Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-881-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-881-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
10 Mar 2025
Data description paper |
| 10 Mar 2025
| 10 Mar 2025
Century-long reconstruction of gridded phosphorus surplus across Europe (1850–2019)
UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Leipzig, Germany
Fanny J. Sarrazin
UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Leipzig, Germany
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR HYCAR, 92160 Antony, France
UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Leipzig, Germany
Related authors
Pia Ebeling, Alexander Hubig, Alexander Wachholz, Ulrike Scharfenberger, Sarah Haug, Tam Nguyen, Fanny Sarrazin, Masooma Batool, Andreas Musolff, and Rohini Kumar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-450, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-450, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This update of the water quality dataset QUADICA for 1386 German catchments adds new data on water quality, flow, and drivers. Additions include water temperature and concentrations of oxygen and others, as well as catchment-wise time series on pollution sources and improved integration with other relevant datasets. This expanded dataset will help researchers and practitioners better understand how human activities affect water quality and ecosystems, and make more informed decisions.
Pia Ebeling, Alexander Hubig, Alexander Wachholz, Ulrike Scharfenberger, Sarah Haug, Tam Nguyen, Fanny Sarrazin, Masooma Batool, Andreas Musolff, and Rohini Kumar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-450, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-450, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This update of the water quality dataset QUADICA for 1386 German catchments adds new data on water quality, flow, and drivers. Additions include water temperature and concentrations of oxygen and others, as well as catchment-wise time series on pollution sources and improved integration with other relevant datasets. This expanded dataset will help researchers and practitioners better understand how human activities affect water quality and ecosystems, and make more informed decisions.
Katoria Lekarkar, Oldrich Rakovec, Rohini Kumar, Stefaan Dondeyne, and Ann van Griensven
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4526, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4526, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Belgium has faced intense droughts in recent years, causing major losses across sectors. To assess their rarity, we used a hydrological model to reconstruct fifty years of soil moisture in the country. We show that 2011–2020 experienced the most severe droughts since 1971, with nearly 30 % of the decade under drought. We also show that rainfall-based indicators underestimate soil moisture droughts, so including soil moisture monitoring can give decision-makers a clearer picture of drought risks.
Vishal Thakur, Yannis Markonis, Rohini Kumar, Johanna Ruth Thomson, Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy, Martin Hanel, and Oldrich Rakovec
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 4395–4416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4395-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4395-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the changes in water movement in earth is crucial for everyone. To quantify this water movement there are several techniques. We examined how different methods of estimating evaporation impact predictions of various types of water movement across Europe. We found that, while these methods generally agree on whether changes are increasing or decreasing, they differ in magnitude. This means selecting the right evaporation method is crucial for accurate predictions of water movement.
Jan Řehoř, Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Rakovec, Martin Hanel, Milan Fischer, Rohini Kumar, Jan Balek, Markéta Poděbradská, Vojtěch Moravec, Luis Samaniego, Yannis Markonis, and Miroslav Trnka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3341–3358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3341-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a robust method for identification and classification of global land drought events (GLDEs) based on soil moisture. Two models were used to calculate soil moisture and delimit soil drought over global land from 1980–2022, with clusters of 775 and 630 GLDEs. Using four spatiotemporal and three motion-related characteristics, we categorized GLDEs into seven severity and seven dynamic categories. The frequency of GLDEs has generally increased in recent decades.
Pia Ebeling, Andreas Musolff, Rohini Kumar, Andreas Hartmann, and Jan H. Fleckenstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2925–2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2925-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2925-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is a crucial resource at risk due to droughts. To understand drought effects on groundwater levels in Germany, we grouped 6626 wells into six regional and two national patterns. Weather explained half of the level variations with varied response times. Shallow groundwater responds fast and is more vulnerable to short droughts (a few months). Dampened deep heads buffer short droughts but suffer from long droughts and recoveries. Two nationwide trend patterns were linked to human water use.
Hannes Müller Schmied, Simon Newland Gosling, Marlo Garnsworthy, Laura Müller, Camelia-Eliza Telteu, Atiq Kainan Ahmed, Lauren Seaby Andersen, Julien Boulange, Peter Burek, Jinfeng Chang, He Chen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Manolis Grillakis, Luca Guillaumot, Naota Hanasaki, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Rohini Kumar, Guoyong Leng, Junguo Liu, Xingcai Liu, Inga Menke, Vimal Mishra, Yadu Pokhrel, Oldrich Rakovec, Luis Samaniego, Yusuke Satoh, Harsh Lovekumar Shah, Mikhail Smilovic, Tobias Stacke, Edwin Sutanudjaja, Wim Thiery, Athanasios Tsilimigkras, Yoshihide Wada, Niko Wanders, and Tokuta Yokohata
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2409–2425, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2409-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2409-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Global water models contribute to the evaluation of important natural and societal issues but are – as all models – simplified representation of reality. So, there are many ways to calculate the water fluxes and storages. This paper presents a visualization of 16 global water models using a standardized visualization and the pathway towards this common understanding. Next to academic education purposes, we envisage that these diagrams will help researchers, model developers, and data users.
Robert Reinecke, Annemarie Bäthge, Ricarda Dietrich, Sebastian Gnann, Simon N. Gosling, Danielle Grogan, Andreas Hartmann, Stefan Kollet, Rohini Kumar, Richard Lammers, Sida Liu, Yan Liu, Nils Moosdorf, Bibi Naz, Sara Nazari, Chibuike Orazulike, Yadu Pokhrel, Jacob Schewe, Mikhail Smilovic, Maryna Strokal, Yoshihide Wada, Shan Zuidema, and Inge de Graaf
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1181, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here we describe a collaborative effort to improve predictions of how climate change will affect groundwater. The ISIMIP groundwater sector combines multiple global groundwater models to capture a range of possible outcomes and reduce uncertainty. Initial comparisons reveal significant differences between models in key metrics like water table depth and recharge rates, highlighting the need for structured model intercomparisons.
Eshrat Fatima, Rohini Kumar, Sabine Attinger, Maren Kaluza, Oldrich Rakovec, Corinna Rebmann, Rafael Rosolem, Sascha E. Oswald, Luis Samaniego, Steffen Zacharias, and Martin Schrön
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5419–5441, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a framework to incorporate cosmic-ray neutron measurements into the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). We evaluate different approaches to estimate neutron counts within the mHM using the Desilets equation, with uniformly and non-uniformly weighted average soil moisture, and the physically based code COSMIC. The data improved not only soil moisture simulations but also the parameterisation of evapotranspiration in the model.
Fanny J. Sarrazin, Sabine Attinger, and Rohini Kumar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4673–4708, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contamination of water bodies is a long-term issue due to the long history of N and P inputs to the environment and their persistence. Here, we introduce a long-term and high-resolution dataset of N and P inputs from wastewater (point sources) for Germany, combining data from different sources and conceptual understanding. We also account for uncertainties in modelling choices, thus facilitating robust long-term and large-scale water quality studies.
Arianna Borriero, Rohini Kumar, Tam V. Nguyen, Jan H. Fleckenstein, and Stefanie R. Lutz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2989–3004, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2989-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2989-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the uncertainty of the water transit time distribution (TTD) arising from model input (interpolated tracer data) and structure (StorAge Selection, SAS, functions). We found that uncertainty was mainly associated with temporal interpolation, choice of SAS function, nonspatial interpolation, and low-flow conditions. It is important to characterize the specific uncertainty sources and their combined effects on TTD, as this has relevant implications for both water quantity and quality.
Trevor Page, Paul Smith, Keith Beven, Francesca Pianosi, Fanny Sarrazin, Susana Almeida, Liz Holcombe, Jim Freer, Nick Chappell, and Thorsten Wagener
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2523–2534, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2523-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2523-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This publication provides an introduction to the CREDIBLE Uncertainty Estimation (CURE) toolbox. CURE offers workflows for a variety of uncertainty estimation methods. One of its most important features is the requirement that all of the assumptions on which a workflow analysis depends be defined. This facilitates communication with potential users of an analysis. An audit trail log is produced automatically from a workflow for future reference.
Carolin Winter, Tam V. Nguyen, Andreas Musolff, Stefanie R. Lutz, Michael Rode, Rohini Kumar, and Jan H. Fleckenstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 303–318, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-303-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-303-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing frequency of severe and prolonged droughts threatens our freshwater resources. While we understand drought impacts on water quantity, its effects on water quality remain largely unknown. Here, we studied the impact of the unprecedented 2018–2019 drought in Central Europe on nitrate export in a heterogeneous mesoscale catchment in Germany. We show that severe drought can reduce a catchment's capacity to retain nitrogen, intensifying the internal pollution and export of nitrate.
Friedrich Boeing, Oldrich Rakovec, Rohini Kumar, Luis Samaniego, Martin Schrön, Anke Hildebrandt, Corinna Rebmann, Stephan Thober, Sebastian Müller, Steffen Zacharias, Heye Bogena, Katrin Schneider, Ralf Kiese, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Marx
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5137–5161, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we deliver an evaluation of the second generation operational German drought monitor (https://www.ufz.de/duerremonitor) with a state-of-the-art compilation of observed soil moisture data from 40 locations and four different measurement methods in Germany. We show that the expressed stakeholder needs for higher resolution drought information at the one-kilometer scale can be met and that the agreement of simulated and observed soil moisture dynamics can be moderately improved.
Bahar Bahrami, Anke Hildebrandt, Stephan Thober, Corinna Rebmann, Rico Fischer, Luis Samaniego, Oldrich Rakovec, and Rohini Kumar
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6957–6984, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf area index (LAI) and gross primary productivity (GPP) are crucial components to carbon cycle, and are closely linked to water cycle in many ways. We develop a Parsimonious Canopy Model (PCM) to simulate GPP and LAI at stand scale, and show its applicability over a diverse range of deciduous broad-leaved forest biomes. With its modular structure, the PCM is able to adapt with existing data requirements, and run in either a stand-alone mode or as an interface linked to hydrologic models.
Sadaf Nasreen, Markéta Součková, Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy, Ujjwal Singh, Yannis Markonis, Rohini Kumar, Oldrich Rakovec, and Martin Hanel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4035–4056, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a 500-year reconstructed annual runoff dataset for several European catchments. Several data-driven and hydrological models were used to derive the runoff series using reconstructed precipitation and temperature and a set of proxy data. The simulated runoff was validated using independent observed runoff data and documentary evidence. The validation revealed a good fit between the observed and reconstructed series for 14 catchments, which are available for further analysis.
Pia Ebeling, Rohini Kumar, Stefanie R. Lutz, Tam Nguyen, Fanny Sarrazin, Michael Weber, Olaf Büttner, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Musolff
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3715–3741, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3715-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental data are critical for understanding and managing ecosystems, including the mitigation of water quality degradation. To increase data availability, we present the first large-sample water quality data set (QUADICA) of riverine macronutrient concentrations combined with water quantity, meteorological, and nutrient forcing data as well as catchment attributes. QUADICA covers 1386 German catchments to facilitate large-sample data-driven and modeling water quality assessments.
Robert Schweppe, Stephan Thober, Sebastian Müller, Matthias Kelbling, Rohini Kumar, Sabine Attinger, and Luis Samaniego
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 859–882, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The recently released multiscale parameter regionalization (MPR) tool enables
environmental modelers to efficiently use extensive datasets for model setups.
It flexibly ingests the datasets using user-defined data–parameter relationships
and rescales parameter fields to given model resolutions. Modern
land surface models especially benefit from MPR through increased transparency and
flexibility in modeling decisions. Thus, MPR empowers more sound and robust
simulations of the Earth system.
Joni Dehaspe, Fanny Sarrazin, Rohini Kumar, Jan H. Fleckenstein, and Andreas Musolff
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6437–6463, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Increased nitrate concentrations in surface waters can compromise river ecosystem health. As riverine nitrate uptake is hard to measure, we explore how low-frequency nitrate concentration and discharge observations (that are widely available) can help to identify (in)efficient uptake in river networks. We find that channel geometry and water velocity rather than the biological uptake capacity dominate the nitrate-discharge pattern at the outlet. The former can be used to predict uptake.
Cited articles
Amery, F. and Schoumans, O.: Agricultural phosphorus legislation in Europe, Instituut voor Landbouw-, Visserij-en Voedingsonderzoek, https://pure.ilvo.be/ws/portalfiles/portal/2640562/Phosphorus_legislation_Europe.pdf (last access: 1 March 2024), 2014. a
Bartholomé, E. and Belward, A. S.: GLC2000: A new approach to global land cover mapping from earth observation data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, 1959–1977, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160412331291297, 2005. a
Batool, M., Sarrazin, F. J., and Kumar, R.: Long-Term Annual Soil Phosphorus Surplus Across Europe (1850–2019), Zenodo [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11351027, 2024. a, b, c, d
Bergström, L., Kirchmann, H., Djodjic, F., Kyllmar, K., Ulén, B., Liu, J., Andersson, H., Aronsson, H., Börjesson, G., Kynkäänniemi, P., Svanbäck, A., and Villa, A.: Turnover and Losses of Phosphorus in Swedish Agricultural Soils: Long-Term Changes, Leaching Trends, and Mitigation Measures, J. Environ. Qual., 44, 512–523, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.04.0165, 2015. a, b, c
Bouwman, A. F., Beusen, A. H., and Billen, G.: Human alteration of the global nitrogen and phosphorus soil balances for the period 1970–2050, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB0A04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003576, 2009. a, b
Brownlie, W., Sutton, M., Heal, K., Reay, D., and Spears, B. (Eds.): Our Phosphorus Future, UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, ISBN 9781906698799, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17834.08645, 2022. a, b
Cassou, E.: The greening of farm support programs: international experiences with agricultural subsidy reform, World Bank, Washington, DC, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/zh/827371554284501 204/pdf/The-Greening-of-Farm-Support-Programs-International-Experiences-with-Agricultural-Subsidy-Reform.pdf (last access: 15 November 2024), 2018. a
Chowdhury, R. B. and Zhang, X.: Phosphorus use efficiency in agricultural systems: A comprehensive assessment through the review of national scale substance flow analyses, Ecol. Indic., 121, 107172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107172, 2021. a
Csath., P., Sis.k, I., Radimszky, L., Lushaj, S., Spiegel, H., Nikolova, M. T., Nikolov, N., Cˇ erm.k, P., Klir, J., Astover, A., Karklins, A., Lazauskas, S., Kopiński, J., Hera, C., Dumitru, E., Manojlovic, M., Bogdanović, D., Torma, S., Leskošek, M., and Khristenko, A.: Agriculture as a source of phosphorus causing eutrophication in Central and Eastern Europe, Soil Use Manage., 23, 36–56, 2007. a
Di Gregorio, A.: Land cover classification system: classification concepts and user manual: LCCS, vol. 2, Food & Agriculture Org., https://www.fao.org/4/y7220e/y7220e00.htm (last access: 10 January 2022), 2005. a
Dong, H., Mangino, J., McAllister, T., Hatfield, J., Johnson, D., Lassey, K., de Lima, M. A., and Romanovskaya, A.: Chapter 10: Emissions From Livestock and Manure Management, in: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 4, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, edited by: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., and Tanabe, K., Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan, 10.1–10.87, https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_10_Ch10_Livestock.pdf (last access: 10 November 2021), 2006. a, b
European Environment Agency (EEA): Industrial Reporting under the Industrial Emissions Directive, https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/ff47e25d-5d4c-491d-b9ce-de17ca61fe6d?locale=de, (last access: 1 October 2024), 2024. a
Einarsson, R., Sanz-Cobena, A., Aguilera, E., Billen, G., Garnier, J., van Grinsven, H. J., and Lassaletta, L.: Crop production and nitrogen use in European cropland and grassland 1961–2019, Scientific Data, 8, 288, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-01061-z, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m
European Commission: Nitrate Directive 91/676/EEC, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/676/oj/eng (last access: 15 January 2024), 2000b. a
European Commission: The European Green Deal, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=ET (last access: 20 March 2023), 2019. a
European Commission: Farm to fork strategy: for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system, https://food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en (last access: 15 March 2024), 2024. a
European Union: Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0271 (last access: 1 November 2024), 1991. a
Eurostat: Gross nutrient balance, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/aei_pr_gnb_esms.htm (last access: 10 October 2023), 2023. a
FAOSTAT: (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database): Fertilizer by nutrients, https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN (last access: 10 October 2023), 2023a. a
FAOSTAT: (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database): Fertilizers by Nutrient, https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN (last access: 1 December 2023), 2023b. a
FAOSTAT: Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database, https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/##home (last access: 15 January 2024), 2024. a
Farmer, B. H.: Understanding Green Revolutions: Agrarian Change and Development Planning in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735561, 1984. a, b, c
Garnier, J., Lassaletta, L., Billen, G., Romero, E., Grizzetti, B., Némery, J., Le, T. P. Q., Pistocchi, C., Aissa-Grouz, N., Luu, T. N. M., Vilmin, L., and Dorioz, J.-M.: Phosphorus budget in the water-agro-food system at nested scales in two contrasted regions of the world (ASEAN-8 and EU-27), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 1348–1368, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005147, 2015. a, b
Gilbert, M., Nicolas, G., Cinardi, G., Van Boeckel, T. P., Vanwambeke, S. O., Wint, G. R., and Robinson, T. P.: Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010, Sci. Data, 5, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.227, 2018. a, b
Goldewijk, K. K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J., and Stehfest, E.: Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 927–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-927-2017, 2017. a, b
Hartmann, J. and Moosdorf, N.: Chemical weathering rates of silicate-dominated lithological classes and associated liberation rates of phosphorus on the Japanese Archipelago – Implications for global scale analysis, Chem. Geol., 287, 125–157, 2011. a
Hartmann, J. and Moosdorf, N.: Global Lithological Map Database v1.0 (gridded to 0.5° spatial resolution), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.788537, 2012. a
Heffer, P., Gruère, A., and Roberts, T.: Assessment of Fertilizer Use by Crop at the Global Level, Tech. rep., International Fertilizer Association (IFA) and International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), https://www.fertilizer.org/resource/assessment-of-fertilizer-use-by-crop-at-the-global-level-2014- 2014-15/ (last access: 15 April 2021), 2017. a, b, c, d
Hong, B., Swaney, D. P., Mörth, C. M., Smedberg, E., Eriksson Hägg, H., Humborg, C., Howarth, R. W., and Bouraoui, F.: Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs (NANI/NAPI), major drivers, nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin, Ecol. Model., 227, 117–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.12.002, 2012. a, b
Kaltenegger, K., Erb, K. H., Matej, S., and Winiwarter, W.: Gridded soil surface nitrogen surplus on grazing and agricultural land: Impact of land use maps, Environ. Res. Commun., 3, 055003, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abedd8, 2021. a, b
Kopiński, J., Tujaka, A., and Igras, J.: Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in Poland as a tool for sustainable nutrients management, Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 87, 173–181, https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2006.87.1.15139, 2006. a, b, c
Kremer, A. M.: Methodology and Handbook Eurostat/OECD Nutrient Budgets, version 1.02, European Commission Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/Annexes/aei_pr_gnb_esms_an_1.pdf (last access: 1 April 2024), 2012. a
Lassaletta, L., Billen, G., Grizzetti, B., Anglade, J., and Garnier, J.: 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: The relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 105011, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011, 2014. a
Lu, C. and Tian, H.: Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 181–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-181-2017, 2017. a, b
Ludemann, C. I., Wanner, N., Chivenge, P., Dobermann, A., Einarsson, R., Grassini, P., Gruere, A., Jackson, K., Lassaletta, L., Maggi, F., Obli-Laryea, G., van Ittersum, M. K., Vishwakarma, S., Zhang, X., and Tubiello, F. N.: A global FAOSTAT reference database of cropland nutrient budgets and nutrient use efficiency (1961–2020): nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 525–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024, 2024. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, aa, ab, ac, ad, ae, af, ag, ah, ai, aj, ak, al, am, an
Lun, F., Liu, J., Ciais, P., Nesme, T., Chang, J., Wang, R., Goll, D., Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J., and Obersteiner, M.: Global and regional phosphorus budgets in agricultural systems and their implications for phosphorus-use efficiency, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1-2018, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, aa, ab, ac
Malagó, A. and Bouraoui, F.: Global anthropogenic and natural nutrient fluxes: from local to planetary assessments, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 054074, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abe95f, 2021. a
Martins-Noguerol, R., Moreno-Pérez, A. J., Pedroche, J., Gallego-Tévar, B., Cambrollé, J., Matías, L., Fernández-Rebollo, P., Martínez-Force, E., and Pérez-Ramos, I. M.: Climate change alters pasture productivity and quality: Impact on fatty acids and amino acids in Mediterranean silvopastoral ecosystems, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 358, 108703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108703, 2023. a
Mitchell, B.: International historical statistics: Europe 1750–1993, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14735-9, 1998. a, b
Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N., and Foley, J. A.: Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002947, 2008. a, b, c, d
Müller-Karulis, B., McCrackin, M. L., Dessirier, B., Gustafsson, B. G., and Humborg, C.: Legacy nutrients in the Baltic Sea drainage basin: How past practices affect eutrophication management, J. Environ. Manage., 370, 122478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122478, 2024. a
Özbek, F. S.: Estimation of national and regional phosphorous budgets for agriculture in Turkey, Span. J. Agricult. Res., 12, 52–60, https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014121-4327, 2014. a, b, c
Panagos, P., Muntwyler, A., Liakos, L., Borrelli, P., Biavetti, I., Bogonos, M., and Lugato, E.: Phosphorus plant removal from European agricultural land, J. Verbraucherschutz Lebensmittelsicherheit, 17, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-022-01363-3, 2022b. a, b, c, d
Pratt, C. and El Hanandeh, A.: The untapped potential of legacy soil phosphorus, Nat. Food, 4, 1024–1026, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00890-y, 2023. a, b
Ringeval, B., Demay, J., Goll, D. S., He, X., Wang, Y. P., Hou, E., Matej, S., Erb, K. H., Wang, R., Augusto, L., Lun, F., Nesme, T., Borrelli, P., Helfenstein, J., McDowell, R. W., Pletnyakov, P., and Pellerin, S.: A global dataset on phosphorus in agricultural soils, Sci. Data, 11, 1–34, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02751-6, 2024. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Ritchie, H., Roser, M., and Rosado, P.: Fertilizers, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizers (last access: 10 March 2024), 2022. a
Robinson, T. P., William Wint, G. R., Conchedda, G., Van Boeckel, T. P., Ercoli, V., Palamara, E., Cinardi, G., D'Aietti, L., Hay, S. I., and Gilbert, M.: Mapping the global distribution of livestock, PLoS One, 9, e96084, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096084, 2014. a
Sarrazin, F. J., Attinger, S., and Kumar, R.: Gridded dataset of nitrogen and phosphorus point sources from wastewater in Germany (1950–2019), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4673–4708, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4673-2024, 2024. a, b, c
Sattari, S. Z., Bouwman, A. F., Giller, K. E., and Van Ittersum, M. K.: Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 6348–6353, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113675109, 2012. a
Sattari, S. Z., Bouwman, A. F., Martinez Rodríguez, R., Beusen, A. H., and Van Ittersum, M. K.: Negative global phosphorus budgets challenge sustainable intensification of grasslands, Nat. Commun., 7, 1, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10696, 2016. a
Schoumans, O. F., Bouraoui, F., Kabbe, C., Oenema, O., and van Dijk, K. C.: Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world, Ambio, 44, 180–192, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0613-9, 2015. a, b
Senthilkumar, K., Nesme, T., Mollier, A., and Pellerin, S.: Regional-scale phosphorus flows and budgets within France: The importance of agricultural production systems, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 92, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-011-9478-5, 2012. a, b, c, d
Sharpley, A., Jarvie, H. P., Buda, A., May, L., Spears, B., and Kleinman, P.: Phosphorus legacy: overcoming the effects of past management practices to mitigate future water quality impairment, J. Environ. Qual., 42, 1308–1326, 2013. a
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., De Vries, W., De Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Persson, L. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., and Sörlin, S.: Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet, Science, 347, 1259855, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855, 2015. a
Van Meter, K. J., McLeod, M. M., Liu, J., Tenkouano, G. T., Hall, R. I., Van Cappellen, P., and Basu, N. B.: Beyond the Mass Balance: Watershed Phosphorus Legacies and the Evolution of the Current Water Quality Policy Challenge, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2020WR029316, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029316, 2021. a
Vermeulen, L. C., Benders, J., Medema, G., and Hofstra, N.: Global Cryptosporidium Loads from Livestock Manure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 8663–8671, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00452, 2017. a
Vigiak, O., Grizzetti, B., Zanni, M., Aloe, A., Dorati, C., Bouraoui, F., and Pistocchi, A.: Domestic waste emissions to European waters in the 2010s, Sci. Data, 7, 33, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0367-0, 2020. a
Wang, R., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., Ciais, P., Peñuelas, J., and Tao, S.: Significant contribution of combustion-related emissions to the atmospheric phosphorus budget, Nat. Geosci., 8, 48–54, 2015. a
Wang, R., Goll, D., Balkanski, Y., Hauglustaine, D., Boucher, O., Ciais, P., Janssens, I., Penuelas, J., Guenet, B., Sardans, J., Bopp, L., Vuichard, N., Zhou, F., Li, B., Piao, S., Peng, S., Huang, Y., and Tao, S.: Global forest carbon uptake due to nitrogen and phosphorus deposition from 1850 to 2100, Global Change Biol., 23, 4854–4872, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13766, 2017. a, b
West, P. C., Gerber, J. S., Engstrom, P. M., Mueller, N. D., Brauman, K. A., Carlson, K. M., Cassidy, E. S., Johnston, M., MacDonald, G. K., Ray, D. K., and Siebert, S.: Leverage points for improving global food security and the environment, Science, 345, 325–328, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246067, 2014. a
Wu, Z., Li, J., Sun, Y., Peñuelas, J., Huang, J., Sardans, J., Jiang, Q., Finlay, J. C., Britten, G. L., Follows, M. J., Gao, W., Qin, B., Ni, J., Huo, S., and Liu, Y.: Imbalance of global nutrient cycles exacerbated by the greater retention of phosphorus over nitrogen in lakes, Nat. Geosci., 15, 464–468, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00958-7, 2022. a
Xu, R., Tian, H., Pan, S., Dangal, S. R. S., Chen, J., Chang, J., Lu, Y., Skiba, U. M., Tubiello, F. N., and Zhang, B.: Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world's grassland: 1860–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 175–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-175-2019, 2019. a
Zhang, B., Tian, H., Lu, C., Dangal, S. R. S., Yang, J., and Pan, S.: Global manure nitrogen production and application in cropland during 1860–2014: a 5 arcmin gridded global dataset for Earth system modeling, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 667–678, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-667-2017, 2017. a, b
Zhang, X., Zou, T., Lassaletta, L., Mueller, N. D., Tubiello, F. N., Lisk, M. D., Lu, C., Conant, R. T., Dorich, C. D., Gerber, J., Tian, H., Bruulsema, T., Maaz, T. M. C., Nishina, K., Bodirsky, B. L., Popp, A., Bouwman, L., Beusen, A., Chang, J., Havlík, P., Leclère, D., Canadell, J. G., Jackson, R. B., Heffer, P., Wanner, N., Zhang, W., and Davidson, E. A.: Quantification of global and national nitrogen budgets for crop production, Nat. Food, 2, 529–540, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00318-5, 2021. a, b, c, d
Short summary
Our paper presents a reconstruction and analysis of the gridded P surplus in European landscapes from 1850 to 2019 at a 5 arcmin resolution. By utilizing 48 different estimates, we account for uncertainties in major components of the P surplus. Our findings highlight substantial historical changes, with the total P surplus in the EU 27 tripling over 170 years. Our dataset enables flexible aggregation at various spatial scales, providing critical insights for land and water management strategies.
Our paper presents a reconstruction and analysis of the gridded P surplus in European landscapes...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint