Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
06 Oct 2023
Data description article |
| 06 Oct 2023
| 06 Oct 2023
GOBAI-O2: temporally and spatially resolved fields of ocean interior dissolved oxygen over nearly 2 decades
Jonathan D. Sharp
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Andrea J. Fassbender
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Brendan R. Carter
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Gregory C. Johnson
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Cristina Schultz
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
John P. Dunne
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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- Uncertainty Quantification of Satellite-Based Essential Climate Variables Derived from Deep Learning J. Gou et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09919-2
- Central role of Labrador Sea convection for transport of oxygen into the deep North Atlantic Ocean U. Miller et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02057-3
- Global monthly ocean dissolved oxygen (1960–2023) reconstructed to 5902 m with BLENDR, a Bayesian-optimized ensemble learning framework M. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3757-2026
- Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models J. Koelling et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1202299
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- Extreme 2016 El Niño heatwave weakened carbon export and respiration in the Equatorial Pacific L. Arteaga et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03441-y
- Air-sea oxygen fluxes in mid-latitude western North Pacific quantified by the array of biogeochemical Argo floats N. Kosugi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-025-00762-y
- The Atmospheric Potential Oxygen forward Model Intercomparison Project (APO-MIP1): evaluating simulated atmospheric transport of air-sea gas exchange tracers and APO flux products Y. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5937-2025
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- A Reconstructing Model Based on Time–Space–Depth Partitioning for Global Ocean Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020228
- South Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its respective heat and freshwater transports from sustained observations near 34.5°S I. Pita et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1474133
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- Analysis of surface deoxygenation trends in the Benguela upwelling system: An interpretable machine learning approach T. Mashifane et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70090
- Global upper ocean dissolved oxygen budget for constraining the biological carbon pump R. Yamaguchi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01886-7
- Advancing mechanistic understanding of phytoplankton and oxygen responses to Pacific warming Y. Han & Y. Zhou https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123422
- Competing effects of wind and buoyancy forcing on ocean oxygen trends in recent decades H. Hollitzer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53557-y
- Advancing ocean monitoring and knowledge for societal benefit: the urgency to expand Argo to OneArgo by 2030 V. Thierry et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1593904
- The devil’s in the details when using correlative and mechanistic species distribution models to inform multispecies and ecosystem models I. Kaplan et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2025-0419
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A Global, Gap-Free daily Ocean-Colour dataset (2000–2024) for robust marine ecological monitoring Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105532
- ISASO2: recent trends and regional patterns of ocean dissolved oxygen change N. Kolodziejczyk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024
- A novel global gridded ocean oxygen product derived from a neural network emulator and in-situ observations S. Ouala et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-287-2026
- Reconstruction of the three-dimensional dissolved oxygen and its spatio-temporal variations in the Mediterranean Sea using machine learning G. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2025.01.010
- PyESPERv1.0.0: a Python implementation of empirical seawater property estimation routines (ESPERs) L. Dias & B. Carter https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7275-2025
- Are Simulated Ocean Deoxygenation Rates Consistent with the Observational Reconstructions? T. Ito et al. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032524-123111
- Global ocean gridded dataset and hypoxic zone expansion: reconstructed dissolved oxygen (1960–2021) based on machine learning technique Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2025.2586914
- Evolution of oxygen and stratification and their relationship in the North Pacific Ocean in CMIP6 Earth system models L. Novi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3985-2024
- Uncertainty Quantification of Satellite-Based Essential Climate Variables Derived from Deep Learning J. Gou et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-025-09919-2
- Central role of Labrador Sea convection for transport of oxygen into the deep North Atlantic Ocean U. Miller et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-026-02057-3
- Global monthly ocean dissolved oxygen (1960–2023) reconstructed to 5902 m with BLENDR, a Bayesian-optimized ensemble learning framework M. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3757-2026
- Decadal variability of oxygen uptake, export, and storage in the Labrador Sea from observations and CMIP6 models J. Koelling et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1202299
- Characterizing the response time of unpumped oxygen optodes for profiling applications E. Park et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10711
- NorESM-bcoi-v1: A bias-corrected reanalysis of ocean biogeochemistry at > 40° N, 1980–2020, based on a global ocean model hindcast P. Wallhead et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6763-2025
- Climatology and annual cycle of global ocean dissolved oxygen represented by multiple observational gridded products J. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1483-2026
- Monitoring the Multiple Stages of Climate Tipping Systems from Space: Do the GCOS Essential Climate Variables Meet the Needs? S. Loriani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09866-4
- Extreme 2016 El Niño heatwave weakened carbon export and respiration in the Equatorial Pacific L. Arteaga et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03441-y
- Air-sea oxygen fluxes in mid-latitude western North Pacific quantified by the array of biogeochemical Argo floats N. Kosugi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-025-00762-y
- The Atmospheric Potential Oxygen forward Model Intercomparison Project (APO-MIP1): evaluating simulated atmospheric transport of air-sea gas exchange tracers and APO flux products Y. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5937-2025
- Mechanistic understanding of nitrate reduction as the dominant production pathway of nitrous oxide in marine oxygen minimum zones X. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63989-9
- Modeling Bottom Dissolved Oxygen on the East China Sea Shelf Using Interpretable Machine Learning C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020359
- A Reconstructing Model Based on Time–Space–Depth Partitioning for Global Ocean Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020228
- South Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its respective heat and freshwater transports from sustained observations near 34.5°S I. Pita et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1474133
- Revealing hidden oxygen variability in the North Pacific: a two-decade analysis using GOBAI-O2 M. Ishizu & T. Ogata https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4037-2026
- A consistent ocean oxygen profile dataset with new quality control and bias assessment V. Gouretski et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5503-2024
- Degrees of reversibility of ocean deoxygenation in an atmospheric carbon dioxide removal scenario E. Monteiro et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade900
- Reconstruction of dissolved oxygen in the Indian Ocean from 1980 to 2019 based on machine learning techniques S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1291232
- Design and Research of a Propulsion-Enabled Station-Keeping Anchoring System Compatible with Shallow-Sea Profiling Floats C. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050860
- Low-pressure storms drive nitrous oxide emissions in the Southern Ocean C. Kelly et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68744-2
- Seasonal to long-term variability of natural and anthropogenic carbon concentrations and transports in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean R. Bajon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2335-2026
- GEOXYGEN: a global long-term dissolved oxygen dataset based on biogeochemistry-aware machine learning framework and multi-source observations Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3125-2026
- Amplified warming accelerates deoxygenation in the Arctic Ocean Y. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02376-0
- The ocean losing its breath under the heatwaves C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51323-8
- Analysis of surface deoxygenation trends in the Benguela upwelling system: An interpretable machine learning approach T. Mashifane et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70090
- Global upper ocean dissolved oxygen budget for constraining the biological carbon pump R. Yamaguchi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01886-7
- Advancing mechanistic understanding of phytoplankton and oxygen responses to Pacific warming Y. Han & Y. Zhou https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123422
- Competing effects of wind and buoyancy forcing on ocean oxygen trends in recent decades H. Hollitzer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53557-y
- Advancing ocean monitoring and knowledge for societal benefit: the urgency to expand Argo to OneArgo by 2030 V. Thierry et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1593904
- The devil’s in the details when using correlative and mechanistic species distribution models to inform multispecies and ecosystem models I. Kaplan et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2025-0419
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Oct 2026
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of autonomous platforms that measure oxygen in the ocean have produced a wealth of new data. We leverage machine learning to take advantage of this growing global dataset, producing a gridded data product of ocean interior dissolved oxygen at monthly resolution over nearly 2 decades. This work provides novel information for investigations of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in ocean oxygen.
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of...
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