Articles | Volume 13, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4407-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4407-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
08 Sep 2021
Data description paper |
| 08 Sep 2021
| 08 Sep 2021
Recovery of the first ever multi-year lidar dataset of the stratospheric aerosol layer, from Lexington, MA, and Fairbanks, AK, January 1964 to July 1965
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Group of Atmospheric Optics (GOA-UVa), Universidad de Valladolid,
47011, Valladolid, Spain
Graham W. Mann
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS-Climate), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
John Barnes
NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Albeht Rodríguez-Vega
Grupo de Óptica Atmosférica de Camagüey, Centro
Meteorológico de Camagüey, INSMET, Camagüey, Cuba
Sarah Shallcross
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Sandip S. Dhomse
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leeds,
Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Giorgio Fiocco
Department of Geology and Geophysics and Research, Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
deceased
Gerald W. Grams
Department of Geology and Geophysics and Research, Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
deceased
Related authors
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, John Barnes, Abel Calle, Sandip S. Dhomse, Victoria E. Cachorro-Revilla, Terry Deshler, Li Zhengyao, Nimmi Sharma, and Louis Elterman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-272, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles observations from a searchlight at New Mexico, US, were rescued and re-calibrated. Spanning between December 1963 and 1964, they measured the volcanic aerosols from the 1963 Agung eruption. Contemporary and state of the art information were used in the re-calibration. A unique and until the present forgotten/ignored dataset, it contributes current observational and modelling research on the impact of major volcanic eruptions on climate.
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, Philippe Keckhut, Sergey Avdyushin, Bruno Nardi, and Larry W. Thomason
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2843–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report the recovery of lidar measurements of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Two Soviet ships crossing the tropical Atlantic in July–September 1991 and January–February 1992 measured the vertical profile of the Pinatubo cloud at different points in its spatio-temporal evolution. The datasets provide valuable new information on the eruption's impacts on climate, with the SAGE-II satellite measurements not able to measure most of the lower half of the Pinatubo cloud in the tropics in this period.
Sandip S. Dhomse, Graham W. Mann, Juan Carlos Antuña Marrero, Sarah E. Shallcross, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Lauren Marshall, N. Luke Abraham, and Colin E. Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627–13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We confirm downward adjustment of SO2 emission to simulate the Pinatubo aerosol cloud with aerosol microphysics models. Similar adjustment is also needed to simulate the El Chichón and Agung volcanic cloud, indicating potential missing removal or vertical redistribution process in models. Important inhomogeneities in the CMIP6 forcing datasets after Agung and El Chichón eruptions are difficult to reconcile. Quasi-biennial oscillation plays an important role in modifying stratospheric warming.
Ilaria Quaglia, Daniele Visioni, Ewa M. Bednarz, Yunqian Zhu, Georgiy Stenchikov, Valentina Aquila, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Graham W. Mann, Yifeng Peng, Takashi Sekiya, Simone Tilmes, Xinyue Wang, Shingo Watanabe, Pengfei Yu, Jun Zhang, and Wandi Yu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3769, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3769, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
On January 15, 2022, the Hunga volcano eruption released unprecedented amounts of water vapor into the atmosphere alongside a modest amount of SO2. In this work we analyse results from multiple Earth system models. The models agree that the eruption led to small negative radiative forcing from sulfate aerosols and that the contribution from water vapor was minimal. Therefore, the Hunga eruption cannot explain the exceptional surface warming observed in 2023.
Yunqian Zhu, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Valentina Aquila, Elizabeth Asher, Ewa M. Bednarz, Slimane Bekki, Christoph Brühl, Amy H. Butler, Parker Case, Simon Chabrillat, Gabriel Chiodo, Margot Clyne, Peter R. Colarco, Sandip Dhomse, Lola Falletti, Eric Fleming, Ben Johnson, Andrin Jörimann, Mahesh Kovilakam, Gerbrand Koren, Ales Kuchar, Nicolas Lebas, Qing Liang, Cheng-Cheng Liu, Graham Mann, Michael Manyin, Marion Marchand, Olaf Morgenstern, Paul Newman, Luke D. Oman, Freja F. Østerstrøm, Yifeng Peng, David Plummer, Ilaria Quaglia, William Randel, Samuel Rémy, Takashi Sekiya, Stephen Steenrod, Timofei Sukhodolov, Simone Tilmes, Kostas Tsigaridis, Rei Ueyama, Daniele Visioni, Xinyue Wang, Shingo Watanabe, Yousuke Yamashita, Pengfei Yu, Wandi Yu, Jun Zhang, and Zhihong Zhuo
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 5487–5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5487-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-5487-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the climate impact of the 2022 Hunga volcanic eruption, we developed a climate model–observation comparison project. The paper describes the protocols and models that participate in the experiments. We designed several experiments to achieve our goals of this activity: (1) to evaluate the climate model performance and (2) to understand the Earth system responses to this eruption.
Andrin Jörimann, Timofei Sukhodolov, Beiping Luo, Gabriel Chiodo, Graham Mann, and Thomas Peter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-145, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-145, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol particles in the stratosphere affect our climate. Climate models therefore need an accurate description of their properties and evolution. Satellites measure how strongly aerosol particles extinguish light passing through the stratosphere. We describe a method to use such aerosol extinction data to retrieve the number and sizes of the aerosol particles and calculate their optical effects. The resulting data sets for models are validated against ground-based and balloon observations.
Richard J. Pope, Fiona M. O'Connor, Mohit Dalvi, Brian J. Kerridge, Richard Siddans, Barry G. Latter, Brice Barret, Eric Le Flochmoen, Anne Boynard, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Wuhu Feng, Matilda A. Pimlott, Sandip S. Dhomse, Christian Retscher, Catherine Wespes, and Richard Rigby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9177–9195, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a potent air pollutant in the lower troposphere, with adverse impacts on human health. Satellite records of tropospheric ozone currently show large-scale inconsistencies in long-term trends. Our detailed study of the potential factors (e.g. satellite errors, where the satellite can observe ozone) potentially driving these inconsistencies found that, in North America, Europe, and East Asia, the underlying trends are typically small with large uncertainties.
Jean-Paul Vernier, Thomas J. Aubry, Claudia Timmreck, Anja Schmidt, Lieven Clarisse, Fred Prata, Nicolas Theys, Andrew T. Prata, Graham Mann, Hyundeok Choi, Simon Carn, Richard Rigby, Susan C. Loughlin, and John A. Stevenson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5765–5782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2019 Raikoke eruption (Kamchatka, Russia) generated one of the largest emissions of particles and gases into the stratosphere since the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative, an international effort, provided a platform for the community to share information about this eruption and assess its climate impact. The eruption led to a minor global surface cooling of 0.02 °C in 2020 which is negligible relative to warming induced by human greenhouse gas emissions.
Christina V. Brodowsky, Timofei Sukhodolov, Gabriel Chiodo, Valentina Aquila, Slimane Bekki, Sandip S. Dhomse, Michael Höpfner, Anton Laakso, Graham W. Mann, Ulrike Niemeier, Giovanni Pitari, Ilaria Quaglia, Eugene Rozanov, Anja Schmidt, Takashi Sekiya, Simone Tilmes, Claudia Timmreck, Sandro Vattioni, Daniele Visioni, Pengfei Yu, Yunqian Zhu, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5513–5548, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol layer is an essential part of the climate system. We characterize the sulfur budget in a volcanically quiescent (background) setting, with a special focus on the sulfate aerosol layer using, for the first time, a multi-model approach. The aim is to identify weak points in the representation of the atmospheric sulfur budget in an intercomparison of nine state-of-the-art coupled global circulation models.
Richard J. Pope, Alexandru Rap, Matilda A. Pimlott, Brice Barret, Eric Le Flochmoen, Brian J. Kerridge, Richard Siddans, Barry G. Latter, Lucy J. Ventress, Anne Boynard, Christian Retscher, Wuhu Feng, Richard Rigby, Sandip S. Dhomse, Catherine Wespes, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3613–3626, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an important short-lived climate forcer which influences the incoming solar short-wave radiation and the outgoing long-wave radiation in the atmosphere (8–15 km) where the balance between the two yields a net positive (i.e. warming) effect at the surface. Overall, we find that the tropospheric ozone radiative effect ranges between 1.21 and 1.26 W m−2 with a negligible trend (2008–2017), suggesting that tropospheric ozone influences on climate have remained stable with time.
Ailish M. Graham, Richard J. Pope, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sandip S. Dhomse, Matilda Pimlott, Wuhu Feng, Vikas Singh, Ying Chen, Oliver Wild, Ranjeet Sokhi, and Gufran Beig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 789–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-789-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-789-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our paper uses novel satellite datasets and high-resolution emissions datasets alongside a back-trajectory model to investigate the balance of local and external sources influencing NOx air pollution changes in Delhi. We find in the post-monsoon season that NOx from local and non-local transport emissions contributes most to poor air quality in Delhi. Therefore, air quality mitigation strategies in Delhi and surrounding regions are used to control this issue.
Richard J. Pope, Brian J. Kerridge, Richard Siddans, Barry G. Latter, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Wuhu Feng, Matilda A. Pimlott, Sandip S. Dhomse, Christian Retscher, and Richard Rigby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14933–14947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14933-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14933-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a potent air pollutant, and we present the first study to investigate long-term changes in lower tropospheric column ozone (LTCO3) from space. We have constructed a merged LTCO3 dataset from GOME-1, SCIAMACHY and OMI between 1996 and 2017. Comparing LTCO3 between the 1996–2000 and 2013–2017 5-year averages, we find significant positive increases in the tropics/sub-tropics, while in the northern mid-latitudes, we find small-scale differences.
Sandip S. Dhomse and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5105–5120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5105-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5105-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
There are no long-term stratospheric profile data sets for two very important greenhouse gases: methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Along with radiative feedback, these species play an important role in controlling ozone loss in the stratosphere. Here, we use machine learning to fuse satellite measurements with a chemical model to construct long-term gap-free profile data sets for CH4 and N2O. We aim to construct similar data sets for other important trace gases (e.g. O3, Cly, NOy species).
Yajuan Li, Sandip S. Dhomse, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Wuhu Feng, Jianchun Bian, Yuan Xia, and Dong Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13029–13047, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time a regularized multivariate regression model is used to estimate stratospheric ozone trends. Regularized regression avoids the over-fitting issue due to correlation among explanatory variables. We demonstrate that there are considerable differences in satellite-based and chemical-model-based ozone trends, highlighting large uncertainties in our understanding about ozone variability. We argue that caution is needed when interpreting results with different methods and datasets.
Alexander D. James, Finn Pace, Sebastien N. F. Sikora, Graham W. Mann, John M. C. Plane, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2215–2233, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2215-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2215-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we examine whether several materials of meteoric origin can nucleate crystallisation in stratospheric cloud droplets which would affect ozone depletion. We find that material which could fragment on atmospheric entry without melting is unlikely to be present in high enough concentration in the stratosphere to contribute to observed crystalline clouds. Material which ablates completely then forms a new solid known as meteoric smoke can provide enough nucleation to explain observed clouds.
Ilaria Quaglia, Claudia Timmreck, Ulrike Niemeier, Daniele Visioni, Giovanni Pitari, Christina Brodowsky, Christoph Brühl, Sandip S. Dhomse, Henning Franke, Anton Laakso, Graham W. Mann, Eugene Rozanov, and Timofei Sukhodolov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 921–948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The last very large explosive volcanic eruption we have measurements for is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. It is therefore often used as a benchmark for climate models' ability to reproduce these kinds of events. Here, we compare available measurements with the results from multiple experiments conducted with climate models interactively simulating the aerosol cloud formation.
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, John Barnes, Abel Calle, Sandip S. Dhomse, Victoria E. Cachorro-Revilla, Terry Deshler, Li Zhengyao, Nimmi Sharma, and Louis Elterman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-272, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol extinction profiles observations from a searchlight at New Mexico, US, were rescued and re-calibrated. Spanning between December 1963 and 1964, they measured the volcanic aerosols from the 1963 Agung eruption. Contemporary and state of the art information were used in the re-calibration. A unique and until the present forgotten/ignored dataset, it contributes current observational and modelling research on the impact of major volcanic eruptions on climate.
Yajuan Li, Sandip S. Dhomse, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Wuhu Feng, Andreas Chrysanthou, Yuan Xia, and Dong Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10635–10656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Chemical transport models forced with (re)analysis meteorological fields are ideally suited for interpreting the influence of important physical processes on the ozone variability. We use TOMCAT forced by ECMWF ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data sets to investigate the effects of reanalysis forcing fields on ozone changes. Our results show that models forced by ERA5 reanalyses may not yet be capable of reproducing observed changes in stratospheric ozone, particularly in the lower stratosphere.
Davide Zanchettin, Claudia Timmreck, Myriam Khodri, Anja Schmidt, Matthew Toohey, Manabu Abe, Slimane Bekki, Jason Cole, Shih-Wei Fang, Wuhu Feng, Gabriele Hegerl, Ben Johnson, Nicolas Lebas, Allegra N. LeGrande, Graham W. Mann, Lauren Marshall, Landon Rieger, Alan Robock, Sara Rubinetti, Kostas Tsigaridis, and Helen Weierbach
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2265–2292, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2265-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2265-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides metadata and first analyses of the volc-pinatubo-full experiment of CMIP6-VolMIP. Results from six Earth system models reveal significant differences in radiative flux anomalies that trace back to different implementations of volcanic forcing. Surface responses are in contrast overall consistent across models, reflecting the large spread due to internal variability. A second phase of VolMIP shall consider both aspects toward improved protocol for volc-pinatubo-full.
Sandip S. Dhomse, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Wuhu Feng, Ryan Hossaini, Graham W. Mann, Michelle L. Santee, and Mark Weber
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Solar flux variations associated with 11-year sunspot cycle is believed to exert important external climate forcing. As largest variations occur at shorter wavelengths such as ultra-violet part of the solar spectrum, associated changes in stratospheric ozone are thought to provide direct evidence for solar climate interaction. Until now, most of the studies reported double-peak structured solar cycle signal (SCS), but relatively new satellite data suggest only single-peak-structured SCS.
Sandip S. Dhomse, Carlo Arosio, Wuhu Feng, Alexei Rozanov, Mark Weber, and Martyn P. Chipperfield
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5711–5729, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5711-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5711-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-quality long-term ozone profile data sets are key to estimating short- and long-term ozone variability. Almost all the satellite (and chemical model) data sets show some kind of bias with respect to each other. This is because of differences in measurement methodologies as well as simplified processes in the models. We use satellite data sets and chemical model output to generate 42 years of ozone profile data sets using a random-forest machine-learning algorithm that is named ML-TOMCAT.
Akash Biswal, Vikas Singh, Shweta Singh, Amit P. Kesarkar, Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sandip S. Dhomse, Richard J. Pope, Tanbir Singh, and Suman Mor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5235–5251, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5235-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5235-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite and surface observations show a reduction in NO2 levels over India during the lockdown compared to business-as-usual years. A substantial reduction, proportional to the population, was observed over the urban areas. The changes in NO2 levels at the surface during the lockdown appear to be present in the satellite observations. However, TROPOMI showed a better correlation with surface NO2 and was more sensitive to the changes than OMI because of the finer resolution.
Margot Clyne, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Michael J. Mills, Myriam Khodri, William Ball, Slimane Bekki, Sandip S. Dhomse, Nicolas Lebas, Graham Mann, Lauren Marshall, Ulrike Niemeier, Virginie Poulain, Alan Robock, Eugene Rozanov, Anja Schmidt, Andrea Stenke, Timofei Sukhodolov, Claudia Timmreck, Matthew Toohey, Fiona Tummon, Davide Zanchettin, Yunqian Zhu, and Owen B. Toon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3317–3343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study finds how and why five state-of-the-art global climate models with interactive stratospheric aerosols differ when simulating the aftermath of large volcanic injections as part of the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP). We identify and explain the consequences of significant disparities in the underlying physics and chemistry currently in some of the models, which are problems likely not unique to the models participating in this study.
Jane P. Mulcahy, Colin Johnson, Colin G. Jones, Adam C. Povey, Catherine E. Scott, Alistair Sellar, Steven T. Turnock, Matthew T. Woodhouse, Nathan Luke Abraham, Martin B. Andrews, Nicolas Bellouin, Jo Browse, Ken S. Carslaw, Mohit Dalvi, Gerd A. Folberth, Matthew Glover, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Catherine Hardacre, Richard Hill, Ben Johnson, Andy Jones, Zak Kipling, Graham Mann, James Mollard, Fiona M. O'Connor, Julien Palmiéri, Carly Reddington, Steven T. Rumbold, Mark Richardson, Nick A. J. Schutgens, Philip Stier, Marc Stringer, Yongming Tang, Jeremy Walton, Stephanie Woodward, and Andrew Yool
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6383–6423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6383-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6383-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols are an important component of the Earth system. Here, we comprehensively document and evaluate the aerosol schemes as implemented in the physical and Earth system models, HadGEM3-GC3.1 and UKESM1. This study provides a useful characterisation of the aerosol climatology in both models, facilitating the understanding of the numerous aerosol–climate interaction studies that will be conducted for CMIP6 and beyond.
Juan-Carlos Antuña-Marrero, Graham W. Mann, Philippe Keckhut, Sergey Avdyushin, Bruno Nardi, and Larry W. Thomason
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2843–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We report the recovery of lidar measurements of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Two Soviet ships crossing the tropical Atlantic in July–September 1991 and January–February 1992 measured the vertical profile of the Pinatubo cloud at different points in its spatio-temporal evolution. The datasets provide valuable new information on the eruption's impacts on climate, with the SAGE-II satellite measurements not able to measure most of the lower half of the Pinatubo cloud in the tropics in this period.
Sandip S. Dhomse, Graham W. Mann, Juan Carlos Antuña Marrero, Sarah E. Shallcross, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Lauren Marshall, N. Luke Abraham, and Colin E. Johnson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627–13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We confirm downward adjustment of SO2 emission to simulate the Pinatubo aerosol cloud with aerosol microphysics models. Similar adjustment is also needed to simulate the El Chichón and Agung volcanic cloud, indicating potential missing removal or vertical redistribution process in models. Important inhomogeneities in the CMIP6 forcing datasets after Agung and El Chichón eruptions are difficult to reconcile. Quasi-biennial oscillation plays an important role in modifying stratospheric warming.
Cited articles
Ammann, C. M., Meehl, G., Washington, W. M., and Zender, C. S.: A monthly and
latitudinally varying volcanic forcing dataset in simulations of 20th
century climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1657,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016875, 2003.
Antuña-Marrero, J.-C., Mann, G. W., Barnes, J., Rodríguez-Vega, A.,
Shallcross, S., Dhomse, S., Fiocco, G., and Grams, G. W.: The first ever
multi-year lidar dataset of the stratospheric aerosol layer, from Lexington,
MA, and Fairbanks, AK, January 1964 to July 1965, Pangaea,
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.922105, 2020a.
Antuña-Marrero, J.-C., Mann, G. W., Keckhut, P., Avdyushin, S., Nardi, B., and Thomason, L. W.: Shipborne lidar measurements showing the progression of the tropical reservoir of volcanic aerosol after the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2843–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2843-2020, 2020b.
Arfeuille, F., Weisenstein, D., Mack, H., Rozanov, E., Peter, T., and Brönnimann, S.: Volcanic forcing for climate modeling: a new microphysics-based data set covering years 1600–present, Clim. Past, 10, 359–375, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-359-2014, 2014.
Brewer, A. W.: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements
of helium and water vapour in the stratosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 75, 351–363, 1949.
Clemesha, B. R., Kent, G. S., and Wright, R. W. H.: Laser probing of the
lower atmosphere, Nature, 209, 184–185, 1966.
Clemesha, B. R.: Comments on a Paper by A. I. Dyer, Anisotropic Diffusion
Coefficients and the Global Spread of Volcanic Dust, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 755–756, 1971.
Collins, R. T. H. and Russell, P. B.: Lidar measurement of particles and
gases by elastic backscattering and differential absorption, chapt. 4, in: Laser
Monitoring of the Atmosphere, edited by: Hinkley, E. D., Springer-Verlag,
1976.
Cronin, J. F.: Recent Volcanism and the Stratosphere, Science, 172, 847–849, 1971.
Decker, R. W.: Investigations at active volcanoes, T. Am. Geophys. Union, 48, 639–647, 1967.
Deshler, T.: A review of global stratospheric aerosol: Measurements,
importance, life cycle and local stratospheric aerosol, Atmos. Res., 90, 223–232, 2008.
Deirmendjian, D.: Note on Laser Detection of Atmospheric Dust Layers, J. Geophys. Res., 70,
743–745, 1965.
Deirmendjian, D.: Global Turbidity Studies. I. Volcanic Dust Effects – A
Critical Survey, Rand Corp., Report R-886-ARPA, 74 pp.,
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/736686.pdf (last access: 19 May 2020), 1971
Dhomse, S. S., Mann, G. W., Antuña Marrero, J. C., Shallcross, S. E., Chipperfield, M. P., Carslaw, K. S., Marshall, L., Abraham, N. L., and Johnson, C. E.: Evaluating the simulated radiative forcings, aerosol properties, and stratospheric warmings from the 1963 Mt Agung, 1982 El Chichón, and 1991 Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosol clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13627–13654, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13627-2020, 2020.
Dhomse, S. S., Feng, W., Rap, A., Carslaw, K. S., Bellouin, N., and Mann, G. W.: “SMURPHS/ACSIS Agung volcanic forcing dataset (mapped to UM wavebands) – from HErSEA ensemble of interactive strat-aerosol GA4 UM-UKCA runs (Dhomse
et al., 2020, ACP)” (Version v1) [Data set], Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4744687, 2021.
Dobson, G. M. B.: Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the
atmosphere, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 236, 187–193, 1956.
Driscoll, S., Bozzo, A., Gray, L. J., Robock, A., and Stenchikov, G.: Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) simulations of climate following
volcanic eruptions, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D17105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017607, 2012.
Dyer, A. J. and Hicks, B. B.: Global spread of volcanic dust from the Bali
eruption of 1963, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 545–554,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440209, 1968.
Dyer, A. J.: Anisotropic diffusion coefficients and the global spread of
volcanic dust, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 3007–3012, 1970.
Dyer, A. J.: Volcanic dust in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 2898–2898, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC076i012p02898, 1971a.
Dyer, A. J.: Reply [to “Comments on a paper by A. J. Dyer, ‘Anisotropic diffusion coefficients and the global spread of volcanic dust’”], J. Geophys. Res., 76, 757–757, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC076i003p00757, 1971b.
Dyer, A. J.: The effect of volcanic eruptions on global turbidity and an
attempt to detect long-term trends due to man, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 563–571, 1974.
Elterman, L.: Atmospheric attenuation model, in the ultraviolet,
visible, and infrared regions for altitudes to 50 km, Report AFCRL-64-740,
AFCRL, 1964.
Elterman, L. and Campbell, A. B.: Atmospheric aerosol observations with
searchlight probing, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 457–458, 1964.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Fiocco, G. and Smullin, L.: Detection of scattering layers in the upper
atmosphere (60–140 km) by optical radar, Nature, 199, 1275–1276,
https://doi.org/10.1038/1991275a0, 1963.
Fiocco, G. and Colombo, G.: Optical radar results and meteoric
fragmentation, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 1795–1803,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ069i009p01795, 1964.
Fiocco, G., and Grams, G.: Observations of the aerosol layer at 20 km by
optical radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 323–324,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0323:OOTALA>2.0.CO;2, 1964.
Fiocco, G.: Sensing of Meteorological Variables by Laser Probe, Semi-annual
report, 1 February–31 July 1966, NASA-Grant-22-009-131, CR-77909, 1966a.
Fiocco, G.: Laser Probing of the Atmosphere, Semi-annual status report,
March 1966, NASA-Grant-10-007-028, CR-74730, 1966b.
Global Volcanism Program: Vestmannaeyjar (372010) in Volcanoes of the
World, v. 4.9.0 (4 June 2020), edited by: Venzke, E., Smithsonian Institution,
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013, 2013a.
Global Volcanism Program: Trident (312160) in Volcanoes of the World,
v. 4.9.0 (4 June 2020), edited by: Venzke, E., Smithsonian Institution,
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013, 2013b.
Grams, G.: Optical radar studies of stratospheric aerosols, PhD Thesis, 121 pp., available at: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/13502/25776466-MIT.pdf (last access: 9 June 2020),
1966.
Grams, G. and Fiocco, G.: Stratospheric aerosol layer during 1964 and 1965,
J. Geophys. Res., 72, 3523–3542, 1967.
Grant, W. B., Browell, E. V., Long, C. S., Stowe, L. L., Grainger, R. G., and
Lambert, A.: Use of volcanic aerosols to study the tropical stratospheric
reservoir, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3973–3988, 1996.
Hansen, J. E., Wang, W.-C., and Lacis, A. A.: Mount Agung eruption provides
test of global climatic perturbation, Science, 199, 1065–1068, 1978.
Hering, W. S. and Borden Jr., T. R.: Ozonesonde Observations over North
America, 4, Environmental Research Papers, No. 279, Air Force Cambridge
Research Laboratories, Report AFCRL-64-30(IV), 1967.
Hostetler, C. A., Liu, Z., Regan, J., Vaughan, M., Winker, D., Osborn, M.,
Hunt, W. H., Powell, K. A., and Trepte, C.: CALIOP Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD): Calibration and level 1 data products, Doc. PC-SCI-201, NASA Langley Res. Cent., Hampton, Va., available at:
https://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/resources/pdfs/PC-SCI-201v1.0.pdf (last access: 19 June 2020), 2006.
Husar, R. B., Holloway, J. M., Patterson, D. E., and Wilson, W. E.: Spatial and temporal pattern of eastern U.S. haziness: A summary, Atmos. Environ., 15, 1919–1928, 1981.
Jäger, H. and Deshler, T.: Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass and
area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude
balloon-borne size distribution measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1929, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015609, 2002.
Jäger, H. and Deshler, T.: Correction to “Lidar backscatter to extinction, mass and area conversions for stratospheric aerosols based on midlatitude balloonborne size distribution measurements”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1382, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017189, 2003.
Klett, J. D.: Stable Analytical Inversion Solution for Processing Lidar
Returns, Appl. Opt., 20, 211–220, 1981.
Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios,
Appl. Opt. 24, 1638–1643, 1985.
Kovalev, V. A.: Solutions in lidar profiling of the atmosphere, John Wiley
& Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 544 pp., ISBN 978-1-118-96328-9, 2015.
Luo, B.: Stratospheric aerosol data for use in CMIP6 models – data
description, available at: ftp://iacftp.ethz.ch/pub_read/luo/CMIP6/Readme_Data_Description.pdf (last access: 24 June 2020), 2016.
Machta, L. and List, R.: Analysis of stratospheric Strontium measurements,
J. Geophys. Res., 64, 1267–1276, 1959.
McCormick, M. P. and Veiga, R. E.: SAGE II measurements of early Pinatubo
aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 155–158, 1992.
Niemeier, U., Timmreck, C., and Krüger, K.: Revisiting the Agung 1963 volcanic forcing – impact of one or two eruptions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10379–10390, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10379-2019, 2019.
Orphal, J., Staehelin, J., Tamminen, J., Braathen, G., De Backer, M.-R., Bais, A., Balis, D., Barbe, A., Bhartia,P. K., Birk, M., Burkholder, J. B., Chance, K., von Clarmann, T., Cox, A., Degenstein, D., Evans, R., Flaud, J.-M., Flittner, D., Godin-Beekmann, S., Gorshelev, V., Gratien, A., Hare, E., Janssen, C., Kyrölä, E., McElroy, T., McPeters, R., Pastel, M., Petersen, M., Petropavlovskikh, I., Picquet-Varrault, B., Pitts, M., Labow, G., Rotger-Languereau, M., Leblanc, T., Lerot, C., Liu, X., Moussay, P., Redondas, A., Van Roozendael, M., Sander, S. P., Schneider, M., Serdyuchenko, A., Veefkind, P., Viallon, J., Viatte, C., Wagner, G., Weber, M., Wielgosz, R. I., and Zehner, C.: Absorption cross-sections of ozone in the ultraviolet
and visible spectral regions: Status report 2015, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 327, 105–121, 2016.
Robock, A.: Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 191–219,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998RG000054, 2000.
Rosen, J. M.: The Vertical Distribution of Dust to 30 km, J. Geophys. Res.,
69, 4673–4767, 1964.
Rosen, J. M.: Simultaneous Dust and Ozone Soundings over North and Central
America, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 479–486, 1968.
Russell, P. B., Swissler, T. J., and McCormick, M. P.: Methodology for error
analysis and simulation of lidar aerosol measurements, App. Opt., 18, 3783–3797, 1979.
Sato, M., Hansen, J. E., McCormick, M. P., and Pollack, J. B.: Stratospheric
aerosol optical depths, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22987,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD02553, 1993.
Smullin, L. D. and Fiocco, G.: Optical Echoes from the Moon, Nature, 194, 1267, https://doi.org/10.1038/1941267a0, 1962.
SSiRC: Activity – Data Rescue, available at:
http://www.sparc-ssirc.org/data/datarescueactivity.html, last access: 19 May 2020.
Stothers, R. B.: Major optical depth perturbations to the stratosphere from
volcanic eruptions: Stellar extinction period, 1961–1978, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106,
2993–3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900652, 2001.
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., and Meehl, G. A.: An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 485–498,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1, 2012.
Thomason, L. W.: Observations of a new SAGE-II aerosol extinction mode
following the eruption of Mt Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19,
2179–2182, 1992.
Thomason, L. W., Ernest, N., Millán, L., Rieger, L., Bourassa, A., Vernier, J.-P., Manney, G., Luo, B., Arfeuille, F., and Peter, T.: A global space-based stratospheric aerosol climatology: 1979–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 469–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-469-2018, 2018.
Thorarinsson, S.: Surtsey: island born of fire, Nat. Geogr. Mag., 127, 713–726, 1965.
Timmreck, C., Mann, G. W., Aquila, V., Hommel, R., Lee, L. A., Schmidt, A., Brühl, C., Carn, S., Chin, M., Dhomse, S. S., Diehl, T., English, J. M., Mills, M. J., Neely, R., Sheng, J., Toohey, M., and Weisenstein, D.: The Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Model Intercomparison Project (ISA-MIP): motivation and experimental design, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2581–2608, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2581-2018, 2018.
Volz, F. E.: On Dust in the tropical and midlatitude stratosphere from
recent twilight measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 1641–1646, 1970.
Waymouth Jr., J. F., Grams, G. W., and Fiocco, G.: Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, RLE Progress Report, No. 081, 4 pp.,
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55440 (last access: 5 July 2020), 1966.
Went, F. W.: Organic matter in the atmosphere, and its possible relation to
petroleum formation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 46, 212–221,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.46.2.212, 1960.
Zanchettin, D., Khodri, M., Timmreck, C., Toohey, M., Schmidt, A., Gerber, E. P., Hegerl, G., Robock, A., Pausata, F. S. R., Ball, W. T., Bauer, S. E., Bekki, S., Dhomse, S. S., LeGrande, A. N., Mann, G. W., Marshall, L., Mills, M., Marchand, M., Niemeier, U., Poulain, V., Rozanov, E., Rubino, A., Stenke, A., Tsigaridis, K., and Tummon, F.: The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP): experimental design and forcing input data for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2701–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2701-2016, 2016.
Short summary
The first multi-year stratospheric aerosol lidar dataset was recovered and recalibrated. The vertical profile dataset, January 1964 to August 1965 at Lexington, MA, and July to August 1964 at Fairbanks, AK, provides info on volcanic forcing after the 1963 Agung eruption. Applying two-way transmittance correction to the original dataset reveals data variations, with corrected stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD) highest in 1965 with the highest 532 nm sAOD peak at 0.07 in March 1965.
The first multi-year stratospheric aerosol lidar dataset was recovered and recalibrated. The...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint