Articles | Volume 15, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
16 Feb 2023
Data description paper |
| 16 Feb 2023
| 16 Feb 2023
Interdecadal glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s
Fuming Xie
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Yongpeng Gao
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Tobias Bolch
School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY19 9AL, Scotland, United Kingdom
Andreas Kääb
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
Shimei Duan
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Wenfei Miao
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Jianfang Kang
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
Yaonan Zhang
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
National Cryosphere Desert Data Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
Xiran Pan
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Caixia Qin
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Kunpeng Wu
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Miaomiao Qi
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Xianhe Zhang
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Ying Yi
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Fengze Han
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Xiaojun Yao
College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal
University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Xin Wang
School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
Zongli Jiang
School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
Donghui Shangguan
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Yong Zhang
School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
Richard Grünwald
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Muhammad Adnan
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Jyoti Karki
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary
Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
Muhammad Saifullah
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef
University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
Related authors
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Ben W. Brock, Lide Tian, Ying Yi, Fuming Xie, Donghui Shangguan, and Yiyuan Shen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This modeling-based study focused on Batura Glacier from 2000 to 2020, revealing that debris alters its energy budget, affecting mass balance. We propose that the presence of debris on the glacier surface effectively reduces the amount of latent heat available for ablation, which creates a favorable condition for Batura Glacier's relatively low negative mass balance. Batura Glacier shows a trend toward a less negative mass balance due to reduced ablation.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Junfeng Wei, Kunpeng Wu, Tobias Bolch, Junli Xu, Wanqin Guo, Zongli Jiang, Fuming Xie, Ying Yi, Donghui Shangguan, Xiaojun Yao, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-473, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-473, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we presented a nearly complete inventory of glacier mass change dataset across the eastern Tibetan Plateau by using topographical maps, which will enhance the knowledge on the heterogeneity of glacier change before 2000. Our dataset, in combination with the published results, provide a nearly five decades mass balance to support hydrological simulation, and to evaluate the contribution of mountain glacier loss to sea level.
Line Rouyet, Tobias Bolch, Francesco Brardinoni, Rafael Caduff, Diego Cusicanqui, Margaret Darrow, Reynald Delaloye, Thomas Echelard, Christophe Lambiel, Cécile Pellet, Lucas Ruiz, Lea Schmid, Flavius Sirbu, and Tazio Strozzi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4125–4157, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are landforms generated by the creep of frozen ground (permafrost) in cold-climate mountains. Mapping rock glaciers contributes to documenting the distribution and the dynamics of mountain permafrost. We compiled inventories documenting the location, the characteristics, and the extent of rock glaciers in 12 mountain regions around the world. In each region, a team of operators performed the work following common rules and agreed on final solutions when discrepancies were identified.
Jakob Steiner, William Armstrong, Will Kochtitzky, Robert McNabb, Rodrigo Aguayo, Tobias Bolch, Fabien Maussion, Vibhor Agarwal, Iestyn Barr, Nathaniel R. Baurley, Mike Cloutier, Katelyn DeWater, Frank Donachie, Yoann Drocourt, Siddhi Garg, Gunjan Joshi, Byron Guzman, Stanislav Kutuzov, Thomas Loriaux, Caleb Mathias, Biran Menounos, Evan Miles, Aleksandra Osika, Kaleigh Potter, Adina Racoviteanu, Brianna Rick, Miles Sterner, Guy D. Tallentire, Levan Tielidze, Rebecca White, Kunpeng Wu, and Whyjay Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-315, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Many mountain glaciers around the world flow into lakes – exactly how many however, has never been mapped. Across a large team of experts we have now identified all glaciers that end in lakes. Only about 1% do so, but they are generally larger than those which end on land. This is important to understand, as lakes can influence the behaviour of glacier ice, including how fast it disappears. This new dataset allows us to better model glaciers at a global scale, accounting for the effect of lakes.
Diego Cusicanqui, Pascal Lacroix, Xavier Bodin, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Andreas Kääb, and Shelley MacDonell
The Cryosphere, 19, 2559–2581, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2559-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2559-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a robust methodological approach to detect and analyse rock glacier kinematics using Landsat 7/Landsat 8 imagery. In the semiarid Andes, 382 landforms were monitored, showing an average velocity of 0.37 ± 0.07 m yr⁻¹ over 24 years, with rock glaciers moving 23 % faster. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using medium-resolution optical imagery, combined with radar interferometry, to monitor rock glacier kinematics with widely available satellite datasets.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Junfeng Wei, Kunpeng Wu, Tobias Bolch, Junli Xu, Wanqin Guo, Zongli Jiang, Fuming Xie, Ying Yi, Donghui Shangguan, Xiaojun Yao, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1851–1871, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1851-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1851-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study compiled a near-complete inventory of glacier mass changes across the eastern Tibetan Plateau using topographical maps. These data enhance our understanding of glacier change variability before 2000. When combined with existing research, our dataset provides a nearly 5-decade record of mass balance, aiding hydrological simulations and assessments of mountain glacier contributions to sea-level rise.
Miaomiao Qi, Shiyin Liu, Zhifang Zhao, Yongpeng Gao, Fuming Xie, Georg Veh, Letian Xiao, Jinlong Jing, Yu Zhu, and Kunpeng Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 969–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-969-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-969-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here we propose a new mathematically robust and cost-effective model to improve glacial lake water storage estimation. We have also provided a dataset of measured water storage in glacial lakes through field depth measurements. Our model incorporates an automated calculation process and outperforms previous ones, achieving an average relative error of only 14 %. This research offers a valuable tool for researchers seeking to improve the risk assessment of glacial lake outburst floods.
Enrico Mattea, Etienne Berthier, Amaury Dehecq, Tobias Bolch, Atanu Bhattacharya, Sajid Ghuffar, Martina Barandun, and Martin Hoelzle
The Cryosphere, 19, 219–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-219-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-219-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct the evolution of terminus position, ice thickness, and surface flow velocity of the reference Abramov glacier (Kyrgyzstan) from 1968 to present. We describe a front pulsation in the early 2000s and the multi-annual present-day buildup of a new pulsation. Such dynamic instabilities can challenge the representativity of Abramov as a reference glacier. For our work we used satellite‑based optical remote sensing from multiple platforms, including recently declassified archives.
Juditha Aga, Livia Piermattei, Luc Girod, Kristoffer Aalstad, Trond Eiken, Andreas Kääb, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1049–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal rock cliffs on Svalbard are considered to be fairly stable; however, long-term trends in coastal-retreat rates remain unknown. This study examines changes in the coastline position along Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, using aerial images from 1970, 1990, 2010, and 2021. Our analysis shows that coastal-retreat rates accelerate during the period 2010–2021, which coincides with increasing storminess and retreating sea ice.
Livia Piermattei, Michael Zemp, Christian Sommer, Fanny Brun, Matthias H. Braun, Liss M. Andreassen, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Etienne Berthier, Atanu Bhattacharya, Laura Boehm Vock, Tobias Bolch, Amaury Dehecq, Inés Dussaillant, Daniel Falaschi, Caitlyn Florentine, Dana Floricioiu, Christian Ginzler, Gregoire Guillet, Romain Hugonnet, Matthias Huss, Andreas Kääb, Owen King, Christoph Klug, Friedrich Knuth, Lukas Krieger, Jeff La Frenierre, Robert McNabb, Christopher McNeil, Rainer Prinz, Louis Sass, Thorsten Seehaus, David Shean, Désirée Treichler, Anja Wendt, and Ruitang Yang
The Cryosphere, 18, 3195–3230, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellites have made it possible to observe glacier elevation changes from all around the world. In the present study, we compared the results produced from two different types of satellite data between different research groups and against validation measurements from aeroplanes. We found a large spread between individual results but showed that the group ensemble can be used to reliably estimate glacier elevation changes and related errors from satellite data.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Ben W. Brock, Lide Tian, Ying Yi, Fuming Xie, Donghui Shangguan, and Yiyuan Shen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This modeling-based study focused on Batura Glacier from 2000 to 2020, revealing that debris alters its energy budget, affecting mass balance. We propose that the presence of debris on the glacier surface effectively reduces the amount of latent heat available for ablation, which creates a favorable condition for Batura Glacier's relatively low negative mass balance. Batura Glacier shows a trend toward a less negative mass balance due to reduced ablation.
Daniel Falaschi, Atanu Bhattacharya, Gregoire Guillet, Lei Huang, Owen King, Kriti Mukherjee, Philipp Rastner, Tandong Yao, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 17, 5435–5458, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Because glaciers are crucial freshwater sources in the lowlands surrounding High Mountain Asia, constraining short-term glacier mass changes is essential. We investigate the potential of state-of-the-art satellite elevation data to measure glacier mass changes in two selected regions. The results demonstrate the ability of our dataset to characterize glacier changes of different magnitudes, allowing for an increase in the number of inaccessible glaciers that can be readily monitored.
Fanny Brun, Owen King, Marion Réveillet, Charles Amory, Anton Planchot, Etienne Berthier, Amaury Dehecq, Tobias Bolch, Kévin Fourteau, Julien Brondex, Marie Dumont, Christoph Mayer, Silvan Leinss, Romain Hugonnet, and Patrick Wagnon
The Cryosphere, 17, 3251–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The South Col Glacier is a small body of ice and snow located on the southern ridge of Mt. Everest. A recent study proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. In this study, we examined the glacier thickness change for the period 1984–2017 and found no thickness change. To reconcile these results, we investigate wind erosion and surface energy and mass balance and find that melt is unlikely a dominant process, contrary to previous findings.
Andreas Kääb and Luc Girod
The Cryosphere, 17, 2533–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2533-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2533-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Following the detachment of the 130 × 106 m3 Sedongpu Glacier (south-eastern Tibet) in 2018, the Sedongpu Valley underwent massive large-volume landscape changes. An enormous volume of in total around 330 × 106 m3 was rapidly eroded, forming a new canyon of up to 300 m depth, 1 km width, and almost 4 km length. Such consequences of glacier change in mountains have so far not been considered at this magnitude and speed.
Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Johanna Scheer, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Nitin Chaudhary, Bernd Etzelmüller, Simon Filhol, Andreas Kääb, Cas Renette, Louise Steffensen Schmidt, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Robin B. Zweigel, Léo Martin, Sarah Morard, Matan Ben-Asher, Michael Angelopoulos, Julia Boike, Brian Groenke, Frederieke Miesner, Jan Nitzbon, Paul Overduin, Simone M. Stuenzi, and Moritz Langer
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2607–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The CryoGrid community model is a new tool for simulating ground temperatures and the water and ice balance in cold regions. It is a modular design, which makes it possible to test different schemes to simulate, for example, permafrost ground in an efficient way. The model contains tools to simulate frozen and unfrozen ground, snow, glaciers, and other massive ice bodies, as well as water bodies.
Sajid Ghuffar, Owen King, Grégoire Guillet, Ewelina Rupnik, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 17, 1299–1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The panoramic cameras (PCs) on board Hexagon KH-9 satellite missions from 1971–1984 captured very high-resolution stereo imagery with up to 60 cm spatial resolution. This study explores the potential of this imagery for glacier mapping and change estimation. The high resolution of KH-9PC leads to higher-quality DEMs which better resolve the accumulation region of glaciers in comparison to the KH-9 mapping camera, and KH-9PC imagery can be useful in several Earth observation applications.
Dharmaveer Singh, Manu Vardhan, Rakesh Sahu, Debrupa Chatterjee, Pankaj Chauhan, and Shiyin Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1047–1075, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1047-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1047-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines, for the first time, the potential of various machine learning models in streamflow prediction over the Sutlej River basin (rainfall-dominated zone) in western Himalaya during the period 2041–2070 (2050s) and 2071–2100 (2080s) and its relationship to climate variability. The mean ensemble of the model results shows that the mean annual streamflow of the Sutlej River is expected to rise between the 2050s and 2080s by 0.79 to 1.43 % for SSP585 and by 0.87 to 1.10 % for SSP245.
Hongyu Duan, Xiaojun Yao, Yuan Zhang, Huian Jin, Qi Wang, Zhishui Du, Jiayu Hu, Bin Wang, and Qianxun Wang
The Cryosphere, 17, 591–616, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a comprehensive investigation of Bienong Co, a moraine-dammed glacial lake on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP), to assess its potential hazards. The maximum lake depth is ~181 m, and the lake volume is ~102.3 × 106 m3. Bienong Co is the deepest known glacial lake with the same surface area on the Tibetan Plateau. Ice avalanches may produce glacial lake outburst floods that threaten the downstream area. This study could provide new insight into glacial lakes on the SETP.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Junfeng Wei, Kunpeng Wu, Tobias Bolch, Junli Xu, Wanqin Guo, Zongli Jiang, Fuming Xie, Ying Yi, Donghui Shangguan, Xiaojun Yao, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-473, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-473, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we presented a nearly complete inventory of glacier mass change dataset across the eastern Tibetan Plateau by using topographical maps, which will enhance the knowledge on the heterogeneity of glacier change before 2000. Our dataset, in combination with the published results, provide a nearly five decades mass balance to support hydrological simulation, and to evaluate the contribution of mountain glacier loss to sea level.
Simon K. Allen, Ashim Sattar, Owen King, Guoqing Zhang, Atanu Bhattacharya, Tandong Yao, and Tobias Bolch
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3765–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3765-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates how the threat of a very large outburst from a future lake can be feasibly assessed alongside that from current lakes to inform disaster risk management within a transboundary basin between Tibet and Nepal. Results show that engineering measures and early warning systems would need to be coupled with effective land use zoning and programmes to strengthen local response capacities in order to effectively reduce the risk associated with current and future outburst events.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Shashank Bhushan, Mylène Jacquemart, César Deschamps-Berger, Etienne Berthier, Simon Gascoin, David E. Shean, Dan H. Shugar, and Andreas Kääb
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3309–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On 7 February 2021, a large rock–ice avalanche occurred in Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. The resulting debris flow swept down the nearby valley, leaving over 200 people dead or missing. We use a range of satellite datasets to investigate how the collapse area changed prior to collapse. We show that signs of instability were visible as early 5 years prior to collapse. However, it would likely not have been possible to predict the timing of the event from current satellite datasets.
Xinde Chu, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, Cong Chen, Jing Li, and Wenlong Pang
The Cryosphere, 16, 4273–4289, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4273-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4273-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The available remote-sensing data are increasingly abundant, and the efficient and rapid acquisition of glacier boundaries based on these data is currently a frontier issue in glacier research. In this study, we designed a complete solution to automatically extract glacier outlines from the high-resolution images. Compared with other methods, our method achieves the best performance for glacier boundary extraction in parts of the Tanggula Mountains, Kunlun Mountains and Qilian Mountains.
Meiping Sun, Sugang Zhou, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, and Yuan Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-765, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-765, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
For understanding the occurrence mechanism of surging glaciers in High Mountain Asia, it is essential to ascertain their amounts, distribution and periodicity. Based on images from Landsat satellite from 1986–2021, we identified 244 surging glaciers with high confidence and 2802 events of glacier surge. We also analyzed the periodicity of 36 glaciers which experienced two or more surges. The findings will benefit to enrich dataset and provide basic information of surging glaciers in HMA.
Dahong Zhang, Gang Zhou, Wen Li, Shiqiang Zhang, Xiaojun Yao, and Shimei Wei
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3889–3913, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The length of a glacier is a key determinant of its geometry; glacier centerlines are crucial inputs for many glaciological applications. Based on the European allocation theory, we present a new global dataset that includes the centerlines and lengths of 198 137 mountain glaciers. The accuracy of the glacier centerlines was 89.68 %. The constructed dataset comprises 17 sub-datasets which contain the centerlines and lengths of glacier tributaries.
Aldo Bertone, Chloé Barboux, Xavier Bodin, Tobias Bolch, Francesco Brardinoni, Rafael Caduff, Hanne H. Christiansen, Margaret M. Darrow, Reynald Delaloye, Bernd Etzelmüller, Ole Humlum, Christophe Lambiel, Karianne S. Lilleøren, Volkmar Mair, Gabriel Pellegrinon, Line Rouyet, Lucas Ruiz, and Tazio Strozzi
The Cryosphere, 16, 2769–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the guidelines developed by the IPA Action Group and within the ESA Permafrost CCI project to include InSAR-based kinematic information in rock glacier inventories. Nine operators applied these guidelines to 11 regions worldwide; more than 3600 rock glaciers are classified according to their kinematics. We test and demonstrate the feasibility of applying common rules to produce homogeneous kinematic inventories at global scale, useful for hydrological and climate change purposes.
Frank Paul, Livia Piermattei, Désirée Treichler, Lin Gilbert, Luc Girod, Andreas Kääb, Ludivine Libert, Thomas Nagler, Tazio Strozzi, and Jan Wuite
The Cryosphere, 16, 2505–2526, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier surges are widespread in the Karakoram and have been intensely studied using satellite data and DEMs. We use time series of such datasets to study three glacier surges in the same region of the Karakoram. We found strongly contrasting advance rates and flow velocities, maximum velocities of 30 m d−1, and a change in the surge mechanism during a surge. A sensor comparison revealed good agreement, but steep terrain and the two smaller glaciers caused limitations for some of them.
Bas Altena, Andreas Kääb, and Bert Wouters
The Cryosphere, 16, 2285–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Repeat overflights of satellites are used to estimate surface displacements. However, such products lack a simple error description for individual measurements, but variation in precision occurs, since the calculation is based on the similarity of texture. Fortunately, variation in precision manifests itself in the correlation peak, which is used for the displacement calculation. This spread is used to make a connection to measurement precision, which can be of great use for model inversion.
Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Nina Brunner, Reynald Delaloye, Wilfried Haeberli, Andreas Kääb, and Patrick Thee
The Cryosphere, 16, 2083–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2083-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We intensely investigated the Gruben site in the Swiss Alps, where glaciers and permafrost landforms closely interact, to better understand cold-climate environments. By the interpretation of air photos from 5 decades, we describe long-term developments of the existing landforms. In combination with high-resolution positioning measurements and ground surface temperatures, we were also able to link these to short-term changes and describe different landform responses to climate forcing.
Stefan Fugger, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, Wei Yang, Patrick Wagnon, Walter Immerzeel, Qiao Liu, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monsoon is important for the shrinking and growing of glaciers in the Himalaya during summer. We calculate the melt of seven glaciers in the region using a complex glacier melt model and weather data. We find that monsoonal weather affects glaciers that are covered with a layer of rocky debris and glaciers without such a layer in different ways. It is important to take so-called turbulent fluxes into account. This knowledge is vital for predicting the future of the Himalayan glaciers.
Yanxing Hu, Tao Che, Liyun Dai, Yu Zhu, Lin Xiao, Jie Deng, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-63, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-63, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a data fusion framework based on the random forest regression algorithm to derive a comprehensive snow depth product for the Northern Hemisphere from 1980 to 2019. This new fused snow depth dataset not only provides information about snow depth and its variation over the Northern Hemisphere but also presents potential value for hydrological and water cycle studies related to seasonal snowpacks.
Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Shelley MacDonell, Álvaro Ayala, Tobias Bolch, Pål Ringkjøb Nielsen, and Sebastián Vivero
The Cryosphere, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work uses satellite and aerial data to study glaciers and rock glacier changes in La Laguna catchment within the semi-arid Andes of Chile, where ice melt is an important factor in river flow. The results show the rate of ice loss of Tapado Glacier has been increasing since the 1950s, which possibly relates to a dryer, warmer climate over the previous decades. Several rock glaciers show high surface velocities and elevation changes between 2012 and 2020, indicating they may be ice-rich.
Gregoire Guillet, Owen King, Mingyang Lv, Sajid Ghuffar, Douglas Benn, Duncan Quincey, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 16, 603–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surging glaciers show cyclical changes in flow behavior – between slow and fast flow – and can have drastic impacts on settlements in their vicinity.
One of the clusters of surging glaciers worldwide is High Mountain Asia (HMA).
We present an inventory of surging glaciers in HMA, identified from satellite imagery. We show that the number of surging glaciers was underestimated and that they represent 20 % of the area covered by glaciers in HMA, before discussing new physics for glacier surges.
Tazio Strozzi, Andreas Wiesmann, Andreas Kääb, Thomas Schellenberger, and Frank Paul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-44, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge on surface velocity of glaciers and ice caps contributes to a better understanding of a wide range of processes related to glacier dynamics, mass change and response to climate. Based on the release of historical satellite radar data from various space agencies we compiled nearly complete mosaics of winter ice surface velocities for the 1990's over the Eastern Arctic. Compared to the present state, we observe a general increase of ice velocities along with a retreat of glacier fronts.
Richard Grünwald, Wenling Wang, and Yan Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-647, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-647, 2022
Publication in HESS not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
In this text, we show how the Eyes on Earth Study politicizing the Chinese mainstream reservoirs affected the transboundary water governance and how to ensure the accountable research dialogue in water science. Our data show that since the publication of the Eyes on Earth Study in April 2020, there are growing disputes which contribute to the political distrusts, degradation of the water science and the rise of anti-science movements undermining the accountable research dialogue.
Yan Zhong, Qiao Liu, Matthew Westoby, Yong Nie, Francesca Pellicciotti, Bo Zhang, Jialun Cai, Guoxiang Liu, Haijun Liao, and Xuyang Lu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 23–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Slope failures exist in many paraglacial regions and are the main manifestation of the interaction between debris-covered glaciers and slopes. We mapped paraglacial slope failures (PSFs) along the Hailuogou Glacier (HLG), Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We argue that the formation, evolution, and current status of these typical PSFs are generally related to glacier history and paraglacial geomorphological adjustments, and influenced by the fluctuation of climate conditions.
Jan Bouke Pronk, Tobias Bolch, Owen King, Bert Wouters, and Douglas I. Benn
The Cryosphere, 15, 5577–5599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
About 10 % of Himalayan glaciers flow directly into lakes. This study finds, using satellite imagery, that such glaciers show higher flow velocities than glaciers without ice–lake contact. In particular near the glacier tongue the impact of a lake on the glacier flow can be dramatic. The development of current and new meltwater bodies will influence the flow of an increasing number of Himalayan glaciers in the future, a scenario not currently considered in regional ice loss projections.
Paul Willem Leclercq, Andreas Kääb, and Bas Altena
The Cryosphere, 15, 4901–4907, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4901-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4901-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a novel method to detect glacier surge activity. Surges are relevant as they disturb the link between glacier change and climate, and studying surges can also increase understanding of glacier flow. We use variations in Sentinel-1 radar backscatter strength, calculated with the use of Google Earth Engine, to detect surge activity. In our case study for the year 2018–2019 we find 69 cases of surging glaciers globally. Many of these were not previously known to be surging.
Xiaowen Wang, Lin Liu, Yan Hu, Tonghua Wu, Lin Zhao, Qiao Liu, Rui Zhang, Bo Zhang, and Guoxiang Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2791–2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the multi-decadal geomorphic changes of a low-angle valley glacier in the East Kunlun Mountains and assessed the detachment hazard influence. The observations reveal a slow surge-like dynamic pattern of the glacier tongue. The maximum runout distances of two endmember avalanche scenarios were presented. This study provides a reference to evaluate the runout hazards of low-angle mountain glaciers prone to detachment.
Dahong Zhang, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, Shiyin Liu, Wanqin Guo, Meiping Sun, and Dazhi Li
The Cryosphere, 15, 1955–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1955-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1955-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier centerlines are crucial input for many glaciological applications. We propose a new algorithm to derive glacier centerlines and implement the corresponding program in Python language. Application of this method to 48 571 glaciers in the second Chinese glacier inventory automatically yielded the corresponding glacier centerlines with an average computing time of 20.96 s, a success rate of 100 % and a comprehensive accuracy of 94.34 %.
Andreas Kääb, Mylène Jacquemart, Adrien Gilbert, Silvan Leinss, Luc Girod, Christian Huggel, Daniel Falaschi, Felipe Ugalde, Dmitry Petrakov, Sergey Chernomorets, Mikhail Dokukin, Frank Paul, Simon Gascoin, Etienne Berthier, and Jeffrey S. Kargel
The Cryosphere, 15, 1751–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hardly recognized so far, giant catastrophic detachments of glaciers are a rare but great potential for loss of lives and massive damage in mountain regions. Several of the events compiled in our study involve volumes (up to 100 million m3 and more), avalanche speeds (up to 300 km/h), and reaches (tens of kilometres) that are hard to imagine. We show that current climate change is able to enhance associated hazards. For the first time, we elaborate a set of factors that could cause these events.
Wenling Wang, Richard Grünwald, and Yan Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-138, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-138, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Presented paper analyses drivers of the growing politicization of hydrological science in the Lancang-Mekong Basin from socio-hydrological perspective and examines solutions for addressing the misinterpretation of hydrological data. The paper argues that the politicization of science (i) gives more power to non-scientists, (ii) undermines the trust in science and other research institutions, and (iii) creates space for biased research serving for the
desirablepolitical outcomes.
Andreas Kääb, Tazio Strozzi, Tobias Bolch, Rafael Caduff, Håkon Trefall, Markus Stoffel, and Alexander Kokarev
The Cryosphere, 15, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a map of rock glacier motion over parts of the northern Tien Shan and time series of surface speed for six of them over almost 70 years.
This is by far the most detailed investigation of this kind available for central Asia.
We detect a 2- to 4-fold increase in rock glacier motion between the 1950s and present, which we attribute to atmospheric warming.
Relative to the shrinking glaciers in the region, this implies increased importance of periglacial sediment transport.
Chuanguang Zhu, Wenhao Wu, Mahdi Motagh, Liya Zhang, Zongli Jiang, and Sichun Long
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3399–3411, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the contemporary ground deformation along the RLHR-HZ using Sentinel-1 data and find that the RLHR-HZ runs through two main subsidence areas. A total length of 35 km of the RLSR-HZ is affected by the two subsidence basins. Considering the previous investigation coupled with information on human activities, we conclude that the subsidence is mainly caused by extraction of groundwater and underground mining.
Franz Goerlich, Tobias Bolch, and Frank Paul
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3161–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3161-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3161-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work indicates all glaciers in the Pamir that surged between 1988 and 2018 as revealed by different remote sensing data, mainly Landsat imagery. We found ~ 200 surging glaciers for the entire mountain range and detected the minimum and maximum extents of most of them. The smallest surging glacier is ~ 0.3 km2. This inventory is important for further research on the surging behaviour of glaciers and has to be considered when processing glacier changes (mass, area) of the region.
Andreas Alexander, Jaroslav Obu, Thomas V. Schuler, Andreas Kääb, and Hanne H. Christiansen
The Cryosphere, 14, 4217–4231, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present subglacial air, ice and sediment temperatures from within the basal drainage systems of two cold-based glaciers on Svalbard during late spring and the summer melt season. We put the data into the context of air temperature and rainfall at the glacier surface and show the importance of surface events on the subglacial thermal regime and erosion around basal drainage channels. Observed vertical erosion rates thereby reachup to 0.9 m d−1.
Xin Wang, Xiaoyu Guo, Chengde Yang, Qionghuan Liu, Junfeng Wei, Yong Zhang, Shiyin Liu, Yanlin Zhang, Zongli Jiang, and Zhiguang Tang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2169–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2169-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2169-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The theoretical and methodological bases for all processing steps including glacial lake definition and classification and lake boundary delineation are discussed based on satellite remote sensing data and GIS techniques. The relative area errors of each lake in 2018 varied 1 %–79 % with average relative area errors of ±13.2 %. In high-mountain Asia, 30 121 glacial lakes with a total area of 2080.12 ± 2.28 km2 were catalogued in 2018 with a 15.2 % average rate of increase in area in 1990–2018.
Cited articles
Abrams, M.: Aster Global Dem Version 3, and New Aster Water Body Dataset,
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sens.
Spat. Inform. Sci., XLI-B4, 107–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B4-107-2016, 2016.
Alifu, H., Vuillaume, J.-F., Johnson, B. A., and Hirabayashi, Y.: Machine-learning classification of debris-covered glaciers using a
combination of Sentinel-1/-2 (SAR/optical), Landsat 8 (thermal) and digital
elevation data, Geomorphology, 369, 107365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107365, 2020.
Andreassen, L. M., Paul, F., Kaab, A., and Hausberg, J. E.: Landsat-derived
glacier inventory for Jotunheimen, Norway, and deduced glacier changes since
the 1930s, The Cryosphere, 2, 131–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2-131-2008, 2008.
Atwood, D. K., Meyer, F., and Arendt, A.: Using L-band SAR coherence to
delineate glacier extent, Can. J. Remote Sens., 36, S186–S195,
https://doi.org/10.5589/m10-014, 2014.
Bajracharya, S. R. and Shrestha, B.: The Status of Glaciers in the Hindu
Kush-Himalayan Region, International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, https://doi.org/10.53055/ICIMOD.551, 2011.
Baumann, S., Anderson, B., Chinn, T., Mackintosh, A., Collier, C., Lorrey,
A. M., Rack, W., Purdie, H., and Eaves, S.: Updated inventory of glacier ice
in New Zealand based on 2016 satellite imagery, J. Glaciol., 67, 13–26, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.78, 2020.
Bazai, N. A., Cui, P., Carling, P. A., Wang, H., Hassan, J., Liu, D., Zhang,
G., and Jin, W.: Increasing glacial lake outburst flood hazard in response
to surge glaciers in the Karakoram, Earth-Sci. Rev., 212, 103432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103432, 2021.
Berthier, E. and Brun, F.: Karakoram geodetic glacier mass balances between 2008 and 2016: persistence of the anomaly and influence of a large rock avalanche on Siachen Glacier, J. Glaciol., 65, 494–507,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.32, 2019.
Bhambri, R. and Bolch, T.: Glacier mapping: a review with special reference
to the Indian Himalayas, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 33, 672–704,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309348112, 2009.
Bhambri, R., Bolch, T., and Chaujar, R. K.: Mapping of debris-covered glaciers in the Garhwal Himalayas using ASTER DEMs and thermal data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 8095–8119, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.532821, 2011.
Bhambri, R., Bolch, T., Kawishwar, P., Dobhal, D. P., Srivastava, D., and
Pratap, B.: Heterogeneity in glacier response in the upper Shyok valley,
northeast Karakoram, The Cryosphere, 7, 1385–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1385-2013, 2013.
Bhambri, R., Hewitt, K., Kawishwar, P., and Pratap, B.: Surge-type and
surge-modified glaciers in the Karakoram, Sci. Rep., 7, 15391,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15473-8, 2017.
Bhambri, R., Chand, P., Nüsser, M., Kawishwar, P., Kumar, A., Gupta, A.
K., Verma, A., and Tiwari, S. K.: Reassessing the Karakoram Through Historical Archives, in: Environmental Change in South Asia: Essays in Honor
of Mohammed Taher, edited by: Saikia, A. and Thapa, P., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 139–169, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47660-1_8, 2022.
Bhattacharya, A., Bolch, T., Mukherjee, K., King, O., Menounos, B., Kapitsa,
V., Neckel, N., Yang, W., and Yao, T.: High Mountain Asian glacier response
to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s, Nat. Commun., 12, 4133, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24180-y, 2021.
Bolch, T.: Past and Future Glacier Changes in the Indus River Basin, in:
Indus River Basin, edited by: Bolch, T., Elsevier Inc., 85–97,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812782-7.00004-7, 2019.
Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M. F., Kunert, A., and Kamp, U.: Automated delineation of debris-covered glaciers based on ASTER data, in: GeoInformation in Europe, edited by: Gomarasca, M. A., Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M. F., Kunert, A., and Kamp, U., Millpress, Netherlands,
403–410, ISBN 978-90-5966-061-8, 2007.
Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M., Pieczonka, T., and Kunert, A.: Planimetric and
volumetric glacier changes in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal, since 1962 using
Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER data, J. Glaciol., 54, 592–600,
https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570782, 2008.
Bolch, T., Menounos, B., and Wheate, R.: Landsat-based inventory of glaciers
in western Canada, 1985–2005, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 127–137,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.015, 2010a.
Bolch, T., Yao, T., Kang, S., Buchroithner, M. F., Scherer, D., Maussion, F., Huintjes, E., and Schneider, C.: A glacier inventory for the western Nyainqentanglha Range and the Nam Co Basin, Tibet, and glacier changes
1976–2009, The Cryosphere, 4, 419–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-419-2010, 2010b.
Bolch, T., Kulkarni, A., Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Paul, F., Cogley, J.
G., Frey, H., Kargel, J. S., Fujita, K., Scheel, M., Bajracharya, S., and
Stoffel, M.: The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers, Science, 336,
310–315, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828, 2012.
Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T., Mukherjee, K., and Shea, J.: Brief communication:
Glaciers in the Hunza catchment (Karakoram) have been nearly in balance
since the 1970s, The Cryosphere, 11, 531–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-531-2017, 2017.
Bolch, T., Shea, J. M., Liu, S., Azam, F. M., Gao, Y., Gruber, S., Immerzeel, W. W., Kulkarni, A., Li, H., Tahir, A. A., Zhang, G., and Zhang, Y.: Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region, in: The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment, edited by: Bolch, T., Shea, J. M., Liu, S., Azam, F. M., Gao, Y., Gruber, S., Immerzeel, W. W., Kulkarni, A., Li, H., Tahir, A. A., Zhang, G., and Zhang, Y., Springer, 209–255, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7, 2019.
Braithwaite, R. J. and Raper, S. C. B.: Estimating equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) from glacier inventory data, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 127–132, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790595930, 2009.
Dehecq, A., Gourmelen, N., Gardner, A. S., Brun, F., Goldberg, D., Nienow,
P. W., Berthier, E., Vincent, C., Wagnon, P., and Trouvé, E.: Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain
Asia, Nat. Geosci., 12, 22–27, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0271-9, 2018.
Dimri, A. P.: Decoding the Karakoram Anomaly, Sci. Total Environ., 788, 147864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147864, 2021.
Dozier, J.: Spectral Signature of Alpine Snow Cover from the Landsat Thematic Mapper, Remote Sens. Environ., 28, 9–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(89)90101-6, 1989.
Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Fürst, J. J., Landmann, J., Machguth, H., Maussion, F., and Pandit, A.: A consensus estimate for the ice thickness
distribution of all glaciers on Earth, Nat. Geosci., 12, 168–173,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0300-3, 2019.
Farinotti, D., Immerzeel, W. W., and Dehecq, A.: Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly, Nat. Geosci., 13, 8–16,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0513-5, 2020.
Frey, H., Paul, F., and Strozzi, T.: Compilation of a glacier inventory for
the western Himalayas from satellite data: methods, challenges, and results,
Remote Sens. Environ., 124, 832–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.020, 2012.
Fujita, K. and Nuimura, T.: Spatially heterogeneous wastage of Himalayan
glaciers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 14011–14014, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106242108, 2011.
Gao, Y., Liu, S., Qi, M., Xie, F., Wu, K., and Zhu, Y.: Glacier-Related
Hazards Along the International Karakoram Highway: Status and Future
Perspectives, Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, 611501, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.611501, 2021.
Gardelle, J., Berthier, E., and Arnaud, Y.: Slight mass gain of Karakoram
glaciers in the early twenty-first century, Nat. Geosci., 5, 322–325,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1450, 2012.
Gardent, M., Rabatel, A., Dedieu, J.-P., and Deline, P.: Multitemporal glacier inventory of the French Alps from the late 1960s to the late 2000s,
Global Planet. Change, 120, 24–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.05.004,
2014.
Garg, P. K., Shukla, A., and Jasrotia, A. S.: Influence of topography on
glacier changes in the central Himalaya, India, Global Planet. Change, 155, 196–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.07.007, 2017.
GCOS: The Global Observing System for Climate: Implementation Needs (GCOS-200), WMO, https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=19838 (last
access: 14 February 2023), 2016.
Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., and Moore,
R.: Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone,
Remote Sens. Environ., 202, 18–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031, 2017.
Granshaw, F. D. and Fountain, A. G.: Glacier change (1958–1998) in the
North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington, USA, J. Glaciol., 52, 251–256, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828782, 2006.
Guillet, G., King, O., Lv, M., Ghuffar, S., Benn, D., Quincey, D., and Bolch, T.: A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach, The Cryosphere, 16, 603–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, 2022.
Guo, W., Liu, S., Xu, J., Wu, L., Shangguan, D., Yao, X., Wei, J., Bao, W.,
Yu, P., Liu, Q., and Jiang, Z.: The second Chinese glacier inventory: data,
methods and results, J. Glaciol., 61, 357–372,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J209, 2015.
Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F.: The state of rock debris covering Earth's
glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 13, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0615-0, 2020.
Herreid, S., Pellicciotti, F., Ayala, A., Chesnokova, A., Kienholz, C., Shea, J., and Shrestha, A.: Satellite observations show no net change in the
percentage of supraglacial debris-covered area in northern Pakistan from 1977 to 2014, J. Glaciol., 61, 524–536, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG14J227, 2017.
Hewitt, K.: The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the `Elevation
Effect', Karakoram Himalaya, Mt. Res. Dev., 25, 332–340,
https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:Tkagea]2.0.Co;2, 2005.
Huss, M. and Hock, R.: Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier
mass loss, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 135–140, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0049-x,
2018.
Immerzeel, W. W., Lutz, A. F., Andrade, M., Bahl, A., Biemans, H., Bolch, T., Hyde, S., Brumby, S., Davies, B. J., Elmore, A. C., Emmer, A., Feng, M., Fernandez, A., Haritashya, U., Kargel, J. S., Koppes, M., Kraaijenbrink, P.
D. A., Kulkarni, A. V., Mayewski, P. A., Nepal, S., Pacheco, P., Painter, T.
H., Pellicciotti, F., Rajaram, H., Rupper, S., Sinisalo, A., Shrestha, A.
B., Viviroli, D., Wada, Y., Xiao, C., Yao, T., and Baillie, J. E. M.: Importance and vulnerability of the world's water towers, Nature, 577, 364–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y, 2020.
Kääb, A., Berthier, E., Nuth, C., Gardelle, J., and Arnaud, Y.:
Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas, Nature, 488, 495–498, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11324, 2012.
Ke, L., Ding, X., Zhang, L. E. I., Hu, J. U. N., Shum, C. K., and Lu, Z.:
Compiling a new glacier inventory for southeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from Landsat and PALSAR data, J. Glaciol., 62, 579–592,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.58, 2016.
Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Bierkens, M. F. P., Lutz, A. F., and Immerzeel, W.
W.: Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia's
glaciers, Nature, 549, 257–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23878, 2017.
Lehner, B. and Grill, G.: Global river hydrography and network routing:
baseline data and new approaches to study the world's large river systems,
Hydrol. Process., 27, 2171–2186, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9740, 2013.
Li, Z., Wang, N., Chen, A. a., Liang, Q., and Yang, D.: Slight change of
glaciers in the Pamir over the period 2000–2017, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 54, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2022.2028475, 2022.
Liao, H., Liu, Q., Zhong, Y., and Lu, X.: Landsat-Based Estimation of the
Glacier Surface Temperature of Hailuogou Glacier, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Between 1990 and 2018, Remote Sens., 12, 2105, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132105, 2020.
Lippl, S., Vijay, S., and Braun, M.: Automatic delineation of debris-covered
glaciers using InSAR coherence derived from X-, C- and L-band radar data: a
case study of Yazgyl Glacier, J. Glaciol., 64, 811–821,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.70, 2018.
Liu, S., Ding, Y., Shangguan, D., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Han, H., Wang, J., and
Xie, C.: Glacier retreat as a result of climate warming and increased
precipitation in the Tarim river basin, northwest China, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 91–96, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812168, 2006.
Liu, S., Yao, X., Shangguan, D., Guo, W., Wei, J., Xu, J., Bao, W., and Wu,
L.: The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier
Inventory, Acta Geogr. Sin., 70, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201501001, 2015.
Liu, S., Wu, T., Wang, X., Wu, X., Yao, X., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., and
Zhu, X.: Changes in the global cryosphere and their impacts: A review and
new perspective, Sci. Cold Arid Reg., 12, 343–354,
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1226.2020.00343, 2020.
Lucchesi, S., Fioraso, G., Bertotto, S., and Chiarle, M.: Little Ice Age and
contemporary glacier extent in the Western and South-Western Piedmont Alps
(North-Western Italy), J. Maps, 10, 409–423, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.880226, 2014.
Meier, W. J. H., Grießinger, J., Hochreuther, P., and Braun, M. H.: An
Updated Multi-Temporal Glacier Inventory for the Patagonian Andes With
Changes Between the Little Ice Age and 2016, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 62, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00062, 2018.
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., and Morlighem, M.: Ice velocity and
thickness of the world's glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 15, 124–129, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00885-z, 2022a.
Millan, R., Mouginot, J., Rabatel, A., and Morlighem, M.: Ice velocity and
thickness of the world's glaciers, Nat. Geosci., 15, 124–129,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00885-z, 2022b.
Minora, U., Bocchiola, D., D'Agata, C., Maragno, D., Mayer, C., Lambrecht,
A., Vuillermoz, E., Senese, A., Compostella, C., Smiraglia, C., and Diolaiuti, G. A.: Glacier area stability in the Central Karakoram National
Park (Pakistan) in 2001–2010: The “Karakoram Anomaly” in the spotlight,
Prog. Phys. Geogr., 40, 629–660, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133316643926, 2016.
Mölg, N., Bolch, T., Rastner, P., Strozzi, T., and Paul, F.: A consistent glacier inventory for Karakoram and Pamir derived from Landsat data: distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1807–1827, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1807-2018, 2018.
Mölg, N., Bolch, T., Walter, A., and Vieli, A.: Unravelling the evolution of Zmuttgletscher and its debris cover since the end of the Little Ice Age, The Cryosphere, 13, 1889–1909, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1889-2019, 2019.
Müller, F. and Scherler, K.: Introduction to the world glacier
inventory, IAHS Publication, http://iahs.info/redbooks/a126/iahs_126_0000Intro.pdf (last access: 8 August 2022), 1980.
Nie, Y., Pritchard, H. D., Liu, Q., Hennig, T., Wang, W., Wang, X., Liu, S.,
Nepal, S., Samyn, D., Hewitt, K., and Chen, X.: Glacial change and hydrological implications in the Himalaya and Karakoram, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2, 91–106, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00124-w, 2021.
Nuimura, T., Sakai, A., Taniguchi, K., Nagai, H., Lamsal, D., Tsutaki, S.,
Kozawa, A., Hoshina, Y., Takenaka, S., Omiya, S., Tsunematsu, K., Tshering,
P., and Fujita, K.: The GAMDAM glacier inventory: a quality-controlled
inventory of Asian glaciers, The Cryosphere, 9, 849–864,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-849-2015, 2015.
Paul, F. (Ed.): Glacier Inventory, in: International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology, Wiley, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0877, 2017.
Paul, F., Kääb, A., Maisch, M., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W.: The new remote-sensing-derived Swiss glacier inventory: I. Methods, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 355–361, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817941, 2002.
Paul, F., Huggel, C., and Kääb, A.: Combining satellite multispectral image data and a digital elevation model for mapping debris-covered glaciers, Remote Sens. Environ., 89, 510–518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.007, 2004.
Paul, F., Barry, R. G., Cogley, J. G., Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Ohmura, A.,
Ommanney, C. S. L., Raup, B., Rivera, A., and Zemp, M.: Recommendations for
the compilation of glacier inventory data from digital sources, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 119–126, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790595778, 2009.
Paul, F., Barrand, N. E., Baumann, S., Berthier, E., Bolch, T., Casey, K.,
Frey, H., Joshi, S. P., Konovalov, V., Le Bris, R., Mölg, N., Nosenko, G., Nuth, C., Pope, A., Racoviteanu, A., Rastner, P., Raup, B., Scharrer, K., Steffen, S., and Winsvold, S.: On the accuracy of glacier outlines derived from remote-sensing data, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 171–182,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A296, 2013.
Paul, F., Bolch, T., Briggs, K., Kääb, A., McMillan, M., McNabb, R.,
Nagler, T., Nuth, C., Rastner, P., Strozzi, T., and Wuite, J.: Error sources
and guidelines for quality assessment of glacier area, elevation change, and
velocity products derived from satellite data in the Glaciers_cci project, Remote Sens. Environ., 203, 256–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.08.038, 2017.
Paul, F., Rastner, P., Azzoni, R. S., Diolaiuti, G., Fugazza, D., Le Bris,
R., Nemec, J., Rabatel, A., Ramusovic, M., Schwaizer, G., and Smiraglia, C.:
Glacier shrinkage in the Alps continues unabated as revealed by a new glacier inventory from Sentinel-2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1805–1821,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1805-2020, 2020.
Pfeffer, W. T., Arendt, A. A., Bliss, A., Bolch, T., Cogley, J. G., Gardner,
A. S., Hagen, J.-O., Hock, R., Kaser, G., Kienholz, C., Miles, E. S., Moholdt, G., Mölg, N., Paul, F., Radiæ, V., Rastner, P., Raup, B. H., Rich, J., and Sharp, M. J.: The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers, J. Glaciol., 60, 537–552,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J176, 2014.
Pieczonka, T. and Bolch, T.: Region-wide glacier mass budgets and area
changes for the Central Tien Shan between ∼1975 and 1999 using Hexagon KH-9 imagery, Global Planet. Change, 128, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.11.014, 2015.
Racoviteanu, A. and Williams, M. W.: Decision Tree and Texture Analysis for
Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Kangchenjunga Area, Eastern Himalaya,
Remote Sens. 4, 3078–3109, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4103078, 2012.
Rankl, M., Kienholz, C., and Braun, M.: Glacier changes in the Karakoram
region mapped by multimission satellite imagery, The Cryosphere, 8, 977–989,
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-977-2014, 2014.
RGI Consortium: Randolph Glacier Inventory – A Dataset of Global Glacier
Outlines: Version 6.0: Technical Report, Global Land Ice Measurements from
Space, Digital Media, Colorado, USA, https://doi.org/10.7265/N5-RGI-60, 2017.
Robson, B. A., Nuth, C., Dahl, S. O., Hölbling, D., Strozzi, T., and
Nielsen, P. R.: Automated classification of debris-covered glaciers combining optical, SAR and topographic data in an object-based environment, Remote Sens. Environ., 170, 372–387, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.10.001, 2015.
Rounce, D. R., Hock, R., and Shean, D. E.: Glacier Mass Change in High Mountain Asia Through 2100 Using the Open-Source Python Glacier Evolution
Model (PyGEM), Front. Earth Sci., 7, 331, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00331, 2020.
Sakai, A.: Brief communication: Updated GAMDAM glacier inventory over
high-mountain Asia, The Cryosphere, 13, 2043–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2043-2019, 2019.
Sakai, A., Nuimura, T., Fujita, K., Takenaka, S., Nagai, H., and Lamsal, D.:
Climate regime of Asian glaciers revealed by GAMDAM glacier inventory, The
Cryosphere, 9, 865–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-865-2015, 2015.
Scherler, D., Wulf, H., and Gorelick, N.: Global Assessment of Supraglacial
Debris-Cover Extents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11798–11805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080158, 2018.
Schmidt, S. and Nüsser, M.: Changes of High Altitude Glaciers from 1969
to 2010 in the Trans-Himalayan Kang Yatze Massif, Ladakh, Northwest India,
Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 44, 107–121, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-44.1.107, 2012.
Shi, Y. and Liu, S.: Estimation on the response of glaciers in China to the
global warming in the 21st century, Chinese Sci. Bull., 45, 668–672,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02886048, 2000.
Shih, Y. F., Hsieh, T. C., Cheng, P. H., and Li, C. C.: Distribution,
features and variations of glaciers in China, World Glacier Inventory –
Inventaire mondial des Glaciers, IAHS Publication,
http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a126/iahs_126_0111.pdf (last access:
9 August 2022), 1980.
Smith, T., Bookhagen, B., and Cannon, F.: Improving semi-automated glacier
mapping with a multi-method approach: applications in central Asia, The
Cryosphere, 9, 1747–1759, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1747-2015, 2015.
Tielidze, L. G., Bolch, T., Wheate, R. D., Kutuzov, S. S., Lavrentiev, I. I., and Zemp, M.: Supra-glacial debris cover changes in the Greater Caucasus
from 1986 to 2014, The Cryosphere, 14, 585–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-585-2020, 2020.
Vijay, S. and Braun, M.: Early 21st century spatially detailed elevation
changes of Jammu and Kashmir glaciers (Karakoram–Himalaya), Global Planet. Change, 165, 137–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.03.014, 2018.
Weber, P., Andreassen, L. M., Boston, C. M., Lovell, H., and Kvarteig, S.:
An ∼1899 glacier inventory for Nordland, northern Norway, produced from historical maps, J. Glaciol., 66, 259–277, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.3, 2020.
Winiger, M., Gumpert, M., and Yamout, H.: Karakorum-Hindukush-western
Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources, Hydrol. Process., 19, 2329–2338, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5887, 2005.
Wu, K., Liu, S., Jiang, Z., Zhu, Y., Xie, F., Gao, Y., Yi, Y., Tahir, A. A.,
and Muhammad, S.: Surging Dynamics of Glaciers in the Hunza Valley under an
Equilibrium Mass State since 1990, Remote Sens., 12, 2922, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12182922, 2020.
Wu, K., Liu, S., Jiang, Z., Liu, Q., Zhu, Y., Yi, Y., Xie, F., Ahmad Tahir,
A., and Saifullah, M.: Quantification of glacier mass budgets in the Karakoram region of Upper Indus Basin during the early twenty-first century,
J. Hydrol., 603, 127095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127095, 2021.
Xie, F., Liu, S., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., Wu, K., Qi, M., Duan, S., and Tahir, A.
M.: Derivation of Supraglacial Debris Cover by Machine Learning Algorithms on the Gee Platform: A Case Study of Glaciers in the Hunza Valley, ISPRS
Ann. Photogram. Remote Sens. Spat. Inform. Sci., V-3-2020, 417–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-417-2020, 2020a.
Xie, F., Liu, S., Wu, K., Zhu, Y., Gao, Y., Qi, M., Duan, S., Saifullah, M.,
and Tahir, A. A.: Upward Expansion of Supra-Glacial Debris Cover in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram, During 1990–2019, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 308, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00308, 2020b.
Xie, F., Liu, S., Duan, S., Miao, W., Pan, X., and Qin, C.: Interdecadal
glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s, National Cryosphere Desert Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.12072/ncdc.glacier.db2386.2022, 2022.
Xie, Z. and Liu, C.: Introduction to glaciology, Shanghai Universal Science Press, ISBN 9787542744494, 2009.
Xie, Z., Haritashya, U. K., Asari, V. K., Bishop, M. P., Kargel, J. S., and
Aspiras, T. H.: GlacierNet2: A hybrid Multi-Model learning architecture for
alpine glacier mapping, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 112, 102921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102921, 2022.
Yang, Y., Li, Z., Huang, L., Tian, B., and Chen, Q.: Extraction of glacier
outlines and water-eroded stripes using high-resolution SAR imagery, Int. J. Remote Sens., 37, 1016–1034, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1145365, 2016.
Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W., Gao, Y., Guo, X., Yang, X., Duan,
K., Zhao, H., Xu, B., Pu, J., Lu, A., Xiang, Y., Kattel, D. B., and Joswiak,
D.: Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 663–667, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1580, 2012.
Yi, Y., Liu, S., Zhu, Y., Wu, K., Xie, F., and Saifullah, M.: Spatiotemporal
heterogeneity of snow cover in the central and western Karakoram Mountains
based on a refined MODIS product during 2002–2018, Atmos. Res., 250, 105402, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105402, 2021.
Zhang, Y. and Liu, S. (Eds.): Modeling of the Mass Balance of Glaciers with Debris Cover, in: Geo-intelligence for Sustainable Development, Springer, Singapore, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4768-0_12, 2021.
Zhang, Y., Fujita, K., Shiyin, L., Liu, Q., and Nuimura, T.: Distribution of
debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuogou glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery, J. Glaciol., 57, 1147–1157, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843331, 2011.
Zhang, Y., Hirabayashi, Y., Fujita, K., Liu, S., and Liu, Q.: Heterogeneity in supraglacial debris thickness and its role in glacier mass changes of the
Mount Gongga, Sci. China Earth Sci., 59, 170–184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5118-2, 2015.
Zhang, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., Jiang, Z., and Wu, K.: Glacier variations at Aru Co in western Tibet from 1971 to 2016 derived from
remote-sensing data, J. Glaciol., 64, 397–406, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.34, 2018.
Zhong, Y., Liu, Q., Westoby, M., Nie, Y., Pellicciotti, F., Zhang, B., Cai, J., Liu, G., Liao, H., and Lu, X.: Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 23–42,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022, 2022.
Short summary
In this study, first we generated inventories which allowed us to systematically detect glacier change patterns in the Karakoram range. We found that, by the 2020s, there were approximately 10 500 glaciers in the Karakoram mountains covering an area of 22 510.73 km2, of which ~ 10.2 % is covered by debris. During the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2020), the total glacier cover area in Karakoram remained relatively stable, with a slight increase in area of 23.5 km2.
In this study, first we generated inventories which allowed us to systematically detect glacier...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint