Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5195-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5195-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Rescue and quality control of historical geomagnetic measurement at Sheshan observatory, China
Suqin Zhang
Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing,
100081, China
Changhua Fu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing,
100081, China
Jianjun Wang
Earthquake Administration of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
Guohao Zhu
Shanghai Earthquake Agency, Shanghai, 200062, China
Chuanhua Chen
Earthquake Administration of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
Shaopeng He
Hebei Earthquake Agency, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
Pengkun Guo
Hebei Earthquake Agency, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
Guoping Chang
Hebei Earthquake Agency, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050022, China
Related authors
Suqin Zhang, Changhua Fu, Jianjun Wang, Chuanhua Chen, Guohao Zhu, Qian Zhao, Jun Chen, Shaopeng He, Bin Wang, Pengkun Guo, Na Deng, Jinghui Lu, and Hongchi Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4513–4534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4513-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4513-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study is to rescue and integrate historical data from eight pioneering geomagnetic observatories in China. Data quality is significantly improved through integration. The integrated dataset is now publicly available for easy access and use by the academic community and the public. These datasets are of great significance for optimizing historical geomagnetic field models and investigating changing magnetic fields, the main geomagnetic field.
Suqin Zhang, Changhua Fu, Jianjun Wang, Chuanhua Chen, Guohao Zhu, Qian Zhao, Jun Chen, Shaopeng He, Bin Wang, Pengkun Guo, Na Deng, Jinghui Lu, and Hongchi Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4513–4534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4513-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4513-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this study is to rescue and integrate historical data from eight pioneering geomagnetic observatories in China. Data quality is significantly improved through integration. The integrated dataset is now publicly available for easy access and use by the academic community and the public. These datasets are of great significance for optimizing historical geomagnetic field models and investigating changing magnetic fields, the main geomagnetic field.
Yufei He, Xudong Zhao, Suqin Zhang, Qi Li, Fuxi Yang, Shaopeng He, and Pengkun Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2557, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes GNSS-based azimuth remeasurement scenarios for geomagnetic observatories, overcoming limitations of traditional astronomical methods. Five prioritized workflows address diverse field conditions. Validations at Hongshan, Quanzhou, and Yulin observatories confirm Scenario I (dual-GNSS alignment) and Scenario II (angular conversion) feasibility. Preliminary error analysis informs a deployment priority sequence, providing scalable solutions for complex environments.
Xiujuan Hu, Shaopeng He, Xudong Zhao, Qin Tian, Alimjan Mamatemin, Pengkun Guo, and Guoping Chang
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 301–308, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nearly 200 sets of three-axis fluxgate magnetometers are used in Chinese geomagnetic observatories, but due to their directional errors, it is necessary to study error correction methods to improve measurement accuracy. Experimental results show that correcting the Z-axis and D-axis directional errors is essential. The observation data after error correction demonstrate the clear correction effect. The measurement device used in the experiment is low in cost and easy to disseminate.
Cited articles
Alexandrescu, M., Gibert, D., Hulot, G., Le Mouël, J. L., and Saracco,
G.: Worldwide wavelet analysis of geomagnetic jerks, J. Geophys. Res.,
101, 21975–21994, 1996.
Bolduc, L., Langlois, P., Boteler, D., and Pierre.: A study of geomagnetic
disturbance in Quebec. I. General results, IEEE T. Power
Deliver., 13, 1251–1256, 1998.
Bolduc, L., Langlois, P., Boteler, D., and Pirjola, R.: A study of
geoelectromagnetic disturbances in quebec. II. Detailed analysis of a large
event, IEEE T. Power Deliver., 15, 272–278, 2002.
Boteler, D. H., Pirjola, R. J., and Nevanlinna, H.: The effects of
geomagnetic disturbances on electrical systems at the Earth's surface,
Adv. Space Res., 22, 17–27, 1998.
Brown, W., Beggan, C., and Macmillan, S.: Geomagnetic jerks in the Swarm Era, Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic,
9-13 May 2016, https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/514296/ (last access: 18 November 2022), 2016.
Capozzi, V., Cotroneo, Y., Castagno, P., De Vivo, C., and Budillon, G.: Rescue and quality control of sub-daily meteorological data collected at Montevergine Observatory (Southern Apennines), 1884–1963, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1467–1487, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1467-2020, 2020.
Chen, B., Gu, Z. W., Gao, J. T., Yuan, J. H., and Di, C. Z.: Geomagnetic
secular variation in China during 2005–2010 described by IGRF-11 and its
error analysis, Progress in Geophysics, 27, 512–521, 2012 (in Chinese).
Chen, J., Jiang, Y. L., Zhang, X. X., Chen, C. H., Yang D. M., and Liu H.
F.: The design of HVDC discrimination and processing system for geomagnetic
network, Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 35,
271–274, 2014 (in Chinese).
Chulliat, A. and Maus, S.: Geomagnetic secular acceleration, jerks, and a
localized standing wave at the core surface from 2000 to 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 1531–1543, 2014.
Chulliat, A., Peltier, A., Truong, F., and Fouassier, D.: Proposal for a new
observatory data product: quasi-defifinitive data, 11th IAGA Scientifific
Assembly, Sopron, Hungary, 23–30 August 2009, Abstract Book, 94 pp., 2009.
Chulliat, A., Thébault, E., and Hulot, G.: Core field acceleration pulse as
a common cause of the 2003 and 2007 geomagnetic jerks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37,
L07301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042019, 2010.
Clarke, E., Flower, S., Humphries, T., McIntosh, R., McTaggart, F.,
McIntyre, B., Owenson, N., Henderson, K., Mann, E., MacKenzie, K., Piper,
S., Wilson, L., and Gillanders, R.: The digitization of observatory
magnetograms, poster presented at: 11th IAGA Scientific Assembly, Sopron, Hungary, 23–30 August
2009, https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/21389614 (last access: 18 November 2022), 2009.
Courtillot, V. and Le Mouël, J. L.: Geomagnetic secular variation
impulses, Nature, 311, 709–716, 1984.
Curto, J. J. and Marsal, S.: Quality control of Ebro magnetic observatory
using momentary values, Earth Planets Space, 59, 1187–1196, 2007.
Dawson, E., Reay, S., Macmillan, S., Flower, S., and Shanahan, T.: Quality
control procedures at the World Data Centre for Geomagnetism (Edinburgh), IAGA 11th Scientific Assembly, Sopron, Hungary, 23–30 August 2009, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264590163_Quality_control_procedures_at_the_World_Data_Centre_for_Geomagnetism_Edinburgh (last access: 18 November 2022), 2009.
De Michelis, P., Cafarella, L., and Meloni, A.: Worldwide character of the
1991 geomagnetic jerk, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 377–380, 1998.
Department of science, technology and monitoring, CEA: The Chronicles of
China Geomagnetic Observatory, 1984 (in Chinese).
Dong, X. H., Li, X. J., Zhang, G. Q., Shi, J., and Liu, C.: The study of
digital identification of magnetogram, Seismological and Geomagnetic
Observation and Research, 30, 49–55, 2009 (in Chinese).
Feng, Y., Holme, R., Cox, G. A., and Jiang, Y.: The geomagnetic jerk of
2003.5: Characterisation with regional observatory secular variation data,
Phys. Earth Planet. In., 278, 47–58, 2018.
Finlay, C. C., Olsen, N., Kotsiaros, S., Gillet, N., and Tøffner-Clausen,
L.: Recent geomagnetic secular variation from Swarm and ground observatories
as estimated in the CHAOS-6 geomagnetic field model, Earth Planets
Space, 68, 112, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0486-1, 2016.
Gao, M. Q. and Hu, Z. Y.: Establishment of historical data and database of
rescue Sheshan observatory, in: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Academic Meeting
of China Geophysical Society, Beijing, China, September 1993, 262, https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGDW199309001262.htm (last access: 18 November 2022), 1993 (in Chinese).
GeoForschung Zentrum Potsdam Website: Kp and ap values, https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/geomagnetism/data-products-services/, last access: 18 November 2022.
Gillet, N., Jault, D., Finlay, C. C., and Olsen, N: Stochastic modeling of
the Earth's magnetic field: Inversion for covariances over the observatory
era, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 766–786, 2013.
Guo, S. X., Liu, L. G., Pirjola, R. J., and Wang, K. R., and Dong, B.:
Impact of EHV power system on geomagnetically induced currents in UHV power
system, IEEE T. Power Deliver., 30, 2163–2170, 2015.
He, Y. F., Zhao, X. D., Zhang, S. Q., Yang, D. M., and Li, Q.: Geomagnetic
jerks based on the midnight mean of the geomagnetic field from geomagnetic
networks of China, Acta Seismologica Sinica, 41, 512–523, https://doi.org/10.11939/jass.20190009, 2019 (in Chinese).
Huder, L., Gillet, N., Finlay, C., Hammer, M., and Hervé Tchoungui.:
COV-OBS.x2: 180 years of geomagnetic field evolution from ground-based and
satellite observations, Earth Planets Space, 72, 160, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01194-2, 2020.
Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Geomagnetic
Observation Report, 1965 (in Chinese).
Kakioka Magnetic Observatory Website: Geomagnetic Storm Catalog, https://www.kakioka-jma.go.jp/en/index.html, last access: 18 August 2022.
Kang, G. F., Gao, G. M., Wen, L. M., and Bai, C. H.: The 2014 geomagnetic
jerk observed by geomagnetic observatories in China, Chinese Journal of
Geophysics, 63, 4144–4153, https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2020N0337, 2020 (in Chinese).
Kappenman, J. G.: Geomagnetic storms and their impact on power systems, IEEE
Power Engineering Review, 16, 5–8, 1996.
Kloss, C. and Finlay, C. C.: Time-dependent low-latitude core flow and
geomagnetic field acceleration pulses, Geophys. J. Int., 217.1, 140–168, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy545, 2019.
Korte, M., Mandea, M., Linthe, H. J., Hemshorn, A., Kotzé, P., and
Ricaldi, E.: New geomagnetic field observations in the South Atlantic
Anomaly region, Ann. Geophys., 52, 65–81, 2009.
Kotzé, P. B.: The 2007 geomagnetic jerk as observed at the Hermanus
magnetic observatory, Phys. Comment., 2, 5–6, 2010.
Kotzé, P. B. and Korte, M.: Morphology of the southern African geomagnetic
field derived from observatory and repeat station survey observations:
2005–2014, Earth Planets Space, 68, 23, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0403-7, 2016.
Kuang, W. J. and Tangborn, A.: Interpretation of Core Field Models, in:
Geomagnetic Observations and Models, vol. 5, edited by: Mandea, M. and
Korte, M., Springer Science + Business Media, 295–309, eBook ISBN 978-90-481-9858-0, 2011.
Linthe, H. J., Reda, J., Isac, A., Matzka, J., and Turbitt, C.: Observatory
data quality control-the instrument to ensure valuable research, in: Proceedings of the XVth IAGA Workshop on Geomagnetic Observatory
Instruments, Data Acquisition and Processing: extended abstract volume, edited by: Hejda, P., San Fernando, Spain, March 2013, 173–177, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/20319986.pdf (last access: 18 November 2022),
2013.
Liu, C. M., Liu, L. G., and Pirjola, R.: Geomagnetically induced currents in
the high voltage power grid in China, IEEE T. Power Deliver., 24, 2368–2374,
2009.
Liu, L. G., Liu, C. M., Zhang, B., Wang, Z. Z., Xiao, X. N., and Han, L. Z.:
Strong magnetic storm's influence on China's Guangdong power grid, Chinese
Journal of Geophysics, 51, 976–981, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.04.004, 2008 (in Chinese).
Liu, L. G., Ge, X. N., Wang, K. R., Zong, W., and Liu C. M.: Observation
studies of encroachment by geomagnetic storms on high-speed railways and
oil-and-gas pipelines in China, Sci. Sin. Tech., 46, 268–275, https://doi.org/10.1360/N092015-00279, 2016 (in Chinese).
Malin, S. R. C. and Hodder, B. M.: Was the 1970 geomagnetic jerk of internal
or external origin?, Nature, 296, 726–728, 1982.
Mandea, M. and Olsen, N.: Investigation of a secular variation impulse using
satellite data: The 2003 geomagnetic jerk, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
255, 94–105, 2007.
Mandea, M., Bellanger, E., and Le Mouël, J. L.: A geomagnetic jerk for
the end of the 20th century?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 183, 369–373,
2000.
Menvielle, M., Iyemori, T., Marchaudon, A., and Nosé, M.: Geomagnetic
indices, in: Geomagnetic Observations and Models, vol. 5, edited by:
Mandea, M. and Korte, M., Springer Science + Business Media, 127–148, eBook ISBN 978-90-481-9858-0, 2011.
Mestre, O., Domonkos,P., Picard, F., Auer, I., Robin, S., Lebarbier, E.,
Böhm, R., Aguilar, E., Guijarro, J., Vertachnik, G., Klancar, M.,
Dubuisson, B., and Stepanek, P.: HOMER: a homogenization software –
methods and applications, 117, 47–67, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281471961_HOMER_A_homogenization_software_-_methods_and_applications (last access: 18 November 2022), 2013.
Morozova, A. L., Ribeiro, P., and Pais, M. A.: Correction of artificial jumps
in the historical geomagnetic measurements of Coimbra Observatory, Portugal,
Ann. Geophys., 32, 19–40, 2014.
Morozova, A. L., Ribeiro, P., and Pais, M. A.: Homogenization of the historical series from the Coimbra Magnetic Observatory, Portugal, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 809–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-809-2021, 2021.
Pang, J. Y., Chen, J., Wang, C., Teng, Y. T., Zhao, Y. G., and Li, Z. G.: The
principle of power interference and its automatic processing during
geoelectrical resistivity observation, Seismological and Geomagnetic
Observation and Research, 34, 117–122, 2013 (in Chinese).
Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Marsal, S., Campuzano, S. A., and Torta, M.: Signs
of a new geomagnetic jerk between 2019 and 2020 from Swarm and observatory
data, Earth, Planets and Space, 73, 175, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01504-2, 2021.
Peng, F,.Shen, X., Tang, K., Zhang, J., Huang, Q., Xu, Y., Yue, B., and
Yang, D.: Data-Sharing Work of the World Data Center for Geophysics, Beijing
Data Sci. J., 6, 404–407, 2007 (in Chinese).
Rasson, J. L., Toh, H., and Yang D. M.: The Global Geomagnetic Observatory
Network, in: Geomagnetic Observations and Models, vol. 5, edited by:
Mandea, M. and Korte, M., Springer Science + Business Media, 1–25, eBook ISBN 978-90-481-9858-0, 2011.
Reay, S. J., Clarke, E., Dawson, E., and Macmillan, S.: Operations of
the World Data Centre for Geomagnetism, Edinburgh, Data Science Journal, 12,
WDS47–WDS51, 2013.
Reda, J., Fouassier, D., Isac, A., Linthe, H. J., Matzka, J., and Turbitt,
C. W.: Improvements in Geomagnetic Observatory Data Quality, in: Geomagnetic
Observations and Models, vol. 5, edited by: Mandea, M. and Korte, M.,
Springer Science + Business Media, 127–148, eBook ISBN 978-90-481-9858-0, 2011.
Sergeyeva, N., Gvishiani, A., Soloviev, A., Zabarinskaya, L., Krylova, T., Nisilevich, M., and Krasnoperov, R.: Historical K index data collection of Soviet magnetic observatories, 1957–1992, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1987–1999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1987-2021, 2021.
SSH observatory: Geomagnetic Observation Report of SSH observatory, 2004.
Thomson, A. W. P.: Geomagnetism Review 2019, British Geological Survey Open
Report, OR/20/00852, http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/documents/reviews/Geomagnetism_Review_2019.pdf (last access: 18 November 2022), 2020.
World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto: Dst values, http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/, last access: 18 November 2022.
Xu, W. Y.: Physics of Electromagnetic Phenomena of the Earth, Hefei:
University of Science and Technology of China press, 558 pages, ISBN 978-7312022562, 2009 (in Chinese).
Zhang, S., Zhu, G., Wang, J., Chen, C., He, S., and Guo, P.: Quality-controlled
geomagnetic hourly mean values datasets of Sheshan observatory from 1933 to
2019, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005471, 2022.
Zhang, S. Q., Yang, D. M., Li, Q., and Zhao, Y. F.: The 1991 and 1999 jerks
in China, Earthquake Research in China, 24, 253–260, 2008a (in
Chinese).
Zhang, S. Q., Yang, D. M., Li, Q., and Zhao, Y. F.: The consistence analysis
of IGRF model value and annual mean value of some geomagnetic observatories
in China, Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 29,
42–29, 2008b (in Chinese).
Zhang, S. Q., Fu, C. H., He, Y. F., Yang, D. M., Li, Q., Zhao, X. D., and
Wang, J. J.: Quality Control of Observation Data by the Geomagnetic Network
of China, Data Science Journal, 15, p. 15, https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2016-015, 2016.
Zhao, X. D., He, Y. F., Chen, J., Zhang, S. Q., Li, Q., and Yuan, Y. R.: The
distribution of ring current and field-aligned current during storms based
on ground observatory data, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 62, 3209–3222,
https://doi.org/10.6038/cjg2019M0268, 2019 (in Chinese).
Zhao, X. K., Wu, B. Y., and N., B. Q.: The geomagnetic dataset of Beijing Ming Tombs
station (1991–2001), China Scientific Data, 2, 1–9, https://www.docin.com/p-1982391171.html (last access: 20 November 2022), 2017.
Short summary
The Sheshan observatory has nearly 150 years of observation history, and its observation data have important scientific value. However, with time, these precious historical data face the risk of damage and loss. We have carried out a series of rescues on the historical data of the Sheshan observatory. New historical datasets were released, including the quality-controlled absolute hourly mean values of three components (D, H, and Z) from 1933 to 2019.
The Sheshan observatory has nearly 150 years of observation history, and its observation data...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint