Articles | Volume 16, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5503-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5503-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
29 Nov 2024
Review article |
| 29 Nov 2024
| 29 Nov 2024
A consistent ocean oxygen profile dataset with new quality control and bias assessment
Viktor Gouretski
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Juan Du
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xiaogang Xing
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Zhetao Tan
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Related authors
Lijing Cheng, Yuying Pan, Zhetao Tan, Huayi Zheng, Yujing Zhu, Wangxu Wei, Juan Du, Huifeng Yuan, Guancheng Li, Hanlin Ye, Viktor Gouretski, Yuanlong Li, Kevin E. Trenberth, John Abraham, Yuchun Jin, Franco Reseghetti, Xiaopei Lin, Bin Zhang, Gengxin Chen, Michael E. Mann, and Jiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Tianle Zhang, Yaxin Xiang, Bingxing Zhu, Xiaohong Yao, Xuehua Fan, Yinan Wang, Yuntao Wang, Shuangling Chen, Yan Zhang, Fei Chai, and Mei Zheng
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4699, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4699, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Based on high-time-resolution shipborne measurements, this study examines the sources of iron in aerosols over the Northwest Pacific. We found that non-dust emissions from ships and land-based activities contribute the majority of soluble iron capable of enhancing marine primary productivity, with particularly pronounced contributions in coastal regions and during the summer season. These findings provide improved insight into the influence of human activities on oceanic nutrient supply.
Piers M. Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Christophe Cassou, Mathias Hauser, Zeke Hausfather, June-Yi Lee, Matthew D. Palmer, Karina von Schuckmann, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Sophie Szopa, Blair Trewin, Jeongeun Yun, Nathan P. Gillett, Stuart Jenkins, H. Damon Matthews, Krishnan Raghavan, Aurélien Ribes, Joeri Rogelj, Debbie Rosen, Xuebin Zhang, Myles Allen, Lara Aleluia Reis, Robbie M. Andrew, Richard A. Betts, Alex Borger, Jiddu A. Broersma, Samantha N. Burgess, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Catia M. Domingues, Marco Gambarini, Thomas Gasser, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel E. Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Aurélien Liné, Didier P. Monselesan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Jan C. Minx, Matthew Rigby, Robert Rohde, Abhishek Savita, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Peter Thorne, Christopher Wells, Luke M. Western, Guido R. van der Werf, Susan E. Wijffels, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2641–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets to track real-world changes over time. To make our work relevant to policymakers, we follow methods from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Human activities are increasing the Earth's energy imbalance and driving faster sea-level rise compared to the IPCC assessment.
Guorong Zhong, Xuegang Li, Jinming Song, Baoxiao Qu, Fan Wang, Yanjun Wang, Bin Zhang, Lijing Cheng, Jun Ma, Huamao Yuan, Liqin Duan, Ning Li, Qidong Wang, Jianwei Xing, and Jiajia Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 719–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The continuous uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean leads to decreasing seawater pH, which is an ongoing threat to the marine ecosystem. This pH change has been globally documented in the surface ocean, but information is limited below the surface. Here, we present a monthly 1° gridded product of global seawater pH based on a machine learning method and real pH observations. The pH product covers the years from 1992 to 2020 and depths from 0 to 2000 m.
Simona Simoncelli, Franco Reseghetti, Claudia Fratianni, Lijing Cheng, and Giancarlo Raiteri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5531–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This data review is about the reprocessing of historical eXpendable BathyThermograp (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019. A new automated quality control analysis has been performed starting from the original raw data and operational log sheets. The data have been formatted and standardized according to the latest community best practices, and all available metadata have been inserted, including calibration information and uncertainty specification.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Jonathan Baker, Clément Bricaud, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Lluis Castrillo, Lijing Cheng, Frederic Chevallier, Daniele Ciani, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Gilles Garric, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Kevin Hodges, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Thomas Lavergne, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Audrey Minière, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ad Stoffelen, Sulian Thual, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, Chunxue Yang, and Hao Zuo
State Planet, 4-osr8, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, 2024
Qian Wang, Yang Zhang, Fei Chai, Y. Joseph Zhang, and Lorenzo Zampieri
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7067–7081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled an unstructured hydro-model with an advanced column sea ice model to meet the growing demand for increased resolution and complexity in unstructured sea ice models. Additionally, we present a novel tracer transport scheme for the sea ice coupled model and demonstrate that this scheme fulfills the requirements for conservation, accuracy, efficiency, and monotonicity in an idealized test. Our new coupled model also has good performance in realistic tests.
Lijing Cheng, Yuying Pan, Zhetao Tan, Huayi Zheng, Yujing Zhu, Wangxu Wei, Juan Du, Huifeng Yuan, Guancheng Li, Hanlin Ye, Viktor Gouretski, Yuanlong Li, Kevin E. Trenberth, John Abraham, Yuchun Jin, Franco Reseghetti, Xiaopei Lin, Bin Zhang, Gengxin Chen, Michael E. Mann, and Jiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Piers M. Forster, Chris Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Bradley Hall, Mathias Hauser, Aurélien Ribes, Debbie Rosen, Nathan P. Gillett, Matthew D. Palmer, Joeri Rogelj, Karina von Schuckmann, Blair Trewin, Myles Allen, Robbie Andrew, Richard A. Betts, Alex Borger, Tim Boyer, Jiddu A. Broersma, Carlo Buontempo, Samantha Burgess, Chiara Cagnazzo, Lijing Cheng, Pierre Friedlingstein, Andrew Gettelman, Johannes Gütschow, Masayoshi Ishii, Stuart Jenkins, Xin Lan, Colin Morice, Jens Mühle, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel E. Killick, Paul B. Krummel, Jan C. Minx, Gunnar Myhre, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Sophie Szopa, Peter Thorne, Mahesh V. M. Kovilakam, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Margreet van Marle, Rachel M. Hoesly, Robert Rohde, Dominik Schumacher, Guido van der Werf, Russell Vose, Kirsten Zickfeld, Xuebin Zhang, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2625–2658, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper tracks some key indicators of global warming through time, from 1850 through to the end of 2023. It is designed to give an authoritative estimate of global warming to date and its causes. We find that in 2023, global warming reached 1.3 °C and is increasing at over 0.2 °C per decade. This is caused by all-time-high greenhouse gas emissions.
Piers M. Forster, Christopher J. Smith, Tristram Walsh, William F. Lamb, Robin Lamboll, Mathias Hauser, Aurélien Ribes, Debbie Rosen, Nathan Gillett, Matthew D. Palmer, Joeri Rogelj, Karina von Schuckmann, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Blair Trewin, Xuebin Zhang, Myles Allen, Robbie Andrew, Arlene Birt, Alex Borger, Tim Boyer, Jiddu A. Broersma, Lijing Cheng, Frank Dentener, Pierre Friedlingstein, José M. Gutiérrez, Johannes Gütschow, Bradley Hall, Masayoshi Ishii, Stuart Jenkins, Xin Lan, June-Yi Lee, Colin Morice, Christopher Kadow, John Kennedy, Rachel Killick, Jan C. Minx, Vaishali Naik, Glen P. Peters, Anna Pirani, Julia Pongratz, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Sophie Szopa, Peter Thorne, Robert Rohde, Maisa Rojas Corradi, Dominik Schumacher, Russell Vose, Kirsten Zickfeld, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, and Panmao Zhai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2295–2327, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is a critical decade for climate action, but there is no annual tracking of the level of human-induced warming. We build on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports that are authoritative but published infrequently to create a set of key global climate indicators that can be tracked through time. Our hope is that this becomes an important annual publication that policymakers, media, scientists and the public can refer to.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Tian Tian, Lijing Cheng, Gongjie Wang, John Abraham, Wangxu Wei, Shihe Ren, Jiang Zhu, Junqiang Song, and Hongze Leng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5037–5060, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5037-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5037-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution gridded dataset is crucial for understanding ocean processes at various spatiotemporal scales. Here we used a machine learning approach and successfully reconstructed a high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) ocean subsurface (1–2000 m) salinity dataset for the period 1993–2018 (monthly) by merging in situ salinity profile observations with high-resolution satellite remote-sensing data. This new product could be useful in various applications in ocean and climate fields.
Shuangling Chen, Mark L. Wells, Rui Xin Huang, Huijie Xue, Jingyuan Xi, and Fei Chai
Biogeosciences, 18, 5539–5554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction transports surface waters to the oceanic interior, which can supply significant amounts of carbon and oxygen to the twilight zone. Using a novel BGC-Argo dataset covering the western North Pacific, we successfully identified the imprints of episodic shallow subduction patches. These subduction patches were observed mainly in spring and summer (70.6 %), and roughly half of them extended below ~ 450 m, injecting carbon- and oxygen-enriched waters into the ocean interior.
Fei Chai, Yuntao Wang, Xiaogang Xing, Yunwei Yan, Huijie Xue, Mark Wells, and Emmanuel Boss
Biogeosciences, 18, 849–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The unique observations by a Biogeochemical Argo float in the NW Pacific Ocean captured the impact of a super typhoon on upper-ocean physical and biological processes. Our result reveals typhoons can increase the surface chlorophyll through strong vertical mixing without bringing nutrients upward from the depth. The vertical redistribution of chlorophyll contributes little to enhance the primary production, which is contradictory to many former satellite-based studies related to this topic.
Cited articles
Adil, I. H. and Irshad, A. R.: A modified approach for detection of outliers, Pak. J. Stat. Oper. Res., XI, 1, 91–102, 2015.
Argo: Argo float data and metadata from Global Data Assembly Centre (Argo GDAC), SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/42182, 2024.
Bindoff, N. L., Cheung, W. W. L., Kairo, J. G., Arístegui, J., Guinder, V. A., Hallberg, R., Hilmi, N., Jiao, N., Karim, M. S., Levin, L., O'Donoghue, S., Purca Cuicapusa, S. R., Rinkevich, B., Suga, T., Tagliabue, A., and Williamson, P.: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities, in: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 447–588, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.007, 2022.
Bittig, H. C. and Körtzinger, A.: Tackling oxygen optode drift: Near-surface and in-air oxygen optode measurements on a float provide an accurate in situ reference, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 1536–1543, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00162.1, 2015.
Bittig, H. C., Maurer, T. L., Plant, J. N., Schmechtig, C., Wong, A. P. S., Claustre, H., Trull, T. W., Udaya Bhaskar, T. V., Boss, E., Dall'Olmo, G., Organelli, E., Poteau, A., Johnson, K. S., Hanstein, C., Leymarie, E., Le Reste, S., Riser, S. C., Rupan, A., Taillandier, V., Thierry, V., and Xing, X.: A BGC-Argo Guide: Planning, Deployment, Data Handling and Usage, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 502, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00502, 2018.
Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Coleman, C., Garcia, H. E., Grodsky, A., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Paver, C. R., Reagan, J. R. , Seidov, D., Smolyar, I. V., Weathers, K., and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Database 2018, edited by: Mishonov, A. V., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 87, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/wod_intro_0.pdf (last access: 26 November 2024), 2018.
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M., and Zhang, J.: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, 359, eaam7240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018.
Bushnell, M., Toll, R., and Worthington, H.: Manual for real-time quality control of dissolved oxygen observations: a guide to quality control and quality assurance for dissolved oxygen observations in coastal oceans, Integrated Ocean Observing System (U.S.), https://doi.org/10.7289/V5ZW1J4J, 2015.
Carpenter, J. H.: The accuracy of the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen analysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 135–140, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1965.10.1.0135, 1965.
Cheng, L. J., Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J., Boyer, T., Abraham, J., and Zhu, J.: Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960–2015, Sci. Adv., 3, e1601545, 2017.
Cheng, L., Trenberth, K. E., Gruber, N., Abraham, J. P., Fasullo, J. T., Li, G., Mann, M. E., Zhao, X., and Zhu, J.: Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle, J. Climate, 33, 10357–10381, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0366.1, 2020.
Cheng, L. J., Zhu, J., Cowley, R., Boyer, T., and Wijffels, S.: Time, probe type and temperature variable bias corrections to historical expendable bathythermograph observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 1793–1825, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00197.1, 2014.
Clark Jr., L. C., Granger, D., and Taylor, Z.: Continuous Recording of Blood Oxygen Tensions by Polarography, J. Appl. Physiol., 6, 189, https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1953.6.3.189, 1953.
Claustre, H., Johnson, K. S., and Takeshita, Y.: Observing the global ocean with biogeochemical-Argo, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 12, 23–48, 2020.
Coppola, L., Salvetat, F., Delauney, L., Machoczek, D., Larstensen, J., Sparnocchia, S., Thierry, V., Hydes, D., Haller, M., Nair, R., and Lefevre, D.: White Paper on Dissolved Oxygen Measurements: Scientific Needs and Sensors Accuracy, Jerico Project, Ifremer, Brest, France, https://doi.org//10.25607/OBP-1022, 2013.
Cowley, R., Killick, R. E., Boyer, T., Gouretski, V., Reseghetti, F., Kizu, S., Palmer, M. D., Cheng, L., Storto, A., Le Menn, M., Simoncelli, S., Macdonald, A. M., and Domingues, C. M.: International Quality-Controlled Ocean Database (IQuOD) v0.1: The Temperature Uncertainty Specification, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 689695, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.689695, 2021.
Craig, H.: The GEOSECS program: 1972–1973, Earth Planet. Science Lett., 23, 63–64, 1974.
Falck, E. and Olsen, A.: Nordic Seas dissolved oxygen data in CARINA, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 2, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-123-2010, 2010.
Deutsch, C., Brix, H., Ito, T., Frenzel, H., and Thomson, L.: Climate-forced variability of ocean hypoxia, Science, 333, 336–339, 2011.
Garcia, H. E., Weathers, K. W., Paver, C. R., Smolyar, I., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Zweng, M. M., Mishonov, A. V., Baranova, O. K., Seidov, D., and Reagan, J. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, edited by: Mishonov, A., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 83, 38 pp., https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa18/pubwoa18.htm (last access: 26 November 2024), 2019.
Garcia, H. E., Wang, Z., Bouchard, C., Cross, S. L., Paver, C. R., Reagan, J. R., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Baranova, O. K., Seidov, D., and Dukhovskoy, D.: World Ocean Atlas 2023, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, Dissolved Oxygen Saturation, and 30-year Climate Normal, edited by: Mishonov, A., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 91, 100 pp., https://doi.org/10.25923/rb67-ns53, 2024.
Golterman, H. L. The Winkler Determination, in: Polarographic Oxygen ensors, edited by: Gnaiger, E. and Forstner, H., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 346–351, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81863-9_31, 1983.
Good, S., Mills, B., Boyer T., Bringas, F., Castelão, G., Cowley, R., Goni, G., Gouretski, V., and Domingues, C. M.: Benchmarking of automatic quality control checks for ocean temperature profiles and recommendations for optimal sets, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 1075510, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1075510, 2022.
Gourteski V., Cheng, L., Du, J., Xing, X., Chai, F., and Tan, Z.: Dissolved Oxygen Quality Control Demo. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://www.ocean.iap.ac.cn/ftp/cheng/IAP_oxygen_profile_dataset/QC_Code_SAMPLE.zip (last access: 26 November 2024), 2024.
Gruber, N.: Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 369, 1980–1996, 2011.
Gruber, N., Doney, S. C., Emerson, S. R., Gilbert, D., Kobayashi, T., Körtzinger, A., Johnson, G. C., Johnson, K. S., Riser, S. C., and Ulloa, O.: “Adding oxygen to argo: Developing a global in situ observatory for ocean deoxygenation and biogeochemistry”, in: Proceedings of Ocean Obs 09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, edited by: Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., and Stammer, D., New Zealand: ESA Publication, 12, https://doi.org/10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.39, 2010.
Gulev, S. K., Thorne, P. W., Ahn, J., Dentener, F. J., Domingues, C. M., Gerland, S., Gong, D., Kaufman, D. S., Nnamchi, H. C., Quaas, J., Rivera, J. A., Sathyendranath, S., Smith, S. L., Trewin, B., von Schuckmann, K., and Vose, R. S.: Changing state of the climate system, in: Climate Change 2021: The physical science basis, Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 287–422, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.004, 2021.
Gouretski, V.: World Ocean Circulation Experiment – Argo Global Hydrographic Climatology, Ocean Sci., 14, 1127–1146, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1127-2018, 2018.
Gouretski, V. and Reseghetti, F.: On depth and temperature biases in bathythermograph data: development of a new correction scheme based on analysis of a global database, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 812–833, 2010.
Gouretski, V., Cheng, L., Du, J., Xing, X., and Chai, F.: A quality-controlled and bias-adjusted global ocean oxygen profile dataset, Marine Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [data set], https://doi.org/10.12157/IOCAS.20231208.001, 2024.
Gouretski, V. V. and Jancke, K.: Systematic errors as the cause for an apparent deep water property variability: global analysis of the WOCE and historical hydrographic data, Prog. Oceanogr., 48, 337–402, 2000.
Grégoire, M.,Garçon, V., Garcia, H., Breitburg D.,Isensee, k., Oschlies,A., Telszewski, M., Barth A., Bittig, H. C., CarstensenJ., Carval, T., Chai, F., Chavez, F., Conley, D., Coppola, L., Crowe, S., Currie, K., Dai, M. H.,Deflandre, B., Dewitte, B., Diaz, R., Garcia-Robledo, E., Gilbert, D., Giorgetti, A., Glud, R., Gutierrez, D., Hosoda, S., Ishii, M., Jacinto, G., Langdon, C., Lauvset, S. K., Levin, L. A., Limburg, K. E., Mehrtens, H., Montes, I., Naqvi, W., Paulmier, A., Pfeil, B., Pitcher, G., Pouliquen, S., Rabalais, N., Rabouille, C., Recape,V., Roman, M., Rose, K., Rudnick, D., Rummer, J., Schmechtig, C., Schmidtko, S., Seibel, B., Slomp, C., Sumalia, U. R., Tanhua, T., Thierry, V., Uchida, H., Wanninkhof, R., and Yasuhara, M.: A Global Ocean Oxygen Database and Atlas for Assessing and Predicting Deoxygenation and Ocean Health in the Open and Coastal Ocean, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.724913, 2021.
Helm, K. P., Bindoff, N. L., and Church, J. A.: Observed decreases in oxygen content of the global ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049513, 2011.
Hood, E. M., Sabine, C. L., and Sloyan, B. M. (Eds.): The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines, IPCC Report Number 14, ICPO Publication Series Number 134, http://www.go-ship.org/HydroMan.html (last access: 26 November 2024), 2010.
Hubert, M. and Vandervieren, E.: An Adjusted boxplot for skewed distributions, Comput. Stat. Data Anal., 52, 5186–5201, 2008.
Johnson, K. S., Plant, J., Coletti, L., Jannasch, H., Sakamoto, C., Riser, S., Swift, D. D., Williams, N. L., Boss, E., Haentjens, N., Talley, L. D., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Biogeochemical sensor performance in the SOCCOM profiling float array, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 6416–6436, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012838, 2017.
Keeling, R. F., Koetzinger, A., and Gruber, N.: Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming world, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 199-229, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855, 2010.
Koertzinger, A., Schimanski, J., and Send, U.: High quality oxygen measurements from profiling floats: A promising new technique, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 22, 3020–308, 2005.
Ito, T., Minobe, A., Long, M. C., and Deutsch, C.: Upper ocean O2 trends: 1958–2015, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 4214–4223, 2017.
Langdon, C.: Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seaweater By Winkler Titration using Amperometric Technique, The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines, Version 1, edited by: Hood, E. M., Sabine, C. L., and Sloyan, B. M., 18 pp., IOCCP Report Number 14, ICPO Publication Series Number 134, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1350, 2010.
Larqué, L., Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., and Garçon, V.: On the intermediate and deep water flows in the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12425–12440, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC00629, 1997.
Levin, L. A.: Manifestation, drivers, and emergence of open ocean deoxygenation, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 10, 229–260, 2018.
Marks, R.: Dissolved oxygen supersaturation and its impact on bubble formation in the southern Baltic Sea, Hydrol. Res., 39, 229–236, 2008.
Mishonov, A. V., Boyer, T. P., Baranova, O. K., Bouchard, C. N., Cross, S., Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Paver, C. R., Reagan, J. R., Wang, Z., Seidov, D., Grodsky, A. I., and Beauchamp, J. G.: World Ocean Database 2023, edited by: Bouchard, C., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 97 [data set], 206 pp., https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/world-ocean-database-select/dbsearch.html (last access: 26 November 2024), 2024.
Monhor, D. and Takemoto, S.: Understanding the concept of outlier and its relevance to the assessment of data quality: Probabilistic background theory, Earth Planet. Space, 57, 1009–1018, 2005.
Oschlies, A., Duteil, O., Getzlaff, J., Koeve, W., Landolfi, A., and Schmidtko, S.: Patterns of deoxygenation – sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic drivers, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 375, 20160325, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0325, 2017.
Pitcher, G. C., Aguirre, A., Breitburg, D., Cardich, J., Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Pitcher, G. C., Aguirre-Velarde, A., BreitburG, D., Cardich, J.,Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Dewitte, B., Engel, A., Espinoza-Morriberón, D., Flores, G., Garçon, V., Graco, M., Grégoire, M., Gutiérrez, D., Martin Hernandez-Ayon, J., Huang, H. M., Isensee, K., Jacinto, M. E., Levin, L., Lorenzo,A., Machu, E., Merma, L., Montes, I., SWA, N., Paulmier, A., Roman, M., Rose, K., Hood, R., Rabalais, N. N., Salvanes, A. G. V., Salvatteci, R., Sánchez, S., Sifeddine, A., Tall, A. W., Plas, A. K., Yasuhara, M., Zhang, J., and Zhu, Z.: System controls of coastal and open ocean oxygen depletion, Prog. Oceanogr., 197, 102613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102613, 2021.
Praetorius, S. K., Mix, A. C., Walczak, M. H., Wolhowe, M. D., Addison, J. A., and Prahl, F. G.: North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming, Nature, 527, 362–366, 2015.
Riser, S. C. and Johnson, K. S.: Net production of oxygen in the subtropical ocean, Nature, 451, 323–325,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06441, 2008.
Roemmich, D., Alford, M. H. , Claustre, H., Johnson, K., King, B., Moum, J., Oke, P., Owens, W. B., Pouliquen, S., Purkey, S., Scanderbeg, M., Suga, T., Wijffels, S., Zilberman, N., Bakker, D., Baringer, M., Belbeoch, M., Bittig, H. C. , Boss, E., Calil, P., Carse, F., Carval, T., Chai, F., Conchubhair, D. Ó., d’Ortenzio, F., Dall’Olmo, G., Desbruyeres, D., Fennel, K., Fer, I., Ferrari, R., Forget, G., Freeland, H., Fujiki, T., Gehlen, M., Greenan, B., Hallberg, R., Hibiya, T., Hosoda, S., Jayne, S., Jochum, M., Johnson, G. C., Kang, K., Kolodziejczyk, N., Körtzinger, A., Traon, P.-Y. L., Lenn, Y.-D., Maze, G., Mork, K. A. , Morris, T. , Nagai, T., Nash, J., Garabato, A. N., Olsen, A., Pattabhi, R. R., Prakash, S., Riser, S., Schmechtig, C., Schmid, C., Shroyer, E., Sterl, A., Sutton, P., Talley, L., Tanhua, T., Thierry, V., Thomalla, S., Toole, J., Troisi, A., Trull, T. W., Turton, J., Velez-Belchi, P. J., Walczowski, W., Wang, H., Wanninkhof, R., Waterhouse, A. F., Waterman, S., Watson, A., Wilson, C., Wong, A. P. S., Xu, J., and Yasuda, I,: On the future of Argo: An enhanced global array of physical and biogeochemical sensing floats, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 439, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00439, 2019.
Saout-Grit, C., Ganachaud, A., Maes, C., Finot, L., Jamet, L., Baurand, F., and Grelet, J.: Calibration of CTD oxygen data collected in the Coral Sea during the 2012 Bifurcation cruise, Mercator Ocean-Coriolis Qarterly Nesletter – Special Issue, 52, 34–38, 2015.
Sarachik, E. S.: CLIVAR: A Study of Climate Variability and Predictability: Science Plan, World Climate Research Programme Report 89, WMO Technical Document No 690, 157 pp., 1995.
Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades, Nature, 542, 335–339, 2017.
Sharp, J. D., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Johnson, G. C., Schultz, C., and Dunne, J. P.: GOBAI-O2: temporally and spatially resolved fields of ocean interior dissolved oxygen over nearly 2 decades, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4481–4518, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, 2023.
Stramma, L., Oschlies, A., and Schmidtko, S.: Mismatch between observed and modeled trends in dissolved upper-ocean oxygen over the last 50 yr, Biogeosciences, 9, 4045–4057, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4045-2012, 2012.
Taillandier, V., Wagener, T., D'Ortenzio, F., Mayot, N., Legoff, H., Ras, J., Coppola, L., Pasqueron de Fommervault, O., Schmechtig, C., Diamond, E., Bittig, H., Lefevre, D., Leymarie, E., Poteau, A., and Prieur, L.: Hydrography and biogeochemistry dedicated to the Mediterranean BGC-Argo network during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 627–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-627-2018, 2018.
Takeshita, Y., Martz, O. P., Johnson, K. S., Plant, J. N., Gilbert, D., Riser, S. C., Neil, C., and Tilbrook, B.: A climatology-based quality control procedure for plotting float oxygen data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20399, 2013.
Tan, Z., Cheng, L., Gouretski, V., Zhang, B., Wang, Y., Li, F., Liu, Z., and Zhu, J.: A new automatic quality control system for ocean profile observations and impact on ocean warming estimate, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 194, 103961, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103961, 2023.
Tengberg, A., Hovdenes, J., Andersson, H. J., Brocandel, O., Diaz, R., Hebert, D., Arnerich, T., Huber, C ., Körtzinger, A., Khripounoff, A., Rey, F., Rönning, C., Schimanski, J., Sommer, S., and Stangelmayer, A.: Evaluation of a lifetime-based optode to measure oxygen in aquatic systems, Limnol. Oceanogr. Meth., 4, 7-1-7, 2006.
Thierry, V., Bittig, H., and the Argo-BGC team: Argo quality control manual for dissolved oxygen concentration, Version 2.1, Argo Data Management, https://doi.org/10.13155/46542, 2021.
Tukey, J. W.: Exploratory Data Analysis, Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., ISBN-10 0201076160, 503 pp., 1977.
Uchida, H., Johnson, G. C., and McTaggart, K. E.: CTD Oxygen sensor calibration procedures, The Go-SHIP Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines, IOCCP Report No. 14, ICPO Publication Series No. 134, Version 1, 17 pp., 2010.
WHPO: WOCE Operations Manual, Section 3.1.3: WHP operations and methods, WOCE report no. 69/91, WHPO 91-1, 80 pp., 1991.
Winkler, L.: Die Bestimmung des in Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 21, 2843–2855, https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188802102122, 1888.
Wunsch, C.: Towards the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and a Bit of Aftermath, in: Physical Oceanography, edited by: Jochum, M. and Murtugudde, R., Springer, New York, NY, 181–201, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33152-2_12, 2006.
Yang, J., Rahardja, S., and Fränti, P.: Outlier Detection: How to Threshold Outlier Scores?, AIIPCC '19: Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Information Processing and Cloud Computing, December 2019, 37, 1–6 https://doi.org/10.1145/3371425.3371427, 2019.
Short summary
High-quality observations are crucial to understanding ocean oxygen changes and their impact on marine biota. We developed a quality control procedure to ensure the high quality of the heterogeneous ocean oxygen data archive and to prove data consistency. Oxygen data obtained by means of oxygen sensors on autonomous Argo floats were compared with reference data based on the chemical analysis, and estimates of the residual offsets were obtained.
High-quality observations are crucial to understanding ocean oxygen changes and their impact on...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint