Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
GOBAI-O2: temporally and spatially resolved fields of ocean interior dissolved oxygen over nearly 2 decades
Jonathan D. Sharp
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Andrea J. Fassbender
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Brendan R. Carter
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Gregory C. Johnson
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Cristina Schultz
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
John P. Dunne
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Related authors
Brendan R. Carter, Jörg Schwinger, Rolf Sonnerup, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jonathan D. Sharp, Larissa M. Dias, and Daniel E. Sandborn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3073–3088, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3073-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3073-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We infer ocean gas exchange and circulation from ocean tracer measurements and use this to create code to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean that is there due to human emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. The code works across the ocean depths for the past, present, or future from information about the location, temperature, and salinity of the seawater. We produce a data product with estimates throughout the ocean throughout the last ~300 and the next ~500 years.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Paige D. Lavin, and Adrienne J. Sutton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2081–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographers calculate the exchange of carbon between the ocean and atmosphere by comparing partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2). Because seawater pCO2 is not measured everywhere at all times, interpolation schemes are required to fill observational gaps. We describe a monthly gap-filled dataset of pCO2 in the northeast Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America created by machine-learning interpolation. This dataset is unique in its robust representation of coastal seasonality.
Matthew P. Humphreys, Ernie R. Lewis, Jonathan D. Sharp, and Denis Pierrot
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 15–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean helps to mitigate our impact on Earth's climate by absorbing about a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human activities each year. However, once absorbed, chemical reactions between CO2 and water reduce seawater pH (
ocean acidification), which may have adverse effects on marine ecosystems. Our Python package, PyCO2SYS, models the chemical reactions of CO2 in seawater, allowing us to quantify the corresponding changes in pH and related chemical properties.
Li-Qing Jiang, Richard A. Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Dana Greeley, Leticia Barbero, Simone Alin, Brendan R. Carter, Denis Pierrot, Charles Featherstone, James Hooper, Chris Melrose, Natalie Monacci, Jonathan D. Sharp, Shawn Shellito, Yuan-Yuan Xu, Alex Kozyr, Robert H. Byrne, Wei-Jun Cai, Jessica Cross, Gregory C. Johnson, Burke Hales, Chris Langdon, Jeremy Mathis, Joe Salisbury, and David W. Townsend
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Forrest M. Hoffman, Birgit Hassler, Ranjini Swaminathan, Jared Lewis, Bouwe Andela, Nathaniel Collier, Dóra Hegedűs, Jiwoo Lee, Charlotte Pascoe, Mika Pflüger, Martina Stockhause, Paul Ullrich, Min Xu, Lisa Bock, Felicity Chun, Bettina K. Gier, Douglas I. Kelley, Axel Lauer, Julien Lenhardt, Manuel Schlund, Mohanan G. Sreeush, Katja Weigel, Ed Blockley, Rebecca Beadling, Romain Beucher, Demiso D. Dugassa, Valerio Lembo, Jianhua Lu, Swen Brands, Jerry Tjiputra, Elizaveta Malinina, Brian Mederios, Enrico Scoccimarro, Jeremy Walton, Philip Kershaw, André L. Marquez, Malcolm J. Roberts, Eleanor O’Rourke, Elisabeth Dingley, Briony Turner, Helene Hewitt, and John P. Dunne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2685, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2685, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
As Earth system models become more complex, rapid and comprehensive evaluation through comparison with observational data is necessary. The upcoming Assessment Fast Track for the Seventh Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7) will require fast analysis. This paper describes a new Rapid Evaluation Framework (REF) that was developed for the Assessment Fast Track that will be run at the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) to inform the community about the performance of models.
Brandon M. Stephens, Montserrat Roca-Martí, Amy E. Maas, Vinícius J. Amaral, Samantha Clevenger, Shawnee Traylor, Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson, Philip W. Boyd, Ken O. Buesseler, Craig A. Carlson, Nicolas Cassar, Margaret Estapa, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yibin Huang, Phoebe J. Lam, Olivier Marchal, Susanne Menden-Deuer, Nicola L. Paul, Alyson E. Santoro, David A. Siegel, and David P. Nicholson
Biogeosciences, 22, 3301–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3301-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3301-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean’s mesopelagic zone (MZ) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. This study combines new and previously published measurements of organic carbon supply and demand collected in August 2018 in the MZ of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. Supply was insufficient to meet demand in August, but supply entering into the MZ in the spring of 2018 could have met the August demand. Results suggest observations over seasonal timescales may help to close MZ carbon budgets.
Brendan R. Carter, Jörg Schwinger, Rolf Sonnerup, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jonathan D. Sharp, Larissa M. Dias, and Daniel E. Sandborn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3073–3088, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3073-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3073-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We infer ocean gas exchange and circulation from ocean tracer measurements and use this to create code to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean that is there due to human emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. The code works across the ocean depths for the past, present, or future from information about the location, temperature, and salinity of the seawater. We produce a data product with estimates throughout the ocean throughout the last ~300 and the next ~500 years.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Larissa Marie Dias and Brendan Rae Carter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-458, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-458, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing availability of oceanographic physical and chemical data necessitates accompanying methods for optimizing use of this data. This project produced algorithms (PyESPERs) for estimating biogeochemical seawater properties in Python, a freely available coding language. These algorithms were based on Empirical Seawater Property Estimation Routines (ESPERs), which were originally written in the proprietary MATLAB coding language and can be used in studies of marine carbonate chemistry.
Paul J. Durack, Karl E. Taylor, Peter J. Gleckler, Gerald A. Meehl, Bryan N. Lawrence, Curt Covey, Ronald J. Stouffer, Guillaume Levavasseur, Atef Ben-Nasser, Sebastien Denvil, Martina Stockhause, Jonathan M. Gregory, Martin Juckes, Sasha K. Ames, Fabrizio Antonio, David C. Bader, John P. Dunne, Daniel Ellis, Veronika Eyring, Sandro L. Fiore, Sylvie Joussaume, Philip Kershaw, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Michael Lautenschlager, Jiwoo Lee, Chris F. Mauzey, Matthew Mizielinski, Paola Nassisi, Alessandra Nuzzo, Eleanor O’Rourke, Jeffrey Painter, Gerald L. Potter, Sven Rodriguez, and Dean N. Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
CMIP6 was the most expansive and ambitious Model Intercomparison Project (MIP), the latest in a history, extending four decades. CMIP engaged a growing community focused on improving climate understanding, and quantifying and attributing observed climate change being experienced today. The project's profound impact is due to the combining the latest climate science and technology, enabling the latest-generation climate simulations and increasing community attention in every successive phase.
John Patrick Dunne, Helene T. Hewitt, Julie Arblaster, Frédéric Bonou, Olivier Boucher, Tereza Cavazos, Paul J. Durack, Birgit Hassler, Martin Juckes, Tomoki Miyakawa, Matthew Mizielinski, Vaishali Naik, Zebedee Nicholls, Eleanor O’Rourke, Robert Pincus, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Isla R. Simpson, and Karl E. Taylor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3874, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3874, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript provides the motivation and experimental design for the seventh phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7) to coordinate community based efforts to answer key and timely climate science questions and facilitate delivery of relevant multi-model simulations for: prediction and projection, characterization, attribution and process understanding; vulnerability, impacts and adaptations analysis; national and international climate assessments; and society at large.
Yona Silvy, Thomas L. Frölicher, Jens Terhaar, Fortunat Joos, Friedrich A. Burger, Fabrice Lacroix, Myles Allen, Raffaele Bernardello, Laurent Bopp, Victor Brovkin, Jonathan R. Buzan, Patricia Cadule, Martin Dix, John Dunne, Pierre Friedlingstein, Goran Georgievski, Tomohiro Hajima, Stuart Jenkins, Michio Kawamiya, Nancy Y. Kiang, Vladimir Lapin, Donghyun Lee, Paul Lerner, Nadine Mengis, Estela A. Monteiro, David Paynter, Glen P. Peters, Anastasia Romanou, Jörg Schwinger, Sarah Sparrow, Eric Stofferahn, Jerry Tjiputra, Etienne Tourigny, and Tilo Ziehn
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1591–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1591-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The adaptive emission reduction approach is applied with Earth system models to generate temperature stabilization simulations. These simulations provide compatible emission pathways and budgets for a given warming level, uncovering uncertainty ranges previously missing in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project scenarios. These target-based emission-driven simulations offer a more coherent assessment across models for studying both the carbon cycle and its impacts under climate stabilization.
Benjamin M. Sanderson, Ben B. B. Booth, John Dunne, Veronika Eyring, Rosie A. Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew J. Gidden, Tomohiro Hajima, Chris D. Jones, Colin G. Jones, Andrew King, Charles D. Koven, David M. Lawrence, Jason Lowe, Nadine Mengis, Glen P. Peters, Joeri Rogelj, Chris Smith, Abigail C. Snyder, Isla R. Simpson, Abigail L. S. Swann, Claudia Tebaldi, Tatiana Ilyina, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Roland Séférian, Bjørn H. Samset, Detlef van Vuuren, and Sönke Zaehle
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8141–8172, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss how, in order to provide more relevant guidance for climate policy, coordinated climate experiments should adopt a greater focus on simulations where Earth system models are provided with carbon emissions from fossil fuels together with land use change instructions, rather than past approaches that have largely focused on experiments with prescribed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We discuss how these goals might be achieved in coordinated climate modeling experiments.
Mallory C. Ringham, Nathan Hirtle, Cody Shaw, Xi Lu, Julian Herndon, Brendan R. Carter, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 21, 3551–3570, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Results show that CO2 equilibration occurred on the order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Li-Qing Jiang, Tim P. Boyer, Christopher R. Paver, Hyelim Yoo, James R. Reagan, Simone R. Alin, Leticia Barbero, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we unveil a data product featuring ten coastal ocean acidification variables. These indicators are provided on 1°×1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins.
Minjin Lee, Charles A. Stock, John P. Dunne, and Elena Shevliakova
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5191–5224, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling global freshwater solid and nutrient loads, in both magnitude and form, is imperative for understanding emerging eutrophication problems. Such efforts, however, have been challenged by the difficulty of balancing details of freshwater biogeochemical processes with limited knowledge, input, and validation datasets. Here we develop a global freshwater model that resolves intertwined algae, solid, and nutrient dynamics and provide performance assessment against measurement-based estimates.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2023 is the fifth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1108 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Katja Fennel, Matthew C. Long, Christopher Algar, Brendan Carter, David Keller, Arnaud Laurent, Jann Paul Mattern, Ruth Musgrave, Andreas Oschlies, Josiane Ostiguy, Jaime B. Palter, and Daniel B. Whitt
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes biogeochemical models and modelling techniques for applications related to ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) research. Many of the most pressing OAE-related research questions cannot be addressed by observation alone but will require a combination of skilful models and observations. We present illustrative examples with references to further information; describe limitations, caveats, and future research needs; and provide practical recommendations.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, and Charles Stock
Biogeosciences, 20, 1195–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and acidification in surface waters. We review the representation of alkalinity and the associated calcium carbonate cycle in Earth system models. While many parameterizations remain present in the latest generation of models, there is a general improvement in the simulated alkalinity distribution. This improvement is related to an increase in the export of biotic calcium carbonate, which closer resembles observations.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Paige D. Lavin, and Adrienne J. Sutton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2081–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographers calculate the exchange of carbon between the ocean and atmosphere by comparing partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2). Because seawater pCO2 is not measured everywhere at all times, interpolation schemes are required to fill observational gaps. We describe a monthly gap-filled dataset of pCO2 in the northeast Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America created by machine-learning interpolation. This dataset is unique in its robust representation of coastal seasonality.
Chiho Sukigara, Ryuichiro Inoue, Kanako Sato, Yoshihisa Mino, Takeyoshi Nagai, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yuichiro Takeshita, Stuart Bishop, and Eitarou Oka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-9, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the physical changes in the ocean from winter to spring and the corresponding biological activities, two automated floats were used to conduct observations in the western North Pacific from January to April 2018. During the observation, repeated storms passed and mixed the ocean surface layer. Afterwards, active biological activity was observed. Using data from the float, we observed the formation, decomposition, and settling of particulate organic matter.
Matthew P. Humphreys, Ernie R. Lewis, Jonathan D. Sharp, and Denis Pierrot
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 15–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean helps to mitigate our impact on Earth's climate by absorbing about a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human activities each year. However, once absorbed, chemical reactions between CO2 and water reduce seawater pH (
ocean acidification), which may have adverse effects on marine ecosystems. Our Python package, PyCO2SYS, models the chemical reactions of CO2 in seawater, allowing us to quantify the corresponding changes in pH and related chemical properties.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Steve D. Jones, Maren K. Karlsen, Claire Lo Monaco, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5565–5589, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2021 is the third update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 989 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2020.
Li-Qing Jiang, Richard A. Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Dana Greeley, Leticia Barbero, Simone Alin, Brendan R. Carter, Denis Pierrot, Charles Featherstone, James Hooper, Chris Melrose, Natalie Monacci, Jonathan D. Sharp, Shawn Shellito, Yuan-Yuan Xu, Alex Kozyr, Robert H. Byrne, Wei-Jun Cai, Jessica Cross, Gregory C. Johnson, Burke Hales, Chris Langdon, Jeremy Mathis, Joe Salisbury, and David W. Townsend
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Chiho Sukigara, Ryuichiro Inoue, Kanako Sato, Yoshihisa Mino, Takeyoshi Nagai, Andrea J. Fassbender, Yuichiro Takeshita, and Eitarou Oka
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-116, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We combined ship-borne water sampling with the use of two Argo floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors to determine the changes in primary productivity associated with the passage of storms and resultant disturbance in the subtropical western North Pacific. We found that the episodic influx of carbon to the surface facilitated by storms played a key role in promoting primary production. Particulate carbon transported to the twilight layer were not the major substrate for the respiration.
Andrea J. Fassbender, James C. Orr, and Andrew G. Dickson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1407–1415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A decline in upper-ocean pH with time is typically ascribed to ocean acidification. A more quantitative interpretation is often confused by failing to recognize the implications of pH being a logarithmic transform of hydrogen ion concentration rather than an absolute measure. This can lead to an unwitting misinterpretation of pH data. We provide three real-world examples illustrating this and recommend the reporting of both hydrogen ion concentration and pH in studies of ocean chemical change.
Are Olsen, Nico Lange, Robert M. Key, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Steven van Heuven, Mario Hoppema, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Sara Jutterström, Camilla S. Landa, Siv K. Lauvset, Patrick Michaelis, Akihiko Murata, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Anton Velo, Rik Wanninkhof, and Ryan J. Woosley
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3653–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3653-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by chemical analysis of water bottle samples at scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2020 is the second update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality control, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 946 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2019.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lijing Cheng, Matthew D. Palmer, James Hansen, Caterina Tassone, Valentin Aich, Susheel Adusumilli, Hugo Beltrami, Tim Boyer, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Damien Desbruyères, Catia Domingues, Almudena García-García, Pierre Gentine, John Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Masayoshi Ishii, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian A. King, Gottfried Kirchengast, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, John Lyman, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Maeva Monier, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Axel Schweiger, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Andrew Shepherd, Donald A. Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Fiammetta Straneo, Mary-Louise Timmermans, and Susan E. Wijffels
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2013–2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This study is a Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to obtain the Earth heat inventory over the period 1960–2018.
Cited articles
Alkire, M. B., D'Asaro, E., Lee, C., Perry, M. J., Gray, A., Cetinić, I., Briggs, N., Rehm, E., Kallin, E., Kaiser, J., and González-Posada, A.: Estimates of net community production and export using high-resolution, Lagrangian measurements of O2, , and POC through the evolution of a spring diatom bloom in the North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 64, 157–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.01.012, 2012.
Argo: Argo float data and metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre (Argo GDAC), SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/42182, 2000.
Arteaga, L. A., Pahlow, M., Bushinsky, S. M., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Nutrient controls on export production in the Southern Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 942–956, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006236, 2019.
Berman-Frank, I., Chen, Y. B., Gao, Y., Fennel, K., Follows, M. J., Milligan, A. J., and Falkowski, P. G.: Feedbacks between the nitrogen, carbon and oxygen cycles, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, Elsevier Inc., 1539–1563, ISBN 978-0-12-372522-6, 2008.
Bindoff, N. L., Cheung, W. W. L., Kairo, J. G., Arístegui, J., Guinder, V. A., Hallberg, R., Hilmi, N., Jiao, N., Karim, M. S., Levin, L., O'Donoghue, S., Purca Cuicapusa, S. R., Rinkevich, B., Suga, T., Tagliabue, A., and Williamson, P.: Changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by:
Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 447–588, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964, 2019.
Bittig, H., Wong, A., and Plant, J.: BGC-Argo synthetic profile file processing and format on Coriolis GDAC, Ifremer, Plouzane, France, https://doi.org/10.13155/55637, 2022.
Bittig, H. C. and Körtzinger, A.: Tackling oxygen optode drift: Near-surface and in-air oxygen optode measurements on a float provide an accurate in situ reference, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 1536–1543, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00162.1, 2015.
Bittig, H. C. and Körtzinger, A.: Technical note: Update on response times, in-air measurements, and in situ drift for oxygen optodes on profiling platforms, Ocean Sci., 13, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-1-2017, 2017.
Bittig, H. C., Fiedler, B., Scholz, R., Krahmann, G., and Körtzinger, A.: Time response of oxygen optodes on profiling platforms and its dependence on flow speed and temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 617–636, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.617, 2014.
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Neill, C., van Ooijen, E., Plant, J. N., Hahn, J., Johnson, K. S., Yang, B., and Emerson, S. R.: Oxygen optode sensors: Principle, characterization, calibration, and application in the ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 429, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429, 2018a.
Bittig, H. C., Steinhoff, T., Claustre, H., Fiedler, B., Williams, N. L., Sauzède, R., Körtzinger, A., and Gattuso, J. P.: An alternative to static climatologies: Robust estimation of open ocean CO2 variables and nutrient concentrations from T, S, and O2 data using Bayesian neural networks, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 328, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00328, 2018b.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., Tjiputra, J., and Vichi, M.: Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013, 2013.
Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Coleman, C., Garcia, H. E., Grodsky, A., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Paver, C. R., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., Smolyar, I. V., Weathers, K., and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Database 2018, edited by: Mishonov, A. V. (technical ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 87, 2018.
Breiman, L.: Random forests, Mach. Learn., 45, 5–32, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324, 2001.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., and Zhang, J.: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, 359, eaam7240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018.
Bushinsky, S. M. and Emerson, S.: Marine biological production from in situ oxygen measurements on a profiling float in the subarctic Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 2050–2060, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005251, 2015.
Bushinsky, S. M. and Emerson, S. R.: Biological and physical controls on the oxygen cycle in the Kuroshio Extension from an array of profiling floats, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 141, 51–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.09.005, 2018.
Bushinsky, S. M., Emerson, S. R., Riser, S. C., and Swift, D. D.: Accurate oxygen measurements on modified Argo floats using in situ air calibrations, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 14, 491–505, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10107, 2016.
Bushinsky, S. M., Gray, A. R., Johnson, K. S., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Oxygen in the Southern Ocean from Argo floats: Determination of processes driving air-sea fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8661–8682, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012923, 2017.
Carpenter, J. H.: The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler dissolved oxygen method, Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 141–143, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1965.10.1.0141, 1965.
Carter, B. R., Bittig, H. C., Fassbender, A. J., Sharp, J. D., Takeshita, Y., Xu, Y. Y., Álvarez, M., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R. A., and Barbero, L.: New and updated global empirical seawater property estimation routines, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 19, 785–809, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10461, 2021.
Chierici, M., Fransson, A., Turner, D. R., Pakhomov, E. A., and Froneman, P. W.: Variability in pH, fCO2, oxygen and flux of CO2 in the surface water along a transect in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 2773–2787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2001.03.002, 2004.
Claustre, H., Johnson, K. S., and Takeshita, Y.: Observing the global ocean with biogeochemical-Argo, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 12, 23–48, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010956, 2020.
D'Asaro, E. A. and McNeil, C.: Calibration and stability of oxygen sensors on autonomous floats, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1896–1906, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00222.1, 2013.
Demuth, H., Beale, M., and Hagan, M.: Neural Network Toolbox 6 User's Guide, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, https://www.mathworks.com/help/pdf_doc/deeplearning/nnet_ug.pdf (last access: 28 September 2023), 2008.
Djeutchouang, L. M., Chang, N., Gregor, L., Vichi, M., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach, Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022.
Drucker, R. and Riser, S. C.: In situ phase-domain calibration of oxygen Optodes on profiling floats, Methods in Oceanography, 17, 296–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2016.09.007, 2016.
Dunne, J. P., Horowitz, L. W., Adcroft, A. J., Ginoux, P., Held, I. M., John, J. G., Krasting, J. P., Malyshev, S., Naik, V., Paulot, F., Shevliakova, E., Stock, C. A., Zadeh, N., Balaji, V., Blanton, C., Dunne, K. A., Dupuis, C., Durachta, J., Dussin, R., Gauthier, P. P. G., Griffies, S. M., Guo, H., Hallberg, R. W., Harrison, M., He, J., Hurlin, W., McHugh, C., Menzel, R., Milly, P. C. D., Nikonov, S., Paynter, D. J., Ploshay, J., Radhakrishnan, A., Rand, K., Reichl, B. G., Robinson, T., Schwarzkopf, D. M., Sentman, L. A., Underwood, S., Vahlenkamp, H., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., Wyman, B., Zeng, Y., and Zhao, M.: The GFDL Earth System Model version 4.1 (GFDL-ESM4.1): Model description and simulation characteristics, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS002015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002015, 2020.
Estapa, M. L., Feen, M. L., and Breves, E.: Direct observations of biological carbon export from profiling floats in the subtropical North Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 282–300, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006098, 2019.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.: Global open-ocean biomes: mean and temporal variability, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-273-2014, 2014.
Fiedler, B., Fietzek, P., Vieira, N., Silva, P., Bittig, H. C., and Körtzinger, A.: In Situ CO2 and O2 Measurements on a Profiling Float, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 112–126, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00043.1, 2013.
Frenzel, H., Sharp, J. D., Fassbender, A. J., and Buzby, N.: OneArgo-Mat: A MATLAB toolbox for accessing and visualizing Argo data (v1.0.2), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6588041, 2022.
Frölicher, T. L., Joos, F., Plattner, G. K., Steinacher, M., and Doney, S. C.: Natural variability and anthropogenic trends in oceanic oxygen in a coupled carbon cycle–climate model ensemble, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003316, 2009.
Garcia, H. E. and Gordon, L. I.: Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1307–1312, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.6.1307, 1992.
Garcia, H. E., Weathers, K., Paver, C. R., Smolyar, I., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Zweng, M. M., Mishonov, A. V., Baranova, O. K., Seidov, D., Reagan, J. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2018, vol. 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83, https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00651/76337 (last access: 1 October 2021), 2019 (data available at: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/NCEI-WOA18, last access: 1 October 2021).
Garcia-Soto, C., Cheng, L., Caesar, L., Schmidtko, S., Jewett, E. B., Cheripka, A., Rigor, I., Caballero, A., Chiba, S., Báez, J. C., Zielinski, T., and Abraham, J. P.: An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation), Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 642372, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372, 2021.
Giglio, D., Lyubchich, V., and Mazloff, M. R.: Estimating oxygen in the Southern Ocean using Argo temperature and salinity, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 4280–4297, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013404, 2018.
Gregor, L. and Gruber, N.: OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 777–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021, 2021.
Gregor, L., Kok, S., and Monteiro, P. M. S.: Empirical methods for the estimation of Southern Ocean CO2: support vector and random forest regression, Biogeosciences, 14, 5551–5569, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5551-2017, 2017.
Gregor, L., Lebehot, A. D., Kok, S., and Scheel Monteiro, P. M.: A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2 estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall?, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 5113–5136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019, 2019.
Grégoire, M., Garçon, V., Garcia, H., Breitburg, D., Isensee, K., Oschlies, A., Telszewski, M., Barth, A., Bittig, H. C., Carstensen, J., Carval, T., Chai, F., Chavez, F., Conley, D., Coppola, L., Crowe, S., Currie, K., Dai, M., Deflandre, B., Dewitte, B., Diaz, R., Garcia-Robledo, E., Gilbert, D., Giorgetti, A., Glud, R., Gutierrez, D., Hosoda, S., Ishii, M., Jacinto, G., Langdon, C., Lauvset, S. K., Levin, L. A., Limburg, K. E., Mehrtens, H., Montes, I., Naqvi, W., Paulmier, A., Pfeil, B., Pitcher, G., Pouliquen, S., Rabalais, N., Rabouille, C., Recape, V., Roman, M., Rose, K., Rudnick, D., Rummer, J., Schmechtig, C., Schmidtko, S., Seibel, B., Slomp, C., Sumalia, U. R., Tanhua, T., Thierry, V., Uchida, H., Wanninkhof, R., and Yasuhara, M.: A Global Ocean Oxygen Database and Atlas for Assessing and Predicting Deoxygenation and Ocean Health in the Open and Coastal Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 724913, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.724913, 2021.
Gruber, N.: The dynamics of the marine nitrogen cycle and its influence on atmospheric CO2 variations, in: The ocean carbon cycle and climate, Springer, Dordrecht, 97–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2, 2004.
Gruber, N., Gloor, M., Fan, S.-M., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Air-sea flux of oxygen estimated from bulk data: Implications For the marine and atmospheric oxygen cycles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 783–803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001302, 2001.
Gruber, N., Doney, S., Emerson, S., Gilbert, D., Kobayashi, T., Körtzinger, A., Johnson, G., Johnson, K., Riser, S., and Ulloa, O.: Adding oxygen to Argo: Developing a global in-situ observatory for ocean deoxygenation and biogeochemistry, in: Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, ESA Publication WPP-306, https://doi.org/10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.39, 2010.
Helm, K. P., Bindoff, N. L., and Church, J. A.: Observed decreases in oxygen content of the global ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049513, 2011.
Ito, T., Minobe, S., Long, M. C., and Deutsch, C.: Upper ocean O2 trends: 1958–2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 4214–4223, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073613, 2017.
Johnson, G. C., Hosoda, S., Jayne, S. R., Oke, P. R., Riser, S. C., Roemmich, D., Suga, T., Thierry, V., Wijffels, S., and Xu, J.: Argo – Two decades: Global oceanography, revolutionized, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 14, 379–403, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-022521-102008, 2022.
Johnson, K. and Claustre, H.: Bringing biogeochemistry into the Argo age, Eos, 97, https://doi.org/10.1029/2016EO062427, 2016.
Johnson, K. S. and Bif, M. B.: Constraint on net primary productivity of the global ocean by Argo oxygen measurements, Nat. Geosci., 14, 769–774, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00807-z, 2021.
Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Riser, S. C., and Gilbert, D.: Air oxygen calibration of oxygen optodes on a profiling float array, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 2160–2172, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0101.1, 2015.
Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Coletti, L. J., Jannasch, H. W., Sakamoto, C. M., Riser, S. C., Swift, D. D., Williams, N. L., Boss, E., Haëntjens, N., Talley, L. D., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 6416–6436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012838, 2017.
Johnson, K. S., Riser, S. C., and Ravichandran, M.: Oxygen variability controls denitrification in the Bay of Bengal oxygen minimum zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 804–811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079881, 2019.
Jonsson, B. F., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J., and Bender, M.: Evaluation of the Southern Ocean -based NCP estimates in a model framework, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 385–399, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20032, 2013.
Keeling, R. F., Arne, K., and Gruber, N.: Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 199–229, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855, 2010.
Keppler, L., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Lauvset, S. K., and Stemmler, I.: Seasonal carbon dynamics in the near-global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 34, e2020GB006571, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006571, 2020.
Keppler, L., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., and Gruber, N.: Recent trends and variability in the oceanic storage of dissolved inorganic carbon, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 37, e2022GB007677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007677, 2023.
Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, Version 2 (GLODAPv2), ORNL/CDIAC-162, NDP-093, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/39306/ (last access: 28 September 2023), 2015.
Körtzinger, A., Schimanski, J., Send, U., and Wallace, D.: The ocean takes a deep breath, Science, 306, 1337, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102557, 2004.
Körtzinger, A., Schimanski, J., and Send, U.: High Quality Oxygen Measurements from Profiling Floats: A Promising New Technique, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 22, 302–308, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1701.1, 2005.
Krasting, J. P., John, J. G., Blanton, C., McHugh, C., Nikonov, S., Radhakrishnan, A., Rand, K., Zadeh, N.T., Balaji, V., Durachta, J., Dupuis, C., Menzel, R., Robinson, T., Underwood, S., Vahlenkamp, H., Dunne, K. A., Gauthier, P. G., Ginoux, P., Griffies, S. M., Hallberg, R., Harrison, M., Hurlin, W., Malyshev, S., Naik, V., Paulot, F., Paynter, D. J., Ploshay, J., Reichl, B. G., Schwarzkopf, D. M., Seman, C. J., Silvers, L., Wyman, B., Zeng, Y., Adcroft, A., Dunne, J. P., Dussin, R., Guo, H., He, J., Held, I. H., Horowitz, L. W., Lin, P., Milly, P. C. D., Shevliakova, E., Stock, C., Winton, M., Wittenberg, A. T., Xie, Y., and Zhao, M: NOAA-GFDL GFDL-ESM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP, Version 20190726, Earth System Grid Federation [data set], https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1407, 2018.
Kwiatkowski, L., Torres, O., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Chamberlain, M., Christian, J. R., Dunne, J. P., Gehlen, M., Ilyina, T., John, J. G., Lenton, A., Li, H., Lovenduski, N. S., Orr, J. C., Palmieri, J., Santana-Falcón, Y., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Stock, C. A., Tagliabue, A., Takano, Y., Tjiputra, J., Toyama, K., Tsujino, H., Watanabe, M., Yamamoto, A., Yool, A., and Ziehn, T.: Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections, Biogeosciences, 17, 3439–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020, 2020.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., and Schuster, U.: Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004853, 2014.
Langdon, C.: Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seaweater by Winkler Titration using Amperometric Technique, in: The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines. Version 1, edited by: Hood, E. M., Sabine, C. L., and Sloyan, B. M., IOCCP Report no. 14, ICPO Publication Series no. 134, 18 pp., https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1350, 2010.
Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S.: A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the GLODAP version 2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 325–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016, 2016.
Lauvset, S. K., Lange, N., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Alin, S., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Barbero, L., Becker, S., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., da Cunha, L. C., Feely, R. A., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jiang, L.-Q., Jones, S. D., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Müller, J. D., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Ulfsbo, A., Velo, A., Woosley, R. J., and Key, R. M.: GLODAPv2.2022: the latest version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022a.
Lauvset, S. K., Lange, N., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Alin, S. R., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Barbero, L., Becker, S., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jiang, L.-Q., Jones, S. D., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Müller, J. D., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Ulfsbo, A., Velo, A., Woosley, R. J., and Key, R. M.: Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2.2022 (GLODAPv2.2022) (NCEI Accession 0257247), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/1f4w-0t92, 2022b.
Limburg, K. E., Breitburg, D., Swaney, D. P., and Jacinto, G.: Ocean deoxygenation: A primer, One Earth, 2, 24–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.001, 2020.
Luz, B. and Barkan, E.: Assessment of oceanic productivity with the triple-isotope composition of dissolved oxygen, Science, 288, 2028–2031, 2000.
Lyman, J. M. and Johnson, G. C.: Global High-Resolution Random Forest Regression Maps of Ocean Heat Content Anomalies Using in Situ and Satellite Data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 40,
575–586, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0058.1, 2023.
Maurer, T. L., Plant, J. N., and Johnson, K. S.: Delayed-Mode Quality Control of Oxygen, Nitrate, and pH Data on SOCCOM Biogeochemical Profiling Floats, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 683207, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.683207, 2021.
McDougall, T. J. and Barker, P. M.: Getting started with TEOS-10 and the Gibbs Seawater (GSW) oceanographic toolbox, Scor/Iapso WG, 127, 1–28, ISBN 978-0-646-55621-5, 2011.
Nicholson, D. P. and Feen, M. L.: Air calibration of an oxygen optode on an underwater glider, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 15, 495–502, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10177, 2017.
NOAA National Geophysical Data Center: 2 min Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2) v2, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5J1012Q, 2006.
Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.: The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 297–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-297-2016, 2016.
Oschlies, A., Duteil, O., Getzlaff, J., Koeve, W., Landolfi, A., and Schmidtko, S.: Patterns of deoxygenation: sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic drivers, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 375, 20160325, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0325, 2017.
Oschlies, A., Brandt, P., Stramma, L., and Schmidtko, S.: Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation, Nat. Geosci., 11, 467–473, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2, 2018.
Piron, A., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Caniaux, G.: Argo float observations of basin-scale deep convection in the Irminger sea during winter 2011–2012, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 109, 76–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.12.012, 2016.
Piron, A., Thierry, V., Mercier, H., and Caniaux, G.: Gyre-scale deep convection in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean during winter 2014–2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1439–1447, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071895, 2017.
Pörtner, H. O. and Farrell, A. P.: Physiology and climate change, Science, 322, 690–692, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163156, 2008.
Reuer, M. K., Barnett, B. A., Bender, M. L., Falkowski, P. G., and Hendricks, M. B.: New estimates of Southern Ocean biological production rates from ratios and the triple isotope composition of O2, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 951–974, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.02.007, 2007.
Ritter, R., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Fay, A. R., Iida, Y., Jones, S., and Zeng, J.: Observation-Based Trends of the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, 339–348, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074837, 2017.
Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: The 2004–2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program, Prog. Oceanogr., 82, 81–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004, 2009.
Roemmich, D., Alford, M. H., Claustre, H., Johnson, K., King, B., Moum, J., Oke, P., Owens, W. B., Pouliquen, S., Purkey, S., Scanderbeg, M., Suga, T., Wijffels, S., Zilberman, N., Bakker, D., Baringer, M., Belbeoch, M., Bittig, H. C., Boss, E., Calil, Pl., Carse, F., Carval, T., Chai, F., Conchubhair, D. Ó., d'Ortenzio, F., Dall'Olmo, G., Desbruyeres, D., Fennel, K., Fer, I., Ferrari, R., Forget, G., Freeland, H., Fujiki, T., Gehlen, M., Greenan, B., Hallberg, R., Hibiye, T., Hosoda, S., Jayne, S., Jochum, M., Johnson, G. C., Kang, K. R., Kolodziejczyk, N., Körzinger, A., Le Traon, P.-Y., Lenn, Y.-D., Maze, G., Mork, K. A., Morris, T., Nagai, T., Nash, J., Naveira Garbato, A., Olsen, A., Pattabhi, R. R., Prakash, S., Riser, S., Schmechtig, C., Schmid, C., Shroyer, E., Sterl, A., Sutton, P., Talley, L., Tanhua, T., Thierry, V., Thomalla, S., Toole, J., Troisi, A., Trull, T. W., Turton, J., Velez-Belchi, P. J., Walczowski, W., Wang, H., Wanninkhof, R., Waterhouse, A. F., Waterman, S., Watson, A., Wilson, C., Wong, A. P. S., Xu, J., and Yasuda, I.: On the future of Argo: A global, full-depth, multi-disciplinary array, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00439, 2019.
Roemmich, D., Talley, L., Zilberman, N., Osborne, E., Johnson, K. S., Barbero, L., Bittig, H. C., Briggs, N., Fassbender, A. J., Johnson, G. C., King, B. A., McDonagh, E., Purkey, S., Riser, S., Suga, T., Takeshita, Y., Thierry, V., and Wijffels, S.: The technological, scientific, and sociological revolution of global subsurface ocean observing, Oceanography, 34, 2–8, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02, 2021.
Rykaczewski, R. and Dunne, J.: A measured look at ocean chlorophyll trends, Nature, 472, E5–E6, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09952, 2011.
Sampaio, E., Santos, C., Rosa, I. C., Ferreira, V., Pörtner, H., Duarte, C. M., Levin, L. A., and Rosa, R.: Impacts of hypoxic events surpass those of future ocean warming and acidification, Nature Ecology and Evolution, 5, 311–321, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01370-3, 2021.
Sarma, V. V. S. S. and Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S.: Ventilation of oxygen to oxygen minimum zone due to anticyclonic eddies in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci., 123, 2145–2153, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004447, 2018.
Sarmiento, J. L. and Gruber, N.: Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, ISBN 978-0691017075, 2006.
Sauzède, R., Claustre, H., Jamet, C., Uitz, J., Ras, J., Mignot, A., and d'Ortenzio, F.: Retrieving the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community composition from in situ fluorescence profiles: A method based on a neural network with potential for global-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 451–470, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010355, 2015.
Sauzède, R., Claustre, H., Uitz, J., Jamet, C., Dall'Olmo, G., d'Ortenzio, F., Gentili, B., Poteau, A., and Schmechtig, C.: A neural network based method for merging ocean color and Argo data to extend surface bio optical properties to depth: Retrieval of the particulate backscattering coefficient, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 2552–2571, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011408, 2016.
Sauzède, R., Claustre, H., Pannimpullath, R., Uitz, J., and Guinehut, S.: New Global Vertical Distribution of Gridded Particulate Organic Carbon and Chlorophyll Concentration Using Machine Learning for CMEMs, in: 9th EuroGOOS International Conference, Brest, France
313–320, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03335370 (last access: 22 September 2023), 2021.
Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades, Nature, 542, 335–339, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21399, 2017.
Schofield, O., Fassbender, A., Hood, M., Hill, K., and Johnson, K.: A global ocean biogeochemical observatory becomes a reality, Eos, 103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EO220149, 2022.
Sharp, J. D.: GOBAI-O2 Algorithms, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7747309, 2023a.
Sharp, J. D.: GOBAI-O2 Training Data, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7747237, 2023b.
Sharp, J. D., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Johnson, G. C., Schultz, C., and Dunne, J. P.: GOBAI-O2: A Global Gridded Monthly Dataset of Ocean Interior Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations Based on Shipboard and Autonomous Observations (NCEI Accession 0259304). V2.0, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/z72m-yz67, 2022.
Stramma, L. and Schmidtko, S.: Global evidence of ocean deoxygenation, in: Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone's Problem, edited by: Laffoley, D. and Baxter, J. M., IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 25–26, https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2019.13.en, 2019.
Stramma, L. and Schmidtko, S.: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Oceanic Oxygen Changes and Underlying Trends, Atmos. Ocean, 59, 122–132, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2021.1905601, 2021.
Stukel, M. R. and Ducklow, H. W.: Stirring up the biological pump: vertical mixing and carbon export in the Southern Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 1420–1434, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005652, 2017.
Takeshita, Y., Martz, T. R., Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Gilbert, D., Riser, S. C., Neill, C., and Tilbrook, B.: A climatology-based quality control procedure for profiling float oxygen data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5640–5650, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20399, 2013.
Talley, L. D., Pickard, G. L., Emery, W. J., and Swift, J. H.: Descriptive physical oceanography: an introduction, Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-7506-4552-2, 2011.
Udaya Bhaskar, T. V. S., Sarma, V. V. S. S., and Pavan Kumar, J.: Potential mechanisms responsible for spatial variability in intensity and thickness of oxygen minimum zone in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2021JG006341, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006341, 2021.
Wang, Z., Garcia, H. E., Boyer, T. P., Reagan, J., and Cebrian, J.: Controlling factors of the climatological annual cycle of the surface mixed layer oxygen content: A global view, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 1001095, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1001095, 2022.
Winkler, L. W.: Die Bestimmung des im Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes, Chem. Ber., 21, 2843–2855, https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188802102122, 1888.
Wolf, M. K., Hamme, R. C., Gilbert, D., Yashayaev, I., and Thierry, V.: Oxygen saturation surrounding deep water formation events in the Labrador Sea from Argo-O2 data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 635–653, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005829, 2018.
Yang, B., Emerson, S. R., and Bushinsky, S. M.: Annual net community production in the subtropical Pacific Ocean from in situ oxygen measurements on profiling floats, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 728–744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005545, 2017.
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of autonomous platforms that measure oxygen in the ocean have produced a wealth of new data. We leverage machine learning to take advantage of this growing global dataset, producing a gridded data product of ocean interior dissolved oxygen at monthly resolution over nearly 2 decades. This work provides novel information for investigations of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in ocean oxygen.
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint