Articles | Volume 15, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3623-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3623-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
11 Aug 2023
Data description paper |
| 11 Aug 2023
| 11 Aug 2023
Global urban fractional changes at a 1 km resolution throughout 2100 under eight scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)
Wanru He
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Xuecao Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
Yuyu Zhou
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Urban Systems Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Zitong Shi
National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China
Guojiang Yu
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Tengyun Hu
Beijing Municipal Institute of City Planning and Design, Beijing 100045, China
Yixuan Wang
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Jianxi Huang
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing for Agri-Hazards, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
Tiecheng Bai
School of Information Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
Zhongchang Sun
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Xiaoping Liu
School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Peng Gong
Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Urban Systems Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-96, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-96, 2025
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China’s forests play a crucial role in storing carbon and mitigating climate change, yet long-term, high-resolution data on their biomass have been limited. We developed a 30-m annual forest aboveground biomass dataset from 1985 to 2023 using satellite data and deep learning. Our results reveal significant biomass gains, regional variations, and the impact of forest policies. This dataset provides valuable insights for climate research, conservation planning, and sustainable forest management.
Hao Jiang, Mengjun Ku, Xia Zhou, Qiong Zheng, Yangxiaoyue Liu, Jianhui Xu, Dan Li, Chongyang Wang, Jiayi Wei, Jing Zhang, Shuisen Chen, and Jianxi Huang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-44, 2025
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Existing cropland datasets in China show significant discrepancies. We created a high-resolution cropland map of China for 2020, using imagery from Mapbox and Google. By combining image quality assessments, active learning for semantic segmentation, and results integration. The accuracy achieved to 88.73 %, with 30 out of 32 provincial units reporting area estimates within ±10 % of official statistics. In contrast, only 9 to 1 provinces from 7 existing datasets meet the same accuracy standard.
Kaiqi Du, Guilong Xiao, Jianxi Huang, Xiaoyan Kang, Xuecao Li, Yelu Zeng, Quandi Niu, Haixiang Guan, and Jianjian Song
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-432, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-432, 2025
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Shuang Chen, Jie Wang, Qiang Liu, Xiangan Liang, Rui Liu, Peng Qin, Jincheng Yuan, Junbo Wei, Shuai Yuan, Huabing Huang, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5449–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5449-2024, 2024
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The inconsistent coverage of Landsat data due to its long revisit intervals and frequent cloud cover poses challenges to large-scale land monitoring. We developed a global 30 m 23-year (2000–2022) daily seamless data cube (SDC) of surface reflectance based on Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 and MODIS products. The SDC exhibits enhanced capabilities for monitoring land cover changes and robust consistency in both spatial and temporal dimensions, which are important for global environmental monitoring.
Yangzi Che, Xuecao Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yuhao Wang, Weilin Liao, Xianwei Zheng, Xucai Zhang, Xiaocong Xu, Qian Shi, Jiajun Zhu, Honghui Zhang, Hua Yuan, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5357–5374, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024, 2024
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Most existing building height products are limited with respect to either spatial resolution or coverage, not to mention the spatial heterogeneity introduced by global building forms. Using Earth Observation (EO) datasets for 2020, we developed a global height dataset at the individual building scale. The dataset provides spatially explicit information on 3D building morphology, supporting both macro- and microanalysis of urban areas.
Weilin Liao, Yanman Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yuhao Wang, Yangzi Che, Ledi Shao, Guangzhao Chen, Hua Yuan, Ning Zhang, and Fei Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-408, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-408, 2024
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The currently available urban canopy parameter (UCP) datasets are limited to just a few cities for urban climate simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. To address this gap, we develop a global 1 km spatially continuous UCP dataset (GloUCP), which provides superior spatial coverage and higher accuracy in capturing urban morphology across diverse regions. It has great potential to support further advancements in urban climate modeling and related applications.
Yifan Cheng, Lei Zhao, Tirthankar Chakraborty, Keith Oleson, Matthias Demuzere, Xiaoping Liu, Yangzi Che, Weilin Liao, Yuyu Zhou, and Xinchang Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-416, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-416, 2024
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Absence of globally consistent and spatially continuous urban surface properties have long prevented large-scale high-resolution urban climate modeling. We developed the U-Surf data, a 1km-resolution dataset that provides key urban surface properties worldwide. U-Surf enhances urban representation in models, enables city-to-city comparison, and supports kilometer-scale Earth system modeling. Its broader applications can be extended to machine learning and many other non-climatic practices.
Yishuo Cui, Shouzhi Chen, Yufeng Gong, Mingwei Li, Zitong Jia, Yuyu Zhou, and Yongshuo H. Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-225, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-225, 2024
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Global changes have significantly altered vegetation phenology, affecting terrestrial carbon cycle. While various remote-sensing-based phenology datasets exist, they often suffer from inconsistencies and uncertainties. To address this, we developed a new phenology dataset spanning 1982 to 2022 using a reliability ensemble averaging method. Validated against ground data, our dataset demonstrates substantially improved accuracy, providing a novel and reliable source for global ecological studies.
Ying Tu, Shengbiao Wu, Bin Chen, Qihao Weng, Yuqi Bai, Jun Yang, Le Yu, and Bing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2297–2316, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2297-2024, 2024
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We developed the first 30 m annual cropland dataset of China (CACD) for 1986–2021. The overall accuracy of CACD reached up to 0.93±0.01 and was superior to other products. Our fine-resolution cropland maps offer valuable information for diverse applications and decision-making processes in the future.
Xiangan Liang, Qiang Liu, Jie Wang, Shuang Chen, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 177–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-177-2024, 2024
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The state-of-the-art MODIS surface reflectance products suffer from temporal and spatial gaps, which make it difficult to characterize the continuous variation of the terrestrial surface. We proposed a framework for generating the first global 500 m daily seamless data cubes (SDC500), covering the period from 2000 to 2022. We believe that the SDC500 dataset can interest other researchers who study land cover mapping, quantitative remote sensing, and ecological science.
Ruoque Shen, Baihong Pan, Qiongyan Peng, Jie Dong, Xuebing Chen, Xi Zhang, Tao Ye, Jianxi Huang, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3203–3222, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3203-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3203-2023, 2023
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Paddy rice is the second-largest grain crop in China and plays an important role in ensuring global food security. This study developed a new rice-mapping method and produced distribution maps of single-season rice in 21 provincial administrative regions of China from 2017 to 2022 at a 10 or 20 m resolution. The accuracy was examined using 108 195 survey samples and county-level statistical data, and we found that the distribution maps have good accuracy.
Bingjie Li, Xiaocong Xu, Xiaoping Liu, Qian Shi, Haoming Zhuang, Yaotong Cai, and Da He
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2347–2373, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2347-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2347-2023, 2023
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A global land cover map with fine spatial resolution is important for climate and environmental studies, food security, or biodiversity conservation. In this study, we developed an improved global land cover map in 2015 with 30 m resolution (GLC-2015) by fusing the existing land cover products based on the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence on the Google Earth Engine platform. The GLC-2015 performed well, with an OA of 79.5 % (83.6 %) assessed with the global point-based (patch-based) samples.
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 555–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-555-2023, 2023
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A large-scale and high-resolution urban green space (UGS) product with 1 m of 31 major cities in China (UGS-1m) is generated based on a deep learning framework to provide basic UGS information for relevant UGS research, such as distribution, area, and UGS rate. Moreover, an urban green space dataset (UGSet) with a total of 4454 samples of 512 × 512 in size are also supplied as the benchmark to support model training and algorithm comparison.
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5387–5410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5387-2022, 2022
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Y. Cai, Q. Shi, and X. Liu
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-3-W1-2022, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-W1-2022-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-W1-2022-1-2022, 2022
Quandi Niu, Xuecao Li, Jianxi Huang, Hai Huang, Xianda Huang, Wei Su, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2851–2864, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2851-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2851-2022, 2022
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In this paper we generated the first national maize phenology product with a fine spatial resolution (30 m) and a long temporal span (1985–2020) in China, using Landsat images. The derived phenological indicators agree with in situ observations and provide more spatial details than moderate resolution phenology products. The extracted maize phenology dataset can support precise yield estimation and deepen our understanding of the response of agroecosystem to global warming in the future.
Min Zhao, Changxiu Cheng, Yuyu Zhou, Xuecao Li, Shi Shen, and Changqing Song
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 517–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-517-2022, 2022
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We generated a unique dataset of global annual urban extents (1992–2020) using consistent nighttime light observations and analyzed global urban dynamics over the past 3 decades. Evaluations using other urbanization-related ancillary data indicate that the derived urban areas are reliable for characterizing spatial extents associated with intensive human settlement and high-intensity socioeconomic activities. This dataset can provide unique information for studying urbanization and its impacts.
Bowen Cao, Le Yu, Xuecao Li, Min Chen, Xia Li, Pengyu Hao, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5403–5421, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5403-2021, 2021
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In the study, the first 1 km global cropland proportion dataset for 10 000 BCE–2100 CE was produced through the harmonization and downscaling framework. The mapping result coincides well with widely used datasets at present. With improved spatial resolution, our maps can better capture the cropland distribution details and spatial heterogeneity. The dataset will be valuable for long-term simulations and precise analyses. The framework can be extended to specific regions or other land use types.
Jie Dong, Yangyang Fu, Jingjing Wang, Haifeng Tian, Shan Fu, Zheng Niu, Wei Han, Yi Zheng, Jianxi Huang, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3081–3095, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3081-2020, 2020
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For the first time, we produced a 30 m winter wheat distribution map in China for 3 years during 2016–2018. Validated with 33 776 survey samples, the map had perfect performance with an overall accuracy of 89.88 %. Moreover, the method can identify planting areas of winter wheat 3 months prior to harvest; that is valuable information for production predictions and is urgently necessary for policymakers to reduce economic loss and assess food security.
Qinchuan Xin, Yongjiu Dai, and Xiaoping Liu
Biogeosciences, 16, 467–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-467-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-467-2019, 2019
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Terrestrial biosphere models that simulate both leaf dynamics and canopy photosynthesis are required to understand vegetation–climate interactions. A time-stepping scheme is proposed to simulate leaf area index, phenology, and gross primary production via climate variables. The method performs well on simulating deciduous broadleaf forests across the eastern United States; it provides a simplified and improved version of the growing production day model for use in land surface modeling.
L. M. Jiao, X. Tang, and X. P. Liu
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2-W7, 1203–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W7-1203-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W7-1203-2017, 2017
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1101–1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1101-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1101-2025, 2025
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Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a critical component of the Earth's carbon cycle. The presented dataset aims to help monitor this essential climate variable with AGB time series from 2011 onward, derived with a carefully calibrated spatial relationship between the measurements of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission and pre-existing AGB maps. The produced dataset has been extensively compared with other available AGB time series and can be used in AGB studies.
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 855–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-855-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-855-2025, 2025
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 773–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-773-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-773-2025, 2025
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 741–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-741-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-741-2025, 2025
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Our study introduces a Landsat-based data cube simplifying access to detailed environmental data across Europe from 2000 to 2022, covering vegetation, water, soil, and crops. Our experiments demonstrate its effectiveness in developing environmental models and maps. Tailored feature selection is crucial for its effective use in environmental modeling. It aims to support comprehensive environmental monitoring and analysis, helping researchers and policy-makers in managing environmental resources.
Mingyang Song, Lu Xu, Ji Ge, Hong Zhang, Lijun Zuo, Jingling Jiang, Yinhaibin Ding, Yazhe Xie, and Fan Wu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 661–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-661-2025, 2025
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We created a 10 m resolution rice distribution map for East Asia in 2023 (EARice10), achieving an overall accuracy (OA) of 90.48 % on validation samples. EARice10 shows strong consistency with statistical data (coefficient of determination, R2: 0.94–0.98) and existing datasets (R2: 0.79–0.98). It is the most up-to-date map, covering the four major rice-producing countries in East Asia at 10 m resolution.
Maximilian Freudenberg, Sebastian Schnell, and Paul Magdon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 351–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-351-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-351-2025, 2025
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Classifying tree species in satellite images is an important task for environmental monitoring and forest management. Here we present a dataset containing Sentinel-2 satellite pixel time series of individual trees intended for training machine learning models. The dataset was created by merging information from the German National Forest Inventory in 2012 with satellite data. It sparsely covers the whole of Germany for the years 2015 to 2022 and comprises 48 species and 3 species groups.
Yangyang Fu, Xiuzhi Chen, Chaoqing Song, Xiaojuan Huang, Jie Dong, Qiongyan Peng, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 95–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-95-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-95-2025, 2025
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This study proposed the Winter-Triticeae Crops Index (WTCI), which had great performance and stable spatiotemporal transferability in identifying winter-triticeae crops in 66 countries worldwide, with an overall accuracy of 87.7 %. The first global 30 m resolution distribution maps of winter-triticeae crops from 2017 to 2022 were further produced based on the WTCI method. The product can serve as an important basis for agricultural applications.
Jiahao Shi, Hua Yuan, Wanyi Lin, Wenzong Dong, Hongbin Liang, Zhuo Liu, Jianxin Zeng, Haolin Zhang, Nan Wei, Zhongwang Wei, Shupeng Zhang, Shaofeng Liu, Xingjie Lu, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-117-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-117-2025, 2025
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Flux tower data are widely recognized as benchmarking data for land surface models, but insufficient emphasis on and deficiency in site attribute data limits their true value. We collect site-observed vegetation, soil, and topography data from various sources. The final dataset encompasses 90 sites globally, with relatively complete site attribute data and high-quality flux validation data. This work has provided more reliable site attribute data, benefiting land surface model development.
Raphaël d'Andrimont, Momchil Yordanov, Fernando Sedano, Astrid Verhegghen, Peter Strobl, Savvas Zachariadis, Flavia Camilleri, Alessandra Palmieri, Beatrice Eiselt, Jose Miguel Rubio Iglesias, and Marijn van der Velde
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5723–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5723-2024, 2024
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The Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) Copernicus 2022 is a large and systematic in situ field survey of 137 966 polygons over the European Union in 2022. The data contain 82 land cover classes and 40 land use classes.
Ruoque Shen, Qiongyan Peng, Xiangqian Li, Xiuzhi Chen, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-584, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-584, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Rice is a vital staple crop that plays a crucial role in food security in China. However, long-term high-resolution rice distribution maps in China are lacking. This study developed a new rice mapping method using to address the challenges of cloud contamination and missing data in optical remote sensing observations. The resulting dataset, CCD-Rice (China Crop Dataset-Rice), achieved high accuracy and showed strong correlation with statistical data.
Shuang Chen, Jie Wang, Qiang Liu, Xiangan Liang, Rui Liu, Peng Qin, Jincheng Yuan, Junbo Wei, Shuai Yuan, Huabing Huang, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5449–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5449-2024, 2024
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The inconsistent coverage of Landsat data due to its long revisit intervals and frequent cloud cover poses challenges to large-scale land monitoring. We developed a global 30 m 23-year (2000–2022) daily seamless data cube (SDC) of surface reflectance based on Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 and MODIS products. The SDC exhibits enhanced capabilities for monitoring land cover changes and robust consistency in both spatial and temporal dimensions, which are important for global environmental monitoring.
Gerardo E. Soto, Steven W. Wilcox, Patrick E. Clark, Francesco P. Fava, Nathaniel D. Jensen, Njoki Kahiu, Chuan Liao, Benjamin Porter, Ying Sun, and Christopher B. Barrett
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5375–5404, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5375-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5375-2024, 2024
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This paper uses machine learning and linear unmixing to produce rangeland health indicators: Landsat time series of land cover classes and vegetation fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, and bare ground in arid and semi-arid Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia. This represents the first multi-decadal Landsat-resolution dataset specifically designed for mapping and monitoring rangeland health in the arid and semi-arid rangelands of this portion of eastern Africa.
Yangzi Che, Xuecao Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yuhao Wang, Weilin Liao, Xianwei Zheng, Xucai Zhang, Xiaocong Xu, Qian Shi, Jiajun Zhu, Honghui Zhang, Hua Yuan, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5357–5374, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024, 2024
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Most existing building height products are limited with respect to either spatial resolution or coverage, not to mention the spatial heterogeneity introduced by global building forms. Using Earth Observation (EO) datasets for 2020, we developed a global height dataset at the individual building scale. The dataset provides spatially explicit information on 3D building morphology, supporting both macro- and microanalysis of urban areas.
Yuling Chen, Haitao Yang, Zekun Yang, Qiuli Yang, Weiyan Liu, Guoran Huang, Yu Ren, Kai Cheng, Tianyu Xiang, Mengxi Chen, Danyang Lin, Zhiyong Qi, Jiachen Xu, Yixuan Zhang, Guangcai Xu, and Qinghua Guo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5267–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5267-2024, 2024
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The national-scale continuous maps of arithmetic mean height and weighted mean height across China address the challenges of accurately estimating forest stand mean height using a tree-based approach. These maps produced in this study provide critical datasets for forest sustainable management in China, including climate change mitigation (e.g., terrestrial carbon estimation), forest ecosystem assessment, and forest inventory practices.
Jia Zhou, Jin Niu, Ning Wu, and Tao Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5171–5189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5171-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5171-2024, 2024
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The study provided an annual 100 m resolution glimpse into the grazing activities across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The newly minted Gridded Dataset of Grazing Intensity (GDGI) not only boasts exceptional accuracy but also acts as a pivotal resource for further research and strategic planning, with the potential to shape sustainable grazing practices, guide informed environmental stewardship, and ensure the longevity of the region’s precious ecosystems.
Adrià Descals, David L. A. Gaveau, Serge Wich, Zoltan Szantoi, and Erik Meijaard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5111–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024, 2024
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This study provides a 10 m global oil palm extent layer for 2021 and a 30 m oil palm planting-year layer from 1990 to 2021. The oil palm extent layer was produced using a convolutional neural network that identified industrial and smallholder plantations using Sentinel-1 data. The oil palm planting year was developed using a methodology specifically designed to detect the early stages of oil palm development in the Landsat time series.
Ran Jia, Xiuqi Fang, Yundi Yang, Masayuki Yokozawa, and Yu Ye
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4971–4994, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4971-2024, 2024
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We reconstructed a cropland area change dataset in Northeast China over the past millennium by integrating multisource data with a unified standard using the historical and archaeological record, statistical yearbook, and national land survey. Cropland in Northeast China exhibited phases of expansion–reduction–expansion over the past millennium. This dataset can be used for improving the land use and land cover change (LUCC) dataset and assessing LUCC-induced carbon emission and climate change.
Stefania Di Tommaso, Sherrie Wang, Rob Strey, and David B. Lobell
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4931–4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4931-2024, 2024
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Sugarcane plays a vital role in food, biofuel, and farmer income globally, yet its cultivation faces numerous social and environmental challenges. Despite its significance, accurate mapping remains limited. Our study addresses this gap by introducing a novel 10 m global dataset of sugarcane maps spanning 2019–2022. Comparisons with field data, pre-existing maps, and official government statistics all indicate the high precision and high recall of our maps.
Weilin Liao, Yanman Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yuhao Wang, Yangzi Che, Ledi Shao, Guangzhao Chen, Hua Yuan, Ning Zhang, and Fei Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-408, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-408, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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The currently available urban canopy parameter (UCP) datasets are limited to just a few cities for urban climate simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. To address this gap, we develop a global 1 km spatially continuous UCP dataset (GloUCP), which provides superior spatial coverage and higher accuracy in capturing urban morphology across diverse regions. It has great potential to support further advancements in urban climate modeling and related applications.
Juliette Bernard, Catherine Prigent, Carlos Jimenez, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Bernhard Lehner, Elodie Salmon, Philippe Ciais, Zhen Zhang, Shushi Peng, and Marielle Saunois
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-466, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-466, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Wetlands are responsible for about a third of global emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. We have developed the GIEMS-MethaneCentric (GIEMS-MC) dataset to represent the dynamics of wetland extent on a global scale (0.25°x0.25° resolution, monthly time step). This updated resource combines satellite data and existing wetland databases, covering 1992 to 2020. Consistent maps of other methane-emitting surface waters (lakes, rivers, reservoirs, rice paddies) are also provided.
Jie Wang, Xiangming Xiao, Yuanwei Qin, Jinwei Dong, Geli Zhang, Xuebin Yang, Xiaocui Wu, Chandrashekhar Biradar, and Yang Hu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4619–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4619-2024, 2024
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Existing satellite-based forest maps have large uncertainties due to different forest definitions and mapping algorithms. To effectively manage forest resources, timely and accurate annual forest maps at a high spatial resolution are needed. This study improved forest maps by integrating PALSAR-2 and Landsat images. Annual evergreen and non-evergreen forest-type maps were also generated. This critical information supports the Global Forest Resources Assessment.
Yifan Cheng, Lei Zhao, Tirthankar Chakraborty, Keith Oleson, Matthias Demuzere, Xiaoping Liu, Yangzi Che, Weilin Liao, Yuyu Zhou, and Xinchang Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-416, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-416, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Absence of globally consistent and spatially continuous urban surface properties have long prevented large-scale high-resolution urban climate modeling. We developed the U-Surf data, a 1km-resolution dataset that provides key urban surface properties worldwide. U-Surf enhances urban representation in models, enables city-to-city comparison, and supports kilometer-scale Earth system modeling. Its broader applications can be extended to machine learning and many other non-climatic practices.
Jingling Jiang, Hong Zhang, Ji Ge, Lijun Zuo, Lu Xu, Minyang Song, Yinhaibin Ding, Yazhe Xie, and Wenjiang Huang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-402, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-402, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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This study employs temporal SAR data and optical imagery to conduct rice extraction experiments in 34 African countries with annual rice planting areas exceeding 5,000 hectares, achieving 20-meter resolution spatial distribution mapping of rice in Africa for 2023. The average classification accuracy on the validation set exceeded 85 %, and the R² values for linear fitting with existing statistical data all surpassed 0.9, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed mapping method.
Xin Zhao, Kazuya Nishina, Haruka Izumisawa, Yuji Masutomi, Seima Osako, and Shuhei Yamamoto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3893–3911, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3893-2024, 2024
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Mapping a rice calendar in a spatially explicit manner with a consistent framework remains challenging at a global or continental scale. We successfully developed a new gridded rice calendar for monsoon Asia based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images, which characterize transplanting and harvesting dates and the number of rice croppings in a comprehensive framework. Our rice calendar will be beneficial for rice management, production prediction, and the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Yuehong Chen, Congcong Xu, Yong Ge, Xiaoxiang Zhang, and Ya'nan Zhou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3705–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3705-2024, 2024
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Population data is crucial for human–nature interactions. Gridded population data can address limitations of census data in irregular units. In China, rapid urbanization necessitates timely and accurate population grids. However, existing datasets for China are either outdated or lack recent census data. Hence, a novel approach was developed to disaggregate China’s seventh census data into 100 m population grids. The resulting dataset outperformed the existing LandScan and WorldPop datasets.
Michael MacFerrin, Christopher Amante, Kelly Carignan, Matthew Love, and Elliot Lim
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-250, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-250, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Here we present Earth TOPOgraphy (ETOPO) 2022, the latest iteration of NOAA’s global, seamless topographic-bathymetric dataset. ETOPO 2022 is a significant upgrade in resolution and accuracy from previous ETOPO releases, freely available in multiple data formats and resolutions for all uses (public or private), excepting navigation.
Shuchao Ye, Peiyu Cao, and Chaoqun Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3453–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3453-2024, 2024
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We reconstructed annual cropland density and crop type maps, including nine major crop types (corn, soybean, winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, cotton, sorghum, barley, and rice), from 1850 to 2021 at 1 km × 1 km resolution. We found that the US total crop acreage has increased by 118 × 106 ha (118 Mha), mainly driven by corn (30 Mha) and soybean (35 Mha). Additionally, the US cropping diversity experienced an increase in the 1850s–1960s, followed by a decline over the past 6 decades.
Fang Chen, Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Haiying Zhang, Ning Wang, Pengfei Ma, and Bo Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3369–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3369-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3369-2024, 2024
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Storage tanks are responsible for approximately 25 % of CH4 emissions in the atmosphere, exacerbating climate warming. Currently there is no publicly accessible storage tank inventory. We generated the first high-spatial-resolution (1–2 m) storage tank dataset (STD) over 92 typical cities in China in 2021, totaling 14 461 storage tanks with the construction year from 2000–2021. It shows significant agreement with CH4 emission spatially and temporally, promoting the CH4 control strategy proposal.
Xingyi Huang, Yuwei Yin, Luwei Feng, Xiaoye Tong, Xiaoxin Zhang, Jiangrong Li, and Feng Tian
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3307–3332, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3307-2024, 2024
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The Tibetan Plateau, with its diverse vegetation ranging from forests to alpine grasslands, plays a key role in understanding climate change impacts. Existing maps lack detail or miss unique ecosystems. Our research, using advanced satellite technology and machine learning, produced the map TP_LC10-2022. Comparisons with other maps revealed TP_LC10-2022's excellence in capturing local variations. Our map is significant for in-depth ecological studies.
Qinghang Mei, Zhao Zhang, Jichong Han, Jie Song, Jinwei Dong, Huaqing Wu, Jialu Xu, and Fulu Tao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3213–3231, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3213-2024, 2024
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In order to make up for the lack of long-term soybean planting area maps in China, we firstly generated a dataset of soybean planting area with a spatial resolution of 10 m for major producing areas in China from 2017 to 2021 (ChinaSoyArea10m). Compared with existing datasets, ChinaSoyArea10m has higher consistency with census data and further improvement in spatial details. The dataset can provide reliable support for subsequent studies on yield monitoring and food security.
Yavar Pourmohamad, John T. Abatzoglou, Erin J. Belval, Erica Fleishman, Karen Short, Matthew C. Reeves, Nicholas Nauslar, Philip E. Higuera, Eric Henderson, Sawyer Ball, Amir AghaKouchak, Jeffrey P. Prestemon, Julia Olszewski, and Mojtaba Sadegh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3045–3060, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3045-2024, 2024
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The FPA FOD-Attributes dataset provides > 300 biological, physical, social, and administrative attributes associated with > 2.3×106 wildfire incidents across the US from 1992 to 2020. The dataset can be used to (1) answer numerous questions about the covariates associated with human- and lightning-caused wildfires and (2) support descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive wildfire analytics, including the development of machine learning models.
Ewa Grabska-Szwagrzyk, Dirk Tiede, Martin Sudmanns, and Jacek Kozak
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2877–2891, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2877-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2877-2024, 2024
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We accurately mapped 16 dominant tree species and genera in Poland using Sentinel-2 observations from short periods in spring, summer, and autumn (2018–2021). The classification achieved more than 80% accuracy in country-wide forest species mapping, with variation based on species, region, and observation frequency. Freely accessible resources, including the forest tree species map and training and test data, can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10180469.
Charles E. Miller, Peter C. Griffith, Elizabeth Hoy, Naiara S. Pinto, Yunling Lou, Scott Hensley, Bruce D. Chapman, Jennifer Baltzer, Kazem Bakian-Dogaheh, W. Robert Bolton, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Richard H. Chen, Byung-Hun Choe, Leah K. Clayton, Thomas A. Douglas, Nancy French, Jean E. Holloway, Gang Hong, Lingcao Huang, Go Iwahana, Liza Jenkins, John S. Kimball, Tatiana Loboda, Michelle Mack, Philip Marsh, Roger J. Michaelides, Mahta Moghaddam, Andrew Parsekian, Kevin Schaefer, Paul R. Siqueira, Debjani Singh, Alireza Tabatabaeenejad, Merritt Turetsky, Ridha Touzi, Elizabeth Wig, Cathy J. Wilson, Paul Wilson, Stan D. Wullschleger, Yonghong Yi, Howard A. Zebker, Yu Zhang, Yuhuan Zhao, and Scott J. Goetz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2605–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2605-2024, 2024
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NASA’s Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) conducted airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) surveys of over 120 000 km2 in Alaska and northwestern Canada during 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022. This paper summarizes those results and provides links to details on ~ 80 individual flight lines. This paper is presented as a guide to enable interested readers to fully explore the ABoVE L- and P-band SAR data.
Ying Tu, Shengbiao Wu, Bin Chen, Qihao Weng, Yuqi Bai, Jun Yang, Le Yu, and Bing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2297–2316, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2297-2024, 2024
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We developed the first 30 m annual cropland dataset of China (CACD) for 1986–2021. The overall accuracy of CACD reached up to 0.93±0.01 and was superior to other products. Our fine-resolution cropland maps offer valuable information for diverse applications and decision-making processes in the future.
Lingcheng Li, Gautam Bisht, Dalei Hao, and L. Ruby Leung
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2007–2032, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2007-2024, 2024
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This study fills a gap to meet the emerging needs of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling by developing global 1 km land surface parameters for land use, vegetation, soil, and topography. Our demonstration simulations highlight the substantial impacts of these parameters on spatial variability and information loss in water and energy simulations. Using advanced explainable machine learning methods, we identified influential factors driving spatial variability and information loss.
Hui Li, Xiaobo Wang, Shaoqiang Wang, Jinyuan Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Zhenhai Liu, Shiliang Chen, Qinyi Wang, Tongtong Zhu, Lunche Wang, and Lizhe Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1689-2024, 2024
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Utilizing satellite remote sensing data, we established a multi-season rice calendar dataset named ChinaRiceCalendar. It exhibits strong alignment with field observations collected by agricultural meteorological stations across China. ChinaRiceCalendar stands as a reliable dataset for investigating and optimizing the spatiotemporal dynamics of rice phenology in China, particularly in the context of climate and land use changes.
Giulia Ronchetti, Luigi Nisini Scacchiafichi, Lorenzo Seguini, Iacopo Cerrani, and Marijn van der Velde
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1623–1649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1623-2024, 2024
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We present a dataset of EU-wide harmonized subnational crop area, production, and yield statistics with information on data sources, processing steps, missing and derived data, and quality checks. Statistical records (344 282) collected from 1975 to 2020 for soft and durum wheat, winter and spring barley, grain maize, sunflower, and sugar beet were aligned with the EUROSTAT crop legend and the 2016 territorial classification for 961 regions. Time series have a median length of 21 years.
Xiao Zhang, Tingting Zhao, Hong Xu, Wendi Liu, Jinqing Wang, Xidong Chen, and Liangyun Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1353–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1353-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1353-2024, 2024
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This work describes GLC_FCS30D, the first global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring dataset, which contains 35 land-cover subcategories and covers the period of 1985–2022 in 26 time steps (its maps are updated every 5 years before 2000 and annually after 2000).
Qiangqiang Sun, Ping Zhang, Xin Jiao, Xin Lin, Wenkai Duan, Su Ma, Qidi Pan, Lu Chen, Yongxiang Zhang, Shucheng You, Shunxi Liu, Jinmin Hao, Hong Li, and Danfeng Sun
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1333–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1333-2024, 2024
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To provide multifaceted changes under climate change and anthropogenic impacts, we estimated monthly vegetation and soil fractions in 2001–2022, providing an accurate estimate of surface heterogeneous composition, better than vegetation index and vegetation continuous-field products. We find a greening trend on Earth except for the tropics. A combination of interactive changes in vegetation and soil can be adopted as a valuable measurement of climate change and anthropogenic impacts.
Kai Cheng, Yuling Chen, Tianyu Xiang, Haitao Yang, Weiyan Liu, Yu Ren, Hongcan Guan, Tianyu Hu, Qin Ma, and Qinghua Guo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 803–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-803-2024, 2024
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To quantify forest carbon stock and its future potential accurately, we generated a 30 m resolution forest age map for China in 2020 using multisource remote sensing datasets based on machine learning and time series analysis approaches. Validation with independent field samples indicated that the mapped forest age had an R2 of 0.51--0.63. Nationally, the average forest age is 56.1 years (standard deviation of 32.7 years).
Wolfgang Alexander Obermeier, Clemens Schwingshackl, Ana Bastos, Giulia Conchedda, Thomas Gasser, Giacomo Grassi, Richard A. Houghton, Francesco Nicola Tubiello, Stephen Sitch, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 605–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024, 2024
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We provide and compare country-level estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes from a variety and large number of models, bottom-up estimates, and country reports for the period 1950–2021. Although net fluxes are small in many countries, they are often composed of large compensating emissions and removals. In many countries, the estimates agree well once their individual characteristics are accounted for, but in other countries, including some of the largest emitters, substantial uncertainties exist.
Cameron I. Ludemann, Nathan Wanner, Pauline Chivenge, Achim Dobermann, Rasmus Einarsson, Patricio Grassini, Armelle Gruere, Kevin Jackson, Luis Lassaletta, Federico Maggi, Griffiths Obli-Laryea, Martin K. van Ittersum, Srishti Vishwakarma, Xin Zhang, and Francesco N. Tubiello
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 525–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024, 2024
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Nutrient budgets help identify the excess or insufficient use of fertilizers and other nutrient sources in agriculture. They allow the calculation of indicators, such as the nutrient balance (surplus or deficit) and nutrient use efficiency, that help to monitor agricultural productivity and sustainability. This article describes a global cropland nutrient budget that provides data on 205 countries and territories from 1961 to 2020 (data available at https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/ESB).
Yuanwei Qin, Xiangming Xiao, Hao Tang, Ralph Dubayah, Russell Doughty, Diyou Liu, Fang Liu, Yosio Shimabukuro, Egidio Arai, Xinxin Wang, and Berrien Moore III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 321–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-321-2024, 2024
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Forest definition has two major biophysical parameters, i.e., canopy height and canopy coverage. However, few studies have assessed forest cover maps in terms of these two parameters at a large scale. Here, we assessed the annual forest cover maps in the Brazilian Amazon using 1.1 million footprints of canopy height and canopy coverage. Over 93 % of our forest cover maps are consistent with the FAO forest definition, showing the high accuracy of these forest cover maps in the Brazilian Amazon.
Xiangan Liang, Qiang Liu, Jie Wang, Shuang Chen, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 177–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-177-2024, 2024
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The state-of-the-art MODIS surface reflectance products suffer from temporal and spatial gaps, which make it difficult to characterize the continuous variation of the terrestrial surface. We proposed a framework for generating the first global 500 m daily seamless data cubes (SDC500), covering the period from 2000 to 2022. We believe that the SDC500 dataset can interest other researchers who study land cover mapping, quantitative remote sensing, and ecological science.
Rémy Ballot, Nicolas Guilpart, and Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5651–5666, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5651-2023, 2023
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Assessing the benefits of crop diversification – a key element of agroecological transition – on a large scale requires a description of current crop sequences as a baseline, which is lacking at the scale of Europe. To fill this gap, we used a dataset that provides temporally and spatially incomplete land cover information to create a map of dominant crop sequence types for Europe over 2012–2018. This map is a useful baseline for assessing the benefits of future crop diversification.
Kristof Van Tricht, Jeroen Degerickx, Sven Gilliams, Daniele Zanaga, Marjorie Battude, Alex Grosu, Joost Brombacher, Myroslava Lesiv, Juan Carlos Laso Bayas, Santosh Karanam, Steffen Fritz, Inbal Becker-Reshef, Belén Franch, Bertran Mollà-Bononad, Hendrik Boogaard, Arun Kumar Pratihast, Benjamin Koetz, and Zoltan Szantoi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5491–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5491-2023, 2023
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WorldCereal is a global mapping system that addresses food security challenges. It provides seasonal updates on crop areas and irrigation practices, enabling informed decision-making for sustainable agriculture. Our global products offer insights into temporary crop extent, seasonal crop type maps, and seasonal irrigation patterns. WorldCereal is an open-source tool that utilizes space-based technologies, revolutionizing global agricultural mapping.
Francesco N. Tubiello, Giulia Conchedda, Leon Casse, Pengyu Hao, Giorgia De Santis, and Zhongxin Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4997–5015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4997-2023, 2023
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We describe a new dataset of cropland area circa the year 2020, with global coverage and country detail. Data are generated from geospatial information on the agreement characteristics of six high-resolution cropland maps. By helping to highlight features of cropland characteristics and underlying causes for agreement across land cover products, the dataset can be used as a tool to help guide future mapping efforts towards improved agricultural monitoring.
Martin Schwartz, Philippe Ciais, Aurélien De Truchis, Jérôme Chave, Catherine Ottlé, Cedric Vega, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Manuel Nicolas, Sami Jouaber, Siyu Liu, Martin Brandt, and Ibrahim Fayad
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4927–4945, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4927-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4927-2023, 2023
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As forests play a key role in climate-related issues, their accurate monitoring is critical to reduce global carbon emissions effectively. Based on open-access remote-sensing sensors, and artificial intelligence methods, we created high-resolution tree height, wood volume, and biomass maps of metropolitan France that outperform previous products. This study, based on freely available data, provides essential information to support climate-efficient forest management policies at a low cost.
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Short summary
Most existing global urban products with future projections were developed in urban and non-urban categories, which ignores the gradual change of urban development at the local scale. Using annual global urban extent data from 1985 to 2015, we forecasted global urban fractional changes under eight scenarios throughout 2100. The developed dataset can provide spatially explicit information on urban fractions at 1 km resolution, which helps support various urban studies (e.g., urban heat island).
Most existing global urban products with future projections were developed in urban and...
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