Articles | Volume 16, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1317-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1317-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
GPS displacement dataset for the study of elastic surface mass variations
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Donald F. Argus
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Felix W. Landerer
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
David N. Wiese
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Matthias Ellmer
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Inès N. Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Charles Amory, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Martin Horwath, Ian Joughin, Michalea D. King, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony J. Payne, Eric Rignot, Ted Scambos, Karen M. Simon, Benjamin E. Smith, Louise S. Sørensen, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Alejandro Blazquez, William Colgan, Marcus E. Engdahl, Xavier Fettweis, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallée, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian C. Gunter, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Christoph Kittel, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Chia-Chun Liang, Bryant D. Loomis, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian H. Mernild, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Mark E. Pattle, William R. Peltier, Nadege Pie, Mònica Roca, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu V. Save, Ki-Weon Seo, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst J. O. Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler C. Sutterley, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Jan Melchior van Wessem, David Wiese, Wouter van der Wal, and Bert Wouters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By measuring changes in the volume, gravitational attraction, and ice flow of Greenland and Antarctica from space, we can monitor their mass gain and loss over time. Here, we present a new record of the Earth’s polar ice sheet mass balance produced by aggregating 50 satellite-based estimates of ice sheet mass change. This new assessment shows that the ice sheets have lost (7.5 x 1012) t of ice between 1992 and 2020, contributing 21 mm to sea level rise.
Karina von Schuckmann, Audrey Minière, Flora Gues, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Gottfried Kirchengast, Susheel Adusumilli, Fiammetta Straneo, Michaël Ablain, Richard P. Allan, Paul M. Barker, Hugo Beltrami, Alejandro Blazquez, Tim Boyer, Lijing Cheng, John Church, Damien Desbruyeres, Han Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Donata Giglio, John E. Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Maria Z. Hakuba, Stefan Hendricks, Shigeki Hosoda, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Anton Korosov, Gerhard Krinner, Mikael Kuusela, Felix W. Landerer, Moritz Langer, Thomas Lavergne, Isobel Lawrence, Yuehua Li, John Lyman, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Andrew H. MacDougall, Trevor McDougall, Didier Paolo Monselesan, Jan Nitzbon, Inès Otosaka, Jian Peng, Sarah Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Kanako Sato, Katsunari Sato, Abhishek Savita, Axel Schweiger, Andrew Shepherd, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Leon Simons, Donald A. Slater, Thomas Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Toshio Suga, Tanguy Szekely, Wim Thiery, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Inne Vanderkelen, Susan E. Wjiffels, Tonghua Wu, and Michael Zemp
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Cited articles
Akaike, H.: A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE T. Automat. Contr., 19, 716–723, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705, 1974.
Altamimi, Z., Rebischung, P., Métivier, L., and Collilieux, X.: ITRF2014: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 6109–6131, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013098, 2016.
Amiri‐Simkooei, A. R.: On the nature of GPS draconitic year periodic pattern in multivariate position time series, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 2500–2511, 2013.
Amiri-Simkooei, A. R., Mohammadloo, T. H., and Argus, D. F: Multivariate analysis of GPS position timeseries of JPL second reprocessing campaign, J. Geodesy, 91, 685–704, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-016-0991-9, 2017.
Argus, D. F. and Peltier, W. R.: Constraining models of postglacial rebound using space geodesy: a detailed assessment of model ICE-5G (VM2) and its relatives, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 697–723, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04562.x, 2010.
Argus, D. F., Gordon, R. G., Heflin, M. B., Ma, C., Eanes, R. J., Willis, P., Peltier, W. R., and Owen, S. E.: The angular velocities of the plates and the velocity of Earth's centre from space geodesy, Geophys. J. Int., 180, 913–960, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04463.x, 2010.
Argus, D. F., Fu, Y., and Landerer, F. W.: Seasonal variation in total water storage in California inferred from GPS observations of vertical land motion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1971–1980, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059570, 2014a.
Argus, D. F., Peltier, W. R., Drummond, R., and Moore, A. W.: The Antarctica component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based on GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative sea level histories, Geophys. J. Int., 198, 537–563, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu140, 2014b.
Argus, D. F., Landerer, F. W., Wiese, D. N., Martens, H. R., Fu, Y., Famiglietti, J. S., Thomas, B. F., Farr, T. G., Moore, A. W., and Watkins, M. M.: Sustained water loss in California's mountain ranges during severe drought from 2012 to 2015 inferred from GPS, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 10–559, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014424, 2017.
Argus, D. F., Peltier, W. R., Blewitt, G., and Kreemer, C.: The Viscosity of the Top Third of the Lower Mantle Estimated Using GPS, GRACE, and Relative Sea Level Measurements of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 126, 2020JB021537, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021537, 2021.
Argus, D. F., Martens, H. R., Borsa, A. A., Knappe, E., Wiese, D. N., Alam, S., Anderson, M., Khatiwada, A., Lau, N., Peidou, A., and Swarr, M.: Subsurface water flux in California's Central Valley and its source watershed from space geodesy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099583, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099583, 2022.
Beaudoing, H. and Rodell, M.: GLDAS Noah Land Surface Model L4 monthly 0.25 x 0.25 degree V2.1, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/SXAVCZFAQLNO, 2020.
Becker, J. M. and Bevis, M.: Love's problem, Geophys. J. Int., 156, 171–178, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02150.x, 2004.
Bertiger, W., Bar-Sever, Y., Dorsey, A., Haines, B., Harvey, N., Hemberger, D., Heflin, M., Lu, W., Miller, M., Moore, A. W., and Murphy, D.: GipsyX/RTGx, a new tool set for space geodetic operations and research, Adv. Space Res., 66, 469–489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.04.015, 2020.
Bevis, M. and Brown, A.: Trajectory models and reference frames for crustal motion geodesy, J. Geodesy, 88, 283–311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-013-0685-5, 2014.
Blewitt, G., Lavallée, D., Clarke, P., and Nurutdinov, K.: A new global mode of Earth deformation: Seasonal cycle detected, Science, 294, 2342–2345, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065328, 2001.
Blewitt, G., Hammond, W. C., and Kreemer, C.: Harnessing the GPS data explosion for interdisciplinary science, Eos, 99, p. 485, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO104623, 2018.
Boehm, J., Werl, B., and Schuh, H.: Troposphere mapping functions for GPS and very long baseline interferometry from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational analysis data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B02406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003629, 2006.
Bos, M. S., Fernandes, R. M. S., Williams, S. D. P., and Bastos, L.: Fast error analysis of continuous GPS observations, J. Geodesy, 82, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0165-x, 2008.
Bos, M. S., Fernandes, R. M. S., Williams, S. D. P., and Bastos, L.: Fast error analysis of continuous GPS observations with missing data, J. Geodesy, 87, 351–360, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0605-0, 2013.
Chew, C. C. and Small, E. E.: Terrestrial water storage response to the 2012 drought estimated from GPS vertical position anomalies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6145–6151, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061206, 2014.
Crowell, B. W., Bock, Y., and Liu, Z.: Single-station automated detection of transient deformation in GPS timeseries with the relative strength index: A case study of Cascadian slow slip, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 9077–9094, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013542, 2016.
Davis, J. L., Elósegui, P., Mitrovica, J. X., and Tamisiea, M. E.: Climate-driven deformation of the solid Earth from GRACE and GPS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021435, 2004.
Dill, R. and Dobslaw, H.: Numerical simulations of global-scale high resolution hydrological crustal deformations, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 5008–5017, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50353, 2013.
Dobslaw, H., Bergmann-Wolf, I., Dill, R., Poropat, L., Thomas, M., Dahle, C., Esselborn, S., König, R., and Flechtner, F.: A new high-resolution model of non-tidal atmosphere and ocean mass variability for de-aliasing of satellite gravity observations: AOD1B RL06, Geophys. J. Int., 211, 263–269, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx302, 2017.
Dong, D., Fang, P., Bock, Y., Webb, F., Prawirodirdjo, L., Kedar, S., and Jamason, P.: Spatiotemporal filtering using principal component analysis and Karhunen-Loeve expansion approaches for regional GPS network analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B03405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003806, 2006.
Frederikse, T., Landerer, F., Caron, L., Adhikari, S., Parkes, D., Humphrey, V. W., Dangendorf, S., Hogarth, P., Zanna, L., Cheng, L., and Wu, Y. H.: The causes of sea-level rise since 1900, Nature, 584, 393–397, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3, 2020.
Fu, Y. and Freymueller, J. T.: Seasonal and long-term vertical deformation in the Nepal Himalaya constrained by GPS and GRACE measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, B03407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008925, 2012.
Fukumori, I., Wang, O., Llovel, W., Fenty, I., and Forget, G.: A near-uniform fluctuation of ocean bottom pressure and sea level across the deep ocean basins of the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 134, 152–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.013, 2015.
Gaspar, P. and Wunsch, C.: Estimates from altimeter data of barotropic Rossby waves in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1821–1844, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485, 1989.
Haines, B., Bar-Sever, Y., Bertiger, W., Desai, S., and Willis, P.: One-centimeter orbit determination for Jason-1: new GPS-based strategies, Mar. Geod., 27, 299–318, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03321179, 2004.
Hammond, W. C., Blewitt, G., and Kreemer, C.: GPS Imaging of vertical land motion in California and Nevada: Implications for Sierra Nevada uplift, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 7681–7703, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013458, 2016.
He, X., Bos, M. S., Montillet, J. P., and Fernandes, R. M. S.: Investigation of the noise properties at low frequencies in long GPS timeseries, J. Geodesy, 93, 1271–1282, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01244-y, 2019.
Ji, K. H. and Herring, T. A.: A method for detecting transient signals in GPS position timeseries: smoothing and principal component analysis, Geophys. J. Int., 193, 171–186, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt003, 2013.
Jiang, W., Li, Z., van Dam, T., and Ding, W.: Comparative analysis of different environmental loading methods and their impacts on the GPS height timeseries, J. Geodesy, 87, 687–703, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-013-0642-3, 2013.
Klos, A., Bogusz, J., Figurski, M., and Kosek, W.: Uncertainties of geodetic velocities from permanent GPS observations: the Sudeten case study, Acta Geodyn. Geomater., 11, p. 175, https://doi.org/10.13168/AGG.2014.0005, 2014.
Klos, A., Kusche, J., Fenoglio-Marc, L., Bos, M. S., and Bogusz, J.: Introducing a vertical land displacement model for improving estimates of sea level rates derived from tide gauge records affected by earthquakes, GPS Solut., 23, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0896-1, 2019.
Klos, A., Dobslaw, H., Dill, R., and Bogusz, J.: Identifying the sensitivity of GPS to non-tidal loadings at various time resolutions: examining vertical displacements from continental Eurasia, GPS Solut., 25, 89, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01135-w, 2021.
Klos, A., Kusche, J., Leszczuk, G., Gerdener, H., Schulze, K., Lenczuk, A., and Bogusz, J.: Introducing the Idea of Classifying Sets of Permanent GNSS Stations as Benchmarks for Hydrogeodesy, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 128, e2023JB026988, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB026988, 2023.
Kreemer, C. and Blewitt, G.: Robust estimation of spatially varying common-mode components in GPS timeseries, J. Geodesy, 95, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01466-5, 2021.
Kumar, U., Chao, B. F., and Chang, E. T.: What causes the common-mode error in array GPS displacement fields: Case study for Taiwan in relation to atmospheric mass loading, Earth Space Sci., 7, e2020EA001159, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001159, 2020.
Landerer, F. W., Flechtner, F. M., Save, H., Webb, F. H., Bandikova, T., Bertiger, W. I., Bettadpur, S. V., Byun, S. H., Dahle, C., Dobslaw, H., and Fahnestock, E.: Extending the global mass change data record: GRACE Follow-On instrument and science data performance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088306, 2020.
Li, S., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., and Dosso, S. E.: Geodetically inferred locking state of the Cascadia megathrust based on a viscoelastic Earth model, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 8056–8072, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015620, 2018.
Liu, B., Dai, W., Peng, W., and Meng, X.: Spatiotemporal analysis of GPS timeseries in vertical direction using independent component analysis. Earth, Planet. Space, 67, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-015-0357-1, 2015.
Loomis, B. D., Rachlin, K. E., and Luthcke, S. B.: Improved Earth oblateness rate reveals increased ice sheet losses and mass-driven sea level rise, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6910–6917, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082929, 2019.
Luzum, B. and Petit, G.: The IERS Conventions: Reference systems and new models, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 10, 227–228, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921314005535, 2012.
Martens, H. R., Argus, D. F., Norberg, C., Blewitt, G., Herring, T. A., Moore, A. W., Hammond, W. C., and Kreemer, C.: Atmospheric pressure loading in GPS positions: Dependency on GPS processing methods and effect on assessment of seasonal deformation in the contiguous USA and Alaska, J. Geodyn., 94, 115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01445-w, 2020.
Michel, A., Santamaría-Gómez, A., Boy, J. P., Perosanz, F., and Loyer, S.: Analysis of GPS Displacements in Europe and Their Comparison with Hydrological Loading Models, Remote Sens., 13, 4523, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224523, 2021.
Milliner, C., Materna, K., Bürgmann, R., Fu, Y., Moore, A. W., Bekaert, D., Adhikari, S., and Argus, D. F.: Tracking the weight of Hurricane Harvey's stormwater using GPS data, Sci. Adv., 4, eaau2477, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2477, 2018.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL): GRACE-FO Monthly Geopotential Spherical Harmonics JPL Release 6.0, JPL [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/GFL20-MJ060, 2019.
Pail, R., Bingham, R., Braitenberg, C., Dobslaw, H., Eicker, A., Güntner, A., Horwath, M., Ivins, E., Longuevergne, L., Panet, I., and Wouters, B.: Science and user needs for observing global mass transport to understand global change and to benefit society, Surv. Geophys., 36, 743–772, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-015-9348-9, 2015.
Peidou, A., Argus, D., Ellmer, M., Landerer, F., and Wiese, D.: A novel GPS displacement dataset for study of elastic surface mass variations, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8184285, 2023.
Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F., and Drummond, R.: Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 450–487, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011176, 2015.
Peltier, W. R., Argus, D. F., and Drummond, R.: Comment on the paper by Purcell et al., 2016 entitled An assessment of ICE-6G_C (VM5a) glacial isostatic adjustment model (2018), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 2019–2028, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013844, 2018.
Ray, J., Altamimi, Z., Collilieux, X., and van Dam, T.: Anomalous harmonics in the spectra of GPS position estimates, GPS Solut., 12, 55–64, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-007-0067-7, 2008.
Reager, J. T., Thomas, B. F., and Famiglietti, J. S.: River basin flood potential inferred using GRACE gravity observations at several months lead time, Nat. Geosci., 7, 588–592, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2203, 2014.
Rodell, M., Houser, P. R., Jambor, U. E. A., Gottschalck, J., Mitchell, K., Meng, C. J., Arsenault, K., Cosgrove, B., Radakovich, J., Bosilovich, M., and Entin, J. K.: The global land data assimilation system, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 381–394, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-3-381, 2004.
Rodriguez-Solano, C.J., Hugentobler, U., Steigenberger, P., Bloßfeld, M. and Fritsche, M.: Reducing the draconitic errors in GPS geodetic products, J. Geodesy, 88, 559–574, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-014-0704-1, 2014.
Santamaria-Gomez, A., Gravelle, M., Collilieux, X., Guichard, M., Míguez, B. M., Tiphaneau, P., and Wöppelmann, G.: Mitigating the effects of vertical land displacement in tide gauge records using a state-of-the-art GPS velocity field, Global Planet. Change, 98, 6–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.07.007, 2012.
Scanlon, B. R., Zhang, Z., Save, H., Sun, A. Y., Müller Schmied, H., Van Beek, L. P., Wiese, D. N., Wada, Y., Long, D., Reedy, R. C., and Longuevergne, L.: Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, E1080–E1089, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704665115, 2018.
Schwarz, G.: Estimating the dimension of a model, Ann. Stat., 6, 461–464, https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136, 1978.
Serpelloni, E., Faccenna, C., Spada, G., Dong, D., and Williams, S. D.: Vertical GPS ground motion rates in the Euro-Mediterranean region: New evidence of velocity gradients at different spatial scales along the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 6003–6024, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010102, 2013.
Simmons, A., Uppala, S., Dee, D., and Kobayashi, S.: ERA-Interim: New ECMWF reanalysis products from 1989 onwards, ECMWF Newsletter, 110, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.21957/pocnex23c6, 2007.
Sun, Y., Riva, R., and Ditmar, P.: Optimizing estimates of annual variations and trends in geocenter motion and J2 from a combination of GRACE data and geophysical models, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 8352–8370, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013073, 2016.
Tapley, B. D., Watkins, M. M., Flechtner, F., Reigber, C., Bettadpur, S., Rodell, M., Sasgen, I., Famiglietti, J. S., Landerer, F. W., Chambers, D. P., and Reager, J. T.: Contributions of GRACE to understanding climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 358–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0456-2, 2019.
Thomas, A. C., Reager, J. T., Famiglietti, J. S., and Rodell, M.: A GRACE-based water storage deficit approach for hydrological drought characterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1537–1545, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059323, 2014.
Tian, Y. and Shen, Z. K.: Extracting the regional common-mode component of GPS station position timeseries from dense continuous network, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 1080–1096, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012253, 2016.
Tregoning, P., Watson, C., Ramillien, G., McQueen, H., and Zhang, J.: Detecting hydrologic deformation using GRACE and GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038718, 2009.
Tsai, V. C.: A model for seasonal changes in GPS positions and seismic wave speeds due to thermoelastic and hydrologic variations, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 116, B04404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB008156, 2011.
Van Dam, T., Wahr, J., Milly, P. C. D., Shmakin, A. B., Blewitt, G., Lavallée, D., and Larson, K. M.: Crustal displacements due to continental water loading, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 651–654, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012120, 2001.
van Dam, T., Wahr, J., and Lavallée, D.: A comparison of annual vertical crustal displacements from GPS and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) over Europe, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 112, B03404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004335, 2007.
Velicogna, I., Mohajerani, Y., Landerer, F., Mouginot, J., Noel, B., Rignot, E., Sutterley, T., van den Broeke, M., van Wessem, M., and Wiese, D.: Continuity of ice sheet mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087291, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087291, 2020.
Wahr, J., Molenaar, M., and Bryan, F.: Time variability of the Earth's gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 103, 30205–30229, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02844, 1998.
Wang, H., Xiang, L., Jia, L., Jiang, L., Wang, Z., Hu, B., and Gao, P.: Load Love numbers and Green's functions for elastic Earth models PREM, iasp91, ak135, and modified models with refined crustal structure from Crust 2.0, Comput. Geosci., 49, 190–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.022, 2012.
Watkins, M. M., Wiese, D. N., Yuan, D. N., Boening, C., and Landerer, F. W.: Improved methods for observing Earth's time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 2648–2671, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011547, 2015.
Wdowinski, S., Bock, Y., Zhang, J., Fang, P., and Genrich, J.: Southern California permanent GPS geodetic array: Spatial filtering of daily positions for estimating coseismic and postseismic displacements induced by the 1992 Landers earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 18057–18070, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01378, 1997.
Wessel, P., Luis, J. F., Uieda, L., Scharroo, R., Wobbe, F., Smith, W. H., and Tian, D.: The generic mapping tools version 6, Geochem. Geophys. Geosy., 20, 5556–5564, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008515, 2019.
Wiese, D. N., Landerer, F. W., and Watkins, M. M.: Quantifying and reducing leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution, Water Resour. Res., 52, 7490–7502, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019344, 2016.
Wiese, D. N., Bienstock, B., Blackwood, C., Chrone, J., Loomis, B. D., Sauber, J., Rodell, M., Baize, R., Bearden, D., Case, K., and Horner, S.: The mass change designated observable study: overview and results, Earth Space Sci., 9, e2022EA002311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002311, 2022.
Williams, S. D.: CATS: GPS coordinate timeseries analysis software, GPS Solut., 12, 147–153, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-007-0086-4, 2008.
Williams, S. D., Bock, Y., Fang, P., Jamason, P., Nikolaidis, R. M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Miller, M., and Johnson, D. J.: Error analysis of continuous GPS position timeseries, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 109, B03412, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002741, 2004.
Yin, G., Forman, B. A., Loomis, B. D., and Luthcke, S. B.: Comparison of Vertical Surface Deformation Estimates Derived From Space-Based Gravimetry, Ground-Based GPS, and Model-Based Hydrologic Loading Over Snow-Dominated Watersheds in the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 125, e2020JB01943, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019432, 2020.
Short summary
This study recommends a framework for preparing and processing vertical land displacements derived from GPS positioning for future integration with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-Follow On (GRACE-FO) measurements. We derive GPS estimates that only reflect surface mass signals and evaluate them against GRACE (and GRACE-FO). We also quantify uncertainty of GPS vertical land displacement estimates using various uncertainty quantification methods.
This study recommends a framework for preparing and processing vertical land displacements...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint