We used a global dataset to examine patterns and drivers of fungal necromass C (FNC), bacterial necromass C (BNC), and their ratio across agricultural and natural ecosystems. FNC contributed about twice as much as BNC to soil organic carbon (SOC) in both systems, with higher contributions overall in agricultural soils. Soil C/N and clay content mainly drove FNC and BNC contributions, while elevation primarily influenced the FNC/BNC ratio.

The China New-type Power Systems Meteorological (CNPS-Met) dataset covers mainland China with a daily resolution and a 25 km grid. It includes eight meteorological variables and eleven high-impact weather events related to power generation, grid transmission, and electricity demand. CNPS-Met outperforms other existing datasets in accuracy for most meteorological variables. We also quantified the frequency hotspots and intensity extremes of high-impact weather events.

The TephAta database collects information on volcanic ash layers from the Atacama Desert, including their physical properties, geochemical composition, and age. The dataset provides a basis for identifying the same volcanic ash layers in different sediment deposits making it possible to link and date sediments It also supports studying how ash spread and understanding the region’s volcanic past.

We combined ship and float measurements with machine learning to reconstruct monthly dissolved oxygen in the global ocean from 1960 to 2023, from the surface to 5902 m. The results reveal a persistent loss of oxygen, strongest below the surface and in major low-oxygen zones, with recent acceleration in several ocean regions. This open dataset supports climate research and assessments of risks for marine ecosystems.

This study presents a high-resolution (1 km) physically-based solum thickness dataset for the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Grounded in a mechanistic mass-balance model that couples climate weathering with multi-process erosion, the data resolve geomorphological patterns and offer superior accuracy over conventional statistical products. This dataset provides essential model parameter for hydrological, ecological, and cryosphere models, facilitating more reliable assessments under a changing climate.

Data from a standard bicycle deployed on roads and paths of southwest Montana, to demonstrate capabilities of bicycle, prove reliability of sensors, and document heating of surfaces exposed to full sun or shade across snow-free and snow-covered seasons. The data cover important textural and insolation differences. These data do not support evaluations of urban heat island effects; they provide necessary baselines while allowing researchers to identify missing factors.

The Goddard Space Flight Center's Lidar Observation and Validation Experiment (GLOVE) was a NASA field campaign from January–February 2025 that used a special airplane with scientific instruments to check if satellites measuring Earth's atmosphere were working correctly. The plane flew under two key satellites to compare measurements of clouds, dust, and other particles in the air. Data from 8 flights help scientists better understand how well these space-based instruments perform, especially for detecting different types of clouds and atmospheric conditions.

Peatlands act as natural time capsules, preserving records of past environments. We compiled and mapped metadata from over 650 peat samples from Western Siberian Lowland, summarizing decades of research. Our database organizes information about existing studies, showing which periods, regions, and methods have been investigated, and guiding researchers toward gaps where future work can expand our understanding of these ecosystems.