphysical cloud parameters, retrieved from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) emission spectra measured in Arctic summer 2017
A global long-term (1981–2019) daily land surface radiation budget product from AVHRR satellite data using a residual convolutional neural network
First SMOS Sea Surface Salinity dedicated products over the Baltic Sea
HomogWS-se: a century-long homogenized dataset of near-surface wind speed observations since 1925 rescued in Sweden
Mapping long-term and high-resolution global gridded photosynthetically active radiation using the ISCCP H-series cloud product and reanalysis data
Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0
TimeSpec4LULC: a global multispectral time series database for training LULC mapping models with machine learning
Hyperspectral reflectance spectra of floating matters derived from Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) observations
Multi-site, multi-crop measurements in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere continuum: a comprehensive dataset from two climatically contrasting regions in southwestern Germany for the period 2009–2018
Full-coverage 1 km daily ambient PM2.5 and O3 concentrations of China in 2005–2017 based on a multi-variable random forest model
Median bed-material sediment particle size across rivers in the contiguous US
A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation
A Landsat-derived annual inland water clarity dataset of China between 1984 and 2018
A harmonized global land evaporation dataset from model-based products covering 1980–2017
Estimating population and urban areas at risk of coastal hazards, 1990–2015: how data choices matter
Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID): 30 m resolution maps of irrigation distribution, frequency, and change for the US, 1997–2017
GRQA: Global River Water Quality Archive
A 1 km global cropland dataset from 10 000 BCE to 2100 CE
A 1 km global dataset of historical (1979–2013) and future (2020–2100) Köppen–Geiger climate classification and bioclimatic variables
SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardized approach
Nitrogen deposition in the UK at 1 km resolution from 1990 to 2017
ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications
An all-sky 1 km daily land surface air temperature product over mainland China for 2003–2019 from MODIS and ancillary data
100 years of lake evolution over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019
Coastal complexity of the Antarctic continent
UAV-based very high resolution point cloud, digital surface model and orthomosaic of the Chã das Caldeiras lava fields (Fogo, Cabo Verde)
AQ-Bench: a benchmark dataset for machine learning on global air quality metrics
Bias-corrected and spatially disaggregated seasonal forecasts: a long-term reference forecast product for the water sector in semi-arid regions
The consolidated European synthesis of CH4 and N2O emissions for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990–2017
The consolidated European synthesis of CO2 emissions and removals for the European Union and United Kingdom: 1990–2018
A new merged dataset for analyzing clouds, precipitation and atmospheric parameters based on ERA5 reanalysis data and the measurements of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar and visible and infrared scanner
A new satellite-derived dataset for marine aquaculture areas in China's coastal region
Database of petrophysical properties of the Mid-German Crystalline Rise
Landsat-derived bathymetry of lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska
Merging ground-based sunshine duration observations with satellite cloud and aerosol retrievals to produce high-resolution long-term surface solar radiation over China
Hyperspectral-reflectance dataset of dry, wet and submerged marine litter
A climate service for ecologists: sharing pre-processed EURO-CORDEX regional climate scenario data using the eLTER Information System
Crowdsourced air traffic data from the OpenSky Network 2019–2020
A restructured and updated global soil respiration database (SRDB-V5)
The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record
Dielectric database of organic Arctic soils (DDOAS)
Global Carbon Budget 2020
A global long-term (1981–2000) land surface temperature product for NOAA AVHRR
A coastally improved global dataset of wet tropospheric corrections for satellite altimetry
Xinxin Wang, Xiangming Xiao, Yuanwei Qin, Jinwei Dong, Jihua Wu, and Bo Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3757–3771, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3757-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We generated China’s surface water bodies, Large Dams, Reservoirs, and Lakes (China-LDRL) dataset by analyzing all available Landsat imagery in 2019 (19\,338 images) in Google Earth Engine. The dataset provides accurate information on the geographical locations and sizes of surface water bodies, large dams, reservoirs, and lakes in China. The China-LDRL dataset will contribute to the understanding of water security and water resources management in China.
Jie Chen, Qi Yao, Ziyue Chen, Manchun Li, Zhaozhan Hao, Cheng Liu, Wei Zheng, Miaoqing Xu, Xiao Chen, Jing Yang, Qiancheng Lv, and Bingbo Gao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3489–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The potential degradation of mainstream global fire products leads to large uncertainty in the effective monitoring of wildfires and their influence. To fill this gap, we produced a Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) global active fire product with a similar spatial and temporal resolution to MODIS fire products, aiming to serve as continuity and a replacement for MODIS fire products. The FY-3D fire product is an ideal tool for global fire monitoring and can be preferably employed for fire monitoring in China.
Yijie Sui, Min Feng, Chunling Wang, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3349–3363, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3349-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3349-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-latitude water bodies differ greatly in their morphological and topological characteristics related to their formation, type, and vulnerability. In this paper, we present a water body dataset for the North American high latitudes (WBD-NAHL). Nearly 6.5 million water bodies were identified, with approximately 6 million (~90 %) of them smaller than 0.1 km2.
Amy McNally, Jossy Jacob, Kristi Arsenault, Kimberly Slinski, Daniel P. Sarmiento, Andrew Hoell, Shahriar Pervez, James Rowland, Mike Budde, Sujay Kumar, Christa Peters-Lidard, and James P. Verdin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3115–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3115-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3115-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Land Data Assimilation System (FLDAS) global and Central Asia data streams described here generate routine estimates of snow, soil moisture, runoff, and other variables useful for tracking water availability. These data are hosted by NASA and USGS data portals for public use.
Thomas R. Etherington, George L. W. Perry, and Janet M. Wilmshurst
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2817–2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2817-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2817-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long time series of temperature and rainfall grids are fundamental to understanding how these variables affects environmental or ecological patterns and processes. We present a History of Open Temperature and Rainfall with Uncertainty in New Zealand (HOTRUNZ) that is an open-access dataset that provides monthly 1 km resolution grids of rainfall and mean, minimum, and maximum daily temperatures with associated uncertainties for New Zealand from 1910 to 2019.
Philipp Richter, Mathias Palm, Christine Weinzierl, Hannes Griesche, Penny M. Rowe, and Justus Notholt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2767–2784, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2767-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2767-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a dataset of cloud optical depths, effective radii and water paths from optically thin clouds observed in the Arctic around Svalbard. The data have been retrieved from infrared spectral radiance measured using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Besides a description of the measurements and retrieval technique, the data are put into context with results of corresponding measurements from microwave radiometer, lidar and cloud radar.
Jianglei Xu, Shunlin Liang, and Bo Jiang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2315–2341, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface all-wave net radiation (Rn) is a key parameter in many land processes. Current products have drawbacks of coarse resolutions, large uncertainty, and short time spans. A deep learning method was used to obtain global surface Rn. A long-term Rn product was generated from 1981 to 2019 using AVHRR data. The product has the highest accuracy and a reasonable spatiotemporal variation compared to three other products. Our product will play an important role in long-term climate change.
Verónica González-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Antonio Turiel, Cristina González-Haro, Aina García-Espriu, Justino Martínez, Pekka Alenius, Laura Tuomi, Rafael Catany, Manuel Arias, Carolina Gabarró, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Roberto Sabia, and Diego Fernández
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2343–2368, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2343-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2343-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) dedicated products over the Baltic Sea (ESA Baltic+ Salinity Dynamics). The Baltic+ L3 product covers 9 days in a 0.25° grid. The Baltic+ L4 is derived by merging L3 SSS with sea surface temperature information, giving a daily product in a 0.05° grid. The accuracy of L3 is 0.7–0.8 and 0.4 psu for the L4. Baltic+ products have shown to be useful, covering spatiotemporal data gaps and for validating numerical models.
Chunlüe Zhou, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Erik Engström, Lorenzo Minola, Lennart Wern, Sverker Hellström, Jessika Lönn, and Deliang Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2167–2177, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2167-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2167-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To fill the key gap of short availability and inhomogeneity of wind speed (WS) in Sweden, we rescued the early paper records of WS since 1925 and built the first 10-member centennial homogenized WS dataset (HomogWS-se) for community use. An initial WS stilling and recovery before the 1990s was observed, and a strong link with North Atlantic Oscillation was found. HomogWS-se improves our knowledge of uncertainty and causes of historical WS changes.
Wenjun Tang, Jun Qin, Kun Yang, Yaozhi Jiang, and Weihao Pan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2007–2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a fundamental physiological variable for research in the ecological, agricultural, and global change fields. In this study, we produced a 35-year high-resolution global gridded PAR dataset. Compared with the well-known global satellite-based PAR product of the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), our PAR product was found to be a more accurate dataset with higher resolution.
Wenbin Sun, Yang Yang, Liya Chao, Wenjie Dong, Boyin Huang, Phil Jones, and Qingxiang Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The new China global Merged Surface Temperature CMST 2.0 is the updated version of CMST-Interim used in the IPCC's AR6. The updated dataset is described in this study, containing three versions: CMST2.0 – Nrec, CMST2.0 – Imax, and CMST2.0 – Imin. The reconstructed datasets significantly improve data coverage, especially in the high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, thus increasing the long-term trends at global, hemispheric, and regional scales since 1850.
Rohaifa Khaldi, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, Emilio Guirado, Yassir Benhammou, Abdellatif El Afia, Francisco Herrera, and Siham Tabik
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1377–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1377-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1377-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset with millions of 22-year time series for seven spectral bands was built by merging Terra and Aqua satellite data and annotated for 29 LULC classes by spatial–temporal agreement across 15 global LULC products. The mean F1 score was 96 % at the coarsest classification level and 87 % at the finest one. The dataset is born to develop and evaluate machine learning models to perform global LULC mapping given the disagreement between current global LULC products.
Chuanmin Hu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1183–1192, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using data collected by the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) between 2010–2014, hyperspectral reflectance of various floating matters in global oceans and lakes is derived for the spectral range of 400–800 nm. Such reflectance spectra are expected to provide spectral endmembers to differentiate and quantify the floating matters from existing multi-band satellite sensors and future hyperspectral satellite missions such as NASA’s PACE, SBG, and GLIMR missions.
Tobias K. D. Weber, Joachim Ingwersen, Petra Högy, Arne Poyda, Hans-Dieter Wizemann, Michael Scott Demyan, Kristina Bohm, Ravshan Eshonkulov, Sebastian Gayler, Pascal Kremer, Moritz Laub, Yvonne Funkiun Nkwain, Christian Troost, Irene Witte, Tim Reichenau, Thomas Berger, Georg Cadisch, Torsten Müller, Andreas Fangmeier, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Thilo Streck
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1153–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Presented are measurement results from six agricultural fields operated by local farmers in southwestern Germany over 9 years. Six eddy-covariance stations measuring water, energy, and carbon fluxes between the vegetated soil surface and the atmosphere provided the backbone of the measurement sites and were supplemented by extensive soil and vegetation state monitoring. The dataset is ideal for testing process models characterizing fluxes at the vegetated soil surface and in the atmosphere.
Runmei Ma, Jie Ban, Qing Wang, Yayi Zhang, Yang Yang, Shenshen Li, Wenjiao Shi, Zhen Zhou, Jiawei Zang, and Tiantian Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 943–954, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-943-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-943-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed multi-variable random forest models based on 10-fold cross-validation and estimated daily PM2.5 and O3 concentration of China in 2005–2017 at a resolution of 1 km. The daily R2 values of PM2.5 and O3 were 0.85 and 0.77. The meteorological variables can significantly affect both PM2.5 and O3 modeling. During 2005–2017, PM2.5 exhibited an overall downward trend, while O3 experienced the opposite. The temporal trend of PM2.5 and O3 had spatial characteristics during the study period.
Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Hong-Yi Li, Zhenduo Zhu, Zeli Tan, and L. Ruby Leung
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 929–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-929-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-929-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Existing riverbed sediment particle size data are sparsely available at individual sites. We develop a continuous map of median riverbed sediment particle size over the contiguous US corresponding to millions of river segments based on the existing observations and machine learning methods. This map is useful for research in large-scale river sediment using model- and data-driven approaches, teaching environmental and earth system sciences, planning and managing floodplain zones, etc.
Anna M. Ukkola, Gab Abramowitz, and Martin G. De Kauwe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Flux towers provide measurements of water, energy, and carbon fluxes. Flux tower data are invaluable in improving and evaluating land models but are not suited to modelling applications as published. Here we present flux tower data tailored for land modelling, encompassing 170 sites globally. Our dataset resolves several key limitations hindering the use of flux tower data in land modelling, including incomplete forcing variable, data format, and low data quality.
Hui Tao, Kaishan Song, Ge Liu, Qiang Wang, Zhidan Wen, Pierre-Andre Jacinthe, Xiaofeng Xu, Jia Du, Yingxin Shang, Sijia Li, Zongming Wang, Lili Lyu, Junbin Hou, Xiang Wang, Dong Liu, Kun Shi, Baohua Zhang, and Hongtao Duan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 79–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-79-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-79-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During 1984–2018, lakes in the Tibetan-Qinghai Plateau had the clearest water (mean 3.32 ± 0.38 m), while those in the northeastern region had the lowest Secchi disk depth (SDD) (mean 0.60 ± 0.09 m). Among the 10 814 lakes with > 10 years of SDD results, 55.4 % and 3.5 % experienced significantly increasing and decreasing trends of SDD, respectively. With the exception of Inner Mongolia–Xinjiang, more than half of lakes in all the other regions exhibited a significant trend of increasing SDD.
Jiao Lu, Guojie Wang, Tiexi Chen, Shijie Li, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Giri Kattel, Jian Peng, Tong Jiang, and Buda Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5879–5898, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5879-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5879-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study has combined three existing land evaporation (ET) products to obtain a single framework of a long-term (1980–2017) daily ET product at a spatial resolution of 0.25° to define the global proxy ET with lower uncertainties. The merged product is the best at capturing dynamics over different locations and times among all data sets. The merged product performed well over a range of vegetation cover scenarios and also captured the trend of land evaporation over different areas well.
Kytt MacManus, Deborah Balk, Hasim Engin, Gordon McGranahan, and Rya Inman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5747–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5747-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5747-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New estimates of population and land area by settlement types within low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs) based on four sources of population data, four sources of settlement data and four sources of elevation data for the years 1990, 2000 and 2015. The paper describes the sensitivity of these estimates and discusses the fitness of use guiding user decisions. Data choices impact the number of people estimated within LECZs, but across all sources the LECZs are predominantly urban and growing.
Yanhua Xie, Holly K. Gibbs, and Tyler J. Lark
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5689–5710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We created 30 m resolution annual irrigation maps covering the conterminous US for the period of 1997–2017, together with derivative products and ground reference data. The products have several improvements over other data, including field-level details of change and frequency, an annual time step, a collection of ~ 10 000 ground reference locations for the eastern US, and improved mapping accuracy of over 90 %, especially in the east compared to others of 50 % to 80 %.
Holger Virro, Giuseppe Amatulli, Alexander Kmoch, Longzhu Shen, and Evelyn Uuemaa
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5483–5507, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water quality modeling is essential for understanding and mitigating water quality deterioration in river networks due to agricultural and industrial pollution. Improving the availability and usability of open data is vital to support global water quality modeling efforts. The GRQA extends the spatial and temporal coverage of previously available water quality data and provides a reproducible workflow for combining multi-source water quality datasets.
Bowen Cao, Le Yu, Xuecao Li, Min Chen, Xia Li, Pengyu Hao, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5403–5421, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the study, the first 1 km global cropland proportion dataset for 10 000 BCE–2100 CE was produced through the harmonization and downscaling framework. The mapping result coincides well with widely used datasets at present. With improved spatial resolution, our maps can better capture the cropland distribution details and spatial heterogeneity. The dataset will be valuable for long-term simulations and precise analyses. The framework can be extended to specific regions or other land use types.
Diyang Cui, Shunlin Liang, Dongdong Wang, and Zheng Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5087–5114, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large portions of the Earth's surface are expected to experience changes in climatic conditions. The rearrangement of climate distributions can lead to serious impacts on ecological and social systems. Major climate zones are distributed in a predictable pattern and are largely defined following the Köppen climate classification. This creates an urgent need to compile a series of Köppen climate classification maps with finer spatial and temporal resolutions and improved accuracy.
Amanda R. Fay, Luke Gregor, Peter Landschützer, Galen A. McKinley, Nicolas Gruber, Marion Gehlen, Yosuke Iida, Goulven G. Laruelle, Christian Rödenbeck, Alizée Roobaert, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean is estimated using surface ocean carbon (pCO2) measurements and an equation including variables such as temperature and wind speed; the choices of these variables lead to uncertainties. We introduce the SeaFlux ensemble which provides carbon flux maps calculated in a consistent manner, thus reducing uncertainty by using common choices for wind speed and a set definition of "global" coverage.
Samuel J. Tomlinson, Edward J. Carnell, Anthony J. Dore, and Ulrike Dragosits
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4677–4692, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4677-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) may impact the environment in many ways, and estimation of its deposition to the terrestrial surface is of interest. N deposition data have not been generated at a high resolution (1 km × 1 km) over a long time series in the UK before now. This study concludes that N deposition has reduced by ~ 40 % from 1990. The impact of these results allows analysis of environmental impacts at a high spatial and temporal resolution, using a consistent methodology and consistent set of input data.
Joaquín Muñoz-Sabater, Emanuel Dutra, Anna Agustí-Panareda, Clément Albergel, Gabriele Arduini, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Souhail Boussetta, Margarita Choulga, Shaun Harrigan, Hans Hersbach, Brecht Martens, Diego G. Miralles, María Piles, Nemesio J. Rodríguez-Fernández, Ervin Zsoter, Carlo Buontempo, and Jean-Noël Thépaut
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4349–4383, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4349-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The creation of ERA5-Land responds to a growing number of applications requiring global land datasets at a resolution higher than traditionally reached. ERA5-Land provides operational, global, and hourly key variables of the water and energy cycles over land surfaces, at 9 km resolution, from 1981 until the present. This work provides evidence of an overall improvement of the water cycle compared to previous reanalyses, whereas the energy cycle variables perform as well as those of ERA5.
Yan Chen, Shunlin Liang, Han Ma, Bing Li, Tao He, and Qian Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4241–4261, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4241-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4241-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study used remotely sensed and assimilated data to estimate all-sky land surface air temperature (Ta) using a machine learning method, and developed an all-sky 1 km daily mean land Ta product for 2003–2019 over mainland China. Validation results demonstrated that this dataset has achieved satisfactory accuracy and high spatial resolution simultaneously, which fills the current dataset gap in this field and plays an important role in studies of climate change and the hydrological cycle.
Guoqing Zhang, Youhua Ran, Wei Wan, Wei Luo, Wenfeng Chen, Fenglin Xu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3951–3966, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3951-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3951-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes can be effective indicators of climate change, especially over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Here, we provide the most comprehensive lake mapping covering the past 100 years. The new features of this data set are (1) its temporal length, providing the longest period of lake observations from maps, (2) the data set provides a state-of-the-art lake inventory for the Landsat era (from the 1970s to 2020), and (3) it provides the densest lake observations for lakes with areas larger than 1 km2.
Jie Yang and Xin Huang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3907–3925, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3907-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3907-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We produce the 30 m annual China land cover dataset (CLCD), with an accuracy reaching 79.31 %. Trends and patterns of land cover changes during 1985 and 2019 were revealed, such as expansion of impervious surface (+148.71 %) and water (+18.39 %), decrease in cropland (−4.85 %) and increase in forest (+4.34 %). The CLCD generally reflected the rapid urbanization and a series of ecological projects in China and revealed the anthropogenic implications on LC under the condition of climate change.
Richard Porter-Smith, John McKinlay, Alexander D. Fraser, and Robert A. Massom
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3103–3114, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies the characteristic complexity
signaturesaround the Antarctic outer coastal margin, giving a multiscale estimate of the magnitude and direction of undulation or complexity at each point location along the entire coastline. It has numerous applications for both geophysical and biological studies and will contribute to Antarctic research requiring quantitative information about this important interface.
Gonçalo Vieira, Carla Mora, Pedro Pina, Ricardo Ramalho, and Rui Fernandes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3179–3201, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3179-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3179-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fogo in Cabo Verde is one of the most active ocean island volcanoes on Earth, posing important hazards to local populations and at a regional level. The last eruption occurred from November 2014 to February 2015. A survey of the Chã das Caldeiras area was conducted using a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle. A point cloud, digital surface model and orthomosaic with 10 and 25 cm resolutions are provided, together with the full aerial survey projects and datasets.
Clara Betancourt, Timo Stomberg, Ribana Roscher, Martin G. Schultz, and Scarlet Stadtler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3013–3033, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3013-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3013-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
With the AQ-Bench dataset, we contribute to shared data usage and machine learning methods in the field of environmental science. The AQ-Bench dataset contains air quality data and metadata from more than 5500 air quality observation stations all over the world. The dataset offers a low-threshold entrance to machine learning on a real-world environmental dataset. AQ-Bench thus provides a blueprint for environmental benchmark datasets.
Christof Lorenz, Tanja C. Portele, Patrick Laux, and Harald Kunstmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2701–2722, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Semi-arid regions depend on the freshwater resources from the rainy seasons as they are crucial for ensuring security for drinking water, food and electricity. Thus, forecasting the conditions for the next season is crucial for proactive water management. We hence present a seasonal forecast product for four semi-arid domains in Iran, Brazil, Sudan/Ethiopia and Ecuador/Peru. It provides a benchmark for seasonal forecasts and, finally, a crucial contribution for improved disaster preparedness.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Chunjing Qiu, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson, Philippe Peylin, Matthew J. McGrath, Efisio Solazzo, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Francesco N. Tubiello, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Glen P. Peters, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, David Bastviken, Aki Tsuruta, Wilfried Winiwarter, Prabir K. Patra, Matthias Kuhnert, Gabriel D. Oreggioni, Monica Crippa, Marielle Saunois, Lucia Perugini, Tiina Markkanen, Tuula Aalto, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Hanqin Tian, Yuanzhi Yao, Chris Wilson, Giulia Conchedda, Dirk Günther, Adrian Leip, Pete Smith, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Antti Leppänen, Alistair J. Manning, Joe McNorton, Patrick Brockmann, and Albertus Johannes Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2307–2362, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up and top-down CH4 and N2O emissions in the EU27 and UK. The data integrate recent emission inventories with process-based model data and regional/global inversions for the European domain, aiming at reconciling them with official country-level UNFCCC national GHG inventories in support to policy and to facilitate real-time verification procedures.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Matthew J. McGrath, Robbie M. Andrew, Philippe Peylin, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Gregoire Broquet, Francesco N. Tubiello, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Pongratz, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Giacomo Grassi, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, Matthias Kuhnert, Juraj Balkovič, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Hugo A. C. Denier van der
Gon, Efisio Solazzo, Chunjing Qiu, Roberto Pilli, Igor B. Konovalov, Richard A. Houghton, Dirk Günther, Lucia Perugini, Monica Crippa, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Pete Smith, Saqr Munassar, Rona L. Thompson, Giulia Conchedda, Guillaume Monteil, Marko Scholze, Ute Karstens, Patrick Brockmann, and Albertus Johannes Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2363–2406, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up and top-down CO2 fossil emissions and CO2 land fluxes in the EU27+UK. The data integrate recent emission inventories with ecosystem data, land carbon models and regional/global inversions for the European domain, aiming at reconciling CO2 estimates with official country-level UNFCCC national GHG inventories in support to policy and facilitating real-time verification procedures.
Lilu Sun and Yunfei Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2293–2306, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-source dataset use is hampered by use of different spatial and temporal resolutions. We merged Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar and visible and infrared scanner measurements with ERA5 reanalysis. The statistical results indicate this process has no unacceptable influence on the original data. The merged dataset can help in studying characteristics of and changes in cloud and precipitation systems and provides an opportunity for data analysis and model simulations.
Yongyong Fu, Jinsong Deng, Hongquan Wang, Alexis Comber, Wu Yang, Wenqiang Wu, Shixue You, Yi Lin, and Ke Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1829–1842, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine aquaculture areas in a region up to 30 km from the coast in China were mapped for the first time. It was found to cover a total area of ~1100 km2, of which more than 85 % is marine plant culture areas, with 87 % found in four coastal provinces. The results confirm the applicability and effectiveness of deep learning when applied to GF-1 data at the national scale, identifying the detailed spatial distributions and supporting the sustainable management of coastal resources in China.
Sebastian Weinert, Kristian Bär, and Ingo Sass
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1441–1459, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1441-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1441-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Physical rock properties are a key element for resource exploration, the interpretation of results from geophysical methods or the parameterization of physical or geological models. Despite the need for physical rock properties, data are still very scarce and often not available for the area of interest. The database presented aims to provide easy access to physical rock properties measured at 224 locations in Bavaria, Hessen, Rhineland-Palatinate and Thuringia (Germany).
Claire E. Simpson, Christopher D. Arp, Yongwei Sheng, Mark L. Carroll, Benjamin M. Jones, and Laurence C. Smith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1135–1150, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sonar depth point measurements collected at 17 lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska are used to train and validate models to map lake bathymetry. These models predict depth from remotely sensed lake color and are able to explain 58.5–97.6 % of depth variability. To calculate water volumes, we integrate this modeled bathymetry with lake surface area. Knowledge of Alaskan lake bathymetries and volumes is crucial to better understanding water storage, energy balance, and ecological habitat.
Fei Feng and Kaicun Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 907–922, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-907-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-907-2021, 2021
Els Knaeps, Sindy Sterckx, Gert Strackx, Johan Mijnendonckx, Mehrdad Moshtaghi, Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba, and Dieter Meire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-713-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-713-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a dataset consisting of 47 hyperspectral-reflectance measurements of plastic litter samples. The plastic litter samples include virgin and real samples. They were measured in dry conditions, and a selection of the samples were also measured in wet conditions and submerged in a water tank. The dataset can be used to better understand the effect of water absorption on the plastics and develop algorithms to detect and characterize marine plastics.
Susannah Rennie, Klaus Goergen, Christoph Wohner, Sander Apweiler, Johannes Peterseil, and John Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 631–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a pan-European climate service data product intended for ecological researchers. Access to regional climate scenario data will save ecologists time, and, for many, it will allow them to work with data resources that they will not previously have used due to a lack of knowledge and skills to access them. Providing easy access to climate scenario data in this way enhances long-term ecological research, for example in general regional climate change or impact assessments.
Martin Strohmeier, Xavier Olive, Jannis Lübbe, Matthias Schäfer, and Vincent Lenders
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Flight data have been used widely for research by academic researchers and (supra)national institutions. Example domains range from epidemiology (e.g. examining the spread of COVID-19 via air travel) to economics (e.g. use as proxy for immediate forecasting of the state of a country's economy) and Earth sciences (climatology in particular). Until now, accurate flight data have been available only in small pieces from closed, proprietary sources. This work changes this with a crowdsourced effort.
Jinshi Jian, Rodrigo Vargas, Kristina Anderson-Teixeira, Emma Stell, Valentine Herrmann, Mercedes Horn, Nazar Kholod, Jason Manzon, Rebecca Marchesi, Darlin Paredes, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 255–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux (soil respiration, Rs) observations were compiled into a global database (SRDB) a decade ago. Here, we restructured and updated the database to the fifth version, SRDB-V5, with data published through 2017 included. SRDB-V5 aims to be a data framework for the scientific community to share seasonal to annual field Rs measurements, and it provides opportunities for the scientific community to better understand the spatial and temporal variability of Rs.
Robert A. Rohde and Zeke Hausfather
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A global land and ocean temperature record was created by combining the Berkeley Earth monthly land temperature field with a newly interpolated version of the HadSST3 ocean dataset. The resulting dataset covers the period from 1850 to present.
This paper describes the methods used to create that combination and compares the results to other estimates of global temperature and the associated recent climate change, giving similar results.
Igor Savin, Valery Mironov, Konstantin Muzalevskiy, Sergey Fomin, Andrey Karavayskiy, Zdenek Ruzicka, and Yuriy Lukin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3481–3487, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3481-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3481-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a dielectric database of organic Arctic soils. This database was created based on dielectric measurements of seven samples of organic soils collected in various parts of the Arctic tundra. The created database can serve not only as a source of experimental data for the development of new soil dielectric models for the Arctic tundra but also as a source of training data for artificial intelligence satellite algorithms of soil moisture retrievals based on neural networks.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Jin Ma, Ji Zhou, Frank-Michael Göttsche, Shunlin Liang, Shaofei Wang, and Mingsong Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3247–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface temperature is an important parameter in the research of climate change and many land surface processes. This article describes the development and testing of an algorithm for generating a consistent global long-term land surface temperature product from 20 years of NOAA AVHRR radiance data. The preliminary validation results indicate good accuracy of this new long-term product, which has been designed to simplify applications and support the scientific research community.
Clara Lázaro, Maria Joana Fernandes, Telmo Vieira, and Eliana Vieira
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3205–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3205-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3205-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In satellite altimetry (SA), the wet tropospheric correction (WTC) accounts for the path delay induced mainly by atmospheric water vapour. In coastal regions, the accuracy of the WTC determined by the on-board radiometer deteriorates. The GPD+ methodology, developed by the University of Porto in the remit of ESA-funded projects, computes improved WTCs for SA. Global enhanced products are generated for all past and operational altimetric missions, forming a relevant dataset for coastal altimetry.
Cited articles
Acosta, M., Pavelka, M., Pokorný, R., Janouš, D., and Marek, M. V.: Seasonal Variation in CO2 Efflux of Stems and Branches of Norway Spruce Trees, Ann. Bot., 101, 469–477, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm304, 2008.
Allard, V., Soussana, J.-F., Falcimagne, R., Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., Ceschia, E., D'hour, P., Hénault, C., Laville, P., Martin, C., and Pinarès-Patino, C.: The role of grazing management for the net biome productivity and greenhouse gas budget (CO2, N2O and CH4) of semi-natural grassland, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 47–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.004, 2007.
Allard, V., Ourcival, J. M., Rambal, S., Joffre, R., and Rocheteau, A.: Seasonal and annual variation of carbon exchange in an evergreen Mediterranean forest in southern France, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 714–725, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01539.x, 2008.
Allison, V. J., Yermakov, Z., Miller, R. M., Jastrow, J. D., and Matamala, R.: Using landscape and depth gradients to decouple the impact of correlated environmental variables on soil microbial community composition, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 505–516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.08.021, 2007.
Amiro, B. D., Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Iwashita, H., Kljun, N., McCaughey, J. H., Morgenstern, K., Murayama, S., Nesic, Z., Orchansky, A. L., and Saigusa, N.: Carbon, energy and water fluxes at mature and disturbed forest sites, Saskatchewan, Canada, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 136, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.012, 2006.
Ammann, C., Flechard, C. R., Leifeld, J., Neftel, A., and Fuhrer, J.: The carbon budget of newly established temperate grassland depends on management intensity, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.002, 2007.
Anthoni, P. M., Knohl, A., Rebmann, C., Freibauer, A., Mund, M., Ziegler, W., Kolle, O., and Schulze, E.-D.: Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2 exchange in Thuringia, Germany, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 2005–2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00863.x, 2004.
Arain, M. A. and Restrepo-Coupe, N.: Net ecosystem production in a temperate pine plantation in southeastern Canada, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 128, 223–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.003, 2005.
Arneth, A., Veenendaal, E. M., Best, C., Timmermans, W., Kolle, O., Montagnani, L., and Shibistova, O.: Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 in two highly seasonal environments, Biogeosciences, 3, 421–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-421-2006, 2006.
Aubinet, M., Chermanne, B., Vandenhaute, M., Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and Laitat, E.: Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00244-1, 2001.
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D. (Eds.): Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, 1st edn., Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1, 2012.
Aurela, M., Laurila, T., and Tuovinen, J.-P.: The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO2 balance in a subarctic fen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020315, 2004.
Balddocchi, D.: Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere – the state and future of the eddy covariance method, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3600–3609, 2014.
Baldocchi, D. D., Hincks, B. B., and Meyers, T. P.: Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges of Biologically Related Gases with Micrometeorological Methods, Ecology, 69, 1331–1340, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941631, 1988.
Balzarolo, M., Anderson, K., Nichol, C., Rossini, M., Vescovo, L., Arriga, N., Wohlfahrt, G., Calvet, J.-C., Carrara, A., Cerasoli, S., Cogliati, S., Daumard, F., Eklundh, L., Elbers, J. A., Evrendilek, F., Handcock, R. N., Kaduk, J., Klumpp, K., Longdoz, B., Matteucci, G., Meroni, M., Montagnani, L., Ourcival, J.-M., Sánchez-Cañete, E. P., Pontailler, J.-Y., Juszczak, R., Scholes, B., and Martín, M. P.: Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies, Sensors, 11, 7954–7981, https://doi.org/10.3390/s110807954, 2011.
Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rödenbeck, C., Arain, M. A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G. B., Bondeau, A., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis, H., Oleson, K. W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F. I., and Papale, D.: Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate, Science, 329, 834–838, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984, 2010.
Belelli Marchesini, L., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Vuichard, N., Tchebakova, N., and Valentini, R.: Carbon balance assessment of a natural steppe of southern Siberia by multiple constraint approach, Biogeosciences, 4, 581–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-581-2007, 2007.
Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., and Mellmann, P.: CO2 and water vapour fluxes for 2 years above Euroflux forest site, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00240-4, 2001.
Bergeron, O., Margolis, H. A., Black, T. A., Coursolle, C., Dunn, A. L., Barr, A. G., and Wofsy, S. C.: Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 89–107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01281.x, 2007.
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Tapper, N. J., and Cernusak, L. A.: Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 990–1004, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01334.x, 2007.
Beringer, J., Livesley, S. J., Randle, J., and Hutley, L. B.: Carbon dioxide fluxes dominate the greenhouse gas exchanges of a seasonal wetland in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 182, 239–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.06.008, 2013.
Bernhofer, C., Aubinet, M., Clement, R., Grelle, A., Grünwald, T., Ibrom, A., Jarvis, P., Rebmann, C., Schulze, E.-D., and Tenhunen, J. D.: Spruce forests (Norway and Sitka spruce, including Douglas fir): Carbon and water fluxes and Balances, ecological and ecophysiological determinants, in: Fluxes of carbon, water and energy of European forests, edited by: Valentini, R., Springer, 99–123, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_6, 2003.
Béziat, P., Ceschia, E., and Dedieu, G.: Carbon balance of a three crop succession over two cropland sites in South West France, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1628–1645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.05.004, 2009.
Bishop, C. M.: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-31073-2, 2006.
Bodesheim, P., Jung, M., Gans, F., Mahecha, M. D., and Reichstein, M.: Upscaled diurnal cycles of carbon and energy fluxes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, https://doi.org/10.17871/BACI.224, 2017.
Bonal, D., Bosc, A., Ponton, S., Goret, J.-Y., Burban, B., Gross, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., Elbers, J., Longdoz, B., Epron, D., Guehl, J.-M., and Granier, A.: Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1917–1933, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01610.x, 2008.
Bonan, G. B.: Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests, Science, 320, 1444–1449, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121, 2008.
Bonan, G. B., Lawrence, P. J., Oleson, K. W., Levis, S., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Lawrence, D. M., and Swenson, S. C.: Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G02014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001593, 2011.
Borma, L. S., Rocha, H. R. D., Cabral, O. M., Randow, C. v., Collicchio, E., Kurzatkowski, D., Brugger, P. J., Freitas, H., Tannus, R., Oliveira, L., Renno, C. D., and Artaxo, P.: Atmosphere and hydrological controls of the evapotranspiration over a floodplain forest in the Bananal Island region, Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, G01003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000641, 2009.
Bracho, R., Powell, T. L., Dore, S., Li, J., Hinkle, C. R., and Drake, B. G.: Environmental and biological controls on water and energy exchange in Florida scrub oak and pine flatwoods ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000469, 2008.
Bracho, R., Starr, G., Gholz, H. L., Martin, T. A., Cropper, W. P., and Loescher, H. W.: Controls on carbon dynamics by ecosystem structure and climate for southeastern U.S. slash pine plantations, Ecol. Monogr., 82, 101–128, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0587.1, 2012.
Breiman, L.: Bagging Predictors, Mach. Learn., 24, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058655, 1996.
Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Mach. Learn., 45, 5–32, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324, 2001.
Broquet, G., Chevallier, F., Bréon, F.-M., Kadygrov, N., Alemanno, M., Apadula, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., Morguí, J. A., Necki, J., Piacentino, S., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Thompson, R. L., Vermeulen, A. T., Yver, C., and Ciais, P.: Regional inversion of CO2 ecosystem fluxes from atmospheric measurements: reliability of the uncertainty estimates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9039–9056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9039-2013, 2013.
Carvalhais, N., Reichstein, M., Seixas, J., James Collatz, G., Santos Pereira, J., Berbigier, P., Carrara, A., Granier, A., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Rambal, S., Sanz, M. J., and Valentini, R.: Implications of the carbon cycle steady state assumption for biogeochemical modeling performance and inverse parameter retrieval, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003033, 2008.
Cescatti, A. and Marcolla, B.: Drag coefficient and turbulence intensity in conifer canopies, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 121, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.028, 2004.
Chen, S., Chen, J., Lin, G., Zhang, W., Miao, H., Wei, L., Huang, J., and Han, X.: Energy balance and partition in Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems with different land use types, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1800–1809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.06.009, 2009.
Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Aalto, T., Anderson, B. E., Bousquet, P., Brunke, E. G., Ciattaglia, L., Esaki, Y., Fröhlich, M., Gomez, A., Gomez-Pelaez, A. J., Haszpra, L., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Leuenberger, M., Machida, T., Maignan, F., Matsueda, H., Morgui, J. A., Mukai, H., Nakazawa, T., Peylin, P., Ramonet, M., Rivier, L., Sawa, Y., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Vay, S. A., Vermeulen, A. T., Wofsy, S., and Worthy, D.: CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013887, 2010.
Chiesi, M., Maselli, F., Bindi, M., Fibbi, L., Cherubini, P., Arlotta, E., Tirone, G., Matteucci, G., and Seufert, G.: Modelling carbon budget of Mediterranean forests using ground and remote sensing measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.09.011, 2005.
Christensen, T. R., Johansson, T., Olsrud, M., Ström, L., Lindroth, A., Mastepanov, M., Malmer, N., Friborg, T., Crill, P., and Callaghan, T. V.: A catchment-scale carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a subarctic landscape, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 365, 1643–1656, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2035, 2007.
Christensen, T. R., Jackowicz-Korczyński, M., Aurela, M., Crill, P., Heliasz, M., Mastepanov, M., and Friborg, T.: Monitoring the Multi-Year Carbon Balance of a Subarctic Palsa Mire with Micrometeorological Techniques, AMBIO, 41, 207–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0302-5, 2012.
Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., John, R., Wolf, S., and Reichstein, M.: Fluxes all of the time? A primer on the temporal representativeness of FLUXNET, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 289–307, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003576, 2017.
Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., and Heilman, W.: Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 126, 271–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008, 2004.
Corradi, C., Kolle, O., Walter, K., Zimov, S. A., and Schulze, E.-D.: Carbon dioxide and methane exchange of a north-east Siberian tussock tundra, Glob. Change Biol. 11, 1910–1925, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01023.x, 2005.
Criminisi, A. and Shotton, J. (Eds.): Decision Forests for Computer Vision and Medical Image Analysis, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4929-3, 2013.
Cutler, D. R., Edwards, T. C., Beard, K. H., Cutler, A., Hess, K. T., Gibson, J., and Lawler, J. J.: Random forests for classification in ecology, Ecology, 88, 2783–2792, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0539.1, 2007.
Cyronak, T., Santos, I. R., McMahon, A., and Eyre, B. D.: Carbon cycling hysteresis in permeable carbonate sands over a diel cycle: Implications for ocean acidification, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0131, 2012.
Davidson, S. J., Santos, M. J., Sloan, V. L., Watts, J. D., Phoenix, G. K., Oechel, W. C., and Zona, D.: Mapping Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities Using Field Spectroscopy and Multispectral Satellite Data in North Alaska, USA, Remote Sens., 8, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8120978, 2016.
Delpierre, N., Berveiller, D., Granda, E., and Dufrêne, E.: Wood phenology, not carbon input, controls the interannual variability of wood growth in a temperate oak forest, New Phytol., 210, 459–470, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13771, 2016.
Desai, A. R., Bolstad, P. V., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., and Carey, E. V.: Comparing net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide between an old-growth and mature forest in the upper Midwest, USA, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 128, 33–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.09.005, 2005.
Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., and Wang, W.: Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 288–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001, 2008.
Desai, A. R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A. E., Cook, B. D., King, J. Y., and Kolka, R.: Landscape-level terrestrial methane flux observed from a very tall tower, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 201, 61–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017, 2015.
Dirmeyer, P. A., Cash, B. A., Kinter III, J. L., Stan, C., Jung, T., Marx, L., Towers, P., Wedi, N., Adams, J. M., Altshuler, E. L., Huang, B., Jin, E. K., and Manganello, J.: Evidence for Enhanced Land-Atmosphere Feedback in a Warming Climate, J. Hydrometeor., 13, 981–995, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-0104.1, 2012.
Dolman, A. J., Moors, E. J., and Elbers, J. A.: The carbon uptake of a mid latitude pine forest growing on sandy soil, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 111, 157–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00024-2, 2002.
Don, A., Rebmann, C., Kolle, O., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., and Schulze, E.-D.: Impact of afforestation-associated management changes on the carbon balance of grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1990–2002, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01873.x, 2009.
Dore, S., Kolb, T. E., Montes-Helu, M., Sullivan, B. W., Winslow, W. D., Hart, S. C., Kaye, J. P., Koch, G. W., and Hungate, B. A.: Long-term impact of a stand-replacing fire on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a ponderosa pine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1801–1820, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01613.x, 2008.
Drewer, J., Lohila, A., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Minkkinen, K., Penttilä, T., Dinsmore, K. J., McKenzie, R. M., Helfter, C., Flechard, C., Sutton, M. A., and Skiba, U. M.: Comparison of greenhouse gas fluxes and nitrogen budgets from an ombotrophic bog in Scotland and a minerotrophic sedge fen in Finland, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 640–650, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01267.x, 2010.
Dunn, A. L., Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., and Daube, B. C.: A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 577–590, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01221.x, 2007.
Falk, M., Wharton, S., Schroeder, M., Ustin, S., and Paw U, K. T.: Flux partitioning in an old-growth forest: seasonal and interannual dynamics, Tree Physiol., 28, 509–520, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.4.509, 2008.
Famulari, D., Fowler, D., Hargreaves, K., Milford, C., Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., and Weston, K.: Measuring Eddy Covariance Fluxes of Ammonia Using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, Water Air Soil Poll., 4, 151–158, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-004-3025-1, 2004.
Fischer, M. L., Billesbach, D. P., Berry, J. A., Riley, W. J., and Torn, M. S.: Spatiotemporal Variations in Growing Season Exchanges of CO2, H2O, and Sensible Heat in Agricultural Fields of the Southern Great Plains, Earth Interact., 11, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1175/EI231.1, 2007.
Flanagan, L. B., Wever, L. A., and Carlson, P. J.: Seasonal and interannual variation in carbon dioxide exchange and carbon balance in a northern temperate grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 599–615, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00491.x, 2002.
Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., and Huang, X.: MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 168–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016, 2010.
Garbulsky, M., Peñuelas, J., Papale, D., and Filella, I.: Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2860–2867, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01684.x, 2008.
Giasson, M.-A., Coursolle, C., and Margolis, H. A.: Ecosystem-level CO2 fluxes from a boreal cutover in eastern Canada before and after scarification, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.001, 2006.
Gielen, B., Verbeeck, H., Neirynck, J., Sampson, D. A., Vermeiren, F., and Janssens, I. A.: Decadal water balance of a temperate Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) based on measurements and modelling, Biogeosciences, 7, 1247–1261, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1247-2010, 2010.
Gilmanov, T. G., Soussana, J. F., Aires, L., Allard, V., Ammann, C., Balzarolo, M., Barcza, Z., Bernhofer, C., Campbell, C. L., Cernusca, A., Cescatti, A., Clifton-Brown, J., Dirks, B. O. M., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Fuhrer, J., Gimeno, C., Gruenwald, T., Haszpra, L., Hensen, A., Ibrom, A., Jacobs, A. F. G., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Manca, G., Marcolla, B., Nagy, Z., Pilegaard, K., Pinter, K., Pio, C., Raschi, A., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M. J., Stefani, P., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Valentini, R., Williams, M. L., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 93–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.008, 2007.
Gislason, P. O., Benediktsson, J. A., and Sveinsson, J. R.: Random Forests for land cover classification, Pattern Recogn. Lett., 27, 294–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.08.011, 2006.
Glenn, A. J., Flanagan, L. B., Syed, K. H., and Carlson, P. J.: Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in two peatlands in western Canada with contrasting dominant vegetation, Sphagnum and Carex, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 115–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.020, 2006.
Goldstein, A. H., Hultman, N. E., Fracheboud, J. M., Bauer, M. R., Panek, J. A., Xu, M., Qi, Y., Guenther, A. B., and Baugh, W.: Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water, and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada (CA), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 101, 113–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00168-9, 2000.
Gomez-Casanovas, N., Matamala, R., Cook, D. R., and Gonzalez-Meler, M. A.: Net ecosystem exchange modifies the relationship between the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration with abiotic factors in prairie grasslands, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 2532–2545, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02721.x, 2012.
Gorsel, E. v., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H. A., Keith, H., and Suni, T.: Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u*-threshold filtering technique, Tellus B, 59, 397–403, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00252.x, 2007.
Gough, C. M., Vogel, C. S., Schmid, H. P., Su, H.-B., and Curtis, P. S.: Multi-year convergence of biometric and meteorological estimates of forest carbon storage, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 158–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.004, 2008.
Goulden, M. L., Winston, G. C., McMillan, A. M. S., Litvak, M. E., Read, E. L., Rocha, A. V., and Elliot, J. R.: An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on land–atmosphere exchange, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2146–2162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01251.x, 2006.
Granier, A., Ceschia, E., Damesin, C., Dufrêne, E., Epron, D., Gross, P., Lebaube, S., Dantec, V. L., Goff, N. L., Lemoine, D., Lucot, E., Ottorini, J. M., Pontailler, J. Y., and Saugier, B.: The carbon balance of a young Beech forest, Funct. Ecol., 14, 312–325, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00434.x, 2000.
Grünzweig, J. M., Lin, T., Rotenberg, E., Schwartz, A., and Yakir, D.: Carbon sequestration in arid-land forest, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 791–799, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00612.x, 2003.
Gu, L., Meyers, T., Pallardy, S. G., Hanson, P. J., Yang, B., Heuer, M., Hosman, K. P., Riggs, J. S., Sluss, D., and Wullschleger, S. D.: Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007161, 2006.
Guan, D.-X., Wu, J.-B., Zhao, X.-S., Han, S.-J., Yu, G.-R., Sun, X.-M., and Jin, C.-J.: CO2 fluxes over an old, temperate mixed forest in northeastern China, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 137, 138–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.02.003, 2006.
Guanter, L., Zhang, Y., Jung, M., Joiner, J., Voigt, M., Berry, J. A., Frankenberg, C., Huete, A. R., Zarco-Tejada, P., Lee, J.-E., Moran, M. S., Ponce-Campos, G., Beer, C., Camps-Valls, G., Buchmann, N., Gianelle, D., Klumpp, K., Cescatti, A., Baker, J. M., and Griffis, T. J.: Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 1327–1333, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320008111,2014.
Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y., Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Randerson, J., Sarmiento, J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C.-W.: Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626–630, https://doi.org/10.1038/415626a, 2002.
Haapanala, S., Rinne, J., Pystynen, K.-H., Hellén, H., Hakola, H., and Riutta, T.: Measurements of hydrocarbon emissions from a boreal fen using the REA technique, Biogeosciences, 3, 103–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-103-2006, 2006.
Hadley, J. L., Kuzeja, P. S., Daley, M. J., Phillips, N. G., Mulcahy, T., and Singh, S.: Water use and carbon exchange of red oak- and eastern hemlock-dominated forests in the northeastern USA: implications for ecosystem-level effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, Tree Physiol., 28, 615–627, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.4.615, 2008.
Hadley, J. L., O'Keefe, J., Munger, J. W., Hollinger, D. Y., and Richardson, A. D.: Phenology of Forest-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange for Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in Southern and Northern New England, in: Phenology of Ecosystem Processes: Applications in Global Change Research, edited by: Noormets, A., Springer, 119–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0026-5_5, 2009.
Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Physiological optimization underlies growth rate-independent chlorophyll-specific gross and net primary production, Photosynth. Res., 103, 125–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-009-9526-z, 2010.
Harding, R. J. and Lloyd, C. R.: Evaporation and energy balance of a wet grassland at Tadham Moor on the Somerset Levels, Hydrol. Proc., 22, 2346–2357, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6829, 2008.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J.: The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, 2nd edn., Springer, 2009.
Heilman, J. L., Litvak, M. E., McInnes, K. J., Kjelgaard, J. F., Kamps, R. H., and Schwinning, S.: Water-storage capacity controls energy partitioning and water use in karst ecosystems on the Edwards Plateau, Texas, Ecohydrology, 7, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1327, 2014.
Hendriks, D. M. D., van Huissteden, J., Dolman, A. J., and van der Molen, M. K.: The full greenhouse gas balance of an abandoned peat meadow, Biogeosciences, 4, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-411-2007, 2007.
Hirano, T., Hirata, R., Fujinuma, Y., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Harazono, Y., Takada, M., Inukai, K., and Inoue, G.: CO2 and water vapor exchange of a larch forest in northern Japan, Tellus B, 55, 244–257, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00063.x, 2003.
Hirano, T., Segah, H., Harada, T., Limin, S., June, T., Hirata, R., and Osaki, M.: Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 412–425, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01301.x, 2007.
Hollinger, D. Y., Aber, J., Dail, B., Davidson, E. A., Goltz, S. M., Hughes, H., Leclerc, M. Y., Lee, J. T., Richardson, A. D., Rodrigues, C., Scott, N. A., Achuatavarier, D., and Walsh, J.: Spatial and temporal variability in forest–atmosphere CO2 exchange, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1689–1706, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00847.x, 2004.
Hong, J., Kim, J., Lee, D., and Lim, J.-H.: Estimation of the storage and advection effects on H2O and CO2 exchanges in a hilly KoFlux forest catchment, Water Resour. Res., 44, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006408, 2008.
Houborg, R. M. and Soegaard, H.: Regional simulation of ecosystem CO2 and water vapor exchange for agricultural land using NOAA AVHRR and Terra MODIS satellite data. Application to Zealand, Denmark, Remote Sens. Environ., 93, 150–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.07.001, 2004.
Humphreys, E. R., Black, T. A., Morgenstern, K., Cai, T., Drewitt, G. B., Nesic, Z., and Trofymow, J. A.: Carbon dioxide fluxes in coastal Douglas-fir stands at different stages of development after clearcut harvesting, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 6–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.018, 2006.
Ichii, K., Ueyama, M., Kondo, M., Saigusa, N., Kim, J., Alberto, M. C., Ardö, J., Euskirchen, E. S., Kang, M., Hirano, T., Joiner, J., Kobayashi, H., Marchesini, L. B., Merbold, L., Miyata, A., Saitoh, T. M., Takagi, K., Varlagin, A., Bret-Harte, M. S., Kitamura, K., Kosugi, Y., Kotani, A., Kumar, K., Li, S. G., Machimura, T., Matsuura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Ohta, T., Mukherjee, S., Yanagi, Y., Yasuda, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, F.: New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO2 fluxes in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 767–795, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003640, 2017.
Irvine, J., Law, B. E., and Hibbard, K. A.: Postfire carbon pools and fluxes in semiarid ponderosa pine in Central Oregon, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1748–1760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01368.x, 2007.
Jacobs, C. M. J., Jacobs, A. F. G., Bosveld, F. C., Hendriks, D. M. D., Hensen, A., Kroon, P. S., Moors, E. J., Nol, L., Schrier-Uijl, A., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Variability of annual CO2 exchange from Dutch grasslands, Biogeosciences, 4, 803–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-803-2007, 2007.
Jenkins, J. P., Richardson, A. D., Braswell, B. H., Ollinger, S. V., Hollinger, D. Y., and Smith, M.-L.: Refining light-use efficiency calculations for a deciduous forest canopy using simultaneous tower-based carbon flux and radiometric measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 143, 64–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.11.008, 2007.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., and Bondeau, A.: Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2001–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2001-2009, 2009.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Seneviratne, S. I., Sheffield, J., Goulden, M. L., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., de Jeu, R., Dolman, A. J., Eugster, W., Gerten, D., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Heinke, J., Kimball, J., Law, B. E., Montagnani, L., Mu, Q., Mueller, B., Oleson, K., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Roupsard, O., Running, S., Tomelleri, E., Niovy, N., Weber, U., Williams, C., Wood, E., Zaehle, S., and Zhang, K.: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467, 951–954, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09396, 2010.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H. A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A. D., Arain, M. A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F., and Williams, C.: Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G00J07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001566, 2011.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Schwalm, C. R., Huntingford, C., Sitch, S., Ahlström , A., Arneth, A., Camps-Valls, G., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Gans, F., Ichii, K., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Papale, D., Poulter, B., Raduly, B., Rödenbeck, C., Tramontana, G., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Weber, U., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature, Nature, 541, 516–520, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20780, 2017.
Kilinc, M., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Haverd, V., and Tapper, N. J.: An analysis of the surface energy budget above the world's tallest angiosperm forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 166, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.014, 2012.
Knohl, A., Schulze, E.-D., Kolle, O., and Buchmann, N.: Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged 250-year-old deciduous forest in Central Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 118, 151–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00115-1, 2003.
Krishnan, P., Meyers, T. P., Scott, R. L., Kennedy, L., and Heuer, M.: Energy exchange and evapotranspiration over two temperate semi-arid grasslands in North America, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 153, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.017, 2012.
Kurbatova, J., Arneth, A., Vygodskaya, N. N., Kolle, O., Varlargin, A. V., Milyukova, I. M., Tchebakova, N. M., Schulze, E.-D., and Lloyd, J.: Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog I, Interseasonal and interannual variability of energy and latent heat fluxes during the snowfree period, Tellus B, 54, 497–513, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.01354.x, 2002.
Kurbatova, J., Li, C., Varlagin, A., Xiao, X., and Vygodskaya, N.: Modeling carbon dynamics in two adjacent spruce forests with different soil conditions in Russia, Biogeosciences, 5, 969–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-969-2008, 2008.
Kutsch, W. L., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Wattenbach, M., Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E. D., Tomelleri, E., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer, C., Beziat, P., Carrara, A., Tommasi, P. D., Grünwald, T., Jones, M., Magliulo, V., Marloie, O., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Sanz, M. J., Saunders, M., Sogaard, H., and Ziegler, W.: The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 336–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.07.016, 2010.
Kwon, H.-J., Oechel, W. C., Zulueta, R. C., and Hastings, S. J.: Effects of climate variability on carbon sequestration among adjacent wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 111, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000036, 2006.
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frolking, S., and Moore, T. R.: Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001983, 2003.
Lagergren, F., Lindroth, A., Dellwik, E., Ibrom, A., Lankreijer, H., Launiainen, S., Mölder, M., Kolari, P., Pilegaard, K., and Vesala, T.: Biophysical controls on CO2 fluxes of three Northern forests based on long-term eddy covariance data, Tellus B, 60, 143–152, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00324.x, 2008.
Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A., Arneth, A., Barr, A., Stoy, P., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 187–208, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x, 2010.
Launiainen, S., Katul, G. G., Kolari, P., Lindroth, A., Lohila, A., Aurela, M., Varlagin, A., Grelle, A., and Vesala, T.: Do the energy fluxes and surface conductance of boreal coniferous forests in Europe scale with leaf area?, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 4096–4113, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13497, 2016.
Law, B. E., Thornton, P. E., Irvine, J., Anthoni, P. M., and Tuyl, S. V.: Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 755–777, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00439.x, 2001.
Lee, H. C., Hong, J., Cho, C.-H., Choi, B.-C., Oh, S.-N., and Kim, J.: Surface Exchange of Energy and Carbon Dioxide between the Atmosphere and a Farmland in Haenam, Korea, Korean J. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 5, 61–69, 2003.
Lipson, D. A., Wilson, R. F., and Oechel, W. C.: Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial biomass, activity, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem, Appl. Environ. Microb., 71, 8573–8580, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.12.8573-8580.2005, 2005.
Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Sun, G., Zha, T., Zhu, J., Shen, L., Chen, J., Fang, X., and Chen, J.: Quantifying evapotranspiration and biophysical regulations of a poplar plantation assessed by eddy covariance and sap-flow methods, J. Plant Ecol., 33, 706–718, https://doi.org/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009, 2009.
Liu, H., Randerson, J. T., Lindfors, J., and Chapin, F. S.: Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005158, 2005.
Loubet, B., Laville, P., Lehuger, S., Larmanou, E., Fléchard, C., Mascher, N., Genermont, S., Roche, R., Ferrara, R. M., Stella, P., Personne, E., Durand, B., Decuq, C., Flura, D., Masson, S., Fanucci, O., Rampon, J.-N., Siemens, J., Kindler, R., Gabrielle, B., Schrumpf, M., and Cellier, P.: Carbon, nitrogen and Greenhouse gases budgets over a four years crop rotation in northern France, Plant Soil, 343, 109–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0751-9, 2011.
Ma, S., Baldocchi, D. D., Xu, L., and Hehn, T.: Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 147, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.07.008, 2007.
Marcolla, B. and Cescatti, A.: Experimental analysis of flux footprint for varying stability conditions in an alpine meadow, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 291–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.12.007, 2005.
Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A., Montagnani, L., Manca, G., Kerschbaumer, G., and Minerbi, S.: Importance of advection in the atmospheric CO2 exchanges of an alpine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 130, 193–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.03.006, 2005.
Marek, M. V., Janouš, D., Taufarová, K., Havránková, K., Pavelka, M., Kaplan, V., and Marková, I.: Carbon exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere in the Czech Republic is affected by climate factors, Environ. Pollut., 159, 1035–1039, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.025, 2011.
Matese, A., Alberti, G., Gioli, B., Toscano, P., Vaccari, F., and Zaldei, A.: Compact_Eddy: A compact, low consumption remotely controlled eddy covariance logging system, Comput. Electron. Agr., 64, 343–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2008.07.002, 2008.
McCaughey, J. H., Pejam, M. R., Arain, M. A., and Cameron, D. A.: Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes from a boreal mixedwood forest ecosystem in Ontario, Canada, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.010, 2006.
Meinshausen, N.: Quantile regression forests, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7, 983–999, 2006.
Merbold, L., Ardö, J., Arneth, A., Scholes, R. J., Nouvellon, Y., de Grandcourt, A., Archibald, S., Bonnefond, J. M., Boulain, N., Brueggemann, N., Bruemmer, C., Cappelaere, B., Ceschia, E., El-Khidir, H. A. M., El-Tahir, B. A., Falk, U., Lloyd, J., Kergoat, L., Le Dantec, V., Mougin, E., Muchinda, M., Mukelabai, M. M., Ramier, D., Roupsard, O., Timouk, F., Veenendaal, E. M., and Kutsch, W. L.: Precipitation as driver of carbon fluxes in 11 African ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 6, 1027–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1027-2009, 2009.
Meyers, T. P. and Hollinger, S. E.: An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maize and soybean, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.03.001, 2004.
Migliavacca, M., Meroni, M., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Grassi, G., Zenone, T., Teobaldelli, M., Goded, I., Colombo, R., and Seufert, G.: Seasonal and interannual patterns of carbon and water fluxes of a poplar plantation under peculiar eco-climatic conditions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1460–1476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.003, 2009.
Mitchell, T. M.: Machine Learning, McGraw–Hill, 1997.
Mkhabela, M. S., Amiro, B. D., Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Hawthorne, I., Kidston, J., McCaughey, J. H., Orchansky, A. L., Nesic, Z., Sass, A., Shashkov, A., and Zha, T.: Comparison of carbon dynamics and water use efficiency following fire and harvesting in Canadian boreal forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 783–794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.10.025, 2009.
Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K., and Huxman, T. E.: Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 459–478, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00480.x, 2002.
Moors, E. J., Jacobs, C., Jans, W., Supit, I., Kutsch, W. L., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Ceschia, E., Elbers, J., Eugster, W., Kruijt, B., Loubet, B., Magliulo, E., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Saunders, M., and Soegaard, H.: Variability in carbon exchange of European croplands, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 325–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.013, 2010.
Moureaux, C., Debacq, A., Bodson, B., Heinesch, B., and Aubinet, M.: Annual net ecosystem carbon exchange by a sugar beet crop, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 25–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.05.009, 2006.
Murphy, K. P.: Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective, The MIT Press, 2012.
Mutanga, O., Adam, E., and Cho, M. A.: High density biomass estimation for wetland vegetation using WorldView-2 imagery and random forest regression algorithm, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 18, 399–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.012, 2012.
Nagy, Z., Pintér, K., Czóbel, S., Balogh, J., Horváth, L., Fóti, S., Barcza, Z., Weidinger, T., Csintalan, Z., Dinh, N. Q., Grosz, B., and Tuba, Z.: The carbon budget of semi-arid grassland in a wet and a dry year in Hungary, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 21–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.003, 2007.
Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V.: River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6, 1970.
Noormets, A., McNulty, S. G., Domec, J.-C., Gavazzi, M., Sun, G., and King, J. S.: The role of harvest residue in rotation cycle carbon balance in loblolly pine plantations. Respiration partitioning approach, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 3186–3201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02776.x, 2012.
Owen, K. E., Tenhunen, J., Reichstein, M., Wang, Q., Falge, E., Geyer, R., Xiao, X., PaulStoy, Ammann, C., Arain, A., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Bernhofer, C., Chojnicki, B. H., Granier, A., Gruenwald, T., Hadley, J., Heinesch, B., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Kutsch, W., Lohila, A., Meyers, T., Moors, E., Moureaux, C., Pilegaard, K., Saigusa, N., Verma, S., Vesala, T., and Vogel, C.: Linking flux network measurements to continental scale simulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 734–760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01326.x, 2007.
Papale, D., Black, T. A., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Jung, M., Kiely, G., Lasslop, G., Mahecha, M. D., Margolis, H., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Olesen, J. E., Reichstein, M., Tramontana, G., van Gorsel, E., Wohlfahrt, G., and Ráduly, B.: Effect of spatial sampling from European flux towers for estimating carbon and water fluxes with artificial neural networks, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 1941–1957, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002997, 2015.
Peichl, M., Brodeur, J. J., Khomik, M., and Arain, M. A.: Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of carbon fluxes in an age-sequence of temperate pine forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 952–965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.03.002, 2010.
Peichl, M., Leahy, P., and Kiely, G.: Six-year stable annual uptake of carbon dioxide in intensively managed humid temperate grassland, Ecosystems, 14, 112–126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9398-2, 2011.
Pereira, J. S., Mateus, J. A., Aires, L. M., Pita, G., Pio, C., David, J. S., Andrade, V., Banza, J., David, T. S., Paço, T. A., and Rodrigues, A.: Net ecosystem carbon exchange in three contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems – the effect of drought, Biogeosciences, 4, 791–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-791-2007, 2007.
Perez-Priego, O., El-Madany, T. S., Migliavacca, M., Kowalski, A. S., Jung, M., Carrara, A., Kolle, O., Martín, M. P., Pacheco-Labrador, J., Moreno, G., and Reichstein, M.: Evaluation of eddy covariance latent heat fluxes with independent lysimeter and sapflow estimates in a Mediterranean savannah ecosystem, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 236, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.009, 2017.
Peters, W., Jacobson, A. R., Sweeney, C., Andrews, A. E., Conway, T. J., Masarie, K., Miller, J. B., Bruhwiler, L. M. P., Petron, G., Hirsch, A. I., Worthy, D. E. J., Werf, G. R. v. d., Randerson, J. T., Wennberg, P. O., Krol, M. C., and Tans, P. P.: An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 18925–18930, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708986104, 2007.
Peters, W., Krol, M. C., Werf, G. R. v. d., Houweling, S., Jones, C. D., Hughes, J., Schaefer, K., Masarie, K. A., Jacobson, A. R., Miller, J. B., Cho, C. H., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Ciattaglia, L., Apadula, F., Heltai, D., Meinhardt, F., Sarra, A. G. D., Piacentino, S., Sferlazzo, D., Aalto, T., Hatakka, J., Ström, J., Haszpra, L., Meijer, H. A. J., Laan, S. v. d., Neubert, R. E. M., Jordan, A., Rodo, X., Morgui, J.-A., Vermeulen, A. T., Popa, E., Rozanski, K., Zimnoch, M., Manning, A. C., Leuenberger, M., Uglietti, C., Dolman, A. J., Ciais, P., Heimann, M., and Tans, P. P.: Seven years of recent European net terrestrial carbon dioxide exchange constrained by atmospheric observations, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1317–1337, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02078.x, 2010.
Peylin, P., Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Chevallier, F., Jacobson, A. R., Maki, T., Niwa, Y., Patra, P. K., Peters, W., Rayner, P. J., Rödenbeck, C., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., and Zhang, X.: Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO2 inversions, Biogeosciences, 10, 6699-6720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6699-2013, 2013
Pilegaard, K., Hummelshøj, P., Jensen, N. O., and Chen, Z.: Two years of continuous CO2 eddy-flux measurements over a Danish beech forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 107, 29–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00227-6, 2001.
Powell, T. L., Bracho, R., Li, J., Dore, S., Hinkle, C. R., and Drake, B. G.: Environmental controls over net ecosystem carbon exchange of scrub oak in central Florida, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 141, 19–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.09.002, 2006.
Powell, T. L., Gholz, H. L., Clark, K. L., Starr, G., Cropper Jr., W. P., and Martin, T. A.: Carbon exchange of a mature, naturally regenerated pine forest in north Florida, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2523–2538, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01675.x, 2008.
Rasmussen, C. E. and Williams, C. K. I.: Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, The MIT Press, 2006.
Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., Casals, P., Cheng, Y., Grünzweig, J. M., Irvine, J., Joffre, R., Law, B. E., Loustau, D., Miglietta, F., Oechel, W., Ourcival, J.-M., Pereira, J. S., Peressotti, A., Ponti, F., Qi, Y., Rambal, S., Rayment, M., Romanya, J., Rossi, F., Tedeschi, V., Tirone, G., Xu, M., and Yakir, D.: Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002035, 2003.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Seufert, G., Tenhunen, J., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Mahecha, M. D., Kattge, J., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 13697–13702, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216065111, 2014.
Restrepo-Coupe, N., Rocha, H. R. d., Hutyra, L. R., Araujo, A. C. d., Borma, L. S., Christoffersen, B., Cabral, O. M. R., Camargo, P. B. d., Cardoso, F. L., Costa, A. C. L. d., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Goulden, M. L., Kruijt, B., Maia, J. M., Malhi, Y. S., Manzi, A. O., Miller, S. D., Nobre, A. D., Randow, C. v., Sa, L. D. A., Sakai, R. K., Tota, J., Wofsy, S. C., Zanchi, F. B., and Saleska, S. R.: What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 182–183, 128–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031, 2013.
Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Tedeschi, V., Parri, I. D., Jarvis, P. G., and Valentini, R.: Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 851–866, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x, 2002.
Rödenbeck, C.: Estimating CO2 sources and sinks from atmospheric mixing ratio measurements using a global inversion of atmospheric transport, Tech. Rep. 6, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, available at: http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/~christian.roedenbeck/download/2005-Roedenbeck-TechReport6.pdf (last access: 17 July 2018), 2005.
Rodrigues, A., Pita, G., Mateus, J., Kurz-Besson, C., Casquilho, M., Cerasoli, S., Gomes, A., and Pereira, J.: Eight years of continuous carbon fluxes measurements in a Portuguese eucalypt stand under two main events: Drought and felling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 493–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.007, 2011.
Roupsard, O., Bonnefond, J.-M., Irvine, M., Berbigier, P., Nouvellon, Y., Dauzat, J., Taga, S., Hamel, O., Jourdan, C., Saint-André, L., Mialet-Serra, I., Labouisse, J.-P., Epron, D., Joffre, R., Braconnier, S., Rouzière, A., Navarro, M., and Bouillet, J.-P.: Partitioning energy and evapo-transpiration above and below a tropical palm canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 252–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.07.006, 2006.
Sagerfors, J., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, L., Weslien, P., and Nilsson, M.: Annual CO2 exchange between a nutrient-poor, minerotrophic, boreal mire and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000306, 2008.
Saito, M., Miyata, A., Nagai, H., and Yamada, T.: Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide exchange in rice paddy field in Japan, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 93–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.10.007, 2005.
Schindler, D., Türk, M., and Mayer, H.: CO2 fluxes of a Scots pine forest growing in the warm and dry southern upper Rhine plain, SW Germany, Eur. J. Forest Res., 125, 201–212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-005-0107-1, 2006.
Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., and Su, H.-B.: Measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103, 357–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00140-4, 2000.
Scholes, R., Gureja, N., Giannecchinni, M., Dovie, D., Wilson, B., Davidson, N., Piggott, K., McLoughlin, C., Velde, K. v. d., Freeman, A., Bradley, S., Smart, R., and Ndala, S.: The environment and vegetation of the flux measurement site near Skukuza, Kruger National Park, Koedoe, 44, 73–83, https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v44i1.187, 2001.
Scott, R. L., Jenerette, G. D., Potts, D. L., and Huxman, T. E.: Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody-plant-encroached semiarid grassland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000900, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000900, 2009.
Scott, R. L., Hamerlynck, E. P., Jenerette, G. D., Moran, M. S., and Barron-Gafford, G. A.: Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001348, 2010.
Smallman, T. L., Moncrieff, J. B., and Williams, M.: WRFv3.2-SPAv2: development and validation of a coupled ecosystem–atmosphere model, scaling from surface fluxes of CO2 and energy to atmospheric profiles, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1079–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1079-2013, 2013
Soegaard, H., Jensen, N. O., Boegh, E., Hasager, C. B., Schelde, K., and Thomsen, A.: Carbon dioxide exchange over agricultural landscape using eddy correlation and footprint modelling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 114, 153–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00177-6, 2003.
Soussana, J. F., Allard, V., Pilegaard, K., Ambus, P., Amman, C., Campbell, C., Ceschia, E., Clifton-Brown, J., Czobel, S., Domingues, R., Flechard, C., Fuhrer, J., Hensen, A., Horvath, L., Jones, M., Kasper, G., Martin, C., Nagy, Z., Neftel, A., Raschi, A., Baronti, S., Rees, R. M., Skiba, U., Stefani, P., Manca, G., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., and Valentini, R.: Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 121–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022, 2007.
Spano, D., Snyder, R. L., Sirca, C., and Duce, P.: ECOWAT–A model for ecosystem evapotranspiration estimation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1584–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.011, 2009.
Stoy, P. C., Katul, G. G., Siqueira, M. B. S., Juang, J.-Y., Novick, K. A., McCarthy, H. R., Oishi, A. C., Uebelherr, J. M., and an Ram Oren, H.-S. K.: Separating the effects of climate and vegetation on evapotranspiration along a successional chronosequence in the southeastern US, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2115–2135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01244.x, 2006.
Sturm, P., Leuenberger, M., Moncrieff, J., and Ramonet, M.: Atmospheric O2, CO2 and δ13C measurements from aircraft sampling over Griffin Forest, Perthshire, UK, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 19, 2399–2406, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2071, 2005.
Sulman, B. N., Desai, A. R., Cook, B. D., Saliendra, N., and Mackay, D. S.: Contrasting carbon dioxide fluxes between a drying shrub wetland in Northern Wisconsin, USA, and nearby forests, Biogeosciences, 6, 1115–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1115-2009, 2009.
Sun, Y., Fu, R., Dickinson, R., Joiner, J., Frankenberg, C., Gu, L., Xia, Y., and Fernando, N.: Drought onset mechanisms revealed by satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from two contrasting extreme events, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 2427–2440, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003150, 2015.
Suni, T., Rinne, J., Reissell, A., Altimir, N., Keronen, P., Rannik, Ü., Maso, M. D., Kulmala, M., and Vesala, T.: Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scots pine forest in Hyytiala, southern Finland, 1996–2001, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 287–302, 2003.
Syed, K. H., Flanagan, L. B., Carlson, P. J., Glenn, A. J., and Gaalen, K. E. V.: Environmental control of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a treed, moderately rich fen in northern Alberta, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 97–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.022, 2006.
Tedeschi, V., Rey, A., Manca, G., Valentini, R., Jarvis, P. G., and Borghetti, M.: Soil respiration in a Mediterranean oak forest at different developmental stages after coppicing, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 110–121, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01081.x, 2006.
Thum, T., Aalto, T., Laurila, T., Aurela, M., Kolari, P., and Hari, P.: Parametrization of two photosynthesis models at the canopy scale in a northern boreal Scots pine forest, Tellus B, 59, 874–890, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00305.x, 2007.
Tramontana, G., Jung, M., Schwalm, C. R., Ichii, K., Camps-Valls, G., Ráduly, B., Reichstein, M., Arain, M. A., Cescatti, A., Kiely, G., Merbold, L., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Sickert, S., Wolf, S., and Papale, D.: Predicting carbon dioxide and energy fluxes across global FLUXNET sites with regression algorithms, Biogeosciences, 13, 4291–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, 2016.
Ueyama, M., Ichii, K., Iwata, H., Euskirchen, E. S., Zona, D., Rocha, A. V., Harazono, Y., Iwama, C., Nakai, T., and Oechel, W. C.: Upscaling terrestrial carbon dioxide fluxes in Alaska with satellite remote sensing and support vector regression, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 1266–1281, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20095, 2013.
Urbanski, S., Barford, C., Wofsy, S., Kucharik, C., Pyle, E., Budney, J., McKain, K., Fitzjarrald, D., Czikowsky, M., and Munger, J. W.: Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000293, 2007.
Vaccari, F. P., Lugato, E., Gioli, B., D'Acqui, L., Genesio, L., Toscano, P., Matese, A., and Miglietta, F.: Land use change and soil organic carbon dynamics in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems: The case study of Pianosa Island, Geoderma, 175–176, 29–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.021, 2012.
Valentini, R., Angelis, P. d., Matteucci, G., Monaco, R., Dore, S., and Scarascia Mucnozza, G. E.: Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the atmosphere, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 199–207, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00072.x, 1996.
van der Molen, M. K., van Huissteden, J., Parmentier, F. J. W., Petrescu, A. M. R., Dolman, A. J., Maximov, T. C., Kononov, A. V., Karsanaev, S. V., and Suzdalov, D. A.: The growing season greenhouse gas balance of a continental tundra site in the Indigirka lowlands, NE Siberia, Biogeosciences, 4, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-985-2007, 2007.
Verma, S. B., Dobermann, A., Cassman, K. G., Walters, D. T., Knops, J. M., Arkebauer, T. J., Suyker, A. E., Burba, G. G., Amos, B., Yang, H., Ginting, D., Hubbard, K. G., Gitelson, A. A., and Walter-Shea, E. A.: Annual carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize-based agroecosystems, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 131, 77–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.003, 2005.
Vickers, D., Thomas, C., and Law, B. E.: Random and systematic CO2 flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 73–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.005, 2009.
Walter, A., Christ, M. M., Barron-gafford, G. A., Grieve, K. A., Murthy, R., and Rascher, U.: The effect of elevated CO2 on diel leaf growth cycle, leaf carbohydrate content and canopy growth performance of Populus deltoides, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1207–1219, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00990.x, 2005.
Wang, W., Liang, S., and Meyers, T.: Validating MODIS land surface temperature products using long-term nighttime ground measurements, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 623–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.05.024, 2008.
Wilkinson, M., Eaton, E. L., Broadmeadow, M. S. J., and Morison, J. I. L.: Inter-annual variation of carbon uptake by a plantation oak woodland in south-eastern England, Biogeosciences, 9, 5373–5389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5373-2012, 2012.
Williams, C. A. and Albertson, J. D.: Soil moisture controls on canopy-scale water and carbon fluxes in an African savanna, Water Resour. Res., 40, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003208, 2004.
Wilske, B., Lu, N., Wei, L., Chen, S., Zha, T., Liu, C., Xu, W., Noormets, A., Huang, J., Wei, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Ni, J., Sun, G., Guo, K., McNulty, S., John, R., Han, X., Lin, G., and Chen, J.: Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 2762–2770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.004, 2009.
Wilson, T. B. and Meyers, T. P.: Determining vegetation indices from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 144, 160–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.04.001, 2007.
Wohlfahrt, G., Anderson-Dunn, M., Bahn, M., Balzarolo, M., Berninger, F., Campbell, C., Carrara, A., Cescatti, A., Christensen, T., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Friborg, T., Furger, M., Gianelle, D., Gimeno, C., Hargreaves, K., Hari, P., Haslwanter, A., Johansson, T., Marcolla, B., Milford, C., Nagy, Z., Nemitz, E., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M. J., Siegwolf, R. T., Susiluoto, S., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Ugolini, F., Valentini, R., Zorer, R., and Cernusca, A.: Biotic, Abiotic, and Management Controls on the Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange of European Mountain Grassland Ecosystems, Ecosystems, 11, 1338–1351, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9196-2, 2008a.
Wohlfahrt, G., Hammerle, A., Haslwanter, A., Bahn, M., Tappeiner, U., and Cernusca, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009286, 2008b.
Xiao, J., Zhuang, Q., Baldocchi, D. D., Law, B. E., Richardson, A. D., Chen, J., Oren, R., Starr, G., Noormets, A., Ma, S., Verma, S. B., Wharton, S., Wofsy, S. C., Bolstad, P. V., Burns, S. P., Cook, D. R., Curtis, P. S., Drake, B. G., Falk, M., Fischer, M. L., Foster, D. R., Gu, L., Hadley, J. L., Hollinger, D. Y., Katul, G. G., Litvak, M., Martin, T., Matamala, R., McNulty, S., Meyers, T. P., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Oechel, W. C., Paw, U. K. T., Schmid, H. P., Scott, R. L., Sun, G., Suyker, A. E., and Torn, M. S.: Estimation of net ecosystem carbon exchange for the conterminous United States by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1827–1847, 2008.
Xiao, J., Zhuang, Q., Law, B. E., Chen, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Cook, D. R., Oren, R., Richardson, A. D., Wharton, S., Ma, S., Martin, T. A., Verma, S. B., Suyker, A. E., Scott, R. L., Monson, R. K., Litvak, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Sun, G., Davis, K. J., Bolstad, P. V., Burns, S. P., Curtis, P. S., Drake, B. G., Falk, M., Fischer, M. L., Foster, D. R., Gu, L., Hadley, J. L., Katul, G. G., Matamala, R., McNulty, S., Meyers, T. P., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Oechel, W. C., Paw U, K. T., Schmid, H. P., Starr, G., Torn, M. S., and Wofsy, S. C.: A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 576–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013, 2010.
Xiao, J., Chen, J., Davis, K. J., and Reichstein, M.: Advances in upscaling of eddy covariance measurements of carbon and water fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, G00J01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001889, 2012.
Yamamoto, S., Murayama, S., Saigusa, N., and Kondo, H.: Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO2 flux between a temperate forest and the atmosphere in Japan, Tellus B, 51, 402–413, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v51i2.16314, 1999.
Yan, Y., Zhao, B., Chen, J., Guo, H., Gu, Y., Wu, Q., and Li, B.: Closing the carbon budget of estuarine wetlands with tower-based measurements and MODIS time series, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1690–1702, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01589.x, 2008.
Yang, F., Ichii, K., White, M. A., Hashimoto, H., Michaelis, A. R., Votava, P., Zhu, A.-X., Huete, A., Running, S. W., and Nemani, R. R.: Developing a continental-scale measure of gross primary production by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data through Support Vector Machine approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 110, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.016, 2007.
Yang, Y., Anderson, M., Gao, F., Hain, C., Kustas, W., Meyers, T., Crow, W., Finocchiaro, R., Otkin, J., Sun, L., and Yang, Y.: Impact of Tile Drainage on Evapotranspiration in South Dakota, USA, Based on High Spatiotemporal Resolution Evapotranspiration Time Series From a Multisatellite Data Fusion System, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 10, 2550–2564, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2680411, 2017.
Zhang, W. L., Chen, S. P., Chen, J., Wei, L., Han, X. G., and Lin, G. H.: Biophysical regulations of carbon fluxes of a steppe and a cultivated cropland in semiarid Inner Mongolia, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 146, 216–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.06.002, 2007.
Zscheischler, J., Mahecha, M. D., Avitabile, V., Calle, L., Carvalhais, N., Ciais, P., Gans, F., Gruber, N., Hartmann, J., Herold, M., Ichii, K., Jung, M., Landschützer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Papale, D., Peylin, P., Poulter, B., Ray, D., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Roman-Cuesta, R. M., Schwalm, C., Tramontana, G., Tyukavina, A., Valentini, R., van der Werf, G., West, T. O., Wolf, J. E., and Reichstein, M.: Reviews and syntheses: An empirical spatiotemporal description of the global surface–atmosphere carbon fluxes: opportunities and data limitations, Biogeosciences, 14, 3685–3703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017, 2017.
Short summary
We provide continuous half-hourly carbon and energy fluxes for 2001 to 2014 at 0.5° spatial resolution, which allows for analyzing diurnal cycles globally. The data set contains four fluxes: gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H). In addition, we provide a derived product that only contains monthly average diurnal cycles but which also enables us to study the important characteristics of subdaily patterns at a global scale.
We provide continuous half-hourly carbon and energy fluxes for 2001 to 2014 at 0.5° spatial...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint