Articles | Volume 10, issue 3
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1327–1365, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1327-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1327–1365, 2018
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1327-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article 20 Jul 2018
Review article | 20 Jul 2018
Upscaled diurnal cycles of land–atmosphere fluxes: a new global half-hourly data product
Paul Bodesheim et al.
Related authors
Milan Flach, Fabian Gans, Alexander Brenning, Joachim Denzler, Markus Reichstein, Erik Rodner, Sebastian Bathiany, Paul Bodesheim, Yanira Guanche, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 677–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalies and extremes are often detected using univariate peak-over-threshold approaches in the geoscience community. The Earth system is highly multivariate. We compare eight multivariate anomaly detection algorithms and combinations of data preprocessing. We identify three anomaly detection algorithms that outperform univariate extreme event detection approaches. The workflows have the potential to reveal novelties in data. Remarks on their application to real Earth observations are provided.
Milan Flach, Alexander Brenning, Fabian Gans, Markus Reichstein, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 18, 39–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. We study the impact of droughts and heatwaves on the uptake of CO2 of different vegetation types at the global scale. We find that agricultural areas are generally strongly affected. Forests instead are not particularly sensitive to the events under scrutiny. This implies different water management strategies of forests but also a lack of sensitivity to remote-sensing-derived vegetation activity.
Christopher Krich, Mirco Migliavacca, Diego G. Miralles, Guido Kraemer, Tarek S. El-Madany, Markus Reichstein, Jakob Runge, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-374, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-374, 2020
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystems and the atmosphere interact with each other. These interactions determine e.g. the water and carbon fluxes and thus are crucial to understand climate change effects. We analysed the interactions for many ecosystems across the globe showing that very different ecosystems can have similar interactions with the atmosphere. Meteorological conditions seem to be the strongest interaction-shaping factor. This means that common principles can be identified to describe ecosystem behaviour.
Naixin Fan, Sujan Koirala, Markus Reichstein, Martin Thurner, Valerio Avitabile, Maurizio Santoro, Bernhard Ahrens, Ulrich Weber, and Nuno Carvalhais
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2517–2536, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2517-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2517-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The turnover time of terrestrial carbon (τ) controls the global carbon cycle–climate feedback. In this study, we provide a new, updated ensemble of diagnostic terrestrial carbon turnover times and associated uncertainties on a global scale. Despite the large variation in both magnitude and spatial patterns of τ, we identified robust features in the spatial patterns of τ which could contribute to uncertainty reductions in future projections of the carbon cycle–climate feedback.
B. Kraft, M. Jung, M. Körner, and M. Reichstein
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2020, 1537–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1537-2020, 2020
Daniel E. Pabon-Moreno, Talie Musavi, Mirco Migliavacca, Markus Reichstein, Christine Römermann, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 3991–4006, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3991-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3991-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ecosystem CO2 uptake changes in time depending on climate conditions. In this study, we analyze how different climate variables affect the timing when CO2 uptake is at a maximum (DOYGPPmax). We found that the joint effects of radiation, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit are the most relevant controlling factors of DOYGPPmax and that if they increase, DOYGPPmax will happen earlier. These results help us to better understand how CO2 uptake could be affected by climate change.
Guido Kraemer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Markus Reichstein, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 2397–2424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2397-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To closely monitor the state of our planet, we require systems that can monitor
the observation of many different properties at the same time. We create
indicators that resemble the behavior of many different simultaneous
observations. We apply the method to create indicators representing the
Earth's biosphere. The indicators show a productivity gradient and a water
gradient. The resulting indicators can detect a large number of changes and
extremes in the Earth system.
Martin Jung, Christopher Schwalm, Mirco Migliavacca, Sophia Walther, Gustau Camps-Valls, Sujan Koirala, Peter Anthoni, Simon Besnard, Paul Bodesheim, Nuno Carvalhais, Frédéric Chevallier, Fabian Gans, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Philipp Köhler, Kazuhito Ichii, Atul K. Jain, Junzhi Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Jacob A. Nelson, Michael O'Sullivan, Martijn Pallandt, Dario Papale, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Christian Rödenbeck, Stephen Sitch, Gianluca Tramontana, Anthony Walker, Ulrich Weber, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 17, 1343–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We test the approach of producing global gridded carbon fluxes based on combining machine learning with local measurements, remote sensing and climate data. We show that we can reproduce seasonal variations in carbon assimilated by plants via photosynthesis and in ecosystem net carbon balance. The ecosystem’s mean carbon balance and carbon flux trends require cautious interpretation. The analysis paves the way for future improvements of the data-driven assessment of carbon fluxes.
Christopher Krich, Jakob Runge, Diego G. Miralles, Mirco Migliavacca, Oscar Perez-Priego, Tarek El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 1033–1061, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Causal inference promises new insight into biosphere–atmosphere interactions using time series only. To understand the behaviour of a specific method on such data, we used artificial and observation-based data. The observed structures are very interpretable and reveal certain ecosystem-specific behaviour, as only a few relevant links remain, in contrast to pure correlation techniques. Thus, causal inference allows to us gain well-constrained insights into processes and interactions.
Miguel D. Mahecha, Fabian Gans, Gunnar Brandt, Rune Christiansen, Sarah E. Cornell, Normann Fomferra, Guido Kraemer, Jonas Peters, Paul Bodesheim, Gustau Camps-Valls, Jonathan F. Donges, Wouter Dorigo, Lina M. Estupinan-Suarez, Victor H. Gutierrez-Velez, Martin Gutwin, Martin Jung, Maria C. Londoño, Diego G. Miralles, Phillip Papastefanou, and Markus Reichstein
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 201–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The ever-growing availability of data streams on different subsystems of the Earth brings unprecedented scientific opportunities. However, researching a data-rich world brings novel challenges. We present the concept of
Earth system data cubesto study the complex dynamics of multiple climate and ecosystem variables across space and time. Using a series of example studies, we highlight the potential of effectively considering the full multivariate nature of processes in the Earth system.
Nora Linscheid, Lina M. Estupinan-Suarez, Alexander Brenning, Nuno Carvalhais, Felix Cremer, Fabian Gans, Anja Rammig, Markus Reichstein, Carlos A. Sierra, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 17, 945–962, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-945-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-945-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation typically responds to variation in temperature and rainfall within days. Yet seasonal changes in meteorological conditions, as well as decadal climate variability, additionally shape the state of ecosystems. It remains unclear how vegetation responds to climate variability on these different timescales. We find that the vegetation response to climate variability depends on the timescale considered. This scale dependency should be considered for modeling land–atmosphere interactions.
Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Tarek S. El-Madany, M. Pilar Martin, Rosario Gonzalez-Cascon, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Perez-Priego, Tiana Hammer, Heiko Moossen, Kathrin Henkel, Olaf Kolle, David Martini, Vicente Burchard, Christiaan van der Tol, Karl Segl, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-501, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-501, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The new generation of sensors on-board satellites have the potential to provide richer information about the function of vegetation than before. This information, nowadays missing, is fundamental to improve our understanding and prediction of carbon and water cycles, and therefore to anticipate effects and responses to Climate Change. In this manuscript we propose a method to exploit the data provided by these satellites to successfully obtain this information key to face Climate Change.
Paul C. Stoy, Tarek S. El-Madany, Joshua B. Fisher, Pierre Gentine, Tobias Gerken, Stephen P. Good, Anne Klosterhalfen, Shuguang Liu, Diego G. Miralles, Oscar Perez-Priego, Angela J. Rigden, Todd H. Skaggs, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ray G. Anderson, A. Miriam J. Coenders-Gerrits, Martin Jung, Wouter H. Maes, Ivan Mammarella, Matthias Mauder, Mirco Migliavacca, Jacob A. Nelson, Rafael Poyatos, Markus Reichstein, Russell L. Scott, and Sebastian Wolf
Biogeosciences, 16, 3747–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Key findings are the nearly optimal response of T to atmospheric water vapor pressure deficits across methods and scales. Additionally, the notion that T / ET intermittently approaches 1, which is a basis for many partitioning methods, does not hold for certain methods and ecosystems. To better constrain estimates of E and T from combined ET measurements, we propose a combination of independent measurement techniques to better constrain E and T at the ecosystem scale.
Sven Boese, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, Adriaan J. Teuling, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 16, 2557–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2557-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2557-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how limited water availability during droughts affects water-use efficiency. This metric describes how much carbon an ecosystem can assimilate for each unit of water lost by transpiration. We test how well different water-use efficiency models can capture the dynamics of transpiration decrease due to increased soil-water limitation. Accounting for the interacting effects of radiation and water limitation is necessary to accurately predict transpiration during these periods.
Richard K. F. Nair, Kendalynn A. Morris, Martin Hertel, Yunpeng Luo, Gerardo Moreno, Markus Reichstein, Marion Schrumpf, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 16, 1883–1901, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1883-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how nutrient availability affects seasonal timing of root growth and death in a Spanish savanna, adapted to a long summer drought. We found that nitrogen (N) additions led to more root biomass but number of roots was higher with N and phosphorus together. These effects were strongly affected by the time of year. In autumn root growth occurred after leaf production. This has implications for how we understand biomass production and carbon uptake in these systems.
Xiaolu Tang, Nuno Carvalhais, Catarina Moura, Bernhard Ahrens, Sujan Koirala, Shaohui Fan, Fengying Guan, Wenjie Zhang, Sicong Gao, Vincenzo Magliulo, Pauline Buysse, Shibin Liu, Guo Chen, Wunian Yang, Zhen Yu, Jingjing Liang, Leilei Shi, Shenyan Pu, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-37, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation CUE is a key measure of carbon transfer from the atmosphere to terrestrial biomass. This study modelled global CUE with published observations using random forest. CUE varied with ecosystem types and spatially decreased with latitude, challenging the previous conclusion that CUE was independent of environmental controls. Our results emphasize a better understanding of environmental controls on CUE to reduce uncertainties in prognostic land-process model simulations.
Sophia Walther, Luis Guanter, Birgit Heim, Martin Jung, Gregory Duveiller, Aleksandra Wolanin, and Torsten Sachs
Biogeosciences, 15, 6221–6256, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6221-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6221-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the timing of the peak of the short annual growing season in tundra ecosystems as indicated by an extensive suite of satellite indicators of vegetation productivity. Delayed peak greenness compared to peak photosynthesis is consistently found across years and land-cover classes. Plants also experience growth after optimal conditions for assimilation regarding light and temperature have passed. Our results have implications for the modelling of the circumpolar carbon balance.
Milan Flach, Sebastian Sippel, Fabian Gans, Ana Bastos, Alexander Brenning, Markus Reichstein, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 15, 6067–6085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6067-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Northern forests enhanced their productivity during and before the 2010 Russian mega heatwave. We scrutinize this issue with a novel type of multivariate extreme event detection approach. Forests compensate for 54 % of the carbon losses in agricultural ecosystems due to vulnerable conditions in spring and better water management in summer. The findings highlight the importance of forests in mitigating climate change, while not alleviating the consequences of extreme events for food security.
Thomas Wutzler, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Mirco Migliavacca, Jürgen Knauer, Kerstin Sickel, Ladislav Šigut, Olaf Menzer, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 15, 5015–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Net fluxes of carbon dioxide at the ecosystem level measured by eddy covariance are a main source for understanding biosphere–atmosphere interactions. However, there is a need for more usable and extensible tools for post-processing steps of the half-hourly flux data. Therefore, we developed the REddyProc package, providing data filtering, gap filling, and flux partitioning. The extensible functions are compatible with state-of-the-art tools but allow easier integration in extended analysis.
Tina Trautmann, Sujan Koirala, Nuno Carvalhais, Annette Eicker, Manfred Fink, Christoph Niemann, and Martin Jung
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4061–4082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4061-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4061-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we adjust a simple hydrological model to several observational datasets, including satellite observations of the land's total water storage. We apply the model to northern latitudes and find that the dominating factor of changes in the total water storage depends on both the spatial and temporal scale of analysis. While snow dominates seasonal variations, liquid water determines year-to-year variations, yet with increasing contribution of snow when averaging over larger regions.
Jacob A. Nelson, Nuno Carvalhais, Mirco Migliavacca, Markus Reichstein, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 15, 2433–2447, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2433-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2433-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Plants have typical daily carbon uptake and water loss cycles. However, these cycles may change under periods of duress, such as water limitation. Here we identify two types of patterns in response to water limitations: a tendency to lose more water in the morning than afternoon and a decoupling of the carbon and water cycles. The findings show differences in responses by trees and grasses and suggest that morning shifts may be more efficient at gaining carbon per unit water used.
Jannis von Buttlar, Jakob Zscheischler, Anja Rammig, Sebastian Sippel, Markus Reichstein, Alexander Knohl, Martin Jung, Olaf Menzer, M. Altaf Arain, Nina Buchmann, Alessandro Cescatti, Damiano Gianelle, Gerard Kiely, Beverly E. Law, Vincenzo Magliulo, Hank Margolis, Harry McCaughey, Lutz Merbold, Mirco Migliavacca, Leonardo Montagnani, Walter Oechel, Marian Pavelka, Matthias Peichl, Serge Rambal, Antonio Raschi, Russell L. Scott, Francesco P. Vaccari, Eva van Gorsel, Andrej Varlagin, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 15, 1293–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1293-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our work systematically quantifies extreme heat and drought event impacts on gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration globally across a wide range of ecosystems. We show that heat extremes typically increased mainly respiration whereas drought decreased both fluxes. Combined heat and drought extremes had opposing effects offsetting each other for respiration, but there were also strong reductions in GPP and hence the strongest reductions in the ecosystems carbon sink capacity.
Iulia Ilie, Peter Dittrich, Nuno Carvalhais, Martin Jung, Andreas Heinemeyer, Mirco Migliavacca, James I. L. Morison, Sebastian Sippel, Jens-Arne Subke, Matthew Wilkinson, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3519–3545, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3519-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3519-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate representation of land-atmosphere carbon fluxes is essential for future climate projections, although some of the responses of CO2 fluxes to climate often remain uncertain. The increase in available data allows for new approaches in their modelling. We automatically developed models for ecosystem and soil carbon respiration using a machine learning approach. When compared with established respiration models, we found that they are better in prediction as well as offering new insights.
Miguel D. Mahecha, Fabian Gans, Sebastian Sippel, Jonathan F. Donges, Thomas Kaminski, Stefan Metzger, Mirco Migliavacca, Dario Papale, Anja Rammig, and Jakob Zscheischler
Biogeosciences, 14, 4255–4277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4255-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4255-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the likelihood of ecological in situ networks to detect and monitor the impact of extreme events in the terrestrial biosphere.
Jakob Zscheischler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Valerio Avitabile, Leonardo Calle, Nuno Carvalhais, Philippe Ciais, Fabian Gans, Nicolas Gruber, Jens Hartmann, Martin Herold, Kazuhito Ichii, Martin Jung, Peter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Ronny Lauerwald, Dario Papale, Philippe Peylin, Benjamin Poulter, Deepak Ray, Pierre Regnier, Christian Rödenbeck, Rosa M. Roman-Cuesta, Christopher Schwalm, Gianluca Tramontana, Alexandra Tyukavina, Riccardo Valentini, Guido van der Werf, Tristram O. West, Julie E. Wolf, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 14, 3685–3703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Here we synthesize a wide range of global spatiotemporal observational data on carbon exchanges between the Earth surface and the atmosphere. A key challenge was to consistently combining observational products of terrestrial and aquatic surfaces. Our primary goal is to identify today’s key uncertainties and observational shortcomings that would need to be addressed in future measurement campaigns or expansions of in situ observatories.
Milan Flach, Fabian Gans, Alexander Brenning, Joachim Denzler, Markus Reichstein, Erik Rodner, Sebastian Bathiany, Paul Bodesheim, Yanira Guanche, Sebastian Sippel, and Miguel D. Mahecha
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 677–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-677-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Anomalies and extremes are often detected using univariate peak-over-threshold approaches in the geoscience community. The Earth system is highly multivariate. We compare eight multivariate anomaly detection algorithms and combinations of data preprocessing. We identify three anomaly detection algorithms that outperform univariate extreme event detection approaches. The workflows have the potential to reveal novelties in data. Remarks on their application to real Earth observations are provided.
Sven Boese, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 14, 3015–3026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3015-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3015-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For plants, the ratio of carbon uptake to water loss by transpiration is usually thought to depend on characteristic properties (their adaption to water scarcity) and the dryness of the atmosphere at any given moment. We show that, on the ecosystem scale, radiation has an independent effect on this ratio that had not been previously considered. When including this variable in models, predictions of transpiration improve considerably.
Sebastian Sippel, Jakob Zscheischler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Rene Orth, Markus Reichstein, Martha Vogel, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 387–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-387-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-387-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The present study (1) evaluates land–atmosphere coupling in the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble against an ensemble of benchmarking datasets and (2) refines the model ensemble using a land–atmosphere coupling diagnostic as constraint. Our study demonstrates that a considerable fraction of coupled climate models overemphasize warm-season
moisture-limitedclimate regimes in midlatitude regions. This leads to biases in daily-scale temperature extremes, which are alleviated in a constrained ensemble.
Sebastian Sippel, Jakob Zscheischler, Martin Heimann, Holger Lange, Miguel D. Mahecha, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Friederike E. L. Otto, and Markus Reichstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 441–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-441-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-441-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper re-investigates the question whether observed precipitation extremes and annual totals have been increasing in the world's dry regions over the last 60 years. Despite recently postulated increasing trends, we demonstrate that large uncertainties prevail due to (1) the choice of dryness definition and (2) statistical data processing. In fact, we find only minor (and only some significant) increases if (1) dryness is based on aridity and (2) statistical artefacts are accounted for.
Gianluca Tramontana, Martin Jung, Christopher R. Schwalm, Kazuhito Ichii, Gustau Camps-Valls, Botond Ráduly, Markus Reichstein, M. Altaf Arain, Alessandro Cescatti, Gerard Kiely, Lutz Merbold, Penelope Serrano-Ortiz, Sven Sickert, Sebastian Wolf, and Dario Papale
Biogeosciences, 13, 4291–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have evaluated 11 machine learning (ML) methods and two complementary drivers' setup to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy exchanges between land ecosystems and atmosphere. Obtained results have shown high consistency among ML and high capability to estimate the spatial and seasonal variability of the target fluxes. The results were good for all the ecosystems, with limitations to the ones in the extreme environments (cold, hot) or less represented in the training data (tropics).
D. G. Miralles, C. Jiménez, M. Jung, D. Michel, A. Ershadi, M. F. McCabe, M. Hirschi, B. Martens, A. J. Dolman, J. B. Fisher, Q. Mu, S. I. Seneviratne, E. F. Wood, and D. Fernández-Prieto
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 823–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The WACMOS-ET project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Evaluation of current evaporation data sets on the global scale showed that they manifest large dissimilarities during conditions of water stress and drought and deficiencies in the way evaporation is partitioned into several components. Different models perform better under different conditions, highlighting the potential for considering biome- or climate-specific model ensembles.
D. Michel, C. Jiménez, D. G. Miralles, M. Jung, M. Hirschi, A. Ershadi, B. Martens, M. F. McCabe, J. B. Fisher, Q. Mu, S. I. Seneviratne, E. F. Wood, and D. Fernández-Prieto
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 803–822, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-803-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-803-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study a common reference input data set from satellite and in situ data is used to run four established evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms using sub-daily and daily input on a tower scale as a testbed for a global ET product. The PT-JPL model and GLEAM provide the best performance for satellite and in situ forcing as well as for the different temporal resolutions. PM-MOD and SEBS perform less well: the PM-MOD model generally underestimates, while SEBS generally overestimates ET.
S. Sippel, F. E. L. Otto, M. Forkel, M. R. Allen, B. P. Guillod, M. Heimann, M. Reichstein, S. I. Seneviratne, K. Thonicke, and M. D. Mahecha
Earth Syst. Dynam., 7, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-71-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-71-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel technique to bias correct climate model output for impact simulations that preserves its physical consistency and multivariate structure. The methodology considerably improves the representation of extremes in climatic variables relative to conventional bias correction strategies. Illustrative simulations of biosphere–atmosphere carbon and water fluxes with a biosphere model (LPJmL) show that the novel technique can be usefully applied to drive climate impact models.
O. Perez-Priego, J. Guan, M. Rossini, F. Fava, T. Wutzler, G. Moreno, N. Carvalhais, A. Carrara, O. Kolle, T. Julitta, M. Schrumpf, M. Reichstein, and M. Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 12, 6351–6367, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6351-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6351-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photochemical reflectance index revealed controls of climate and nutrient availability on photosynthesis (gross primary production, GPP). Meteo-driven models (MMs) were unable to describe nutrient-induced effects on GPP. Important implications can be derived from these results, and uncertainties in the prediction of global GPP still remain when MMs do not account for plant nutrient availability.
S. Hashimoto, N. Carvalhais, A. Ito, M. Migliavacca, K. Nishina, and M. Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 12, 4121–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4121-2015, 2015
A. Rammig, M. Wiedermann, J. F. Donges, F. Babst, W. von Bloh, D. Frank, K. Thonicke, and M. D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 12, 373–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-373-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-373-2015, 2015
P. Ciais, A. J. Dolman, A. Bombelli, R. Duren, A. Peregon, P. J. Rayner, C. Miller, N. Gobron, G. Kinderman, G. Marland, N. Gruber, F. Chevallier, R. J. Andres, G. Balsamo, L. Bopp, F.-M. Bréon, G. Broquet, R. Dargaville, T. J. Battin, A. Borges, H. Bovensmann, M. Buchwitz, J. Butler, J. G. Canadell, R. B. Cook, R. DeFries, R. Engelen, K. R. Gurney, C. Heinze, M. Heimann, A. Held, M. Henry, B. Law, S. Luyssaert, J. Miller, T. Moriyama, C. Moulin, R. B. Myneni, C. Nussli, M. Obersteiner, D. Ojima, Y. Pan, J.-D. Paris, S. L. Piao, B. Poulter, S. Plummer, S. Quegan, P. Raymond, M. Reichstein, L. Rivier, C. Sabine, D. Schimel, O. Tarasova, R. Valentini, R. Wang, G. van der Werf, D. Wickland, M. Williams, and C. Zehner
Biogeosciences, 11, 3547–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014, 2014
X. Wu, F. Babst, P. Ciais, D. Frank, M. Reichstein, M. Wattenbach, C. Zang, and M. D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 11, 3057–3068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3057-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3057-2014, 2014
J. Zscheischler, M. Reichstein, S. Harmeling, A. Rammig, E. Tomelleri, and M. D. Mahecha
Biogeosciences, 11, 2909–2924, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2909-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2909-2014, 2014
B. Ahrens, M. Reichstein, W. Borken, J. Muhr, S. E. Trumbore, and T. Wutzler
Biogeosciences, 11, 2147–2168, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2147-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2147-2014, 2014
J. v. Buttlar, J. Zscheischler, and M. D. Mahecha
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-203-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-203-2014, 2014
B. Badawy, C. Rödenbeck, M. Reichstein, N. Carvalhais, and M. Heimann
Biogeosciences, 10, 6485–6508, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6485-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6485-2013, 2013
B. Mueller, M. Hirschi, C. Jimenez, P. Ciais, P. A. Dirmeyer, A. J. Dolman, J. B. Fisher, M. Jung, F. Ludwig, F. Maignan, D. G. Miralles, M. F. McCabe, M. Reichstein, J. Sheffield, K. Wang, E. F. Wood, Y. Zhang, and S. I. Seneviratne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3707–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013, 2013
G. Lasslop, M. Migliavacca, G. Bohrer, M. Reichstein, M. Bahn, A. Ibrom, C. Jacobs, P. Kolari, D. Papale, T. Vesala, G. Wohlfahrt, and A. Cescatti
Biogeosciences, 9, 5243–5259, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5243-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5243-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Data, Algorithms, and Models
A climate service for ecologists: sharing pre-processed EURO-CORDEX regional climate scenario data using the eLTER Information System
Crowdsourced air traffic data from the OpenSky Network 2019–2020
A restructured and updated global soil respiration database (SRDB-V5)
The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record
Dielectric database of organic Arctic soils (DDOAS)
Global Carbon Budget 2020
A global long-term (1981–2000) land surface temperature product for NOAA AVHRR
A coastally improved global dataset of wet tropospheric corrections for satellite altimetry
Development of a standard database of reference sites for validating global burned area products
A Last Glacial Maximum forcing dataset for ocean modelling
An update of IPCC climate reference regions for subcontinental analysis of climate model data: definition and aggregated datasets
Shipborne lidar measurements showing the progression of the tropical reservoir of volcanic aerosol after the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption
Improved estimate of global gross primary production for reproducing its long-term variation, 1982–2017
Hyperspectral longwave infrared reflectance spectra of naturally dried algae, anthropogenic plastics, sands and shells
Merging ground-based sunshine duration with satellite cloud and aerosol data to produce high resolution long-term surface solar radiation over China
Hyperspectral reflectance dataset of dry, wet and submerged marine litter
The PetroPhysical Property Database (P3) – a global compilation of lab-measured rock properties
WFDE5: bias-adjusted ERA5 reanalysis data for impact studies
Database of Petrophysical Properties of the Mid-German Crystalline High
A high-resolution reanalysis of global fire weather from 1979 to 2018 – overwintering the Drought Code
Improving the usability of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) L1B2 Georectified Radiance Product (2000–present) in land surface applications
Annual dynamics of global land cover and its long-term changes from 1982 to 2015
A global compilation of in situ aquatic high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property data for remote sensing applications
A digital archive of human activity in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
An integrated compilation of data sources for the development of a marine protected area in the Weddell Sea
European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data
Asset exposure data for global physical risk assessment
Historic photographs of glaciers and glacial landforms from the Ralph Stockman Tarr collection at Cornell University
A Fundamental Climate Data Record of SMMR, SSM/I, and SSMIS brightness temperatures
Replacing missing values in the standard Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) radiometric camera-by-camera cloud mask (RCCM) data product
High-resolution meteorological forcing data for hydrological modelling and climate change impact analysis in the Mackenzie River Basin
Geometric accuracy assessment of coarse-resolution satellite datasets: a study based on AVHRR GAC data at the sub-pixel level
A national dataset of 30 m annual urban extent dynamics (1985–2015) in the conterminous United States
Reconstructing three decades of total international trawling effort in the North Sea
Remote sensing of lake water volumes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Northern Alaska
The European Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP): 25 years of monitoring data exchange
The UK Environmental Change Network datasets – integrated and co-located data for long-term environmental research (1993–2015)
Hyperspectral ultraviolet to shortwave infrared characteristics of marine-harvested, washed-ashore and virgin plastics
Cloud_cci Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer post meridiem (AVHRR-PM) dataset version 3: 35-year climatology of global cloud and radiation properties
Reference crop evapotranspiration database in Spain (1961–2014)
A 16-year dataset (2000–2015) of high-resolution (3 h, 10 km) global surface solar radiation
Comprehensive aerosol and gas data set from the Sydney Particle Study
Geostrophic currents in the northern Nordic Seas from a combination of multi-mission satellite altimetry and ocean modeling
The BernClim plant phenological data set from the canton of Bern (Switzerland) 1970–2018
High-temporal-resolution water level and storage change data sets for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau during 2000–2017 using multiple altimetric missions and Landsat-derived lake shoreline positions
Djankuat glacier station in the North Caucasus, Russia: a database of glaciological, hydrological, and meteorological observations and stable isotope sampling results during 2007–2017
The spatial allocation of population: a review of large-scale gridded population data products and their fitness for use
The Environment and Climate Change Canada solid precipitation intercomparison data from Bratt's Lake and Caribou Creek, Saskatchewan
A decade of detailed observations (2008–2018) in steep bedrock permafrost at the Matterhorn Hörnligrat (Zermatt, CH)
STEAD: a high-resolution daily gridded temperature dataset for Spain
Susannah Rennie, Klaus Goergen, Christoph Wohner, Sander Apweiler, Johannes Peterseil, and John Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 631–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a pan-European climate service data product intended for ecological researchers. Access to regional climate scenario data will save ecologists time, and, for many, it will allow them to work with data resources that they will not previously have used due to a lack of knowledge and skills to access them. Providing easy access to climate scenario data in this way enhances long-term ecological research, for example in general regional climate change or impact assessments.
Martin Strohmeier, Xavier Olive, Jannis Lübbe, Matthias Schäfer, and Vincent Lenders
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Flight data have been used widely for research by academic researchers and (supra)national institutions. Example domains range from epidemiology (e.g. examining the spread of COVID-19 via air travel) to economics (e.g. use as proxy for immediate forecasting of the state of a country's economy) and Earth sciences (climatology in particular). Until now, accurate flight data have been available only in small pieces from closed, proprietary sources. This work changes this with a crowdsourced effort.
Jinshi Jian, Rodrigo Vargas, Kristina Anderson-Teixeira, Emma Stell, Valentine Herrmann, Mercedes Horn, Nazar Kholod, Jason Manzon, Rebecca Marchesi, Darlin Paredes, and Ben Bond-Lamberty
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 255–267, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux (soil respiration, Rs) observations were compiled into a global database (SRDB) a decade ago. Here, we restructured and updated the database to the fifth version, SRDB-V5, with data published through 2017 included. SRDB-V5 aims to be a data framework for the scientific community to share seasonal to annual field Rs measurements, and it provides opportunities for the scientific community to better understand the spatial and temporal variability of Rs.
Robert A. Rohde and Zeke Hausfather
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A global land and ocean temperature record was created by combining the Berkeley Earth monthly land temperature field with a newly interpolated version of the HadSST3 ocean dataset. The resulting dataset covers the period from 1850 to present.
This paper describes the methods used to create that combination and compares the results to other estimates of global temperature and the associated recent climate change, giving similar results.
Igor Savin, Valery Mironov, Konstantin Muzalevskiy, Sergey Fomin, Andrey Karavayskiy, Zdenek Ruzicka, and Yuriy Lukin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3481–3487, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3481-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3481-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a dielectric database of organic Arctic soils. This database was created based on dielectric measurements of seven samples of organic soils collected in various parts of the Arctic tundra. The created database can serve not only as a source of experimental data for the development of new soil dielectric models for the Arctic tundra but also as a source of training data for artificial intelligence satellite algorithms of soil moisture retrievals based on neural networks.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Jin Ma, Ji Zhou, Frank-Michael Göttsche, Shunlin Liang, Shaofei Wang, and Mingsong Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3247–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface temperature is an important parameter in the research of climate change and many land surface processes. This article describes the development and testing of an algorithm for generating a consistent global long-term land surface temperature product from 20 years of NOAA AVHRR radiance data. The preliminary validation results indicate good accuracy of this new long-term product, which has been designed to simplify applications and support the scientific research community.
Clara Lázaro, Maria Joana Fernandes, Telmo Vieira, and Eliana Vieira
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3205–3228, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3205-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3205-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In satellite altimetry (SA), the wet tropospheric correction (WTC) accounts for the path delay induced mainly by atmospheric water vapour. In coastal regions, the accuracy of the WTC determined by the on-board radiometer deteriorates. The GPD+ methodology, developed by the University of Porto in the remit of ESA-funded projects, computes improved WTCs for SA. Global enhanced products are generated for all past and operational altimetric missions, forming a relevant dataset for coastal altimetry.
Magí Franquesa, Melanie K. Vanderhoof, Dimitris Stavrakoudis, Ioannis Z. Gitas, Ekhi Roteta, Marc Padilla, and Emilio Chuvieco
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3229–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3229-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3229-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents a database of reference sites for the validation of burned area products. We have compiled 2661 reference files from different international projects. The paper describes the methods used to generate and standardize the data. The Burned Area Reference Data (BARD) is publicly available and will facilitate the arduous task of validating burned area algorithms.
Anne L. Morée and Jörg Schwinger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2971–2985, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2971-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2971-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset consists of eight variables needed in ocean modelling and is made to support modelers of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 years ago) ocean. The LGM is a time of specific interest for climate researchers. The data are based on the results of state-of-the-art climate models and are the best available estimate of these variables for the LGM. The dataset shows clear spatial patterns but large uncertainties and is presented in a way that facilitates applications in any ocean model.
Maialen Iturbide, José M. Gutiérrez, Lincoln M. Alves, Joaquín Bedia, Ruth Cerezo-Mota, Ezequiel Cimadevilla, Antonio S. Cofiño, Alejandro Di Luca, Sergio Henrique Faria, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Mathias Hauser, Sixto Herrera, Kevin Hennessy, Helene T. Hewitt, Richard G. Jones, Svitlana Krakovska, Rodrigo Manzanas, Daniel Martínez-Castro, Gemma T. Narisma, Intan S. Nurhati, Izidine Pinto, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Bart van den Hurk, and Carolina S. Vera
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2959–2970, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an update of the IPCC WGI reference regions used in AR5 for the synthesis of climate change information. This revision was guided by the basic principles of climatic consistency and model representativeness (in particular for the new CMIP6 simulations). We also present a new dataset of monthly CMIP5 and CMIP6 spatially aggregated information using the new reference regions and describe a worked example of how to use this dataset to inform regional climate change studies.
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, Philippe Keckhut, Sergey Avdyushin, Bruno Nardi, and Larry W. Thomason
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2843–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report the recovery of lidar measurements of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Two Soviet ships crossing the tropical Atlantic in July–September 1991 and January–February 1992 measured the vertical profile of the Pinatubo cloud at different points in its spatio-temporal evolution. The datasets provide valuable new information on the eruption's impacts on climate, with the SAGE-II satellite measurements not able to measure most of the lower half of the Pinatubo cloud in the tropics in this period.
Yi Zheng, Ruoque Shen, Yawen Wang, Xiangqian Li, Shuguang Liu, Shunlin Liang, Jing M. Chen, Weimin Ju, Li Zhang, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2725–2746, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2725-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately reproducing the interannual variations in vegetation gross primary production (GPP) is a major challenge. A global GPP dataset was generated by integrating the regulations of several major environmental variables with long-term changes. The dataset can effectively reproduce the spatial, seasonal, and particularly interannual variations in global GPP. Our study will contribute to accurate carbon flux estimates at long timescales.
Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba, Tomás Acuña-Ruz, and Cristian B. Mattar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2665-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2665-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Technologies to support detection and tracking of plastic litter in aquatic environments capable of repeated observations at a wide-area scale have been getting increased interest from scientists and stakeholders. We report findings about thermal infrared optical properties of naturally dried samples of algae, sands, sea shells and synthetic plastics obtained in Chile. Diagnostic features of the dataset are foreseen to contribute towards research relevant in thermal infrared sensing of plastics.
Fei Feng and Kaicun Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-231, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-231, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Els Knaeps, Sindy Sterckx, Gert Strackx, Johan Mijnendonckx, Mehrdad Moshtaghi, Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba, and Dieter Meire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-294, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-294, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a dataset consisting of 47 hyperspectral reflectance measurements of plastic litter samples. The plastic litter samples include virgin and real samples. They were measured in dry conditions and a selection of the samples was also measured in wet conditions and submerged in a watertank. The dataset can be used to better understand the effect of water absorption on the plastics and develop algorithms to detect and characterize marine plastics.
Kristian Bär, Thomas Reinsch, and Judith Bott
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2485–2515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2485-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Petrophysical properties are key to populating numerical models of subsurface process simulations and the interpretation of many geophysical exploration methods. The P3 database presented here aims at providing easily accessible, peer-reviewed information on physical rock properties in one single compilation. The uniqueness of P3 emerges from its coverage and metadata structure. Each measured value is complemented by the corresponding location, petrography, stratigraphy and original reference.
Marco Cucchi, Graham P. Weedon, Alessandro Amici, Nicolas Bellouin, Stefan Lange, Hannes Müller Schmied, Hans Hersbach, and Carlo Buontempo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2097–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
WFDE5 is a novel meteorological forcing dataset for running land surface and global hydrological models. It has been generated using the WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to surface meteorological variables from the ERA5 reanalysis. It is publicly available, along with its source code, through the C3S Climate Data Store at ECMWF. Results of the evaluations described in the paper highlight the benefits of using WFDE5 compared to both ERA5 and its predecessor WFDEI.
Sebastian Weinert, Kristian Bär, and Ingo Sass
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-211, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Physical rock properties are a key element for resource exploration, the interpretation of results from geophysical methods or the parameterization of physical or geological models. Despite the need of physical rock properties, data is still very scarce and often not available for the area of interest.
The database presented aims to provide easy access to physical rock properties measured on 224 locations in Bavaria, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Thuringia (Germany).
Megan McElhinny, Justin F. Beckers, Chelene Hanes, Mike Flannigan, and Piyush Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1823–1833, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Canadian Fire Weather Index uses temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall to provide a fire danger rating that is crucial for fire managers and communities for risk assessment. We provide a global calculation of this index and other relevant indices using high-resolution modelled weather data for 1979–2018. These data will be useful for research studies aiming to quantify the relationships between fire occurrence, growth, or severity and weather or for trend analysis studies.
Michel M. Verstraete, Linda A. Hunt, and Veljko M. Jovanovic
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1321–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1321-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1321-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The L1B2 Georectified Radiance Product, available for each of the nine cameras of the MISR instrument, contains a variable number of missing values, especially wherever and whenever the instrument is switched from the Global to the Local Mode. This paper proposes an algorithm to effectively replace those missing values and demonstrates the performance of the process. MISR data and software tools are obtainable from public domain websites to explore this issue further.
Han Liu, Peng Gong, Jie Wang, Nicholas Clinton, Yuqi Bai, and Shunlin Liang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1217–1243, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We built the first set of 5 km resolution CDRs to record the annual dynamics of global land cover (GLASS-GLC) from 1982 to 2015. The average overall accuracy is 82 %. By conducting long-term change analysis, significant land cover changes and spatiotemporal patterns at various scales were found, which can improve our understanding of global environmental change and help achieve sustainable development goals. This will be further applied in Earth system modeling to facilitate relevant studies.
Kimberly A. Casey, Cecile S. Rousseaux, Watson W. Gregg, Emmanuel Boss, Alison P. Chase, Susanne E. Craig, Colleen B. Mouw, Rick A. Reynolds, Dariusz Stramski, Steven G. Ackleson, Annick Bricaud, Blake Schaeffer, Marlon R. Lewis, and Stéphane Maritorena
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1123–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An increase in spectral resolution in forthcoming remote-sensing missions will improve our ability to understand and characterize aquatic ecosystems. We organize and provide a global compilation of high spectral resolution inherent and apparent optical property data from polar, midlatitude, and equatorial open-ocean, estuary, coastal, and inland waters. The data are intended to aid in development of remote-sensing data product algorithms and to perform calibration and validation activities.
Adrian Howkins, Stephen M. Chignell, Poppie Gullett, Andrew G. Fountain, Melissa Brett, and Evelin Preciado
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1117–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Historical data have much to offer current research activities and environmental management in Antarctica, but such information is often widely scattered and difficult to access. We addressed this need in the McMurdo Dry Valleys by compiling over 5000 historical photographs, maps, oral interviews, and other archival resources into a user-friendly digital archive. This can be used to identify benchmarks for understanding change over time, as well as the date and extent of past human activities.
Katharina Teschke, Hendrik Pehlke, Volker Siegel, Horst Bornemann, Rainer Knust, and Thomas Brey
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1003–1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1003-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Successful nature conservation depends on well-founded decisions. Such decisions rely on valid and comprehensive information and data. This paper compiles data sources on the environment and ecology of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), primarily to support the development of a marine protected area in this region. However, future projects can also benefit from our systematic data overview, as it can be used to develop specific data collections, thus saving a time-consuming data search from scratch.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Glen P. Peters, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Philippe Ciais, Francesco N. Tubiello, Giacomo Grassi, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Adrian Leip, Gema Carmona-Garcia, Wilfried Winiwarter, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Dirk Günther, Efisio Solazzo, Anja Kiesow, Ana Bastos, Julia Pongratz, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Giulia Conchedda, Roberto Pilli, Robbie M. Andrew, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, and Albertus J. Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 961–1001, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up GHG anthropogenic emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the EU28. The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models, aiming at reconciling GHG budgets with official country-level UNFCCC inventories. We provide comprehensive emission assessments in support to policy, facilitating real-time verification procedures.
Samuel Eberenz, Dario Stocker, Thomas Röösli, and David N. Bresch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-817-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-817-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The modeling of economic disaster risk on a global scale requires high-resolution maps of exposed asset values. We have developed a generic and scalable method to downscale national asset value estimates proportional to a combination of nightlight intensity and population data. Here, we present the methodology together with an evaluation of its performance for the subnational downscaling of GDP. The resulting exposure data for 224 countries and the open-source Python code are available online.
Julie Elliott and Matthew E. Pritchard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 771–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-771-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-771-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have digitized a collection of photographs of glaciated and formerly glaciated regions in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and New York taken during the late 1800s and early 1900s, and we compiled related information just as photo locations, photo dates, and photographic techniques. The photos document dramatic landscape transformations related to climate change and preserve records of everyday life in the Arctic during the early 20th century.
Karsten Fennig, Marc Schröder, Axel Andersson, and Rainer Hollmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-647-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-647-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) from satellite-borne microwave radiometers has been created, covering the time period from October 1978 to December 2015. This article describes how the observations are processed, calibrated, corrected, inter-calibrated, and evaluated in order to provide a homogeneous data record of brightness temperatures across 10 different instruments aboard three different satellite platforms.
Michel M. Verstraete, Linda A. Hunt, Hugo De Lemos, and Larry Di Girolamo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 611–628, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The radiometric camera-by-camera cloud mask product, available for each of the nine cameras of the MISR instrument, contains a variable number of missing values, especially wherever and whenever the instrument is switched from the Global to Local Mode of operation. This paper proposes a simple method for effectively replacing those missing values and demonstrates the performance of the process. MISR data and software tools are obtainable from public domain websites to explore this issue further.
Zilefac Elvis Asong, Mohamed Ezzat Elshamy, Daniel Princz, Howard Simon Wheater, John Willard Pomeroy, Alain Pietroniro, and Alex Cannon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 629–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-629-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-629-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset provides an improved set of forcing data for large-scale hydrological models for climate change impact assessment in the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB). Here, the strengths of two historical datasets were blended to produce a less-biased long-record product for hydrological modelling and climate change impact assessment over the MRB. This product is then used to bias-correct climate projections from the Canadian Regional Climate Model under RCP8.5.
Xiaodan Wu, Kathrin Naegeli, and Stefan Wunderle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 539–553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-539-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-539-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the idea of the co-registration method, this study proposes a method named correlation-based patch matching method (CPMM), which is capable of quantifying the geometric accuracy of coarse-resolution satellite data. The assessment is conducted at the sub-pixel level and not affected by the mixed-pixel problem. It is not limited to a certain landmark such as a lake or sea shoreline and thus enables a more comprehensive assessment.
Xuecao Li, Yuyu Zhou, Zhengyuan Zhu, and Wenting Cao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-357-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-357-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The information of urban dynamics with fine spatial and temporal resolutions is highly needed in urban studies. In this study, we generated a long-term (1985–2015), fine-resolution (30 m) product of annual urban extent dynamics in the conterminous United States using all available Landsat images on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The data product is of great use for relevant studies such as urban growth projection, urban sprawl modeling, and urbanization impacts on environments.
Elena Couce, Michaela Schratzberger, and Georg H. Engelhard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-373-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-373-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fishing – especially trawling – is one of the most ubiquitous anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems, yet very few long-term, spatially explicit datasets on trawling effort exist, greatly hampering our understanding of its medium- to long-term impacts. Here we provide a dataset on the spatial distribution of total international otter and beam trawling effort in the North Sea, for the period 1985–2015, reconstructed using compiled effort datasets with data gaps filled by estimations.
Claire E. Simpson, Christopher D. Arp, Yongwei Sheng, Mark L. Carroll, Benjamin M. Jones, and Laurence C. Smith
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-226, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-226, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Sonar depth point measurements collected at 17 lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska are used to train and validate models to map lake bathymetry. These models predict depth from remotely sensed lake color and are able to explain 58.5–97.6 % of depth variability. To calculate water volumes, we integrate this modeled bathymetry with lake surface area. Knowledge of Alaskan lake bathymetries and volumes is crucial to better understanding water storage, energy balance and ecological habitat.
Marco Sangiorgi, Miguel Angel Hernández-Ceballos, Kevin Jackson, Giorgia Cinelli, Konstantins Bogucarskis, Luca De Felice, Andrei Patrascu, and Marc De Cort
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 109–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-109-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-109-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
After the Chernobyl accident in 1986 the European Commission has invested resources for developing and improving a complete system called the European Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP) to exchange real-time monitoring data to competent authorities and the public. We provide two complete datasets (air-concentration samples and gamma dose rates) for the recent radiological release of 106Ru in Europe, which occurred between the end of September and early October 2017.
Susannah Rennie, Chris Andrews, Sarah Atkinson, Deborah Beaumont, Sue Benham, Vic Bowmaker, Jan Dick, Bev Dodd, Colm McKenna, Denise Pallett, Rob Rose, Stefanie M. Schäfer, Tony Scott, Carol Taylor, and Helen Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 87–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-87-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-87-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the meteorological, biological and biogeochemical datasets of the UK Environmental Change Network, a nationally unique long-term record environmental variability across UK habitats. The co-location of these measurements provides a rare opportunity to directly investigate relationships between environmental variables over significant time scales (1992–2015). This data record also provides the UK contribution to a global system of long-term environmental research networks.
Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba and Heidi M. Dierssen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-77-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-77-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
As remote sensing is becoming more integral in future plastic litter monitoring strategies, there is need to improve our understanding of the optical properties of plastics. We present spectral reflectance data (350–2500 nm) of wet and dry marine-harvested (Atlantic and Pacific oceans), washed-ashore, and virgin plastics. Absorption features were identified at ~ 931, 1215, 1417 and 1732 nm in both the marine-harvested and washed-ashore plastics.
Martin Stengel, Stefan Stapelberg, Oliver Sus, Stephan Finkensieper, Benjamin Würzler, Daniel Philipp, Rainer Hollmann, Caroline Poulsen, Matthew Christensen, and Gregory McGarragh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 41–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-41-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-41-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Cloud_cci AVHRR-PMv3 dataset contains global, cloud and radiative flux properties covering the period of 1982 to 2016. The properties were retrieved from AVHRR measurements recorded by afternoon satellites of the NOAA POES missions. Validation against CALIOP, BSRN and CERES demonstrates the high quality of the data. The Cloud_cci AVHRR-PMv3 dataset allows for a large variety of climate applications that build on cloud properties, radiative flux properties and/or the link between them.
Miquel Tomas-Burguera, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Santiago Beguería, Fergus Reig, and Borja Latorre
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1917-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1917-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A database of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was obtained and made publicly available for Spain covering the 1961–2014 period at a spatial resolution of 1.1 km. Previous to ETo calculation, data of required climate variables were interpolated and validated, and the uncertainty was estimated. Obtained ETo values can be used to calculate irrigation requirements, improve drought studies (our main motivation) and study the impact of climate change, as a positive trend was detected.
Wenjun Tang, Kun Yang, Jun Qin, Xin Li, and Xiaolei Niu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1905–1915, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1905-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1905-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study produced a 16-year (2000–2015) global surface solar radiation dataset (3 h, 10 km) based on recently updated ISCCP H-series cloud products with a physically based retrieval scheme. Its spatial resolution and accuracy are both higher than those of the ISCCP-FD, GEWEX-SRB and CERES. The dataset will contribute to photovoltaic applications and research related to the simulation of land surface processes.
Melita Keywood, Paul Selleck, Fabienne Reisen, David Cohen, Scott Chambers, Min Cheng, Martin Cope, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Erin Dunne, Kathryn Emmerson, Rosemary Fedele, Ian Galbally, Rob Gillett, Alan Griffiths, Elise-Andree Guerette, James Harnwell, Ruhi Humphries, Sarah Lawson, Branka Miljevic, Suzie Molloy, Jennifer Powell, Jack Simmons, Zoran Ristovski, and Jason Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1883–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1883-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1883-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Sydney Particle Study increased scientific knowledge of the processes leading to particle formation and transformations in Sydney through two comprehensive observation programs which are described in detail here. The data set and its analysis underpin comprehensive chemical transport modelling tools that can be used to assist in the development of a long-term control strategy for particles in Sydney and thus reduce the impact of particles on human health.
Felix L. Müller, Denise Dettmering, Claudia Wekerle, Christian Schwatke, Marcello Passaro, Wolfgang Bosch, and Florian Seitz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1765–1781, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1765-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1765-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Polar regions by satellite-altimetry-derived geostrophic currents (GCs) suffer from irregular and sparse data coverage. Therefore, a new dataset is presented, combining along-track derived dynamic ocean topography (DOT) heights with simulated differential water heights. For this purpose, a combination method, based on principal component analysis, is used. The results are combined with spatio-temporally consistent DOT and derived GC representations on unstructured, triangular formulated grids.
This Rutishauser, François Jeanneret, Robert Brügger, Yuri Brugnara, Christian Röthlisberger, August Bernasconi, Peter Bangerter, Céline Portenier, Leonie Villiger, Daria Lehmann, Lukas Meyer, Bruno Messerli, and Stefan Brönnimann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1645–1654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1645-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1645-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports 7414 quality-controlled plant phenological observations of the BernClim phenological network in Switzerland. The data from 1304 sites at 110 stations were recorded between 1970 and 2018. The quality control (QC) points to very good internal consistency (only 0.2 % flagged as internally inconsistent) and likely to high quality of the data. BernClim data originally served in regional planning and agricultural suitability and are now valuable for climate change impact studies.
Xingdong Li, Di Long, Qi Huang, Pengfei Han, Fanyu Zhao, and Yoshihide Wada
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1603–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1603-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1603-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau experienced rapid changes (mainly expanding) in the past 2 decades. Here we provide a data set of high temporal resolution and accuracy reflecting changes in water level and storage of Tibetan lakes. A novel source of water levels generated from Landsat archives was validated with in situ data and adopted to resolve the inconsistency in existing studies, benefiting monitoring of lake overflow floods, seasonal and interannual variability, and long-term trends.
Ekaterina P. Rets, Viktor V. Popovnin, Pavel A. Toropov, Andrew M. Smirnov, Igor V. Tokarev, Julia N. Chizhova, Nadine A. Budantseva, Yurij K. Vasil'chuk, Maria B. Kireeva, Alexey A. Ekaykin, Arina N. Veres, Alexander A. Aleynikov, Natalia L. Frolova, Anatoly S. Tsyplenkov, Aleksei A. Poliukhov, Sergey R. Chalov, Maria A. Aleshina, and Ekaterina D. Kornilova
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1463–1481, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1463-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1463-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
As climate change completely restructures hydrological processes and ecosystems in alpine areas, monitoring is fundamental to adaptation. Here we present a database on more than 10 years of hydrometeorological monitoring at the Djankuat station in the North Caucasus, which is one of 30 unique world reference sites with annual mass balance series longer than 50 years. We hope it will be useful for scientists studying various aspects of hydrological processes in mountain areas.
Stefan Leyk, Andrea E. Gaughan, Susana B. Adamo, Alex de Sherbinin, Deborah Balk, Sergio Freire, Amy Rose, Forrest R. Stevens, Brian Blankespoor, Charlie Frye, Joshua Comenetz, Alessandro Sorichetta, Kytt MacManus, Linda Pistolesi, Marc Levy, Andrew J. Tatem, and Martino Pesaresi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1385–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1385-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1385-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Population data are essential for studies on human–nature relationships, disaster or environmental health. Several global and continental gridded population data have been produced but have never been systematically compared. This article fills this gap and critically compares these gridded population datasets. Through the lens of the
fitness for useconcept it provides users with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions about appropriate data use in relation to the target application.
Craig D. Smith, Daqing Yang, Amber Ross, and Alan Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1337–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
During and following the WMO Solid Precipitation Inter-Comparison Experiment (SPICE), winter (2013–2017) precipitation intercomparison data sets were collected at two test sites in Saskatchewan: Caribou Creek in the southern boreal forest and Bratt's Lake on the prairies. Precipitation was measured by the WMO automated reference and can be compared to measurements made by gauge configurations commonly used in Canada to examine issues with systematic bias.
Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, Reto Da Forno, Alain Geiger, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Matthias Keller, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Matthias Meyer, Igor Talzi, Lothar Thiele, Christian Tschudin, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, and Mustafa Yücel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1203–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1203-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1203-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we describe a unique 10-year or more data record obtained from in situ measurements in steep bedrock permafrost in an Alpine environment on the Matterhorn Hörnligrat, Zermatt, Switzerland, at 3500 m a.s.l. By documenting and sharing these data in this form, we contribute to facilitating future research based on them, e.g., in the area of analysis methodology, comparative studies, assessment of change in the environment, natural hazard warning and the development of process models.
Roberto Serrano-Notivoli, Santiago Beguería, and Martín de Luis
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1171–1188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Spanish TEmperature At Daily scale (STEAD) is a new daily gridded maximum and minimum temperature dataset for Spain. It covers the whole territory of peninsular Spain and the Balearic and Canary Islands at a 5 km × 5 km spatial resolution for the 1901–2014 period. This product is useful not only for climatic analysis but also to provide support to any other climate-related variable and for decision-making purposes.
Cited articles
Acosta, M., Pavelka, M., Pokorný, R., Janouš, D., and Marek, M. V.: Seasonal Variation in CO2 Efflux of Stems and Branches of Norway Spruce Trees, Ann. Bot., 101, 469–477, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm304, 2008.
Allard, V., Soussana, J.-F., Falcimagne, R., Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., Ceschia, E., D'hour, P., Hénault, C., Laville, P., Martin, C., and Pinarès-Patino, C.: The role of grazing management for the net biome productivity and greenhouse gas budget (CO2, N2O and CH4) of semi-natural grassland, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 47–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.004, 2007.
Allard, V., Ourcival, J. M., Rambal, S., Joffre, R., and Rocheteau, A.: Seasonal and annual variation of carbon exchange in an evergreen Mediterranean forest in southern France, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 714–725, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01539.x, 2008.
Allison, V. J., Yermakov, Z., Miller, R. M., Jastrow, J. D., and Matamala, R.: Using landscape and depth gradients to decouple the impact of correlated environmental variables on soil microbial community composition, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 505–516, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.08.021, 2007.
Amiro, B. D., Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Iwashita, H., Kljun, N., McCaughey, J. H., Morgenstern, K., Murayama, S., Nesic, Z., Orchansky, A. L., and Saigusa, N.: Carbon, energy and water fluxes at mature and disturbed forest sites, Saskatchewan, Canada, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 136, 237–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.012, 2006.
Ammann, C., Flechard, C. R., Leifeld, J., Neftel, A., and Fuhrer, J.: The carbon budget of newly established temperate grassland depends on management intensity, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.002, 2007.
Anthoni, P. M., Knohl, A., Rebmann, C., Freibauer, A., Mund, M., Ziegler, W., Kolle, O., and Schulze, E.-D.: Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2 exchange in Thuringia, Germany, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 2005–2019, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00863.x, 2004.
Arain, M. A. and Restrepo-Coupe, N.: Net ecosystem production in a temperate pine plantation in southeastern Canada, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 128, 223–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.003, 2005.
Arneth, A., Veenendaal, E. M., Best, C., Timmermans, W., Kolle, O., Montagnani, L., and Shibistova, O.: Water use strategies and ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 in two highly seasonal environments, Biogeosciences, 3, 421–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-421-2006, 2006.
Aubinet, M., Chermanne, B., Vandenhaute, M., Longdoz, B., Yernaux, M., and Laitat, E.: Long term carbon dioxide exchange above a mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00244-1, 2001.
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D. (Eds.): Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, 1st edn., Springer Atmospheric Sciences, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1, 2012.
Aurela, M., Laurila, T., and Tuovinen, J.-P.: The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO2 balance in a subarctic fen, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020315, 2004.
Balddocchi, D.: Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere – the state and future of the eddy covariance method, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3600–3609, 2014.
Baldocchi, D. D., Hincks, B. B., and Meyers, T. P.: Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges of Biologically Related Gases with Micrometeorological Methods, Ecology, 69, 1331–1340, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941631, 1988.
Balzarolo, M., Anderson, K., Nichol, C., Rossini, M., Vescovo, L., Arriga, N., Wohlfahrt, G., Calvet, J.-C., Carrara, A., Cerasoli, S., Cogliati, S., Daumard, F., Eklundh, L., Elbers, J. A., Evrendilek, F., Handcock, R. N., Kaduk, J., Klumpp, K., Longdoz, B., Matteucci, G., Meroni, M., Montagnani, L., Ourcival, J.-M., Sánchez-Cañete, E. P., Pontailler, J.-Y., Juszczak, R., Scholes, B., and Martín, M. P.: Ground-Based Optical Measurements at European Flux Sites: A Review of Methods, Instruments and Current Controversies, Sensors, 11, 7954–7981, https://doi.org/10.3390/s110807954, 2011.
Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rödenbeck, C., Arain, M. A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G. B., Bondeau, A., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis, H., Oleson, K. W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F. I., and Papale, D.: Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate, Science, 329, 834–838, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984, 2010.
Belelli Marchesini, L., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Vuichard, N., Tchebakova, N., and Valentini, R.: Carbon balance assessment of a natural steppe of southern Siberia by multiple constraint approach, Biogeosciences, 4, 581–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-581-2007, 2007.
Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., and Mellmann, P.: CO2 and water vapour fluxes for 2 years above Euroflux forest site, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00240-4, 2001.
Bergeron, O., Margolis, H. A., Black, T. A., Coursolle, C., Dunn, A. L., Barr, A. G., and Wofsy, S. C.: Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 89–107, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01281.x, 2007.
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Tapper, N. J., and Cernusak, L. A.: Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 990–1004, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01334.x, 2007.
Beringer, J., Livesley, S. J., Randle, J., and Hutley, L. B.: Carbon dioxide fluxes dominate the greenhouse gas exchanges of a seasonal wetland in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 182, 239–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.06.008, 2013.
Bernhofer, C., Aubinet, M., Clement, R., Grelle, A., Grünwald, T., Ibrom, A., Jarvis, P., Rebmann, C., Schulze, E.-D., and Tenhunen, J. D.: Spruce forests (Norway and Sitka spruce, including Douglas fir): Carbon and water fluxes and Balances, ecological and ecophysiological determinants, in: Fluxes of carbon, water and energy of European forests, edited by: Valentini, R., Springer, 99–123, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_6, 2003.
Béziat, P., Ceschia, E., and Dedieu, G.: Carbon balance of a three crop succession over two cropland sites in South West France, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1628–1645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.05.004, 2009.
Bishop, C. M.: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-31073-2, 2006.
Bodesheim, P., Jung, M., Gans, F., Mahecha, M. D., and Reichstein, M.: Upscaled diurnal cycles of carbon and energy fluxes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, https://doi.org/10.17871/BACI.224, 2017.
Bonal, D., Bosc, A., Ponton, S., Goret, J.-Y., Burban, B., Gross, P., Bonnefond, J.-M., Elbers, J., Longdoz, B., Epron, D., Guehl, J.-M., and Granier, A.: Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1917–1933, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01610.x, 2008.
Bonan, G. B.: Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests, Science, 320, 1444–1449, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121, 2008.
Bonan, G. B., Lawrence, P. J., Oleson, K. W., Levis, S., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Lawrence, D. M., and Swenson, S. C.: Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G02014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001593, 2011.
Borma, L. S., Rocha, H. R. D., Cabral, O. M., Randow, C. v., Collicchio, E., Kurzatkowski, D., Brugger, P. J., Freitas, H., Tannus, R., Oliveira, L., Renno, C. D., and Artaxo, P.: Atmosphere and hydrological controls of the evapotranspiration over a floodplain forest in the Bananal Island region, Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, G01003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000641, 2009.
Bracho, R., Powell, T. L., Dore, S., Li, J., Hinkle, C. R., and Drake, B. G.: Environmental and biological controls on water and energy exchange in Florida scrub oak and pine flatwoods ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000469, 2008.
Bracho, R., Starr, G., Gholz, H. L., Martin, T. A., Cropper, W. P., and Loescher, H. W.: Controls on carbon dynamics by ecosystem structure and climate for southeastern U.S. slash pine plantations, Ecol. Monogr., 82, 101–128, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0587.1, 2012.
Breiman, L.: Bagging Predictors, Mach. Learn., 24, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058655, 1996.
Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Mach. Learn., 45, 5–32, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324, 2001.
Broquet, G., Chevallier, F., Bréon, F.-M., Kadygrov, N., Alemanno, M., Apadula, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., Morguí, J. A., Necki, J., Piacentino, S., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Thompson, R. L., Vermeulen, A. T., Yver, C., and Ciais, P.: Regional inversion of CO2 ecosystem fluxes from atmospheric measurements: reliability of the uncertainty estimates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9039–9056, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9039-2013, 2013.
Carvalhais, N., Reichstein, M., Seixas, J., James Collatz, G., Santos Pereira, J., Berbigier, P., Carrara, A., Granier, A., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Rambal, S., Sanz, M. J., and Valentini, R.: Implications of the carbon cycle steady state assumption for biogeochemical modeling performance and inverse parameter retrieval, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003033, 2008.
Cescatti, A. and Marcolla, B.: Drag coefficient and turbulence intensity in conifer canopies, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 121, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.028, 2004.
Chen, S., Chen, J., Lin, G., Zhang, W., Miao, H., Wei, L., Huang, J., and Han, X.: Energy balance and partition in Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems with different land use types, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1800–1809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.06.009, 2009.
Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Aalto, T., Anderson, B. E., Bousquet, P., Brunke, E. G., Ciattaglia, L., Esaki, Y., Fröhlich, M., Gomez, A., Gomez-Pelaez, A. J., Haszpra, L., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Leuenberger, M., Machida, T., Maignan, F., Matsueda, H., Morgui, J. A., Mukai, H., Nakazawa, T., Peylin, P., Ramonet, M., Rivier, L., Sawa, Y., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Vay, S. A., Vermeulen, A. T., Wofsy, S., and Worthy, D.: CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013887, 2010.
Chiesi, M., Maselli, F., Bindi, M., Fibbi, L., Cherubini, P., Arlotta, E., Tirone, G., Matteucci, G., and Seufert, G.: Modelling carbon budget of Mediterranean forests using ground and remote sensing measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 22–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.09.011, 2005.
Christensen, T. R., Johansson, T., Olsrud, M., Ström, L., Lindroth, A., Mastepanov, M., Malmer, N., Friborg, T., Crill, P., and Callaghan, T. V.: A catchment-scale carbon and greenhouse gas budget of a subarctic landscape, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 365, 1643–1656, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2035, 2007.
Christensen, T. R., Jackowicz-Korczyński, M., Aurela, M., Crill, P., Heliasz, M., Mastepanov, M., and Friborg, T.: Monitoring the Multi-Year Carbon Balance of a Subarctic Palsa Mire with Micrometeorological Techniques, AMBIO, 41, 207–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0302-5, 2012.
Chu, H., Baldocchi, D. D., John, R., Wolf, S., and Reichstein, M.: Fluxes all of the time? A primer on the temporal representativeness of FLUXNET, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 289–307, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003576, 2017.
Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A., Berger, B. W., Teclaw, R. M., Martin, J. G., Bolstad, P. V., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., and Heilman, W.: Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 126, 271–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.008, 2004.
Corradi, C., Kolle, O., Walter, K., Zimov, S. A., and Schulze, E.-D.: Carbon dioxide and methane exchange of a north-east Siberian tussock tundra, Glob. Change Biol. 11, 1910–1925, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01023.x, 2005.
Criminisi, A. and Shotton, J. (Eds.): Decision Forests for Computer Vision and Medical Image Analysis, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4929-3, 2013.
Cutler, D. R., Edwards, T. C., Beard, K. H., Cutler, A., Hess, K. T., Gibson, J., and Lawler, J. J.: Random forests for classification in ecology, Ecology, 88, 2783–2792, https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0539.1, 2007.
Cyronak, T., Santos, I. R., McMahon, A., and Eyre, B. D.: Carbon cycling hysteresis in permeable carbonate sands over a diel cycle: Implications for ocean acidification, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.1.0131, 2012.
Davidson, S. J., Santos, M. J., Sloan, V. L., Watts, J. D., Phoenix, G. K., Oechel, W. C., and Zona, D.: Mapping Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities Using Field Spectroscopy and Multispectral Satellite Data in North Alaska, USA, Remote Sens., 8, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8120978, 2016.
Delpierre, N., Berveiller, D., Granda, E., and Dufrêne, E.: Wood phenology, not carbon input, controls the interannual variability of wood growth in a temperate oak forest, New Phytol., 210, 459–470, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13771, 2016.
Desai, A. R., Bolstad, P. V., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., and Carey, E. V.: Comparing net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide between an old-growth and mature forest in the upper Midwest, USA, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 128, 33–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.09.005, 2005.
Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K. J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H. P., Tang, J., and Wang, W.: Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 288–308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001, 2008.
Desai, A. R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A. E., Cook, B. D., King, J. Y., and Kolka, R.: Landscape-level terrestrial methane flux observed from a very tall tower, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 201, 61–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017, 2015.
Dirmeyer, P. A., Cash, B. A., Kinter III, J. L., Stan, C., Jung, T., Marx, L., Towers, P., Wedi, N., Adams, J. M., Altshuler, E. L., Huang, B., Jin, E. K., and Manganello, J.: Evidence for Enhanced Land-Atmosphere Feedback in a Warming Climate, J. Hydrometeor., 13, 981–995, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-0104.1, 2012.
Dolman, A. J., Moors, E. J., and Elbers, J. A.: The carbon uptake of a mid latitude pine forest growing on sandy soil, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 111, 157–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00024-2, 2002.
Don, A., Rebmann, C., Kolle, O., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., and Schulze, E.-D.: Impact of afforestation-associated management changes on the carbon balance of grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1990–2002, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01873.x, 2009.
Dore, S., Kolb, T. E., Montes-Helu, M., Sullivan, B. W., Winslow, W. D., Hart, S. C., Kaye, J. P., Koch, G. W., and Hungate, B. A.: Long-term impact of a stand-replacing fire on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a ponderosa pine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1801–1820, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01613.x, 2008.
Drewer, J., Lohila, A., Aurela, M., Laurila, T., Minkkinen, K., Penttilä, T., Dinsmore, K. J., McKenzie, R. M., Helfter, C., Flechard, C., Sutton, M. A., and Skiba, U. M.: Comparison of greenhouse gas fluxes and nitrogen budgets from an ombotrophic bog in Scotland and a minerotrophic sedge fen in Finland, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 640–650, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01267.x, 2010.
Dunn, A. L., Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Goulden, M. L., and Daube, B. C.: A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 577–590, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01221.x, 2007.
Falk, M., Wharton, S., Schroeder, M., Ustin, S., and Paw U, K. T.: Flux partitioning in an old-growth forest: seasonal and interannual dynamics, Tree Physiol., 28, 509–520, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.4.509, 2008.
Famulari, D., Fowler, D., Hargreaves, K., Milford, C., Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., and Weston, K.: Measuring Eddy Covariance Fluxes of Ammonia Using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, Water Air Soil Poll., 4, 151–158, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-004-3025-1, 2004.
Fischer, M. L., Billesbach, D. P., Berry, J. A., Riley, W. J., and Torn, M. S.: Spatiotemporal Variations in Growing Season Exchanges of CO2, H2O, and Sensible Heat in Agricultural Fields of the Southern Great Plains, Earth Interact., 11, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1175/EI231.1, 2007.
Flanagan, L. B., Wever, L. A., and Carlson, P. J.: Seasonal and interannual variation in carbon dioxide exchange and carbon balance in a northern temperate grassland, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 599–615, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00491.x, 2002.
Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., and Huang, X.: MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 168–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016, 2010.
Garbulsky, M., Peñuelas, J., Papale, D., and Filella, I.: Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2860–2867, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01684.x, 2008.
Giasson, M.-A., Coursolle, C., and Margolis, H. A.: Ecosystem-level CO2 fluxes from a boreal cutover in eastern Canada before and after scarification, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.001, 2006.
Gielen, B., Verbeeck, H., Neirynck, J., Sampson, D. A., Vermeiren, F., and Janssens, I. A.: Decadal water balance of a temperate Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) based on measurements and modelling, Biogeosciences, 7, 1247–1261, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1247-2010, 2010.
Gilmanov, T. G., Soussana, J. F., Aires, L., Allard, V., Ammann, C., Balzarolo, M., Barcza, Z., Bernhofer, C., Campbell, C. L., Cernusca, A., Cescatti, A., Clifton-Brown, J., Dirks, B. O. M., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Fuhrer, J., Gimeno, C., Gruenwald, T., Haszpra, L., Hensen, A., Ibrom, A., Jacobs, A. F. G., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Manca, G., Marcolla, B., Nagy, Z., Pilegaard, K., Pinter, K., Pio, C., Raschi, A., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M. J., Stefani, P., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Valentini, R., Williams, M. L., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 93–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.008, 2007.
Gislason, P. O., Benediktsson, J. A., and Sveinsson, J. R.: Random Forests for land cover classification, Pattern Recogn. Lett., 27, 294–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.08.011, 2006.
Glenn, A. J., Flanagan, L. B., Syed, K. H., and Carlson, P. J.: Comparison of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in two peatlands in western Canada with contrasting dominant vegetation, Sphagnum and Carex, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 115–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.020, 2006.
Goldstein, A. H., Hultman, N. E., Fracheboud, J. M., Bauer, M. R., Panek, J. A., Xu, M., Qi, Y., Guenther, A. B., and Baugh, W.: Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water, and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada (CA), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 101, 113–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00168-9, 2000.
Gomez-Casanovas, N., Matamala, R., Cook, D. R., and Gonzalez-Meler, M. A.: Net ecosystem exchange modifies the relationship between the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration with abiotic factors in prairie grasslands, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 2532–2545, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02721.x, 2012.
Gorsel, E. v., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H. A., Keith, H., and Suni, T.: Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u*-threshold filtering technique, Tellus B, 59, 397–403, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00252.x, 2007.
Gough, C. M., Vogel, C. S., Schmid, H. P., Su, H.-B., and Curtis, P. S.: Multi-year convergence of biometric and meteorological estimates of forest carbon storage, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 158–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.004, 2008.
Goulden, M. L., Winston, G. C., McMillan, A. M. S., Litvak, M. E., Read, E. L., Rocha, A. V., and Elliot, J. R.: An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on land–atmosphere exchange, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2146–2162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01251.x, 2006.
Granier, A., Ceschia, E., Damesin, C., Dufrêne, E., Epron, D., Gross, P., Lebaube, S., Dantec, V. L., Goff, N. L., Lemoine, D., Lucot, E., Ottorini, J. M., Pontailler, J. Y., and Saugier, B.: The carbon balance of a young Beech forest, Funct. Ecol., 14, 312–325, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00434.x, 2000.
Grünzweig, J. M., Lin, T., Rotenberg, E., Schwartz, A., and Yakir, D.: Carbon sequestration in arid-land forest, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 791–799, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00612.x, 2003.
Gu, L., Meyers, T., Pallardy, S. G., Hanson, P. J., Yang, B., Heuer, M., Hosman, K. P., Riggs, J. S., Sluss, D., and Wullschleger, S. D.: Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007161, 2006.
Guan, D.-X., Wu, J.-B., Zhao, X.-S., Han, S.-J., Yu, G.-R., Sun, X.-M., and Jin, C.-J.: CO2 fluxes over an old, temperate mixed forest in northeastern China, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 137, 138–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.02.003, 2006.
Guanter, L., Zhang, Y., Jung, M., Joiner, J., Voigt, M., Berry, J. A., Frankenberg, C., Huete, A. R., Zarco-Tejada, P., Lee, J.-E., Moran, M. S., Ponce-Campos, G., Beer, C., Camps-Valls, G., Buchmann, N., Gianelle, D., Klumpp, K., Cescatti, A., Baker, J. M., and Griffis, T. J.: Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 1327–1333, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320008111,2014.
Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y., Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Randerson, J., Sarmiento, J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C.-W.: Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626–630, https://doi.org/10.1038/415626a, 2002.
Haapanala, S., Rinne, J., Pystynen, K.-H., Hellén, H., Hakola, H., and Riutta, T.: Measurements of hydrocarbon emissions from a boreal fen using the REA technique, Biogeosciences, 3, 103–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-103-2006, 2006.
Hadley, J. L., Kuzeja, P. S., Daley, M. J., Phillips, N. G., Mulcahy, T., and Singh, S.: Water use and carbon exchange of red oak- and eastern hemlock-dominated forests in the northeastern USA: implications for ecosystem-level effects of hemlock woolly adelgid, Tree Physiol., 28, 615–627, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.4.615, 2008.
Hadley, J. L., O'Keefe, J., Munger, J. W., Hollinger, D. Y., and Richardson, A. D.: Phenology of Forest-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange for Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in Southern and Northern New England, in: Phenology of Ecosystem Processes: Applications in Global Change Research, edited by: Noormets, A., Springer, 119–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0026-5_5, 2009.
Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Physiological optimization underlies growth rate-independent chlorophyll-specific gross and net primary production, Photosynth. Res., 103, 125–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-009-9526-z, 2010.
Harding, R. J. and Lloyd, C. R.: Evaporation and energy balance of a wet grassland at Tadham Moor on the Somerset Levels, Hydrol. Proc., 22, 2346–2357, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6829, 2008.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J.: The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, 2nd edn., Springer, 2009.
Heilman, J. L., Litvak, M. E., McInnes, K. J., Kjelgaard, J. F., Kamps, R. H., and Schwinning, S.: Water-storage capacity controls energy partitioning and water use in karst ecosystems on the Edwards Plateau, Texas, Ecohydrology, 7, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1327, 2014.
Hendriks, D. M. D., van Huissteden, J., Dolman, A. J., and van der Molen, M. K.: The full greenhouse gas balance of an abandoned peat meadow, Biogeosciences, 4, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-411-2007, 2007.
Hirano, T., Hirata, R., Fujinuma, Y., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Harazono, Y., Takada, M., Inukai, K., and Inoue, G.: CO2 and water vapor exchange of a larch forest in northern Japan, Tellus B, 55, 244–257, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00063.x, 2003.
Hirano, T., Segah, H., Harada, T., Limin, S., June, T., Hirata, R., and Osaki, M.: Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 412–425, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01301.x, 2007.
Hollinger, D. Y., Aber, J., Dail, B., Davidson, E. A., Goltz, S. M., Hughes, H., Leclerc, M. Y., Lee, J. T., Richardson, A. D., Rodrigues, C., Scott, N. A., Achuatavarier, D., and Walsh, J.: Spatial and temporal variability in forest–atmosphere CO2 exchange, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1689–1706, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00847.x, 2004.
Hong, J., Kim, J., Lee, D., and Lim, J.-H.: Estimation of the storage and advection effects on H2O and CO2 exchanges in a hilly KoFlux forest catchment, Water Resour. Res., 44, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006408, 2008.
Houborg, R. M. and Soegaard, H.: Regional simulation of ecosystem CO2 and water vapor exchange for agricultural land using NOAA AVHRR and Terra MODIS satellite data. Application to Zealand, Denmark, Remote Sens. Environ., 93, 150–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.07.001, 2004.
Humphreys, E. R., Black, T. A., Morgenstern, K., Cai, T., Drewitt, G. B., Nesic, Z., and Trofymow, J. A.: Carbon dioxide fluxes in coastal Douglas-fir stands at different stages of development after clearcut harvesting, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 6–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.018, 2006.
Ichii, K., Ueyama, M., Kondo, M., Saigusa, N., Kim, J., Alberto, M. C., Ardö, J., Euskirchen, E. S., Kang, M., Hirano, T., Joiner, J., Kobayashi, H., Marchesini, L. B., Merbold, L., Miyata, A., Saitoh, T. M., Takagi, K., Varlagin, A., Bret-Harte, M. S., Kitamura, K., Kosugi, Y., Kotani, A., Kumar, K., Li, S. G., Machimura, T., Matsuura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Ohta, T., Mukherjee, S., Yanagi, Y., Yasuda, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, F.: New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO2 fluxes in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 767–795, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003640, 2017.
Irvine, J., Law, B. E., and Hibbard, K. A.: Postfire carbon pools and fluxes in semiarid ponderosa pine in Central Oregon, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1748–1760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01368.x, 2007.
Jacobs, C. M. J., Jacobs, A. F. G., Bosveld, F. C., Hendriks, D. M. D., Hensen, A., Kroon, P. S., Moors, E. J., Nol, L., Schrier-Uijl, A., and Veenendaal, E. M.: Variability of annual CO2 exchange from Dutch grasslands, Biogeosciences, 4, 803–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-803-2007, 2007.
Jenkins, J. P., Richardson, A. D., Braswell, B. H., Ollinger, S. V., Hollinger, D. Y., and Smith, M.-L.: Refining light-use efficiency calculations for a deciduous forest canopy using simultaneous tower-based carbon flux and radiometric measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 143, 64–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.11.008, 2007.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., and Bondeau, A.: Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2001–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2001-2009, 2009.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Seneviratne, S. I., Sheffield, J., Goulden, M. L., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., de Jeu, R., Dolman, A. J., Eugster, W., Gerten, D., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Heinke, J., Kimball, J., Law, B. E., Montagnani, L., Mu, Q., Mueller, B., Oleson, K., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Roupsard, O., Running, S., Tomelleri, E., Niovy, N., Weber, U., Williams, C., Wood, E., Zaehle, S., and Zhang, K.: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467, 951–954, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09396, 2010.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H. A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A. D., Arain, M. A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F., and Williams, C.: Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G00J07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001566, 2011.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Schwalm, C. R., Huntingford, C., Sitch, S., Ahlström , A., Arneth, A., Camps-Valls, G., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Gans, F., Ichii, K., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Papale, D., Poulter, B., Raduly, B., Rödenbeck, C., Tramontana, G., Viovy, N., Wang, Y.-P., Weber, U., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature, Nature, 541, 516–520, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20780, 2017.
Kilinc, M., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Haverd, V., and Tapper, N. J.: An analysis of the surface energy budget above the world's tallest angiosperm forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 166, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.014, 2012.
Knohl, A., Schulze, E.-D., Kolle, O., and Buchmann, N.: Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged 250-year-old deciduous forest in Central Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 118, 151–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00115-1, 2003.
Krishnan, P., Meyers, T. P., Scott, R. L., Kennedy, L., and Heuer, M.: Energy exchange and evapotranspiration over two temperate semi-arid grasslands in North America, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 153, 31–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.017, 2012.
Kurbatova, J., Arneth, A., Vygodskaya, N. N., Kolle, O., Varlargin, A. V., Milyukova, I. M., Tchebakova, N. M., Schulze, E.-D., and Lloyd, J.: Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog I, Interseasonal and interannual variability of energy and latent heat fluxes during the snowfree period, Tellus B, 54, 497–513, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.01354.x, 2002.
Kurbatova, J., Li, C., Varlagin, A., Xiao, X., and Vygodskaya, N.: Modeling carbon dynamics in two adjacent spruce forests with different soil conditions in Russia, Biogeosciences, 5, 969–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-969-2008, 2008.
Kutsch, W. L., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Smith, P., Osborne, B., Eugster, W., Wattenbach, M., Schrumpf, M., Schulze, E. D., Tomelleri, E., Ceschia, E., Bernhofer, C., Beziat, P., Carrara, A., Tommasi, P. D., Grünwald, T., Jones, M., Magliulo, V., Marloie, O., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Sanz, M. J., Saunders, M., Sogaard, H., and Ziegler, W.: The net biome production of full crop rotations in Europe, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 336–345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.07.016, 2010.
Kwon, H.-J., Oechel, W. C., Zulueta, R. C., and Hastings, S. J.: Effects of climate variability on carbon sequestration among adjacent wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 111, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000036, 2006.
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frolking, S., and Moore, T. R.: Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001983, 2003.
Lagergren, F., Lindroth, A., Dellwik, E., Ibrom, A., Lankreijer, H., Launiainen, S., Mölder, M., Kolari, P., Pilegaard, K., and Vesala, T.: Biophysical controls on CO2 fluxes of three Northern forests based on long-term eddy covariance data, Tellus B, 60, 143–152, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00324.x, 2008.
Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Richardson, A., Arneth, A., Barr, A., Stoy, P., and Wohlfahrt, G.: Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 187–208, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x, 2010.
Launiainen, S., Katul, G. G., Kolari, P., Lindroth, A., Lohila, A., Aurela, M., Varlagin, A., Grelle, A., and Vesala, T.: Do the energy fluxes and surface conductance of boreal coniferous forests in Europe scale with leaf area?, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 4096–4113, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13497, 2016.
Law, B. E., Thornton, P. E., Irvine, J., Anthoni, P. M., and Tuyl, S. V.: Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 755–777, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00439.x, 2001.
Lee, H. C., Hong, J., Cho, C.-H., Choi, B.-C., Oh, S.-N., and Kim, J.: Surface Exchange of Energy and Carbon Dioxide between the Atmosphere and a Farmland in Haenam, Korea, Korean J. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 5, 61–69, 2003.
Lipson, D. A., Wilson, R. F., and Oechel, W. C.: Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial biomass, activity, and diversity in a chaparral ecosystem, Appl. Environ. Microb., 71, 8573–8580, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.12.8573-8580.2005, 2005.
Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Sun, G., Zha, T., Zhu, J., Shen, L., Chen, J., Fang, X., and Chen, J.: Quantifying evapotranspiration and biophysical regulations of a poplar plantation assessed by eddy covariance and sap-flow methods, J. Plant Ecol., 33, 706–718, https://doi.org/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009, 2009.
Liu, H., Randerson, J. T., Lindfors, J., and Chapin, F. S.: Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005158, 2005.
Loubet, B., Laville, P., Lehuger, S., Larmanou, E., Fléchard, C., Mascher, N., Genermont, S., Roche, R., Ferrara, R. M., Stella, P., Personne, E., Durand, B., Decuq, C., Flura, D., Masson, S., Fanucci, O., Rampon, J.-N., Siemens, J., Kindler, R., Gabrielle, B., Schrumpf, M., and Cellier, P.: Carbon, nitrogen and Greenhouse gases budgets over a four years crop rotation in northern France, Plant Soil, 343, 109–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0751-9, 2011.
Ma, S., Baldocchi, D. D., Xu, L., and Hehn, T.: Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 147, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.07.008, 2007.
Marcolla, B. and Cescatti, A.: Experimental analysis of flux footprint for varying stability conditions in an alpine meadow, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 291–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.12.007, 2005.
Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A., Montagnani, L., Manca, G., Kerschbaumer, G., and Minerbi, S.: Importance of advection in the atmospheric CO2 exchanges of an alpine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 130, 193–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.03.006, 2005.
Marek, M. V., Janouš, D., Taufarová, K., Havránková, K., Pavelka, M., Kaplan, V., and Marková, I.: Carbon exchange between ecosystems and atmosphere in the Czech Republic is affected by climate factors, Environ. Pollut., 159, 1035–1039, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.025, 2011.
Matese, A., Alberti, G., Gioli, B., Toscano, P., Vaccari, F., and Zaldei, A.: Compact_Eddy: A compact, low consumption remotely controlled eddy covariance logging system, Comput. Electron. Agr., 64, 343–346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2008.07.002, 2008.
McCaughey, J. H., Pejam, M. R., Arain, M. A., and Cameron, D. A.: Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes from a boreal mixedwood forest ecosystem in Ontario, Canada, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 79–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.010, 2006.
Meinshausen, N.: Quantile regression forests, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7, 983–999, 2006.
Merbold, L., Ardö, J., Arneth, A., Scholes, R. J., Nouvellon, Y., de Grandcourt, A., Archibald, S., Bonnefond, J. M., Boulain, N., Brueggemann, N., Bruemmer, C., Cappelaere, B., Ceschia, E., El-Khidir, H. A. M., El-Tahir, B. A., Falk, U., Lloyd, J., Kergoat, L., Le Dantec, V., Mougin, E., Muchinda, M., Mukelabai, M. M., Ramier, D., Roupsard, O., Timouk, F., Veenendaal, E. M., and Kutsch, W. L.: Precipitation as driver of carbon fluxes in 11 African ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 6, 1027–1041, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1027-2009, 2009.
Meyers, T. P. and Hollinger, S. E.: An assessment of storage terms in the surface energy balance of maize and soybean, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.03.001, 2004.
Migliavacca, M., Meroni, M., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Grassi, G., Zenone, T., Teobaldelli, M., Goded, I., Colombo, R., and Seufert, G.: Seasonal and interannual patterns of carbon and water fluxes of a poplar plantation under peculiar eco-climatic conditions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1460–1476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.003, 2009.
Mitchell, T. M.: Machine Learning, McGraw–Hill, 1997.
Mkhabela, M. S., Amiro, B. D., Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Hawthorne, I., Kidston, J., McCaughey, J. H., Orchansky, A. L., Nesic, Z., Sass, A., Shashkov, A., and Zha, T.: Comparison of carbon dynamics and water use efficiency following fire and harvesting in Canadian boreal forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 783–794, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.10.025, 2009.
Monson, R. K., Turnipseed, A. A., Sparks, J. P., Harley, P. C., Scott-Denton, L. E., Sparks, K., and Huxman, T. E.: Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 459–478, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00480.x, 2002.
Moors, E. J., Jacobs, C., Jans, W., Supit, I., Kutsch, W. L., Bernhofer, C., Béziat, P., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Ceschia, E., Elbers, J., Eugster, W., Kruijt, B., Loubet, B., Magliulo, E., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Saunders, M., and Soegaard, H.: Variability in carbon exchange of European croplands, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 325–335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.013, 2010.
Moureaux, C., Debacq, A., Bodson, B., Heinesch, B., and Aubinet, M.: Annual net ecosystem carbon exchange by a sugar beet crop, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 25–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.05.009, 2006.
Murphy, K. P.: Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective, The MIT Press, 2012.
Mutanga, O., Adam, E., and Cho, M. A.: High density biomass estimation for wetland vegetation using WorldView-2 imagery and random forest regression algorithm, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 18, 399–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.012, 2012.
Nagy, Z., Pintér, K., Czóbel, S., Balogh, J., Horváth, L., Fóti, S., Barcza, Z., Weidinger, T., Csintalan, Z., Dinh, N. Q., Grosz, B., and Tuba, Z.: The carbon budget of semi-arid grassland in a wet and a dry year in Hungary, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 21–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.003, 2007.
Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V.: River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6, 1970.
Noormets, A., McNulty, S. G., Domec, J.-C., Gavazzi, M., Sun, G., and King, J. S.: The role of harvest residue in rotation cycle carbon balance in loblolly pine plantations. Respiration partitioning approach, Glob. Change Biol., 18, 3186–3201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02776.x, 2012.
Owen, K. E., Tenhunen, J., Reichstein, M., Wang, Q., Falge, E., Geyer, R., Xiao, X., PaulStoy, Ammann, C., Arain, A., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Bernhofer, C., Chojnicki, B. H., Granier, A., Gruenwald, T., Hadley, J., Heinesch, B., Hollinger, D., Knohl, A., Kutsch, W., Lohila, A., Meyers, T., Moors, E., Moureaux, C., Pilegaard, K., Saigusa, N., Verma, S., Vesala, T., and Vogel, C.: Linking flux network measurements to continental scale simulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 734–760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01326.x, 2007.
Papale, D., Black, T. A., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., Jung, M., Kiely, G., Lasslop, G., Mahecha, M. D., Margolis, H., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E., Olesen, J. E., Reichstein, M., Tramontana, G., van Gorsel, E., Wohlfahrt, G., and Ráduly, B.: Effect of spatial sampling from European flux towers for estimating carbon and water fluxes with artificial neural networks, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 1941–1957, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002997, 2015.
Peichl, M., Brodeur, J. J., Khomik, M., and Arain, M. A.: Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of carbon fluxes in an age-sequence of temperate pine forests, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 952–965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.03.002, 2010.
Peichl, M., Leahy, P., and Kiely, G.: Six-year stable annual uptake of carbon dioxide in intensively managed humid temperate grassland, Ecosystems, 14, 112–126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9398-2, 2011.
Pereira, J. S., Mateus, J. A., Aires, L. M., Pita, G., Pio, C., David, J. S., Andrade, V., Banza, J., David, T. S., Paço, T. A., and Rodrigues, A.: Net ecosystem carbon exchange in three contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems – the effect of drought, Biogeosciences, 4, 791–802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-791-2007, 2007.
Perez-Priego, O., El-Madany, T. S., Migliavacca, M., Kowalski, A. S., Jung, M., Carrara, A., Kolle, O., Martín, M. P., Pacheco-Labrador, J., Moreno, G., and Reichstein, M.: Evaluation of eddy covariance latent heat fluxes with independent lysimeter and sapflow estimates in a Mediterranean savannah ecosystem, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 236, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.009, 2017.
Peters, W., Jacobson, A. R., Sweeney, C., Andrews, A. E., Conway, T. J., Masarie, K., Miller, J. B., Bruhwiler, L. M. P., Petron, G., Hirsch, A. I., Worthy, D. E. J., Werf, G. R. v. d., Randerson, J. T., Wennberg, P. O., Krol, M. C., and Tans, P. P.: An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 18925–18930, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708986104, 2007.
Peters, W., Krol, M. C., Werf, G. R. v. d., Houweling, S., Jones, C. D., Hughes, J., Schaefer, K., Masarie, K. A., Jacobson, A. R., Miller, J. B., Cho, C. H., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Ciattaglia, L., Apadula, F., Heltai, D., Meinhardt, F., Sarra, A. G. D., Piacentino, S., Sferlazzo, D., Aalto, T., Hatakka, J., Ström, J., Haszpra, L., Meijer, H. A. J., Laan, S. v. d., Neubert, R. E. M., Jordan, A., Rodo, X., Morgui, J.-A., Vermeulen, A. T., Popa, E., Rozanski, K., Zimnoch, M., Manning, A. C., Leuenberger, M., Uglietti, C., Dolman, A. J., Ciais, P., Heimann, M., and Tans, P. P.: Seven years of recent European net terrestrial carbon dioxide exchange constrained by atmospheric observations, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1317–1337, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02078.x, 2010.
Peylin, P., Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Chevallier, F., Jacobson, A. R., Maki, T., Niwa, Y., Patra, P. K., Peters, W., Rayner, P. J., Rödenbeck, C., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., and Zhang, X.: Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO2 inversions, Biogeosciences, 10, 6699-6720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6699-2013, 2013
Pilegaard, K., Hummelshøj, P., Jensen, N. O., and Chen, Z.: Two years of continuous CO2 eddy-flux measurements over a Danish beech forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 107, 29–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00227-6, 2001.
Powell, T. L., Bracho, R., Li, J., Dore, S., Hinkle, C. R., and Drake, B. G.: Environmental controls over net ecosystem carbon exchange of scrub oak in central Florida, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 141, 19–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.09.002, 2006.
Powell, T. L., Gholz, H. L., Clark, K. L., Starr, G., Cropper Jr., W. P., and Martin, T. A.: Carbon exchange of a mature, naturally regenerated pine forest in north Florida, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2523–2538, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01675.x, 2008.
Rasmussen, C. E. and Williams, C. K. I.: Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, The MIT Press, 2006.
Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Freibauer, A., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Banza, J., Casals, P., Cheng, Y., Grünzweig, J. M., Irvine, J., Joffre, R., Law, B. E., Loustau, D., Miglietta, F., Oechel, W., Ourcival, J.-M., Pereira, J. S., Peressotti, A., Ponti, F., Qi, Y., Rambal, S., Rayment, M., Romanya, J., Rossi, F., Tedeschi, V., Tirone, G., Xu, M., and Yakir, D.: Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002035, 2003.
Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Seufert, G., Tenhunen, J., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x, 2005.
Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Mahecha, M. D., Kattge, J., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 13697–13702, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216065111, 2014.
Restrepo-Coupe, N., Rocha, H. R. d., Hutyra, L. R., Araujo, A. C. d., Borma, L. S., Christoffersen, B., Cabral, O. M. R., Camargo, P. B. d., Cardoso, F. L., Costa, A. C. L. d., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Goulden, M. L., Kruijt, B., Maia, J. M., Malhi, Y. S., Manzi, A. O., Miller, S. D., Nobre, A. D., Randow, C. v., Sa, L. D. A., Sakai, R. K., Tota, J., Wofsy, S. C., Zanchi, F. B., and Saleska, S. R.: What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 182–183, 128–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031, 2013.
Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Tedeschi, V., Parri, I. D., Jarvis, P. G., and Valentini, R.: Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 851–866, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x, 2002.
Rödenbeck, C.: Estimating CO2 sources and sinks from atmospheric mixing ratio measurements using a global inversion of atmospheric transport, Tech. Rep. 6, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, available at: http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/~christian.roedenbeck/download/2005-Roedenbeck-TechReport6.pdf (last access: 17 July 2018), 2005.
Rodrigues, A., Pita, G., Mateus, J., Kurz-Besson, C., Casquilho, M., Cerasoli, S., Gomes, A., and Pereira, J.: Eight years of continuous carbon fluxes measurements in a Portuguese eucalypt stand under two main events: Drought and felling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 493–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.007, 2011.
Roupsard, O., Bonnefond, J.-M., Irvine, M., Berbigier, P., Nouvellon, Y., Dauzat, J., Taga, S., Hamel, O., Jourdan, C., Saint-André, L., Mialet-Serra, I., Labouisse, J.-P., Epron, D., Joffre, R., Braconnier, S., Rouzière, A., Navarro, M., and Bouillet, J.-P.: Partitioning energy and evapo-transpiration above and below a tropical palm canopy, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 252–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.07.006, 2006.
Sagerfors, J., Lindroth, A., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, L., Weslien, P., and Nilsson, M.: Annual CO2 exchange between a nutrient-poor, minerotrophic, boreal mire and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000306, 2008.
Saito, M., Miyata, A., Nagai, H., and Yamada, T.: Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide exchange in rice paddy field in Japan, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 93–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.10.007, 2005.
Schindler, D., Türk, M., and Mayer, H.: CO2 fluxes of a Scots pine forest growing in the warm and dry southern upper Rhine plain, SW Germany, Eur. J. Forest Res., 125, 201–212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-005-0107-1, 2006.
Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., and Su, H.-B.: Measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103, 357–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00140-4, 2000.
Scholes, R., Gureja, N., Giannecchinni, M., Dovie, D., Wilson, B., Davidson, N., Piggott, K., McLoughlin, C., Velde, K. v. d., Freeman, A., Bradley, S., Smart, R., and Ndala, S.: The environment and vegetation of the flux measurement site near Skukuza, Kruger National Park, Koedoe, 44, 73–83, https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v44i1.187, 2001.
Scott, R. L., Jenerette, G. D., Potts, D. L., and Huxman, T. E.: Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody-plant-encroached semiarid grassland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000900, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000900, 2009.
Scott, R. L., Hamerlynck, E. P., Jenerette, G. D., Moran, M. S., and Barron-Gafford, G. A.: Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001348, 2010.
Smallman, T. L., Moncrieff, J. B., and Williams, M.: WRFv3.2-SPAv2: development and validation of a coupled ecosystem–atmosphere model, scaling from surface fluxes of CO2 and energy to atmospheric profiles, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 1079–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1079-2013, 2013
Soegaard, H., Jensen, N. O., Boegh, E., Hasager, C. B., Schelde, K., and Thomsen, A.: Carbon dioxide exchange over agricultural landscape using eddy correlation and footprint modelling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 114, 153–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00177-6, 2003.
Soussana, J. F., Allard, V., Pilegaard, K., Ambus, P., Amman, C., Campbell, C., Ceschia, E., Clifton-Brown, J., Czobel, S., Domingues, R., Flechard, C., Fuhrer, J., Hensen, A., Horvath, L., Jones, M., Kasper, G., Martin, C., Nagy, Z., Neftel, A., Raschi, A., Baronti, S., Rees, R. M., Skiba, U., Stefani, P., Manca, G., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., and Valentini, R.: Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 121–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022, 2007.
Spano, D., Snyder, R. L., Sirca, C., and Duce, P.: ECOWAT–A model for ecosystem evapotranspiration estimation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1584–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.011, 2009.
Stoy, P. C., Katul, G. G., Siqueira, M. B. S., Juang, J.-Y., Novick, K. A., McCarthy, H. R., Oishi, A. C., Uebelherr, J. M., and an Ram Oren, H.-S. K.: Separating the effects of climate and vegetation on evapotranspiration along a successional chronosequence in the southeastern US, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2115–2135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01244.x, 2006.
Sturm, P., Leuenberger, M., Moncrieff, J., and Ramonet, M.: Atmospheric O2, CO2 and δ13C measurements from aircraft sampling over Griffin Forest, Perthshire, UK, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 19, 2399–2406, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2071, 2005.
Sulman, B. N., Desai, A. R., Cook, B. D., Saliendra, N., and Mackay, D. S.: Contrasting carbon dioxide fluxes between a drying shrub wetland in Northern Wisconsin, USA, and nearby forests, Biogeosciences, 6, 1115–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1115-2009, 2009.
Sun, Y., Fu, R., Dickinson, R., Joiner, J., Frankenberg, C., Gu, L., Xia, Y., and Fernando, N.: Drought onset mechanisms revealed by satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from two contrasting extreme events, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 2427–2440, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003150, 2015.
Suni, T., Rinne, J., Reissell, A., Altimir, N., Keronen, P., Rannik, Ü., Maso, M. D., Kulmala, M., and Vesala, T.: Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scots pine forest in Hyytiala, southern Finland, 1996–2001, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 287–302, 2003.
Syed, K. H., Flanagan, L. B., Carlson, P. J., Glenn, A. J., and Gaalen, K. E. V.: Environmental control of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a treed, moderately rich fen in northern Alberta, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 140, 97–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.022, 2006.
Tedeschi, V., Rey, A., Manca, G., Valentini, R., Jarvis, P. G., and Borghetti, M.: Soil respiration in a Mediterranean oak forest at different developmental stages after coppicing, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 110–121, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01081.x, 2006.
Thum, T., Aalto, T., Laurila, T., Aurela, M., Kolari, P., and Hari, P.: Parametrization of two photosynthesis models at the canopy scale in a northern boreal Scots pine forest, Tellus B, 59, 874–890, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00305.x, 2007.
Tramontana, G., Jung, M., Schwalm, C. R., Ichii, K., Camps-Valls, G., Ráduly, B., Reichstein, M., Arain, M. A., Cescatti, A., Kiely, G., Merbold, L., Serrano-Ortiz, P., Sickert, S., Wolf, S., and Papale, D.: Predicting carbon dioxide and energy fluxes across global FLUXNET sites with regression algorithms, Biogeosciences, 13, 4291–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4291-2016, 2016.
Ueyama, M., Ichii, K., Iwata, H., Euskirchen, E. S., Zona, D., Rocha, A. V., Harazono, Y., Iwama, C., Nakai, T., and Oechel, W. C.: Upscaling terrestrial carbon dioxide fluxes in Alaska with satellite remote sensing and support vector regression, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 1266–1281, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20095, 2013.
Urbanski, S., Barford, C., Wofsy, S., Kucharik, C., Pyle, E., Budney, J., McKain, K., Fitzjarrald, D., Czikowsky, M., and Munger, J. W.: Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 112, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000293, 2007.
Vaccari, F. P., Lugato, E., Gioli, B., D'Acqui, L., Genesio, L., Toscano, P., Matese, A., and Miglietta, F.: Land use change and soil organic carbon dynamics in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems: The case study of Pianosa Island, Geoderma, 175–176, 29–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.021, 2012.
Valentini, R., Angelis, P. d., Matteucci, G., Monaco, R., Dore, S., and Scarascia Mucnozza, G. E.: Seasonal net carbon dioxide exchange of a beech forest with the atmosphere, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 199–207, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00072.x, 1996.
van der Molen, M. K., van Huissteden, J., Parmentier, F. J. W., Petrescu, A. M. R., Dolman, A. J., Maximov, T. C., Kononov, A. V., Karsanaev, S. V., and Suzdalov, D. A.: The growing season greenhouse gas balance of a continental tundra site in the Indigirka lowlands, NE Siberia, Biogeosciences, 4, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-985-2007, 2007.
Verma, S. B., Dobermann, A., Cassman, K. G., Walters, D. T., Knops, J. M., Arkebauer, T. J., Suyker, A. E., Burba, G. G., Amos, B., Yang, H., Ginting, D., Hubbard, K. G., Gitelson, A. A., and Walter-Shea, E. A.: Annual carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize-based agroecosystems, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 131, 77–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.003, 2005.
Vickers, D., Thomas, C., and Law, B. E.: Random and systematic CO2 flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 73–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.005, 2009.
Walter, A., Christ, M. M., Barron-gafford, G. A., Grieve, K. A., Murthy, R., and Rascher, U.: The effect of elevated CO2 on diel leaf growth cycle, leaf carbohydrate content and canopy growth performance of Populus deltoides, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1207–1219, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00990.x, 2005.
Wang, W., Liang, S., and Meyers, T.: Validating MODIS land surface temperature products using long-term nighttime ground measurements, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 623–635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.05.024, 2008.
Wilkinson, M., Eaton, E. L., Broadmeadow, M. S. J., and Morison, J. I. L.: Inter-annual variation of carbon uptake by a plantation oak woodland in south-eastern England, Biogeosciences, 9, 5373–5389, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5373-2012, 2012.
Williams, C. A. and Albertson, J. D.: Soil moisture controls on canopy-scale water and carbon fluxes in an African savanna, Water Resour. Res., 40, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003208, 2004.
Wilske, B., Lu, N., Wei, L., Chen, S., Zha, T., Liu, C., Xu, W., Noormets, A., Huang, J., Wei, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Ni, J., Sun, G., Guo, K., McNulty, S., John, R., Han, X., Lin, G., and Chen, J.: Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 2762–2770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.004, 2009.
Wilson, T. B. and Meyers, T. P.: Determining vegetation indices from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 144, 160–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.04.001, 2007.
Wohlfahrt, G., Anderson-Dunn, M., Bahn, M., Balzarolo, M., Berninger, F., Campbell, C., Carrara, A., Cescatti, A., Christensen, T., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Friborg, T., Furger, M., Gianelle, D., Gimeno, C., Hargreaves, K., Hari, P., Haslwanter, A., Johansson, T., Marcolla, B., Milford, C., Nagy, Z., Nemitz, E., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M. J., Siegwolf, R. T., Susiluoto, S., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Ugolini, F., Valentini, R., Zorer, R., and Cernusca, A.: Biotic, Abiotic, and Management Controls on the Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange of European Mountain Grassland Ecosystems, Ecosystems, 11, 1338–1351, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9196-2, 2008a.
Wohlfahrt, G., Hammerle, A., Haslwanter, A., Bahn, M., Tappeiner, U., and Cernusca, A.: Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009286, 2008b.
Xiao, J., Zhuang, Q., Baldocchi, D. D., Law, B. E., Richardson, A. D., Chen, J., Oren, R., Starr, G., Noormets, A., Ma, S., Verma, S. B., Wharton, S., Wofsy, S. C., Bolstad, P. V., Burns, S. P., Cook, D. R., Curtis, P. S., Drake, B. G., Falk, M., Fischer, M. L., Foster, D. R., Gu, L., Hadley, J. L., Hollinger, D. Y., Katul, G. G., Litvak, M., Martin, T., Matamala, R., McNulty, S., Meyers, T. P., Monson, R. K., Munger, J. W., Oechel, W. C., Paw, U. K. T., Schmid, H. P., Scott, R. L., Sun, G., Suyker, A. E., and Torn, M. S.: Estimation of net ecosystem carbon exchange for the conterminous United States by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1827–1847, 2008.
Xiao, J., Zhuang, Q., Law, B. E., Chen, J., Baldocchi, D. D., Cook, D. R., Oren, R., Richardson, A. D., Wharton, S., Ma, S., Martin, T. A., Verma, S. B., Suyker, A. E., Scott, R. L., Monson, R. K., Litvak, M., Hollinger, D. Y., Sun, G., Davis, K. J., Bolstad, P. V., Burns, S. P., Curtis, P. S., Drake, B. G., Falk, M., Fischer, M. L., Foster, D. R., Gu, L., Hadley, J. L., Katul, G. G., Matamala, R., McNulty, S., Meyers, T. P., Munger, J. W., Noormets, A., Oechel, W. C., Paw U, K. T., Schmid, H. P., Starr, G., Torn, M. S., and Wofsy, S. C.: A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 576–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013, 2010.
Xiao, J., Chen, J., Davis, K. J., and Reichstein, M.: Advances in upscaling of eddy covariance measurements of carbon and water fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 117, G00J01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001889, 2012.
Yamamoto, S., Murayama, S., Saigusa, N., and Kondo, H.: Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO2 flux between a temperate forest and the atmosphere in Japan, Tellus B, 51, 402–413, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v51i2.16314, 1999.
Yan, Y., Zhao, B., Chen, J., Guo, H., Gu, Y., Wu, Q., and Li, B.: Closing the carbon budget of estuarine wetlands with tower-based measurements and MODIS time series, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1690–1702, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01589.x, 2008.
Yang, F., Ichii, K., White, M. A., Hashimoto, H., Michaelis, A. R., Votava, P., Zhu, A.-X., Huete, A., Running, S. W., and Nemani, R. R.: Developing a continental-scale measure of gross primary production by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data through Support Vector Machine approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 110, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.016, 2007.
Yang, Y., Anderson, M., Gao, F., Hain, C., Kustas, W., Meyers, T., Crow, W., Finocchiaro, R., Otkin, J., Sun, L., and Yang, Y.: Impact of Tile Drainage on Evapotranspiration in South Dakota, USA, Based on High Spatiotemporal Resolution Evapotranspiration Time Series From a Multisatellite Data Fusion System, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 10, 2550–2564, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2680411, 2017.
Zhang, W. L., Chen, S. P., Chen, J., Wei, L., Han, X. G., and Lin, G. H.: Biophysical regulations of carbon fluxes of a steppe and a cultivated cropland in semiarid Inner Mongolia, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 146, 216–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.06.002, 2007.
Zscheischler, J., Mahecha, M. D., Avitabile, V., Calle, L., Carvalhais, N., Ciais, P., Gans, F., Gruber, N., Hartmann, J., Herold, M., Ichii, K., Jung, M., Landschützer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Papale, D., Peylin, P., Poulter, B., Ray, D., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Roman-Cuesta, R. M., Schwalm, C., Tramontana, G., Tyukavina, A., Valentini, R., van der Werf, G., West, T. O., Wolf, J. E., and Reichstein, M.: Reviews and syntheses: An empirical spatiotemporal description of the global surface–atmosphere carbon fluxes: opportunities and data limitations, Biogeosciences, 14, 3685–3703, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3685-2017, 2017.
Short summary
We provide continuous half-hourly carbon and energy fluxes for 2001 to 2014 at 0.5° spatial resolution, which allows for analyzing diurnal cycles globally. The data set contains four fluxes: gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), latent heat (LE), and sensible heat (H). In addition, we provide a derived product that only contains monthly average diurnal cycles but which also enables us to study the important characteristics of subdaily patterns at a global scale.
We provide continuous half-hourly carbon and energy fluxes for 2001 to 2014 at 0.5° spatial...
