Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5157-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
22 Nov 2022
Data description paper |
| 22 Nov 2022
| 22 Nov 2022
Harmonized gap-filled datasets from 20 urban flux tower sites
Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Climate
System Science, Climate Change Research Centre, Level 4, Mathews Building,
UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6ET,
United Kingdom
Sue Grimmond
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6ET,
United Kingdom
Martin Best
Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom
Winston T. L. Chow
College of Integrative Studies, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
Andreas Christen
Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Earth and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of
Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Nektarios Chrysoulakis
Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied
and Computational Mathematics, Remote Sensing Lab, Heraklion, Greece
Andrew Coutts
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, Australia
Ben Crawford
Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
Stevan Earl
Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
Jonathan Evans
UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, United Kingdom
Krzysztof Fortuniak
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Bert G. Heusinkveld
Department of Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Je-Woo Hong
Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
Jinkyu Hong
Ecosystem–Atmosphere Process Lab, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Leena Järvi
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Sungsoo Jo
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Lab, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Yeon-Hee Kim
National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Korea Meteorological Administration, Jeju, Republic of Korea
Simone Kotthaus
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France
Keunmin Lee
Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Lab, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Valéry Masson
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, University of Toulouse, Météo-France and CNRS, Toulouse, France
Joseph P. McFadden
Department of Geography and Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Oliver Michels
Environmental Meteorology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg,
Germany
Wlodzimierz Pawlak
Department of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Matthias Roth
Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Hirofumi Sugawara
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, National Defense Academy of Japan, Yokosuka, Japan
Nigel Tapper
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, Australia
Erik Velasco
Molina Center for Energy and the Environment (MCE2), Boston, USA
Helen Claire Ward
Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of
Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Related authors
No articles found.
Laura Bouillon, Valérie Gros, Morgan Lopez, Nicolas Bonnaire, Carole Philippon, Camille Yver Kwok, Leslie David, Olivier Perrussel, Olivier Sanchez, Simone Kotthaus, Jean-Eudes Petit, Philippe Ciais, and Michel Ramonet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-602, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-602, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Saclay observatory, 20 km southwest of Paris, monitored greenhouse and reactive gases, as well as aerosols, over 10 years to assess the impact of urban emissions. By comparing downwind and background conditions, the study revealed significant reductions in pollutants linked to traffic: -35.6 % for CO, -52.3 % for NOₓ, -56.7 % for eBC, and -15 % for CO2. These trends align with emission decrease estimates from AIRPARIF inventories over the same period.
William Veness, Alejandro Dussaillant, Gemma Coxon, Simon De Stercke, Gareth H. Old, Matthew Fry, Jonathan G. Evans, and Wouter Buytaert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 6201–6219, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6201-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6201-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated what users want from the next-generation of hydrological monitoring systems to better support science and innovation. Through literature review and interviews with UK experts, we found that beyond providing high-quality data, users particularly value additional support for collecting their own data, sharing it with others, and building collaborations with other data users. Designing systems with these needs in mind can greatly boost long-term engagement, data coverage and impact.
Katharina Epp, Markus Sulzer, Daniel Steinmann, Matthias Zeeman, Andreas Matzarakis, and Andreas Christen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3871, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Indoor heat was continuously monitored in 60 rooms across 11 buildings of a hospital complex using a sensor network measuring physiologically equivalent temperatures. Substantial heat was found in structures built in 1950–1990, in upper-floors and windowless rooms. Climate simulations were coupled with data-driven machine-learning models to predict future indoor heat frequency and intensity. We conclude that widespread adaptation is required to secure hospital operations during hot summers.
Rainer Hilland, Josh Hashemi, Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Lionel Constantin, Natascha Kljun, Ann-Kristin Kunz, Betty Molinier, Samuel Hammer, Lukas Emmenegger, and Andreas Christen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 14279–14299, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14279-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-14279-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a study of simultaneously measured fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and co-emitted species in the city of Zurich. Flux measurements of CO2 alone cannot be attributed to specific emission sectors, such as road transport or residential heating. We present a model which uses the measured ratios of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as sector-specific reference ratios, to attribute measured fluxes to their emission sectors.
Doyoon Kwon, Bonhoon Koo, Jooyeop Lee, Jeongwon Kim, Jaehyung Ahn, Jinkyu Hong, Eri Saikawa, Alexander Avramov, Changsub Shim, Je-Woo Hong, Daegeun Shin, Shanlan Li, Sumin Kim, and Sangwon Joo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4938, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4938, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a high-resolution system to estimate how much carbon dioxide and methane people emit across the Korean Peninsula. It combines a weather model with continuous ground measurements to make more accurate maps of emissions. Tested for 2020, it reduced errors by about one third to one half and agreed well with aircraft profiles for carbon dioxide. The results pinpoint where current inventories likely miss sources, supporting national monitoring and stronger climate policy.
Ann-Kristin Kunz, Samuel Hammer, Patrick Aigner, Laura Bignotti, Lars Borchardt, Jia Chen, Julian Della Coletta, Lukas Emmenegger, Markus Eritt, Xochilt Gutiérrez, Josh Hashemi, Rainer Hilland, Christopher Holst, Armin Jordan, Natascha Kljun, Richard Kneißl, Changxing Lan, Virgile Legendre, Ingeborg Levin, Benjamin Loubet, Matthias Mauder, Betty Molinier, Susanne Preunkert, Michel Ramonet, Stavros Stagakis, and Andreas Christen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4856, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4856, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
We present radiocarbon (14C)-based fossil fuel CO2 fluxes from relaxed eddy accumulation measurements on tall towers in the cities of Zurich, Paris, and Munich. By separating net CO2 fluxes into fossil and non-fossil components, these data reveal significant and variable contributions from human, plant, and soil respiration, as well as point-source emissions. These unique insights into CO2 flux composition offer crucial information for observation-based validation of urban emission estimates.
Jasmin Tesch, Kathrin Kühnhammer, Delon Wagner, Andreas Christen, Carsten Dormann, Julian Frey, Rüdiger Grote, Teja Kattenborn, Markus Sulzer, Ulrike Wallrabe, Markus Weiler, Christiane Werner, Samaneh Baghbani, Julian Brzozon, Laura Maria Comella, Lea Dedden, Stefanie Dumberger, Yasmina Frey, Matthias Gassilloud, Timo Gerach, Anna Göritz, Simon Haberstroh, Johannes Klüppel, Luis Kremer, Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Hojin Lee, Joachim Maack, Julian Müller, Oswald Prucker, Sanam Kumari Rajak, Jürgen Rühe, Stefan J. Rupitsch, Helmer Schack-Kirchner, Christian Scharinger, Uttunga Shinde, Till Steinmann, Clara Stock, and Josef Strack
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4979, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4979, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI).
Short summary
Short summary
In the ECOSENSE forest, we developed a robust infrastructure for distributed forest sensing. Reliable power supply, stable network connection, and smart data collection systems enable the operation of hundreds of sensors under challenging conditions. By detailing the infrastructure design and implementation, we provide a transferable blueprint for building complex monitoring sites that support high-resolution, long-term ecosystem observations.
Jérémy Bernard, Tim Nagel, Valéry Masson, Aude Lemonsu, Jean Wurtz, Pierre Tulet, and Quentin Rodier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4829, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Cities are particularly vulnerable to heat-waves because of their dense population combined with an amplification of the heat hazard caused by the urban heat island phenomenon. Heat event are sometimes associated with aerosol plume in the atmosphere, which affect the thermal comfort. This study shows that it can result in a thermal comfort improvement of up to 1 °C in sunny areas in cities while no difference in the shade of suburban areas.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Isabel Wargowsky, Judith Vogt, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Simran Madaan, Richard O'Keefe, Tiffany Windholz, Kyle A. Arndt, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kelcy Kent, Mathias Göckede, David Olefeldt, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Edward A. G. Schuur, David Bastviken, Kristoffer Aalstad, Kelly Aho, Joonatan Ala-Könni, Haley Alcock, Inge Althuizen, Christopher D. Arp, Jun Asanuma, Katrin Attermeyer, Mika Aurela, Sivakiruthika Balathandayuthabani, Alan Barr, Maialen Barret, Ochirbat Batkhishig, Christina Biasi, Mats P. Björkman, Andrew Black, Elena Blanc-Betes, Pascal Bodmer, Julia Boike, Abdullah Bolek, Frédéric Bouchard, Ingeborg Bussmann, Lea Cabrol, Eleonora Canfora, Sean Carey, Karel Castro-Morales, Namyi Chae, Andres Christen, Torben R. Christensen, Casper T. Christiansen, Housen Chu, Graham Clark, Francois Clayer, Patrick Crill, Christopher Cunada, Scott J. Davidson, Joshua F. Dean, Sigrid Dengel, Matteo Detto, Catherine Dieleman, Florent Domine, Egor Dyukarev, Colin Edgar, Bo Elberling, Craig A. Emmerton, Eugenie Euskirchen, Grant Falvo, Thomas Friborg, Michelle Garneau, Mariasilvia Giamberini, Mikhail V. Glagolev, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Gustaf Granath, Jón Guðmundsson, Konsta Happonen, Yoshinobu Harazono, Lorna Harris, Josh Hashemi, Nicholas Hasson, Janna Heerah, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Warren Helgason, Michal Heliasz, Greg Henry, Geert Hensgens, Tetsuya Hiyama, Macall Hock, David Holl, Beth Holmes, Jutta Holst, Thomas Holst, Gabriel Hould-Gosselin, Elyn Humphreys, Jacqueline Hung, Jussi Huotari, Hiroki Ikawa, Danil V. Ilyasov, Mamoru Ishikawa, Go Iwahana, Hiroki Iwata, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Joachim Jansen, Järvi Järveoja, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Rasmus Jensen, Katharina Jentzsch, Robert G. Jespersen, Carl-Fredrik Johannesson, Chersity P. Jones, Anders Jonsson, Ji Young Jung, Sari Juutinen, Evan Kane, Jan Karlsson, Sergey Karsanaev, Kuno Kasak, Julia Kelly, Kasha Kempton, Marcus Klaus, George W. Kling, Natacha Kljun, Jacqueline Knutson, Hideki Kobayashi, John Kochendorfer, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Pasi Kolari, Mika Korkiakoski, Aino Korrensalo, Pirkko Kortelainen, Egle Koster, Kajar Koster, Ayumi Kotani, Praveena Krishnan, Juliya Kurbatova, Lars Kutzbach, Min Jung Kwon, Ethan D. Kyzivat, Jessica Lagroix, Theodore Langhorst, Elena Lapshina, Tuula Larmola, Klaus S. Larsen, Isabelle Laurion, Justin Ledman, Hanna Lee, A. Joshua Leffler, Lance Lesack, Anders Lindroth, David Lipson, Annalea Lohila, Efrén López-Blanco, Vincent L. St. Louis, Erik Lundin, Misha Luoto, Takashi Machimura, Marta Magnani, Avni Malhotra, Marja Maljanen, Ivan Mammarella, Elisa Männistö, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Phil Marsh, Pertti J. Martkainen, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Alex Mavrovic, Trofim Maximov, Christina Minions, Marco Montemayor, Tomoaki Morishita, Patrick Murphy, Daniel F. Nadeau, Erin Nicholls, Mats B. Nilsson, Anastasia Niyazova, Jenni Nordén, Koffi Dodji Noumonvi, Hannu Nykanen, Walter Oechel, Anne Ojala, Tomohiro Okadera, Sujan Pal, Alexey V. Panov, Tim Papakyriakou, Dario Papale, Sang-Jong Park, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Gilberto Pastorello, Mike Peacock, Matthias Peichl, Roman Petrov, Kyra St. Pierre, Norbert Pirk, Jessica Plein, Vilmantas Preskienis, Anatoly Prokushkin, Jukka Pumpanen, Hilary A. Rains, Niklas Rakos, Aleski Räsänen, Helena Rautakoski, Riika Rinnan, Janne Rinne, Adrian Rocha, Nigel Roulet, Alexandre Roy, Anna Rutgersson, Aleksandr F. Sabrekov, Torsten Sachs, Erik Sahlée, Alejandro Salazar, Henrique Oliveira Sawakuchi, Christopher Schulze, Roger Seco, Armando Sepulveda-Jauregui, Svetlana Serikova, Abbey Serrone, Hanna M. Silvennoinen, Sofie Sjogersten, June Skeeter, Jo Snöälv, Sebastian Sobek, Oliver Sonnentag, Emily H. Stanley, Maria Strack, Lena Strom, Patrick Sullivan, Ryan Sullivan, Anna Sytiuk, Torbern Tagesson, Pierre Taillardat, Julie Talbot, Suzanne E. Tank, Mario Tenuta, Irina Terenteva, Frederic Thalasso, Antoine Thiboult, Halldor Thorgeirsson, Fenix Garcia Tigreros, Margaret Torn, Amy Townsend-Small, Claire Treat, Alain Tremblay, Carlo Trotta, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Merritt Turetsky, Masahito Ueyama, Muhammad Umair, Aki Vähä, Lona van Delden, Maarten van Hardenbroek, Andrej Varlagin, Ruth K. Varner, Elena Veretennikova, Timo Vesala, Tarmo Virtanen, Carolina Voigt, Jorien E. Vonk, Robert Wagner, Katey Walter Anthony, Qinxue Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Hailey Webb, Jeffrey M. Welker, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Sebastian Westermann, Jeffrey R. White, Christian Wille, Scott N. Williamson, Scott Zolkos, Donatella Zona, and Susan M. Natali
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-585, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-585, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset includes monthly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane exchange between land, water, and the atmosphere from over 1,000 sites in Arctic and boreal regions. It combines measurements from a variety of ecosystems, including wetlands, forests, tundra, lakes, and rivers, gathered by over 260 researchers from 1984–2024. This dataset can be used to improve and reduce uncertainty in carbon budgets in order to strengthen our understanding of climate feedbacks in a warming world.
Ann-Kristin Kunz, Lars Borchardt, Andreas Christen, Julian Della Coletta, Markus Eritt, Xochilt Gutiérrez, Josh Hashemi, Rainer Hilland, Armin Jordan, Richard Kneißl, Virgile Legendre, Ingeborg Levin, Susanne Preunkert, Pascal Rubli, Stavros Stagakis, and Samuel Hammer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5349–5373, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5349-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5349-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present, to our knowledge, the first relaxed eddy accumulation system explicitly tailored to a radiocarbon (14C)-based partitioning of fossil and non-fossil urban CO2 fluxes. Laboratory tests and in-depth quality and performance checks prove that the system meets the technical requirements. A pilot application on a tall tower in the city of Zurich, Switzerland, demonstrates the ability to separate fossil and non-fossil CO2 components within the typical precision of 14C measurements.
Hassane Moutahir, Markus Sulzer, Ralf Kiese, Andreas Christen, Markus Weiler, Lea Dedden, Julian Brzozon, Pia Labenski, Prajwal Khanal, Ladislav Šigut, and Rüdiger Grote
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4605, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Eddy covariance (EC) data are vital for studying carbon and water fluxes but often mask species-specific responses in mixed forests. At a Black Forest site with beech and Douglas fir, we combined EC data with ecosystem modeling to separate species contributions. Results show EC fluxes reflect species abundance within flux footprints, though responses vary seasonally. Accounting for these differences is key for gap-filling, accurate budgets, and understanding mixed forests’ climate resilience.
Sasu Karttunen, Matthias Sühring, Ewan O'Connor, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5725–5757, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents PALM-SLUrb, a single-layer urban canopy model for the PALM model system, designed to simulate urban–atmosphere interactions without resolving flow around individual buildings. The model is described in detail and evaluated against grid-resolved urban canopy simulations, demonstrating its ability to model urban surfaces accurately. By bridging the gap between computational efficiency and physical detail, PALM-SLUrb broadens PALM's potential for urban climate research.
Jon Cranko Page, Martin G. De Kauwe, Andy J. Pitman, Isaac R. Towers, Gabriele Arduini, Martin J. Best, Craig Ferguson, Jürgen Knauer, Hyungjun Kim, David M. Lawrence, Tomoko Nitta, Keith W. Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Anna Ukkola, Nicholas Vuichard, and Gab Abramowitz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4149, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4149, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper used a large dataset of observations, machine learning predictions, and computer model simulations to test how well land surface models represent the water, energy, and carbon cycles. We found that the models work well under "normal" weather but do not meet performance expectations during coinciding extreme conditions. Since these extremes are relatively rare, targeted model improvements could deliver major performance gains.
Aurélien Mirebeau, Cécile de Munck, Bertrand Bonan, Christine Delire, Aude Lemonsu, Valéry Masson, and Stephan Weber
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5329–5349, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5329-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5329-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The greening of cities is recommended to limit the effects of climate change. In particular, green roofs can provide numerous environmental benefits, such as urban cooling, water retention, and carbon sequestration. The aim of this research is to develop a new module for calculating green roof CO2 fluxes within a model that can already simulate hydrological and thermal processes of such roofs. The calibration and evaluation of this module take advantage of long-term experimental data.
Nimra Iqbal, Marvin Ravan, Zina Mitraka, Joern Birkmann, Sue Grimmond, Denise Hertwig, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Giorgos Somarakis, Angela Wendnagel-Beck, and Emmanouil Panagiotakis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2481–2502, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2481-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2481-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work deepens the understanding of how perceived heat stress, human vulnerability (e.g. age, income) and adaptive capacities (e.g. green, shaded spaces) are coupled with urban structures. The results show that perceived heat stress decreases with distance from the urban center, however, human vulnerability and adaptive capacities depend more strongly on inner variations and differences between urban structures. Planning policies and adaptation strategies should account for these differences.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, and Ludovic Bouilloud
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2777, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2777, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Each vehicle from road traffic is a source of heat and an obstacle that induce wind when it passes. It directly impacts the local atmospheric conditions and the road surface temperature. These impacts are included in the numerical model of the Town Energy Balance, used to simulate local conditions in urbanised environments. Simulations show that road traffic has a significant impact on the road surface temperature up to several degrees, and on local variables.
Mike Bush, David L. A. Flack, Huw W. Lewis, Sylvia I. Bohnenstengel, Chris J. Short, Charmaine Franklin, Adrian P. Lock, Martin Best, Paul Field, Anne McCabe, Kwinten Van Weverberg, Segolene Berthou, Ian Boutle, Jennifer K. Brooke, Seb Cole, Shaun Cooper, Gareth Dow, John Edwards, Anke Finnenkoetter, Kalli Furtado, Kate Halladay, Kirsty Hanley, Margaret A. Hendry, Adrian Hill, Aravindakshan Jayakumar, Richard W. Jones, Humphrey Lean, Joshua C. K. Lee, Andy Malcolm, Marion Mittermaier, Saji Mohandas, Stuart Moore, Cyril Morcrette, Rachel North, Aurore Porson, Susan Rennie, Nigel Roberts, Belinda Roux, Claudio Sanchez, Chun-Hsu Su, Simon Tucker, Simon Vosper, David Walters, James Warner, Stuart Webster, Mark Weeks, Jonathan Wilkinson, Michael Whitall, Keith D. Williams, and Hugh Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3819–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3819-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3819-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
RAL configurations define settings for the Unified Model atmosphere and Joint UK Land Environment Simulator. The third version of the Regional Atmosphere and Land (RAL3) science configuration for kilometre- and sub-kilometre-scale modelling represents a major advance compared to previous versions (RAL2) by delivering a common science definition for applications in tropical and mid-latitude regions. RAL3 has more realistic precipitation distributions and an improved representation of clouds and visibility.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, Ludovic Bouilloud, Laura Pavan, and Virve Karsisto
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3453–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3453-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3453-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In winter, snow- and ice-covered artificial surfaces are important aspects of the urban climate. They may influence the magnitude of the urban heat island effect, but this is still unclear. In this study, we improved the representation of the snow and ice cover in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban climate model. Evaluations have shown that the results are promising for using TEB to study the climate of cold cities.
Martin Richard Willett, Melissa Brooks, Andrew Bushell, Paul Earnshaw, Samantha Smith, Lorenzo Tomassini, Martin Best, Ian Boutle, Jennifer Brooke, John M. Edwards, Kalli Furtado, Catherine Hardacre, Andrew J. Hartley, Alan Hewitt, Ben Johnson, Adrian Lock, Andy Malcolm, Jane Mulcahy, Eike Müller, Heather Rumbold, Gabriel G. Rooney, Alistair Sellar, Masashi Ujiie, Annelize van Niekerk, Andy Wiltshire, and Michael Whitall
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1829, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1829, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global Atmosphere (GA) configurations of the Unified Model (UM) and Global Land (GL) configurations of JULES are developed for use in any global atmospheric modelling application. We describe a recent iteration of these configurations, GA8GL9, which includes improvements to the represenation of convection and other physical processes. GA8GL9 is used for operational weather prediction in the UK and forms the basis for the next GA and GL configuration.
Russell H. Glazer, Sue Grimmond, Lewis Blunn, Daniel Fenner, Humphrey Lean, Andreas Christen, Will Morrison, and Dana Looschelders
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2064, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we use very high resolution numerical weather prediction model simulations of the Berlin, Germany region along with assessment of field campaign observations to understand better the impact of urban areas on the near-surface boundary layer. We find that there a clear affect of urban areas up to 15 kilometers downwind of the city centre in both the field campaign observations and the high resolution model.
Ludovico Di Antonio, Matthias Beekmann, Guillaume Siour, Vincent Michoud, Christopher Cantrell, Astrid Bauville, Antonin Bergé, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Manuela Cirtog, Joel F. de Brito, Paola Formenti, Cecile Gaimoz, Olivier Garret, Aline Gratien, Valérie Gros, Martial Haeffelin, Lelia N. Hawkins, Simone Kotthaus, Gael Noyalet, Diana L. Pereira, Jean-Eudes Petit, Eva Drew Pronovost, Véronique Riffault, Chenjie Yu, Gilles Foret, Jean-François Doussin, and Claudia Di Biagio
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4803–4831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4803-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4803-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The summer of 2022 has been considered a proxy for future climate scenarios due to its hot and dry conditions. In this paper, we use the measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry of the Suburban Forest (ACROSS) campaign, conducted in the Paris area in June–July 2022, along with observations from existing networks, to evaluate a 3D chemistry transport model (WRF–CHIMERE) simulation. Results are shown to be satisfactory, allowing us to explain the gas and aerosol variability at the campaign sites.
Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Junwei Li, Leif Backman, Anni Karvonen, Lionel Constantin, Leena Järvi, Minttu Havu, Jia Chen, Sophie Emberger, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 2133–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The balance between CO2 uptake and emissions from urban green areas is still not well understood. This study evaluated for the first time the urban park CO2 exchange simulations with four different types of biosphere model by comparing them with observations. Even though some advantages and disadvantages of the different model types were identified, there was no strong evidence that more complex models performed better than simple ones.
William Morrison, Dana Looschelders, Jonnathan Céspedes, Bernie Claxton, Marc-Antoine Drouin, Jean-Charles Dupont, Aurélien Faucheux, Martial Haeffelin, Christopher C. Holst, Simone Kotthaus, Valéry Masson, James McGregor, Jeremy Price, Matthias Zeeman, Sue Grimmond, and Andreas Christen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-167, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-167, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted research using sophisticated wind sensors to better understand wind patterns in Paris. By installing these sensors across the city, we gathered detailed data on wind speeds and directions from 2022 to 2024. This information helps improve weather and climate models, making them more accurate for city environments. Our findings offer valuable insights for scientists studying urban air and weather, improving predictions and understanding of city-scale atmospheric processes.
Laura Thölix, Leif Backman, Minttu Havu, Esko Karvinen, Jesse Soininen, Justine Trémeau, Olli Nevalainen, Joyson Ahongshangbam, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 725–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cities aim for carbon neutrality and seek to understand urban vegetation's role as a carbon sink. Direct measurements are challenging, so models are used to estimate the urban carbon cycle. We evaluated model performance at estimating carbon sequestration in lawns, park trees, and urban forests in Helsinki, Finland. Models captured seasonal and annual variations well. Trees had higher sequestration rates than lawns, and irrigation often enhanced carbon sinks.
Robert Schoetter, Robin James Hogan, Cyril Caliot, and Valéry Masson
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 405–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-405-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-405-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Radiation is relevant to the atmospheric impact on people and infrastructure in cities as it can influence the urban heat island, building energy consumption, and human thermal comfort. A new urban radiation model, assuming a more realistic form of urban morphology, is coupled to the urban climate model Town Energy Balance (TEB). The new TEB is evaluated with a reference radiation model for a variety of urban morphologies, and an improvement in the simulated radiative observables is found.
Matthias Zeeman, Andreas Christen, Sue Grimmond, Daniel Fenner, William Morrison, Gregor Feigel, Markus Sulzer, and Nektarios Chrysoulakis
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 393–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-393-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-393-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an overview of a data system for documenting, processing, managing, and publishing data streams from research networks of atmospheric and environmental sensors of varying complexity in urban environments. Our solutions aim to deliver resilient, near-time data using freely available software.
Martial Haeffelin, Jean-François Ribaud, Jonnathan Céspedes, Jean-Charles Dupont, Aude Lemonsu, Valéry Masson, Tim Nagel, and Simone Kotthaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14101–14122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights how the state of the urban atmospheric boundary layer impacts urban park cooling effect intensity at night. Under summertime heat wave conditions, the urban atmosphere becomes stable at night, which inhibits turbulent motions. Under those specific conditions, urban parks and woods cool much more efficiently than the surrounding built-up neighbourhoods in the evening and through the night, providing cooler air temperatures by 4 to 6° C depending on park size.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Jonnathan Céspedes, Simone Kotthaus, Jana Preissler, Clément Toupoint, Ludovic Thobois, Marc-Antoine Drouin, Jean-Charles Dupont, Aurélien Faucheux, and Martial Haeffelin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11477–11496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The low-level jet (LLJ) is common in Paris during summer. The LLJ core height and speed significantly influence vertical mixing in the urban boundary layer, which affects air temperature variations between the urban canopy layer and surrounding rural areas, determining the urban heat island (UHI) intensity. This study highlights the importance of wind profile observations for understanding urban boundary layer dynamics and near-surface atmospheric conditions relevant to health.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Raquel González-Armas, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Ivan Mammarella, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
Biogeosciences, 21, 3015–3039, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3015-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The ratio between atmospheric O2 and CO2 can be used to characterize the carbon balance at the surface. By combining a model and observations from the Hyytiälä forest (Finland), we show that using atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements from a single height provides a weak constraint on the surface CO2 exchange because large-scale processes such as entrainment confound this signal. We therefore recommend always using multiple heights of O2 and CO2 measurements to study surface CO2 exchange.
Esko Karvinen, Leif Backman, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
SOIL, 10, 381–406, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured and modelled soil respiration, a key part of the biogenic carbon cycle, in different urban green space types to assess its dynamics in urban areas. We discovered surprisingly similar soil respiration across the green space types despite differences in some of its drivers and that irrigation of green spaces notably elevates soil respiration. Our results encourage further research on the topic and especially on the role of irrigation in controlling urban soil respiration.
Kyoung-Min Kim, Si-Wan Kim, Seunghwan Seo, Donald R. Blake, Seogju Cho, James H. Crawford, Louisa K. Emmons, Alan Fried, Jay R. Herman, Jinkyu Hong, Jinsang Jung, Gabriele G. Pfister, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Jung-Hun Woo, and Qiang Zhang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1931–1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1931-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three emission inventories were evaluated for East Asia using data acquired during a field campaign in 2016. The inventories successfully reproduced the daily variations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. However, the spatial distributions of model ozone did not fully agree with the observations. Additionally, all simulations underestimated carbon monoxide and volatile organic compound (VOC) levels. Increasing VOC emissions over South Korea resulted in improved ozone simulations.
Ferdinand Briegel, Jonas Wehrle, Dirk Schindler, and Andreas Christen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1667–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach to model heat stress in cities using artificial intelligence (AI). We show that the AI model is fast in terms of prediction but accurate when evaluated with measurements. The fast-predictive AI model enables several new potential applications, including heat stress prediction and warning; downscaling of potential future climates; evaluation of adaptation effectiveness; and, more fundamentally, development of guidelines to support urban planning and policymaking.
Erwan Jézéquel, Frédéric Blondel, and Valéry Masson
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 97–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-97-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-97-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbine wakes affect the production and lifecycle of downstream turbines. They can be predicted with the dynamic wake meandering (DWM) method. In this paper, the authors break down the velocity and turbulence in the wake of a wind turbine into several terms. They show that it is implicitly assumed in the DWM that some of these terms are neglected. With high-fidelity simulations, it is shown that this can lead to some errors, in particular for the maximum turbulence added by the wake.
Erwan Jézéquel, Frédéric Blondel, and Valéry Masson
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 119–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-119-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-119-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analytical models allow us to quickly compute the decreased power output and lifetime induced by wakes in a wind farm. This is achieved by evaluating the modified velocity and turbulence in the wake. In this work, we present a new model based on the velocity and turbulence breakdowns presented in Part 1. This new model is physically based, allows us to compute the whole turbulence profile (rather than the maximum value) and is built to take atmospheric stability into account.
Ting Sun, Hamidreza Omidvar, Zhenkun Li, Ning Zhang, Wenjuan Huang, Simone Kotthaus, Helen C. Ward, Zhiwen Luo, and Sue Grimmond
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 91–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-91-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-91-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we coupled a state-of-the-art urban land surface model – Surface Urban Energy and Water Scheme (SUEWS) – with the widely-used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, creating an open-source tool that may benefit multiple applications. We tested our new system at two UK sites and demonstrated its potential by examining how human activities in various areas of Greater London influence local weather conditions.
Joyson Ahongshangbam, Liisa Kulmala, Jesse Soininen, Yasmin Frühauf, Esko Karvinen, Yann Salmon, Anna Lintunen, Anni Karvonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 20, 4455–4475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Urban vegetation is important for removing urban CO2 emissions and cooling. We studied the response of urban trees' functions (photosynthesis and transpiration) to a heatwave and drought at four urban green areas in the city of Helsinki. We found that tree water use was increased during heatwave and drought periods, but there was no change in the photosynthesis rates. The heat and drought conditions were severe at the local scale but were not excessive enough to restrict urban trees' functions.
Megan A. Stretton, William Morrison, Robin J. Hogan, and Sue Grimmond
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5931–5947, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cities' materials and forms impact radiative fluxes. We evaluate the SPARTACUS-Urban multi-layer approach to modelling longwave radiation, describing realistic 3D geometry statistically using the explicit DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model. The temperature configurations used are derived from thermal camera observations. SPARTACUS-Urban accurately predicts longwave fluxes, with a low computational time (cf. DART), but has larger errors with sunlit/shaded surface temperatures.
Junxia Dou, Sue Grimmond, Shiguang Miao, Bei Huang, Huimin Lei, and Mingshui Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13143–13166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13143-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13143-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-timescale variations in surface energy fluxes in a suburb of Beijing are analyzed using 16-month observations. Compared to previous suburban areas, this study site has larger seasonal variability in energy partitioning, and summer and winter Bowen ratios are at the lower and higher end of those at other suburban sites, respectively. Our analysis indicates that precipitation, irrigation, crop/vegetation growth activity, and land use/cover all play critical roles in energy partitioning.
Jani Strömberg, Xiaoyu Li, Mona Kurppa, Heino Kuuluvainen, Liisa Pirjola, and Leena Järvi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9347–9364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9347-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conclude that with low wind speeds, solar radiation has a larger decreasing effect (53 %) on pollutant concentrations than aerosol processes (18 %). Additionally, our results showed that with solar radiation included, pollutant concentrations were closer to observations (−13 %) than with only aerosol processes (+98 %). This has implications when planning simulations under calm conditions such as in our case and when deciding whether or not simulations need to include these processes.
Bert G. Heusinkveld, Wouter B. Mol, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3767–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new instrument for fast measurements of solar irradiance in 18 wavebands (400–950 nm): GPS perfectly synchronizes 10 Hz measurement speed to universal time, low-cost (< EUR 200) complete standalone solution for realizing dense measurement grids to study cloud-shading dynamics, 940 nm waveband reveals atmospheric moisture column information, 11 wavebands to study photosynthetic active radiation and light interaction with vegetation, and good reflection spectra performance.
Yingqi Zheng, Minttu Havu, Huizhi Liu, Xueling Cheng, Yifan Wen, Hei Shing Lee, Joyson Ahongshangbam, and Leena Järvi
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4551–4579, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4551-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4551-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is evaluated against the observed surface exchanges (fluxes) of heat and carbon dioxide in a densely built neighborhood in Beijing. The heat flux modeling is noticeably improved by using the observed maximum conductance and by optimizing the vegetation phenology modeling. SUEWS also performs well in simulating carbon dioxide flux.
Jinghui Lian, Thomas Lauvaux, Hervé Utard, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Michel Ramonet, Olivier Laurent, Ivonne Albarus, Mali Chariot, Simone Kotthaus, Martial Haeffelin, Olivier Sanchez, Olivier Perrussel, Hugo Anne Denier van der Gon, Stijn Nicolaas Camiel Dellaert, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8823–8835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies urban CO2 emissions via an atmospheric inversion for the Paris metropolitan area over a 6-year period from 2016 to 2021. Results show a long-term decreasing trend of about 2 % ± 0.6 % per year in the annual CO2 emissions over Paris. We conclude that our current capacity can deliver near-real-time CO2 emission estimates at the city scale in under a month, and the results agree within 10 % with independent estimates from multiple city-scale inventories.
Joanna E. Dyson, Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Archit Mehra, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Supattarachai Saksakulkrai, Jingsha Xu, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, Xinming Wang, Stephen R. Arnold, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5679–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH) and closely coupled hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are vital for their role in the removal of atmospheric pollutants. In less polluted regions, atmospheric models over-predict HO2 concentrations. In this modelling study, the impact of heterogeneous uptake of HO2 onto aerosol surfaces on radical concentrations and the ozone production regime in Beijing in the summertime is investigated, and the implications for emissions policies across China are considered.
Heather S. Rumbold, Richard J. J. Gilham, and Martin J. Best
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1875–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1875-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1875-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) uses a tiled representation of land cover but can only model a single dominant soil type within a grid box; hence there is no representation of sub-grid soil heterogeneity. This paper evaluates a new surface–soil tiling scheme in JULES and demonstrates the impacts of the scheme using several soil tiling approaches. Results show that soil tiling has an impact on the water and energy exchanges due to the way vegetation accesses the soil moisture.
Simone Kotthaus, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Martine Collaud Coen, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Maria João Costa, Domenico Cimini, Ewan J. O'Connor, Maxime Hervo, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, María Jiménez-Portaz, Lucia Mona, Dominique Ruffieux, Anthony Illingworth, and Martial Haeffelin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 433–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Profile observations of the atmospheric boundary layer now allow for layer heights and characteristics to be derived at high temporal and vertical resolution. With novel high-density ground-based remote-sensing measurement networks emerging, horizontal information content is also increasing. This review summarises the capabilities and limitations of various sensors and retrieval algorithms which need to be considered during the harmonisation of data products for high-impact applications.
Andreas Plach, Rolf Rüfenacht, Simone Kotthaus, and Markus Leuenberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1019, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1019, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases emissions are contributing to global warming and it is essential to better understand where they originate from and how they are transported. In this study we analyze greenhouse gas observations at a Swiss tall tower where measurements are taken more than 200 m above ground and investigate their origin by looking at the condition of the atmosphere at the time of the observations. We find that most pollution at this site is caused from emissions transported from further away.
Yao Gao, Eleanor J. Burke, Sarah E. Chadburn, Maarit Raivonen, Mika Aurela, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Elyn Humphreys, Annalea Lohila, Tingting Li, Tiina Markkanen, Olli Nevalainen, Mats B. Nilsson, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Aki Tsuruta, Huiyi Yang, and Tuula Aalto
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-229, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled a process-based peatland CH4 emission model HIMMELI with a state-of-art land surface model JULES. The performance of the coupled model was evaluated at six northern wetland sites. The coupled model is considered to be more appropriate in simulating wetland CH4 emission. In order to improve the simulated CH4 emission, the model requires better representation of the peat soil carbon and hydrologic processes in JULES and the methane production and transportation processes in HIMMELI.
Priyanka deSouza, Ralph Kahn, Tehya Stockman, William Obermann, Ben Crawford, An Wang, James Crooks, Jing Li, and Patrick Kinney
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6309–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How sensitive are the spatial and temporal trends of PM2.5 derived from a network of low-cost sensors to the calibration adjustment used? How transferable are calibration equations developed at a few co-location sites to an entire network of low-cost sensors? This paper attempts to answer this question and offers a series of suggestions on how to develop the most robust calibration function for different end uses. It uses measurements from the Love My Air network in Denver as a test case.
Jérémy Bernard, Erwan Bocher, Elisabeth Le Saux Wiederhold, François Leconte, and Valéry Masson
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7505–7532, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
OpenStreetMap is a collaborative project aimed at creaing a free dataset containing topographical information. Since these data are available worldwide, they can be used as standard data for geoscience studies. However, most buildings miss the height information that constitutes key data for numerous fields (urban climate, noise propagation, air pollution). In this work, the building height is estimated using statistical modeling using indicators that characterize the building's environment.
Lim-Seok Chang, Donghee Kim, Hyunkee Hong, Deok-Rae Kim, Jeong-Ah Yu, Kwangyul Lee, Hanlim Lee, Daewon Kim, Jinkyu Hong, Hyun-Young Jo, and Cheol-Hee Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10703–10720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10703-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10703-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explored the synergy of combined column and surface measurements during GMAP (GEMS Map of Air Pollution) campaign. It has several points to note for vertical distribution analysis. Particularly under prevailing local wind meteorological conditions, Pandora-based vertical structures sometimes showed negative correlations between column and surface measurements. Vertical analysis should be done carefully in some local meteorological conditions when employing either surface or columns.
Katherine E. O. Todd-Brown, Rose Z. Abramoff, Jeffrey Beem-Miller, Hava K. Blair, Stevan Earl, Kristen J. Frederick, Daniel R. Fuka, Mario Guevara Santamaria, Jennifer W. Harden, Katherine Heckman, Lillian J. Heran, James R. Holmquist, Alison M. Hoyt, David H. Klinges, David S. LeBauer, Avni Malhotra, Shelby C. McClelland, Lucas E. Nave, Katherine S. Rocci, Sean M. Schaeffer, Shane Stoner, Natasja van Gestel, Sophie F. von Fromm, and Marisa L. Younger
Biogeosciences, 19, 3505–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Research data are becoming increasingly available online with tantalizing possibilities for reanalysis. However harmonizing data from different sources remains challenging. Using the soils community as an example, we walked through the various strategies that researchers currently use to integrate datasets for reanalysis. We find that manual data transcription is still extremely common and that there is a critical need for community-supported informatics tools like vocabularies and ontologies.
Will S. Drysdale, Adam R. Vaughan, Freya A. Squires, Sam J. Cliff, Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Natchaya Pingintha-Durden, Carole Helfter, Eiko Nemitz, C. Sue B. Grimmond, Janet Barlow, Sean Beevers, Gregor Stewart, David Dajnak, Ruth M. Purvis, and James D. Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9413–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of NOx emissions are important for a good understanding of air quality. While there are many direct measurements of NOx concentration, there are very few measurements of its emission. Measurements of emissions provide constraints on emissions inventories and air quality models. This article presents measurements of NOx emission from the BT Tower in central London in 2017 and compares them with inventories, finding that they underestimate by a factor of ∼1.48.
Helen Claire Ward, Mathias Walter Rotach, Alexander Gohm, Martin Graus, Thomas Karl, Maren Haid, Lukas Umek, and Thomas Muschinski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6559–6593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how cities and their surroundings influence turbulent exchange processes responsible for weather and climate. Analysis of a 4-year observational dataset for the Alpine city of Innsbruck reveals several similarities with other (flat) city centre sites. However, the mountain setting leads to characteristic daily and seasonal flow patterns (valley winds) and downslope windstorms that have a marked effect on temperature, wind speed, turbulence and pollutant concentration.
Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
Sasu Karttunen, Ewan O'Connor, Olli Peltola, and Leena Järvi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2417–2432, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study the complex structure of the lowest tens of metres of atmosphere in urban areas, measurement methods with great spatial and temporal coverage are needed. In our study, we analyse measurements with a promising and relatively new method, distributed temperature sensing, capable of providing detailed information on the near-surface atmosphere. We present multiple ways to utilise these kinds of measurements, as well as important considerations for planning new studies using the method.
Yiqing Liu, Zhiwen Luo, and Sue Grimmond
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4721–4735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic heat emission from buildings is important for atmospheric modelling in cities. The current building anthropogenic heat flux is simplified by building energy consumption. Our research proposes a novel approach to determine ‘real’ building anthropogenic heat emission from the changes in energy balance fluxes between occupied and unoccupied buildings. We hope to provide new insights into future parameterisations of building anthropogenic heat flux in urban climate models.
Hamidreza Omidvar, Ting Sun, Sue Grimmond, Dave Bilesbach, Andrew Black, Jiquan Chen, Zexia Duan, Zhiqiu Gao, Hiroki Iwata, and Joseph P. McFadden
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3041–3078, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3041-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3041-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper extends the applicability of the SUEWS to extensive pervious areas outside cities. We derived various parameters such as leaf area index, albedo, roughness parameters and surface conductance for non-urban areas. The relation between LAI and albedo is also explored. The methods and parameters discussed can be used for both online and offline simulations. Using appropriate parameters related to non-urban areas is essential for assessing urban–rural differences.
Elodie Salmon, Fabrice Jégou, Bertrand Guenet, Line Jourdain, Chunjing Qiu, Vladislav Bastrikov, Christophe Guimbaud, Dan Zhu, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Peylin, Sébastien Gogo, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Mika Aurela, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Jiquan Chen, Bogdan H. Chojnicki, Housen Chu, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, David Holl, Janina Klatt, Olaf Kolle, Natalia Kowalska, Lars Kutzbach, Annalea Lohila, Lutz Merbold, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Torsten Sachs, and Klaudia Ziemblińska
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2813–2838, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A methane model that features methane production and transport by plants, the ebullition process and diffusion in soil, oxidation to CO2, and CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere has been embedded in the ORCHIDEE-PEAT land surface model, which includes an explicit representation of northern peatlands. This model, ORCHIDEE-PCH4, was calibrated and evaluated on 14 peatland sites. Results show that the model is sensitive to temperature and substrate availability over the top 75 cm of soil depth.
Chandan Sarangi, TC Chakraborty, Sachchidanand Tripathi, Mithun Krishnan, Ross Morrison, Jonathan Evans, and Lina M. Mercado
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3615–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration fluxes by vegetation are reduced under heat stress to conserve water. However, in situ observations over northern India show that the strength of the inverse association between transpiration and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit is weakening in the presence of heavy aerosol loading. This finding not only implicates the significant role of aerosols in modifying the evaporative fraction (EF) but also warrants an in-depth analysis of the aerosol–plant–temperature–EF continuum.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Sarah E. Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Noah D. Smith, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Dan J. Charman, Julia Drewer, Colin W. Edgar, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Yao Gao, Mahdi Nakhavali, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Edward A. G. Schuur, and Sebastian Westermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1633–1657, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to include peatlands in an Earth system model (ESM). Peatlands store huge amounts of carbon that accumulates very slowly but that can be rapidly destabilised, emitting greenhouse gases. Our model captures the dynamic nature of peat by simulating the change in surface height and physical properties of the soil as carbon is added or decomposed. Thus, we model, for the first time in an ESM, peat dynamics and its threshold behaviours that can lead to destabilisation.
Jooyeop Lee, Martin Claussen, Jeongwon Kim, Je-Woo Hong, In-Sun Song, and Jinkyu Hong
Clim. Past, 18, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
It is still a challenge to simulate the so–called Green Sahara (GS), which was a wet and vegetative Sahara region in the mid–Holocene, using current climate models. Our analysis shows that Holocene greening is simulated better if the amount of soil nitrogen and soil texture is properly modified for the humid and vegetative GS period. Future climate simulation needs to consider consequent changes in soil nitrogen and texture with changes in vegetation cover for proper climate simulations.
Jean-François Ribaud, Martial Haeffelin, Jean-Charles Dupont, Marc-Antoine Drouin, Felipe Toledo, and Simone Kotthaus
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7893–7907, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7893-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7893-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
PARAFOG is a near-real-time decision tool that aims to retrieve pre-fog alert levels minutes to hours prior to fog onset. The second version of PARAFOG allows us to discriminate between radiation and stratus lowering fog situations. It is based upon the combination of visibility observations and automatic lidar and ceilometer measurements. The overall performance of the second version of PARAFOG over more than 300 fog cases at five different locations presents a good perfomance.
Chang-Hwan Park, Aaron Berg, Michael H. Cosh, Andreas Colliander, Andreas Behrendt, Hida Manns, Jinkyu Hong, Johan Lee, Runze Zhang, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6407–6420, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we proposed an inversion of the dielectric mixing model for a 50 Hz soil sensor for agricultural organic soil. This model can reflect the variability of soil organic matter (SOM) in wilting point and porosity, which play a critical role in improving the accuracy of SM estimation, using a dielectric-based soil sensor. The results of statistical analyses demonstrated a higher performance of the new model than the factory setting probe algorithm.
Keunmin Lee, Je-Woo Hong, Jeongwon Kim, Sungsoo Jo, and Jinkyu Hong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17833–17853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17833-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17833-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study examine two benefits of urban forest, thermal mitigation and carbon uptake. Our analysis indicates that the urban forest reduces both the warming trend and urban heat island intensity. Urban forest is a net CO2 source despite larger photosynthetic carbon uptake because of strong contribution of ecosystem respiration, which can be attributed to the substantial amount of soil organic carbon by intensive historical soil use and warm temperature in a city.
Moritz Lange, Henri Suominen, Mona Kurppa, Leena Järvi, Emilia Oikarinen, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7411–7424, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to replicate computationally expensive high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LESs) with regression models to simulate urban air quality and pollutant dispersion. The model development, including feature selection, model training and cross-validation, and detection of concept drift, has been described in detail. Of the models applied, log-linear regression shows the best performance. A regression model can replace LES unless high accuracy is needed.
Magdalena Szczykulska, David Boorman, James Blake, and Jonathan G. Evans
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-564, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-564, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this note, a revised incoming neutron intensity correction factor for soil moisture monitoring using cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) is presented. The correction takes into account the incoming neutron flux differences at the reference neutron monitoring and soil moisture sites. When applied to the COSMOS-UK soil moisture data, it reduces the otherwise unexplained trend present in the data at wetter sites. It has implications for better soil moisture quantification using the CRNS method.
Michael Biggart, Jenny Stocker, Ruth M. Doherty, Oliver Wild, David Carruthers, Sue Grimmond, Yiqun Han, Pingqing Fu, and Simone Kotthaus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13687–13711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13687-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13687-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Heat-related illnesses are of increasing concern in China given its rapid urbanisation and our ever-warming climate. We examine the relative impacts that land surface properties and anthropogenic heat have on the urban heat island (UHI) in Beijing using ADMS-Urban. Air temperature measurements and satellite-derived land surface temperatures provide valuable means of evaluating modelled spatiotemporal variations. This work provides critical information for urban planners and UHI mitigation.
Yongkang Xue, Tandong Yao, Aaron A. Boone, Ismaila Diallo, Ye Liu, Xubin Zeng, William K. M. Lau, Shiori Sugimoto, Qi Tang, Xiaoduo Pan, Peter J. van Oevelen, Daniel Klocke, Myung-Seo Koo, Tomonori Sato, Zhaohui Lin, Yuhei Takaya, Constantin Ardilouze, Stefano Materia, Subodh K. Saha, Retish Senan, Tetsu Nakamura, Hailan Wang, Jing Yang, Hongliang Zhang, Mei Zhao, Xin-Zhong Liang, J. David Neelin, Frederic Vitart, Xin Li, Ping Zhao, Chunxiang Shi, Weidong Guo, Jianping Tang, Miao Yu, Yun Qian, Samuel S. P. Shen, Yang Zhang, Kun Yang, Ruby Leung, Yuan Qiu, Daniele Peano, Xin Qi, Yanling Zhan, Michael A. Brunke, Sin Chan Chou, Michael Ek, Tianyi Fan, Hong Guan, Hai Lin, Shunlin Liang, Helin Wei, Shaocheng Xie, Haoran Xu, Weiping Li, Xueli Shi, Paulo Nobre, Yan Pan, Yi Qin, Jeff Dozier, Craig R. Ferguson, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Qing Bao, Jinming Feng, Jinkyu Hong, Songyou Hong, Huilin Huang, Duoying Ji, Zhenming Ji, Shichang Kang, Yanluan Lin, Weiguang Liu, Ryan Muncaster, Patricia de Rosnay, Hiroshi G. Takahashi, Guiling Wang, Shuyu Wang, Weicai Wang, Xu Zhou, and Yuejian Zhu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4465–4494, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The subseasonal prediction of extreme hydroclimate events such as droughts/floods has remained stubbornly low for years. This paper presents a new international initiative which, for the first time, introduces spring land surface temperature anomalies over high mountains to improve precipitation prediction through remote effects of land–atmosphere interactions. More than 40 institutions worldwide are participating in this effort. The experimental protocol and preliminary results are presented.
Jinghui Lian, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Thomas Lauvaux, Bo Zheng, Michel Ramonet, Irène Xueref-Remy, Simone Kotthaus, Martial Haeffelin, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10707–10726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Currently there is growing interest in monitoring city-scale CO2 emissions based on atmospheric CO2 measurements, atmospheric transport modeling, and inversion technique. We analyze the various sources of uncertainty that impact the atmospheric CO2 modeling and that may compromise the potential of this method for the monitoring of CO2 emission over Paris. Results suggest selection criteria for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the inversion system that aims at retrieving city emissions.
William R. Wieder, Derek Pierson, Stevan Earl, Kate Lajtha, Sara G. Baer, Ford Ballantyne, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Sharon A. Billings, Laurel M. Brigham, Stephany S. Chacon, Jennifer Fraterrigo, Serita D. Frey, Katerina Georgiou, Marie-Anne de Graaff, A. Stuart Grandy, Melannie D. Hartman, Sarah E. Hobbie, Chris Johnson, Jason Kaye, Emily Kyker-Snowman, Marcy E. Litvak, Michelle C. Mack, Avni Malhotra, Jessica A. M. Moore, Knute Nadelhoffer, Craig Rasmussen, Whendee L. Silver, Benjamin N. Sulman, Xanthe Walker, and Samantha Weintraub
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1843–1854, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Data collected from research networks present opportunities to test theories and develop models about factors responsible for the long-term persistence and vulnerability of soil organic matter (SOM). Here we present the SOils DAta Harmonization database (SoDaH), a flexible database designed to harmonize diverse SOM datasets from multiple research networks.
Hollie M. Cooper, Emma Bennett, James Blake, Eleanor Blyth, David Boorman, Elizabeth Cooper, Jonathan Evans, Matthew Fry, Alan Jenkins, Ross Morrison, Daniel Rylett, Simon Stanley, Magdalena Szczykulska, Emily Trill, Vasileios Antoniou, Anne Askquith-Ellis, Lucy Ball, Milo Brooks, Michael A. Clarke, Nicholas Cowan, Alexander Cumming, Philip Farrand, Olivia Hitt, William Lord, Peter Scarlett, Oliver Swain, Jenna Thornton, Alan Warwick, and Ben Winterbourn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1737–1757, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1737-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1737-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
COSMOS-UK is a UK network of environmental monitoring sites, with a focus on measuring field-scale soil moisture. Each site includes soil and hydrometeorological sensors providing data including air temperature, humidity, net radiation, neutron counts, snow water equivalent, and potential evaporation. These data can provide information for science, industry, and agriculture by improving existing understanding and data products in fields such as water resources, space sciences, and biodiversity.
Claire E. Reeves, Graham P. Mills, Lisa K. Whalley, W. Joe F. Acton, William J. Bloss, Leigh R. Crilley, Sue Grimmond, Dwayne E. Heard, C. Nicholas Hewitt, James R. Hopkins, Simone Kotthaus, Louisa J. Kramer, Roderic L. Jones, James D. Lee, Yanhui Liu, Bin Ouyang, Eloise Slater, Freya Squires, Xinming Wang, Robert Woodward-Massey, and Chunxiang Ye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6315–6330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6315-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6315-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of isoprene on atmospheric chemistry is dependent on how its oxidation products interact with other pollutants, specifically nitrogen oxides. Such interactions can lead to isoprene nitrates. We made measurements of the concentrations of individual isoprene nitrate isomers in Beijing and used a model to test current understanding of their chemistry. We highlight areas of uncertainty in understanding, in particular the chemistry following oxidation of isoprene by the nitrate radical.
Wenhua Wang, Longyi Shao, Claudio Mazzoleni, Yaowei Li, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Janarjan Bhandari, Jiaoping Xing, Xiaolei Feng, Mengyuan Zhang, and Zongbo Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5301–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We compared the characteristics of individual particles at ground level and above the mixed-layer height. We found that the particles above the mixed-layer height during haze periods are more aged compared to ground level. More coal-combustion-related primary organic particles were found above the mixed-layer height. We suggest that the particles above the mixed-layer height are affected by the surrounding areas, and once mixed down to the ground, they might contribute to ground air pollution.
Roland Stirnberg, Jan Cermak, Simone Kotthaus, Martial Haeffelin, Hendrik Andersen, Julia Fuchs, Miae Kim, Jean-Eudes Petit, and Olivier Favez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3919–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution endangers human health and poses a problem particularly in densely populated areas. Here, an explainable machine learning approach is used to analyse periods of high particle concentrations for a suburban site southwest of Paris to better understand its atmospheric drivers. Air pollution is particularly excaberated by low temperatures and low mixed layer heights, but processes vary substantially between and within seasons.
Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, William J. Bloss, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how emission controls will impact ozone, an understanding of the sources and sinks of OH and the chemical cycling between peroxy radicals is needed. This paper presents measurements of OH, HO2 and total RO2 taken in central Beijing. The radical observations are compared to a detailed chemistry model, which shows that under low NO conditions, there is a missing OH source. Under high NOx conditions, the model under-predicts RO2 and impacts our ability to model ozone.
Rutambhara Joshi, Dantong Liu, Eiko Nemitz, Ben Langford, Neil Mullinger, Freya Squires, James Lee, Yunfei Wu, Xiaole Pan, Pingqing Fu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Qiang Zhang, Ruili Wu, Oliver Wild, Michael Flynn, Hugh Coe, and James Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 147–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) is a component of particulate matter which has significant effects on climate and human health. Sources of BC include biomass burning, transport, industry and domestic cooking and heating. In this study, we measured BC emissions in Beijing, finding a dominance of traffic emissions over all other sources. The quantitative method presented here has benefits for revising widely used emissions inventories and for understanding BC sources with impacts on air quality and climate.
Cited articles
Albergel, C., Dutra, E., Munier, S., Calvet, J.-C., Munoz-Sabater, J., de Rosnay, P., and Balsamo, G.: ERA-5 and ERA-Interim driven ISBA land surface model simulations: which one performs better?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3515–3532, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3515-2018, 2018.
Arnfield, A. J.: Two decades of urban climate research: a review of
turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island,
Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1–26,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.859, 2003.
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D.: Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide
to Measurement and Data Analysis, 1st edn., edited by: Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D., Springer Science & Business Media, 451
pp., ISBN 978-94-007-9630-0, 2012.
Baldocchi, D. D.: How eddy covariance flux measurements have contributed to
our understanding of Global Change Biology, Glob. Change Biol., 26,
242–260, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14807, 2020.
Barlow, J. F.: Progress in observing and modelling the urban boundary layer,
Urban Climate, 10, Part 2, 216–240,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.03.011, 2014.
Beck, H. E., Zimmermann, N. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A.,
and Wood, E. F.: Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification
maps at 1-km resolution, Scientific Data, 5, 180214,
https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214, 2018.
Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., McHugh, I., Arndt, S. K., Campbell, D., Cleugh, H. A., Cleverly, J., Resco de Dios, V., Eamus, D., Evans, B., Ewenz, C., Grace, P., Griebel, A., Haverd, V., Hinko-Najera, N., Huete, A., Isaac, P., Kanniah, K., Leuning, R., Liddell, M. J., Macfarlane, C., Meyer, W., Moore, C., Pendall, E., Phillips, A., Phillips, R. L., Prober, S. M., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Rutledge, S., Schroder, I., Silberstein, R., Southall, P., Yee, M. S., Tapper, N. J., van Gorsel, E., Vote, C., Walker, J., and Wardlaw, T.: An introduction to the Australian and New Zealand flux tower network – OzFlux, Biogeosciences, 13, 5895–5916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016, 2016.
Best, M. J. and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Importance of initial state and
atmospheric conditions for urban land surface models' performance, Urban
Climate, 10, 387–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.006, 2014.
Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Johnson, H. R., Pitman, A. J., Balsamo, G.,
Boone, A., Cuntz, M., Decharme, B., Dirmeyer, P. A., Dong, J., Ek, M., Guo,
Z., Haverd, V., Hurk, B. J. J. van den, Nearing, G. S., Pak, B.,
Peters-Lidard, C., Santanello, J. A., Stevens, L., and Vuichard, N.: The
Plumbing of Land Surface Models: Benchmarking Model Performance, J.
Hydrometeorol., 16, 1425–1442, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0158.1,
2015.
Betts, A. K., Chan, D. Z., and Desjardins, R. L.: Near-Surface Biases in
ERA5 Over the Canadian Prairies, Front. Environ. Sci., 7,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00129, 2019.
Bjorkegren, A. B., Grimmond, C. S. B., Kotthaus, S., and Malamud, B. D.: CO2
emission estimation in the urban environment: Measurement of the CO2 storage
term, Atmos. Environ., 122, 775–790,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.012, 2015.
Boussetta, S., Balsamo, G., Beljaars, A., Panareda, A.-A., Calvet, J.-C.,
Jacobs, C., Hurk, B. van den, Viterbo, P., Lafont, S., Dutra, E., Jarlan,
L., Balzarolo, M., Papale, D., and Werf, G. van der: Natural land carbon
dioxide exchanges in the ECMWF integrated forecasting system: Implementation
and offline validation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118,
5923–5946, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50488, 2013.
Bowling, L. and Polcher, J.: The ALMA data exchange convention,
https://web.lmd.jussieu.fr/~polcher/ALMA/ (last access: 3 June 2021), 2001.
Center for International Earth Science Information Network – CIESIN –
Columbia University, International Food Policy Research Institute – IFPRI,
The World Bank, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT:
Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): Settlement Points,
Revision 01, NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) [data set],
Palisades, NY, https://doi.org/10.7927/H4BC3WG1, 2017.
Chow, W.: Eddy covariance data measured at the CAP LTER flux tower located
in the west Phoenix, AZ neighborhood of Maryvale from 2011-12-16 through
2012-12-31, EDI Data Portal [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/PASTA/FED17D67583EDA16C439216CA40B0669,
2017.
Chow, W. T. L., Volo, T. J., Vivoni, E. R., Jenerette, G. D., and Ruddell,
B. L.: Seasonal dynamics of a suburban energy balance in Phoenix, Arizona,
Int. J. Climatol., 34, 3863–3880,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3947, 2014.
Christen, A., Coops, N. C., Crawford, B. R., Kellett, R., Liss, K. N.,
Olchovski, I., Tooke, T. R., van der Laan, M., and Voogt, J. A.: Validation
of modeled carbon-dioxide emissions from an urban neighborhood with direct
eddy-covariance measurements, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6057–6069,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.040, 2011.
Coutts, A. M., Beringer, J., and Tapper, N. J.: Characteristics influencing
the variability of urban CO2 fluxes in Melbourne, Australia, Atmos.
Environ., 41, 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.030,
2007a.
Coutts, A. M., Beringer, J., and Tapper, N. J.: Impact of Increasing Urban
Density on Local Climate: Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Surface
Energy Balance in Melbourne, Australia, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46,
477–493, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2462.1, 2007b.
Crawford, B. and Christen, A.: Spatial source attribution of measured urban
eddy covariance CO2 fluxes, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 119, 733–755,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1124-0, 2015.
Crawford, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Christen, A.: Five years of carbon
dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area, Atmos.
Environ., 45, 896–905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.017,
2011.
Cucchi, M., Weedon, G. P., Amici, A., Bellouin, N., Lange, S., Müller Schmied, H., Hersbach, H., and Buontempo, C.: WFDE5: bias-adjusted ERA5 reanalysis data for impact studies, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2097–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2097-2020, 2020.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P.,
Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P.,
Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N.,
Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.
B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P.,
Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M.,
Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C.,
Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis:
configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
Dou, J., Grimmond, S., Cheng, Z., Miao, S., Feng, D., and Liao, M.:
Summertime surface energy balance fluxes at two Beijing sites, Int.
J. Climatol., 39, 2793–2810, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5989,
2019.
Druken, K.: ERA5 Replicated Datasets, NCI Data Catalogue [data set],
https://doi.org/10.25914/5F48874388857, 2020.
Feigenwinter, C., Vogt, R., and Christen, A.: Eddy Covariance Measurements
Over Urban Areas, in: Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and
Data Analysis, edited by: Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D., Springer
Netherlands, Dordrecht, 377–397,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1_16, 2012.
Ferreira, M. J., de Oliveira, A. P., and Soares, J.: Diurnal variation in
stored energy flux in São Paulo city, Brazil, Urban Climate, 5, 36–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.06.001, 2013.
Forsythe, W. C., Rykiel, E. J., Stahl, R. S., Wu, H., and Schoolfield, R.
M.: A model comparison for daylength as a function of latitude and day of
year, Ecol. Model., 80, 87–95,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(94)00034-F, 1995.
Fortuniak, K., Kłysik, K., and Siedlecki, M.: New
measurements of the energy balance components in Łódź,
in: Preprints, sixth International Conference on Urban Climate, Göteborg, Sweden, Sixth International Conference On Urban Climate,
Göteborg, Sweden, 12–16 June,
2006, 64–67, http://meteo.geo.uni.lodz.pl/kf/publikacje_kf_PDF/r2006_ICUC6_p64_Fortuniak_etal.pdf (last access: 14 November 2022), 2006.
Fortuniak, K., Pawlak, W., and Siedlecki, M.: Integral Turbulence Statistics
Over a Central European City Centre, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol.,
146, 257–276, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9762-1, 2013.
Goret, M., Masson, V., Schoetter, R., and Moine, M.-P.: Inclusion of CO2
flux modelling in an urban canopy layer model and an evaluation over an old
European city centre, Atmospheric Environment: X, 3, 100042,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100042, 2019.
Grimmond, C. S. B.: Progress in measuring and observing the urban
atmosphere, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 84, 3–22,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-005-0140-5, 2006.
Grimmond, C. S. B. and Oke, T. R.: Heat Storage in Urban Areas: Local-Scale
Observations and Evaluation of a Simple Model, J. Appl. Meteor., 38,
922–940, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0922:HSIUAL>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Grimmond, C. S. B., Blackett, M., Best, M. J., Barlow, J., Baik, J.-J.,
Belcher, S. E., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Calmet, I., Chen, F., Dandou, A.,
Fortuniak, K., Gouvea, M. L., Hamdi, R., Hendry, M., Kawai, T., Kawamoto,
Y., Kondo, H., Krayenhoff, E. S., Lee, S.-H., and Loridan, T.: The
International Urban Energy Balance Models Comparison Project: First Results
from Phase 1, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 49,
1268–1292, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2354.1, 2010.
Grimmond, C. S. B., Blackett, M., Best, M. J., Baik, J.-J., Belcher, S. E.,
Beringer, J., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Calmet, I., Chen, F., Coutts, A.,
Dandou, A., Fortuniak, K., Gouvea, M. L., Hamdi, R., Hendry, M., Kanda, M.,
Kawai, T., Kawamoto, Y., Kondo, H., Krayenhoff, E. S., Lee, S.-H., Loridan,
T., Martilli, A., Masson, V., Miao, S., Oleson, K., Ooka, R., Pigeon, G.,
Porson, A., Ryu, Y.-H., Salamanca, F., Steeneveld, G. J., Tombrou, M.,
Voogt, J. A., Young, D. T., and Zhang, N.: Initial results from Phase 2 of
the international urban energy balance model comparison, Int.
J. Climatol., 31, 244–272, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2227,
2011.
Grimmond, S. and Christen, A.: Flux measurements in urban ecosystems,
FluxLetter – Newsletter of Fluxnet, 5, 1–8, https://fluxnet.org/wp-content/uploads/FluxLetter_Vol5_No1.pdf (last access: 14 November 2022), 2012.
Grimmond, S. and Ward, H. C.: Urban Measurements and Their Interpretation,
in: Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements, edited by: Foken, T.,
Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1407–1437,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4_52, 2021.
Haiden, T., Sandu, I., Balsamo, G., Arduini, G., and Beljaars, A.:
Addressing biases in near-surface forecasts, ECMWF Newsletter, 157, 20–25,
2018.
Hengl, T.: Clay content in % (kg/kg) at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30,
60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution (v0.2), Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2525663, 2018a.
Hengl, T.: Sand content in % (kg/kg) at 6 standard depths (0, 10, 30,
60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution (v0.2), Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2525662, 2018b.
Hengl, T.: Soil bulk density (fine earth) 10 × kg/m-cubic at 6 standard
depths (0, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 200 cm) at 250 m resolution (v0.2), Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2525665, 2018c.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., and
others: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present, Copernicus
Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2018.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G. D., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P.
de, Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5
global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hertwig, D., Grimmond, S., Hendry, M. A., Saunders, B., Wang, Z., Jeoffrion,
M., Vidale, P. L., McGuire, P. C., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Ward, H. C., and
Kotthaus, S.: Urban signals in high-resolution weather and climate
simulations: role of urban land-surface characterisation, Theor.
Appl. Climatol., 142, 701–728,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03294-1, 2020.
Hirano, T., Sugawara, H., Murayama, S., and Kondo, H.: Diurnal Variation of
CO2 Flux in an Urban Area of Tokyo, Sola, 11, 100–103,
https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2015-024, 2015.
Hong, J., Lee, K., and Hong, J.-W.: Observational data of Ochang and
Jungnang in Korea, EAPL at Yonsei University [data set], https://doi.org/10.22647/EAPL-OC_JN2021,
2020.
Hong, J.-W., Hong, J., Chun, J., Lee, Y. H., Chang, L.-S., Lee, J.-B., Yi,
K., Park, Y.-S., Byun, Y.-H., and Joo, S.: Comparative assessment of net CO2
exchange across an urbanization gradient in Korea based on eddy covariance
measurements, Carbon Balance and Management, 14, 13,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-019-0128-6, 2019.
Hong, S., Kim, J., Byun, Y., Hong, J., Hong., J., Lee, K., Y. Park, Lee, S., and Kim, Y.: Intra-urban variations of the CO2 fluxes at the surface-atmosphere interface in the Seoul metropolitan area, Carbon Balance and Management, in revision, 2022.
Ishidoya, S., Sugawara, H., Terao, Y., Kaneyasu, N., Aoki, N., Tsuboi, K., and Kondo, H.: O2: CO2 exchange ratio for net turbulent flux observed in an urban area of Tokyo, Japan, and its application to an evaluation of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5293–5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5293-2020, 2020.
Järvi, L., Rannik, Ü., Kokkonen, T. V., Kurppa, M., Karppinen, A., Kouznetsov, R. D., Rantala, P., Vesala, T., and Wood, C. R.: Uncertainty of eddy covariance flux measurements over an urban area based on two towers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5421–5438, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5421-2018, 2018.
Jiang, Q., Li, W., Fan, Z., He, X., Sun, W., Chen, S., Wen, J., Gao, J., and
Wang, J.: Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis precipitation dataset over
Chinese Mainland, J. Hydrol., 595, 125660,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125660, 2021.
Kanda, M., Inagaki, A., Miyamoto, T., Gryschka, M., and Raasch, S.: A New
Aerodynamic Parametrization for Real Urban Surfaces, Bound.-Lay.
Meteorol., 148, 357–377, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9818-x, 2013.
Karsisto, P., Fortelius, C., Demuzere, M., Grimmond, C. S. B., W., O. K.,
Kouznetsov, R., Masson, V., and Järvi, L.: Seasonal surface urban energy
balance and wintertime stability simulated using three land-surface models
in the high-latitude city Helsinki, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 401–417,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2659, 2016.
Kent, C. W., Grimmond, S., Barlow, J., Gatey, D., Kotthaus, S., Lindberg,
F., and Halios, C. H.: Evaluation of Urban Local-Scale Aerodynamic
Parameters: Implications for the Vertical Profile of Wind Speed and for
Source Areas, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 164, 183–213,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-017-0248-z, 2017.
Kokkonen, T. V., Grimmond, C. S. B., Räty, O., Ward, H. C., Christen,
A., Oke, T. R., Kotthaus, S., and Järvi, L.: Sensitivity of Surface
Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) to downscaling of reanalysis
forcing data, Urban Climate, 23, 36–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.001, 2018.
Kotthaus, S. and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Identification of Micro-scale
Anthropogenic CO2, heat and moisture sources – Processing eddy covariance
fluxes for a dense urban environment, Atmos. Environ., 57, 301–316,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.024, 2012.
Kotthaus, S. and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Energy exchange in a dense urban
environment – Part I: Temporal variability of long-term observations in
central London, Urban Climate, 10, Part 2, 261–280,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.002, 2014a.
Kotthaus, S. and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Energy exchange in a dense urban
environment – Part II: Impact of spatial heterogeneity of the surface,
Urban Climate, 10, Part 2, 281–307,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.001, 2014b.
Lipson, M.: Urban-PLUMBER: A multi-site model evaluation project for urban areas –
Project Home, https://urban-plumber.github.io/, last access: 1 July 2021.
Lipson, M.: Code to process “Harmonized gap-filled datasets from 20 urban
flux tower sites” for the Urban-PLUMBER projects, Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7108466, 2022a.
Lipson, M.: Code to produce figures in the manuscript: “Harmonized,
gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites”, Zenodo [code],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6590941, 2022b.
Lipson, M., Grimmond, S., and Best, M.: A new multi-site evaluation project
for modelling in urban areas, Urban Climate News, 15–16, http://www.urban-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/IAUC075.pdf (last access: 14 November 2022), 2020a.
Lipson, M. J., Grimmond, S., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Pitman, A. J., and Ward, H. C.: Urban-PLUMBER: A new evaluation and benchmarking project for land surface models in urban areas, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-20987, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20987, 2020b.
Lipson, M., Grimmond, S., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., and Pitman, A. J.:
Urban-PLUMBER—Evaluation and Benchmarking of Land Surface Models in Urban
Areas, 100th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Boston, USA, 2020, https://ams.confex.com/ams/2020Annual/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/364914 (last access: 14 November 2022), 2020c.
Lipson, M., Grimmond, S., and Best, M.: Protocol for observational data used
in Urban-PLUMBER, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5518278, 2021.
Lipson, M., Grimmond, S., Best, M., Chow, W., Christen, A., Chrysoulakis,
N., Coutts, A., Crawford, B., Earl, S., Evans, J., Fortuniak, K.,
Heusinkveld, B. G., Hong, J.-W., Hong, J., Järvi, L., Jo, S., Kim,
Y.-H., Kotthaus, S., Lee, K., Masson, V., McFadden, J. P., Michels, O.,
Pawlak, W., Roth, M., Sugawara, H., Tapper, N., Velasco, E., and Ward, H.
C.: Data for “Harmonized gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower
sites” for the Urban-PLUMBER project, Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7104984, 2022.
Macdonald, R. W., Griffiths, R. F., and Hall, D. J.: An improved method for
the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays, Atmos.
Environ., 32, 1857–1864, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00403-2,
1998.
Martens, B., Schumacher, D. L., Wouters, H., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Verhoest, N. E. C., and Miralles, D. G.: Evaluating the land-surface energy partitioning in ERA5, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4159–4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020, 2020.
Masson, V., Gomes, L., Pigeon, G., Liousse, C., Pont, V., Lagouarde, J.-P.,
Voogt, J., Salmond, J., Oke, T. R., Hidalgo, J., Legain, D., Garrouste, O.,
Lac, C., Connan, O., Briottet, X., Lachérade, S., and Tulet, P.: The
Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL)
experiment, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 102, 135–157,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-008-0289-4, 2008.
Masson, V., Heldens, W., Bocher, E., Bonhomme, M., Bucher, B., Burmeister,
C., de Munck, C., Esch, T., Hidalgo, J., Kanani-Sühring, F., Kwok,
Y.-T., Lemonsu, A., Lévy, J.-P., Maronga, B., Pavlik, D., Petit, G.,
See, L., Schoetter, R., Tornay, N., Votsis, A., and Zeidler, J.:
City-descriptive input data for urban climate models: Model requirements,
data sources and challenges, Urban Climate, 31, 100536,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100536, 2020.
McNorton, J. R., Arduini, G., Bousserez, N., Agustí-Panareda, A.,
Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Hadade, I., and Hogan, R. J.: An
Urban Scheme for the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System: Single-Column and
Global Offline Application, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
13, e2020MS002375, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002375, 2021.
Menard, C. B., Essery, R., Krinner, G., Arduini, G., Bartlett, P., Boone,
A., Brutel-Vuilmet, C., Burke, E., Cuntz, M., Dai, Y., Decharme, B., Dutra,
E., Fang, X., Fierz, C., Gusev, Y., Hagemann, S., Haverd, V., Kim, H.,
Lafaysse, M., Marke, T., Nasonova, O., Nitta, T., Niwano, M., Pomeroy, J.,
Schädler, G., Semenov, V. A., Smirnova, T., Strasser, U., Swenson, S.,
Turkov, D., Wever, N., and Yuan, H.: Scientific and Human Errors in a Snow
Model Intercomparison, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102,
E61–E79, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0329.1, 2021.
Menne, M. J., Durre, I., Vose, R. S., Gleason, B. E., and Houston, T. G.: An
Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 29, 897–910,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00103.1, 2012.
Menzer, O. and McFadden, J. P.: Statistical partitioning of a three-year
time series of direct urban net CO2 flux measurements into biogenic and
anthropogenic components, Atmos. Environ., 170, 319–333,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.049, 2017.
New, M., Hulme, M., and Jones, P.: Representing Twentieth-Century
Space–Time Climate Variability. Part I: Development of a 1961–90 Mean
Monthly Terrestrial Climatology, J. Climate, 12, 829–856,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0829:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Nogueira, M.: Inter-comparison of ERA-5, ERA-interim and GPCP rainfall over
the last 40 years: Process-based analysis of systematic and random
differences, J. Hydrol., 583, 124632,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124632, 2020.
Nordbo, A., Järvi, L., Haapanala, S., Moilanen, J., and Vesala, T.:
Intra-City Variation in Urban Morphology and Turbulence Structure in
Helsinki, Finland, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 146, 469–496,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9773-y, 2013.
Novick, K. A., Biederman, J. A., Desai, A. R., Litvak, M. E., Moore, D. J.
P., Scott, R. L., and Torn, M. S.: The AmeriFlux network: A coalition of the
willing, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 249, 444–456,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.009, 2018.
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Oke, T. R.: Parameterization of Net
All-Wave Radiation for Urban Areas, J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1157–1173,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1157:PONARF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Offerle, B., Jonsson, P., Eliasson, I., and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Urban
Modification of the Surface Energy Balance in the West African Sahel:
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, J. Climate, 18, 3983–3995, 2005.
Oke, T. R.: The urban energy balance, Prog. Phys. Geog., 12,
471–508, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913338801200401, 1988.
Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., and Voogt, J. A.: Urban Climates, 1st edn.,
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-42953-6, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016476, 2017.
Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson, D., Cheah,
Y.-W., Poindexter, C., Chen, J., Elbashandy, A., Humphrey, M., Isaac, P.,
Polidori, D., Reichstein, M., Ribeca, A., van Ingen, C., Vuichard, N.,
Zhang, L., Amiro, B., Ammann, C., Arain, M. A., Ardö, J., Arkebauer, T.,
Arndt, S. K., Arriga, N., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Baldocchi, D., Barr, A.,
Beamesderfer, E., Marchesini, L. B., Bergeron, O., Beringer, J., Bernhofer,
C., Berveiller, D., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken, P. D., Bohrer,
G., Boike, J., Bolstad, P. V., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Bowling, D. R.,
Bracho, R., Brodeur, J., Brümmer, C., Buchmann, N., Burban, B., Burns,
S. P., Buysse, P., Cale, P., Cavagna, M., Cellier, P., Chen, S., Chini, I.,
Christensen, T. R., Cleverly, J., Collalti, A., Consalvo, C., Cook, B. D.,
Cook, D., Coursolle, C., Cremonese, E., Curtis, P. S., D'Andrea, E., da
Rocha, H., Dai, X., Davis, K. J., Cinti, B. D., Grandcourt, A. de, Ligne, A.
D., De Oliveira, R. C., Delpierre, N., Desai, A. R., Di Bella, C. M.,
Tommasi, P. di, Dolman, H., Domingo, F., Dong, G., Dore, S., Duce, P.,
Dufrêne, E., Dunn, A., Dušek, J., Eamus, D., Eichelmann, U.,
ElKhidir, H. A. M., Eugster, W., Ewenz, C. M., Ewers, B., Famulari, D.,
Fares, S., Feigenwinter, I., Feitz, A., Fensholt, R., Filippa, G., Fischer,
M., Frank, J., Galvagno, M., et al.: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux
processing pipeline for eddy covariance data, Sci. Data, 7, 225,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3, 2020.
Pawlak, W., Fortuniak, K., and Siedlecki, M.: Carbon dioxide flux in the
centre of Łódź, Poland – analysis of a 2-year eddy
covariance measurement data set, Int. J. Climatol., 31,
232–243, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2247, 2011.
Peters, E. B., Hiller, R. V., and McFadden, J. P.: Seasonal contributions of
vegetation types to suburban evapotranspiration, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 116, G01003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001463, 2011.
Porson, A., Clark, P. A., Harman, I. N., Best, M. J., and Belcher, S. E.:
Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme in the MetUM. Part I:
Description and idealized simulations, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 136, 1514–1529, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.668,
2010.
Rew, R., Davis, G., Emmerson, S., Cormack, C., Caron, J., Pincus, R.,
Hartnett, E., Heimbigner, D., Appel, L., and Fisher, W.: Unidata NetCDF, UCAR [code],
https://doi.org/10.5065/D6H70CW6, 1989.
Roth, M., Jansson, C., and Velasco, E.: Multi-year energy balance and carbon
dioxide fluxes over a residential neighbourhood in a tropical city, Int. J.
Climatol., 37, 2679–2698, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4873, 2017.
Schmid, H. P., Cleugh, H. A., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Oke, T. R.: Spatial
variability of energy fluxes in suburban terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol.,
54, 249–276, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183956, 1991.
Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., and Su, H.-B.:
Measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the
mid-western United States, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103,
357–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00140-4, 2000.
Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., and Li, R.: Local-Scale Urban Energy Balance Observation
under Various Sky Conditions in a Humid Subtropical Region, J. Appl. Meteor.
Climatol., 58, 1573–1591, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0273.1, 2019.
Stagakis, S., Chrysoulakis, N., Spyridakis, N., Feigenwinter, C., and Vogt,
R.: Eddy Covariance measurements and source partitioning of CO2 emissions in
an urban environment: Application for Heraklion, Greece, Atmos.
Environ., 201, 278–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.009,
2019.
Steeneveld, G.-J., Horst, S. van der, and Heusinkveld, B.: Observing the surface radiation and energy balance, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes over the city centre of Amsterdam, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1547, 2020.
Tang, Y., Sun, T., Luo, Z., Omidvar, H., Theeuwes, N., Xie, X., Xiong, J.,
Yao, R., and Grimmond, S.: Urban meteorological forcing data for building
energy simulations, Build. Environ., 204, 108088,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108088, 2021.
Ukkola, A. M., Haughton, N., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., and Pitman, A. J.: FluxnetLSM R package (v1.0): a community tool for processing FLUXNET data for use in land surface modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3379–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, 2017.
Ukkola, A. M., Abramowitz, G., and De Kauwe, M. G.: A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN): World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420), United Nations, New York, ISBN 978-92-1-148319-2, 2019.
Valentini, R.: EUROFLUX: An Integrated Network for Studying the Long-Term
Responses of Biospheric Exchanges of Carbon, Water, and Energy of European
Forests, in: Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, edited
by: Valentini, R., volume 163, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1–8, ISBN 978-3-662-05171-9,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_1, 2003.
Varquez, A. C. G., Kiyomoto, S., Khanh, D. N., and Kanda, M.: Global 1-km
present and future hourly anthropogenic heat flux, Scientific Data, 8, 64,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00850-w, 2021.
Velasco, E. and Roth, M.: Cities as Net Sources of CO2: Review of
Atmospheric CO2 Exchange in Urban Environments Measured by Eddy Covariance
Technique, Geography Compass, 4, 1238–1259,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00384.x, 2010.
Velasco, E., Pressley, S., Grivicke, R., Allwine, E., Molina, L. T., and
Lamb, B.: Energy balance in urban Mexico City: observation and
parameterization during the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 103, 501–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0314-7, 2011.
Velasco, E., Perrusquia, R., Jiménez, E., Hernández, F., Camacho,
P., Rodríguez, S., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Sources and sinks of
carbon dioxide in a neighborhood of Mexico City, Atmos. Environ.,
97, 226–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.018, 2014.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality Control and Flux Sampling Problems for
Tower and Aircraft Data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14,
512–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFSP>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Vitale, D., Fratini, G., Bilancia, M., Nicolini, G., Sabbatini, S., and Papale, D.: A robust data cleaning procedure for eddy covariance flux measurements, Biogeosciences, 17, 1367–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1367-2020, 2020.
Vuichard, N. and Papale, D.: Filling the gaps in meteorological continuous data measured at FLUXNET sites with ERA-Interim reanalysis, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-157-2015, 2015.
Ward, H. C., Evans, J. G., and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4645–4666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4645-2013, 2013.
Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E.,
Österle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.:
Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional
Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century, J.
Hydrometeorol., 12, 823–848, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1369.1, 2011.
World Meteorological Organization: Guide to meteorological instruments and
methods of observation, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland, ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5, 2008.
Yamamoto, S., Saigusa, N., Gamo, M., Fujinuma, Y., Inoue, G., and Hirano,
T.: Findings through the AsiaFlux network and a view toward the future, J.
Geogr. Sci., 15, 142–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872679, 2005.
Short summary
We describe a new openly accessible collection of atmospheric observations from 20 cities around the world, capturing 50 site years. The observations capture local meteorology (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) and the energy fluxes between the land and atmosphere (e.g. radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes). These observations can be used to improve our understanding of urban climate processes and to test the accuracy of urban climate models.
We describe a new openly accessible collection of atmospheric observations from 20 cities around...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint