Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2297-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2297-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
06 May 2024
Data description paper |
| 06 May 2024
| 06 May 2024
A 30 m annual cropland dataset of China from 1986 to 2021
Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China
Shengbiao Wu
Future Urbanity & Sustainable Environment (FUSE) Lab, Division of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Future Urbanity & Sustainable Environment (FUSE) Lab, Division of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Urban Systems Institute and Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
HKU Musketeers Foundation Institute of Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Qihao Weng
Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
Yuqi Bai
Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Jun Yang
Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Bing Xu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Department of Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Zhenrong Du, Le Yu, Yue Zhao, Xinyue Li, Xiaoxuan Liu, Xiyu Li, Pengyu Hao, Zhongxin Chen, Xiaorui Ma, and Hongyu Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-175, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-175, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We created the first global maps showing where livestocks have been raised each year from 1961 to 2021. These maps help to see how livestock numbers and locations have changed over time. Using global statistics and satellite data, we built a model to estimate animal numbers at a high resolution (5 km). This work supports better decisions in food security, disease control, and environmental protection around the world.
Zihang Lou, Dailiang Peng, Zhou Shi, Hongyan Wang, Yaqiong Zhang, Xue Yan, Zhongxing Chen, Su Ye, Le Yu, Jinkang Hu, Yulong Lv, Hao Peng, Yizhou Zhang, and Bing Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-133, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-133, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study created the first detailed annual maps of Africa's cropland extent from 2000 to 2022 in 30 m resolution to support global efforts against hunger and sustainable farming. Our findings show Africa's cropland grew by 8.5 % over two decade, while 11.5 % of cropland was abandoned by 2018 – revealing hidden challenges in agricultural sustainability. These yearly, field-sized maps help governments track where farming grows or shrinks, plan food supplies, and protect vital cropland.
Jinhui Zheng, Le Yu, Zhenrong Du, and Liujun Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4010, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrates the extreme weather index and deep learning algorithms with the World Food Studies Simulation Model (WOFOST), proposing the WOFOST-EW model. WOFOST-EW significantly improves the simulation of winter wheat growth under extreme weather conditions, providing more accurate predictions of phenology and yield. As extreme weather events become more frequent, WOFOST-EW provides a key tool for agricultural development.
Binbin Li, Huan Xie, Shijie Liu, Zhen Ye, Zhonghua Hong, Qihao Weng, Yuan Sun, Qi Xu, and Xiaohua Tong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 205–220, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-205-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-205-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We refined the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) with Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite 2 data to release a new dataset (IC2-GDEM). It has superior global elevation quality to ASTER GDEM. Its seamless integration with historical ASTER GDEM datasets is essential for longitudinal environmental studies. As a complementary data source to other GDEMs, it enables more reliable and comprehensive scientific discoveries.
Xiyu Li, Le Yu, Zhenrong Du, and Xiaoxuan Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-233, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-233, 2024
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to update detailed maps showing where different crops are grown over time, focusing on Africa, China, and the USA. Using various data sources and machine learning, we produced accurate maps at a 10 km resolution covering up to 42 crop types from 1961 to 2022. Our work bridges statistical data and satellite imagery, helping researchers and policymakers to address global agricultural challenges in food security and environmental impacts.
Xiaoxuan Liu, Peng Zhu, Shu Liu, Le Yu, Yong Wang, Zhenrong Du, Dailiang Peng, Ece Aksoy, Hui Lu, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 817–828, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-817-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-817-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An increase of 28 % in cropland expansion since 10 000 BCE has led to a 1.2 % enhancement in the global cropping potential, with varying efficiencies across regions. The continuous expansion has altered the support for population growth and has had impacts on climate and biodiversity, highlighting the effects of climate change. It also points out the limitations of previous studies.
Jiabo Yin, Louise J. Slater, Abdou Khouakhi, Le Yu, Pan Liu, Fupeng Li, Yadu Pokhrel, and Pierre Gentine
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5597–5615, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents long-term (i.e., 1940–2022) and high-resolution (i.e., 0.25°) monthly time series of TWS anomalies over the global land surface. The reconstruction is achieved by using a set of machine learning models with a large number of predictors, including climatic and hydrological variables, land use/land cover data, and vegetation indicators (e.g., leaf area index). Our proposed GTWS-MLrec performs overall as well as, or is more reliable than, previous TWS datasets.
Xueqin Yang, Xiuzhi Chen, Jiashun Ren, Wenping Yuan, Liyang Liu, Juxiu Liu, Dexiang Chen, Yihua Xiao, Qinghai Song, Yanjun Du, Shengbiao Wu, Lei Fan, Xiaoai Dai, Yunpeng Wang, and Yongxian Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2601–2622, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the first time-mapped, continental-scale gridded dataset of monthly leaf area index (LAI) in three leaf age cohorts (i.e., young, mature, and old) from 2001–2018 data (referred to as Lad-LAI). The seasonality of three LAI cohorts from the new Lad-LAI product agrees well at eight sites with very fine-scale collections of monthly LAI. The proposed satellite-based approaches can provide references for mapping finer spatiotemporal-resolution LAI products with different leaf age cohorts.
Shijun Zheng, Dailiang Peng, Bing Zhang, Yuhao Pan, Le Yu, Yan Wang, Xuxiang Feng, and Changyong Dou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1110, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study observed the marked interannual differences in the vegetation response to the trend towards a warmer and wetter climate in northwest China. And found that the influence of precipitation to vegetation has gradually become stronger from 1982 to 2019 in northwest China, whereas which of temperature has gradually become weaker.
Fan Wang, Gregory R. Carmichael, Jing Wang, Bin Chen, Bo Huang, Yuguo Li, Yuanjian Yang, and Meng Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13341–13353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Unprecedented urbanization in China has led to serious urban heat island (UHI) issues, exerting intense heat stress on urban residents. We find diverse influences of aerosol pollution on urban heat island intensity (UHII) under different circulations. Our results also highlight the role of black carbon in aggravating UHI, especially during nighttime. It could thus be targeted for cooperative management of heat islands and aerosol pollution.
Bowen Cao, Le Yu, Xuecao Li, Min Chen, Xia Li, Pengyu Hao, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5403–5421, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the study, the first 1 km global cropland proportion dataset for 10 000 BCE–2100 CE was produced through the harmonization and downscaling framework. The mapping result coincides well with widely used datasets at present. With improved spatial resolution, our maps can better capture the cropland distribution details and spatial heterogeneity. The dataset will be valuable for long-term simulations and precise analyses. The framework can be extended to specific regions or other land use types.
Yidi Xu, Philippe Ciais, Le Yu, Wei Li, Xiuzhi Chen, Haicheng Zhang, Chao Yue, Kasturi Kanniah, Arthur P. Cracknell, and Peng Gong
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4573–4592, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we implemented the specific morphology, phenology and harvest process of oil palm in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE-MICT. The improved model generally reproduces the same leaf area index, biomass density and life cycle fruit yield as observations. This explicit representation of oil palm in a global land surface model offers a useful tool for understanding the ecological processes of oil palm growth and assessing the environmental impacts of oil palm plantations.
Bowen Cao, Le Yu, Victoria Naipal, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Yuanyuan Zhao, Wei Wei, Die Chen, Zhuang Liu, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2437–2456, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the first 30 m resolution terrace map of China was developed through supervised pixel-based classification using multisource, multi-temporal data based on the Google Earth Engine platform. The classification performed well with an overall accuracy of 94 %. The terrace mapping algorithm can be used to map large-scale terraces in other regions globally, and the terrace map will be valuable for studies on soil erosion, carbon cycle, and ecosystem service assessments.
Han Liu, Peng Gong, Jie Wang, Nicholas Clinton, Yuqi Bai, and Shunlin Liang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1217–1243, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We built the first set of 5 km resolution CDRs to record the annual dynamics of global land cover (GLASS-GLC) from 1982 to 2015. The average overall accuracy is 82 %. By conducting long-term change analysis, significant land cover changes and spatiotemporal patterns at various scales were found, which can improve our understanding of global environmental change and help achieve sustainable development goals. This will be further applied in Earth system modeling to facilitate relevant studies.
Jian Zhou, Jianyang Xia, Ning Wei, Yufu Liu, Chenyu Bian, Yuqi Bai, and Yiqi Luo
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-76, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The increase of model complexity and data volume challenges the evaluation of Earth system models (ESMs), which mainly stems from the untraceable, unautomatic, and high computational costs. Here, we built up an online Traceability analysis system for Model Evaluation (TraceME), which is traceable, automatic and shareable. The TraceME (v1.0) can trace the structural uncertainty of simulated carbon (C) storage in ESMs and provide some new implications for the next generation of model evaluation.
Yidi Xu, Le Yu, Wei Li, Philippe Ciais, Yuqi Cheng, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 847–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The first annual oil palm area dataset (AOPD) for Malaysia and Indonesia from 2001 to 2016 was produced by integrating multiple satellite datasets and a change-detection algorithm (BFAST). This dataset reveals that oil palm plantations have expanded from 5.69 to 19.05 M ha in the two countries during the past 16 years. The AOPD is useful in understanding the deforestation process in Southeast Asia and may serve as land-use change inputs in dynamic global vegetation models.
Ziyue Chen, Danlu Chen, Mei-Po Kwan, Bin Chen, Bingbo Gao, Yan Zhuang, Ruiyuan Li, and Bing Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13519–13533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13519-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13519-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We employed Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filtering and WRF-CMAQ to quantify the relative contribution of meteorological variations and emission reduction to PM2.5 reduction in Beijing from 2013 to 2017, which is crucial to evaluate the Five-year Clean Air Action Plan. Both models suggested that despite favourable meteorological conditions, the control of anthropogenic emissions accounted for around 80 % of PM2.5 reduction in Beijing. Therefore, such a long-term clean air plan should be continued.
Ziyue Chen, Danlu Chen, Wei Wen, Yan Zhuang, Mei-Po Kwan, Bin Chen, Bo Zhao, Lin Yang, Bingbo Gao, Ruiyuan Li, and Bing Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6879–6891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6879-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6879-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This research is the first attempt to comprehensively evaluate the recent
2+26strategy for air quality improvement in Beijing. We additionally considered two corresponding pollution episodes with different emission-reduction strategies to comprehensively understand the effects of
2+26strategy. The findings suggested that red alerts be employed in heavy pollution episodes to intentionally reduce vehicle exhaust, which has become the dominant source for high PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing.
Ziyue Chen, Xiaoming Xie, Jun Cai, Danlu Chen, Bingbo Gao, Bin He, Nianliang Cheng, and Bing Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5343–5358, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5343-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5343-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
With an advanced causality analysis method CCM, we quantified the influence of individual meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentrations and revealed notable spatial and temporal variations of meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations across China. Temperature, humidity and wind exert the strongest influences on PM2.5 concentrations in most cities across China. Given the notable spatial variations, meteorological means for reducing PM2.5 concentrations should be designed accordingly.
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Land | Subject: Land Cover and Land Use
Revised and updated geospatial monitoring of 21st century forest carbon fluxes
ChatEarthNet: a global-scale image–text dataset empowering vision–language geo-foundation models
Aboveground biomass dataset from SMOS L-band vegetation optical depth and reference maps
GMIE: a global maximum irrigation extent and central pivot irrigation system dataset derived via irrigation performance during drought stress and deep learning methods
Annual vegetation maps in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) from 2000 to 2022 based on MODIS series satellite imagery
Time series of Landsat-based bimonthly and annual spectral indices for continental Europe for 2000–2022
EARice10: a 10 m resolution annual rice distribution map of East Asia for 2023
A Sentinel-2 machine learning dataset for tree species classification in Germany
High-resolution mapping of global winter-triticeae crops using a sample-free identification method
A flux tower site attribute dataset intended for land surface modeling
An annual 30 m cultivated pasture dataset of the Tibetan Plateau from 1988 to 2021
Advances in LUCAS Copernicus 2022: enhancing Earth observations with comprehensive in situ data on EU land cover and use
CCD-Rice: A long-term paddy rice distribution dataset in China at 30 m resolution
Global 30 m seamless data cube (2000–2022) of land surface reflectance generated from Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 and MODIS Terra constellations
Mapping rangeland health indicators in eastern Africa from 2000 to 2022
3D-GloBFP: the first global three-dimensional building footprint dataset
Enhancing high-resolution forest stand mean height mapping in China through an individual tree-based approach with close-range lidar data
Annual high-resolution grazing-intensity maps on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2020
Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021
A 28-time-point cropland area change dataset in Northeast China from 1000 to 2020
Mapping sugarcane globally at 10 m resolution using Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) and Sentinel-2
GloUCP: A global 1 km spatially continuous urban canopy parameters for the WRF model
The GIEMS-MethaneCentric database: a dynamic and comprehensive global product of methane-emitting aquatic areas
Annual maps of forest and evergreen forest in the contiguous United States during 2015–2017 from analyses of PALSAR-2 and Landsat images
U-Surf: A Global 1 km spatially continuous urban surface property dataset for kilometer-scale urban-resolving Earth system modeling
20 m Africa Rice Distribution Map of 2023
Monsoon Asia Rice Calendar (MARC): a gridded rice calendar in monsoon Asia based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images
A 100 m gridded population dataset of China's seventh census using ensemble learning and big geospatial data
Global agricultural lands in the year 2015
The Earth Topography 2022 (ETOPO 2022) Global DEM dataset
Annual time-series 1 km maps of crop area and types in the conterminous US (CropAT-US): cropping diversity changes during 1850–2021
Retrieval of dominant methane (CH4) emission sources, the first high-resolution (1–2 m) dataset of storage tanks of China in 2000–2021
A 10 m resolution land cover map of the Tibetan Plateau with detailed vegetation types
ChinaSoyArea10m: a dataset of soybean-planting areas with a spatial resolution of 10 m across China from 2017 to 2021
Physical, social, and biological attributes for improved understanding and prediction of wildfires: FPA FOD-Attributes dataset
Map of forest tree species for Poland based on Sentinel-2 data
The ABoVE L-band and P-band airborne synthetic aperture radar surveys
Global 1 km land surface parameters for kilometer-scale Earth system modeling
ChinaRiceCalendar – seasonal crop calendars for early-, middle-, and late-season rice in China
Harmonized European Union subnational crop statistics can reveal climate impacts and crop cultivation shifts
GLC_FCS30D: the first global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring product with a fine classification system for the period from 1985 to 2022 generated using dense-time-series Landsat imagery and the continuous change-detection method
A global estimate of monthly vegetation and soil fractions from spatiotemporally adaptive spectral mixture analysis during 2001–2022
A 2020 forest age map for China with 30 m resolution
Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry
A global FAOSTAT reference database of cropland nutrient budgets and nutrient use efficiency (1961–2020): nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Annual maps of forest cover in the Brazilian Amazon from analyses of PALSAR and MODIS images
Global 500 m seamless dataset (2000–2022) of land surface reflectance generated from MODIS products
The first map of crop sequence types in Europe over 2012–2018
WorldCereal: a dynamic open-source system for global-scale, seasonal, and reproducible crop and irrigation mapping
A new cropland area database by country circa 2020
David A. Gibbs, Melissa Rose, Giacomo Grassi, Joana Melo, Simone Rossi, Viola Heinrich, and Nancy L. Harris
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1217–1243, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1217-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1217-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Updated global maps of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sequestration by forests from 2001 onwards using satellite-derived data show that forests are strong net carbon sinks, capturing about as much CO2 each year on average as the USA emitted from fossil fuels in 2019. After reclassifying fluxes to countries’ reporting categories for national GHG inventories, we found that roughly two-thirds of the net CO2 flux from forests is anthropogenic and one-third is non-anthropogenic.
Zhenghang Yuan, Zhitong Xiong, Lichao Mou, and Xiao Xiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1245–1263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1245-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1245-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ChatEarthNet is an image–text dataset that provides high-quality, detailed natural language descriptions for global-scale satellite data. It consists of 163 488 image-text pairs with captions generated by ChatGPT-3.5 and an additional 10 000 image-text pairs with captions generated by ChatGPT-4V(ision). This dataset has significant potential for training and evaluating vision–language geo-foundation models in remote sensing.
Simon Boitard, Arnaud Mialon, Stéphane Mermoz, Nemesio J. Rodríguez-Fernández, Philippe Richaume, Julio César Salazar-Neira, Stéphane Tarot, and Yann H. Kerr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1101–1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1101-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1101-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a critical component of the Earth's carbon cycle. The presented dataset aims to help monitor this essential climate variable with AGB time series from 2011 onward, derived with a carefully calibrated spatial relationship between the measurements of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission and pre-existing AGB maps. The produced dataset has been extensively compared with other available AGB time series and can be used in AGB studies.
Fuyou Tian, Bingfang Wu, Hongwei Zeng, Miao Zhang, Weiwei Zhu, Nana Yan, Yuming Lu, and Yifan Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 855–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-855-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-855-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study introduces GMIE, a high-resolution global map of irrigated cropland at 100 m resolution, covering 403.17 Mha and utilizing irrigation performance under drought stress. We found that 23.4 % of global cropland is irrigated, with the most extensive areas in India, China, the United States, and Pakistan. We identified the distribution of central pivot systems commonly used in the United States and Saudi Arabia. This new map can better support water management and food security globally.
Guangsheng Zhou, Hongrui Ren, Lei Zhang, Xiaomin Lv, and Mengzi Zhou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 773–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-773-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-773-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a new approach to long-time continuous annual vegetation mapping from remote sensing imagery, and mapped the vegetation of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) from 2000 to 2022 using the MOD09A1 product. The overall accuracy of continuous annual QTP vegetation mapping reached 83.3%, with the reference annual 2020 data reaching an accuracy of 83.3% and a kappa coefficient of 0.82. The study supports the use of remote sensing data to mapping long-time continuous annual vegetation.
Xuemeng Tian, Davide Consoli, Martijn Witjes, Florian Schneider, Leandro Parente, Murat Şahin, Yu-Feng Ho, Robert Minařík, and Tomislav Hengl
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 741–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-741-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-741-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study introduces a Landsat-based data cube simplifying access to detailed environmental data across Europe from 2000 to 2022, covering vegetation, water, soil, and crops. Our experiments demonstrate its effectiveness in developing environmental models and maps. Tailored feature selection is crucial for its effective use in environmental modeling. It aims to support comprehensive environmental monitoring and analysis, helping researchers and policy-makers in managing environmental resources.
Mingyang Song, Lu Xu, Ji Ge, Hong Zhang, Lijun Zuo, Jingling Jiang, Yinhaibin Ding, Yazhe Xie, and Fan Wu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 661–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-661-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-661-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We created a 10 m resolution rice distribution map for East Asia in 2023 (EARice10), achieving an overall accuracy (OA) of 90.48 % on validation samples. EARice10 shows strong consistency with statistical data (coefficient of determination, R2: 0.94–0.98) and existing datasets (R2: 0.79–0.98). It is the most up-to-date map, covering the four major rice-producing countries in East Asia at 10 m resolution.
Maximilian Freudenberg, Sebastian Schnell, and Paul Magdon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 351–367, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-351-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-351-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Classifying tree species in satellite images is an important task for environmental monitoring and forest management. Here we present a dataset containing Sentinel-2 satellite pixel time series of individual trees intended for training machine learning models. The dataset was created by merging information from the German National Forest Inventory in 2012 with satellite data. It sparsely covers the whole of Germany for the years 2015 to 2022 and comprises 48 species and 3 species groups.
Yangyang Fu, Xiuzhi Chen, Chaoqing Song, Xiaojuan Huang, Jie Dong, Qiongyan Peng, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 95–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-95-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-95-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposed the Winter-Triticeae Crops Index (WTCI), which had great performance and stable spatiotemporal transferability in identifying winter-triticeae crops in 66 countries worldwide, with an overall accuracy of 87.7 %. The first global 30 m resolution distribution maps of winter-triticeae crops from 2017 to 2022 were further produced based on the WTCI method. The product can serve as an important basis for agricultural applications.
Jiahao Shi, Hua Yuan, Wanyi Lin, Wenzong Dong, Hongbin Liang, Zhuo Liu, Jianxin Zeng, Haolin Zhang, Nan Wei, Zhongwang Wei, Shupeng Zhang, Shaofeng Liu, Xingjie Lu, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-117-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-117-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Flux tower data are widely recognized as benchmarking data for land surface models, but insufficient emphasis on and deficiency in site attribute data limits their true value. We collect site-observed vegetation, soil, and topography data from various sources. The final dataset encompasses 90 sites globally, with relatively complete site attribute data and high-quality flux validation data. This work has provided more reliable site attribute data, benefiting land surface model development.
Binghong Han, Jian Bi, Shengli Tao, Tong Yang, Yongli Tang, Mengshuai Ge, Hao Wang, Zhenong Jin, Jinwei Dong, Zhibiao Nan, and Jin-Sheng He
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-620, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-620, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau is an important pastoral area where cultivated pastures play an increasingly important role. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of the cultivated pasture due to the difficulty in distinguishing them from natural grasslands with remote sensing. For the first time, we have mapped the cultivated pastures on the plateau at a resolution of 30 meters with decent accuracy. This data set is valuable to scientists, policy makers, conservationists and pastoralists.
Raphaël d'Andrimont, Momchil Yordanov, Fernando Sedano, Astrid Verhegghen, Peter Strobl, Savvas Zachariadis, Flavia Camilleri, Alessandra Palmieri, Beatrice Eiselt, Jose Miguel Rubio Iglesias, and Marijn van der Velde
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5723–5735, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) Copernicus 2022 is a large and systematic in situ field survey of 137 966 polygons over the European Union in 2022. The data contain 82 land cover classes and 40 land use classes.
Ruoque Shen, Qiongyan Peng, Xiangqian Li, Xiuzhi Chen, and Wenping Yuan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-584, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-584, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Rice is a vital staple crop that plays a crucial role in food security in China. However, long-term high-resolution rice distribution maps in China are lacking. This study developed a new rice mapping method using to address the challenges of cloud contamination and missing data in optical remote sensing observations. The resulting dataset, CCD-Rice (China Crop Dataset-Rice), achieved high accuracy and showed strong correlation with statistical data.
Shuang Chen, Jie Wang, Qiang Liu, Xiangan Liang, Rui Liu, Peng Qin, Jincheng Yuan, Junbo Wei, Shuai Yuan, Huabing Huang, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5449–5475, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The inconsistent coverage of Landsat data due to its long revisit intervals and frequent cloud cover poses challenges to large-scale land monitoring. We developed a global 30 m 23-year (2000–2022) daily seamless data cube (SDC) of surface reflectance based on Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 and MODIS products. The SDC exhibits enhanced capabilities for monitoring land cover changes and robust consistency in both spatial and temporal dimensions, which are important for global environmental monitoring.
Gerardo E. Soto, Steven W. Wilcox, Patrick E. Clark, Francesco P. Fava, Nathaniel D. Jensen, Njoki Kahiu, Chuan Liao, Benjamin Porter, Ying Sun, and Christopher B. Barrett
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5375–5404, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5375-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5375-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses machine learning and linear unmixing to produce rangeland health indicators: Landsat time series of land cover classes and vegetation fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, and bare ground in arid and semi-arid Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia. This represents the first multi-decadal Landsat-resolution dataset specifically designed for mapping and monitoring rangeland health in the arid and semi-arid rangelands of this portion of eastern Africa.
Yangzi Che, Xuecao Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yuhao Wang, Weilin Liao, Xianwei Zheng, Xucai Zhang, Xiaocong Xu, Qian Shi, Jiajun Zhu, Honghui Zhang, Hua Yuan, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5357–5374, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Most existing building height products are limited with respect to either spatial resolution or coverage, not to mention the spatial heterogeneity introduced by global building forms. Using Earth Observation (EO) datasets for 2020, we developed a global height dataset at the individual building scale. The dataset provides spatially explicit information on 3D building morphology, supporting both macro- and microanalysis of urban areas.
Yuling Chen, Haitao Yang, Zekun Yang, Qiuli Yang, Weiyan Liu, Guoran Huang, Yu Ren, Kai Cheng, Tianyu Xiang, Mengxi Chen, Danyang Lin, Zhiyong Qi, Jiachen Xu, Yixuan Zhang, Guangcai Xu, and Qinghua Guo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5267–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The national-scale continuous maps of arithmetic mean height and weighted mean height across China address the challenges of accurately estimating forest stand mean height using a tree-based approach. These maps produced in this study provide critical datasets for forest sustainable management in China, including climate change mitigation (e.g., terrestrial carbon estimation), forest ecosystem assessment, and forest inventory practices.
Jia Zhou, Jin Niu, Ning Wu, and Tao Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5171–5189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5171-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5171-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study provided an annual 100 m resolution glimpse into the grazing activities across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The newly minted Gridded Dataset of Grazing Intensity (GDGI) not only boasts exceptional accuracy but also acts as a pivotal resource for further research and strategic planning, with the potential to shape sustainable grazing practices, guide informed environmental stewardship, and ensure the longevity of the region’s precious ecosystems.
Adrià Descals, David L. A. Gaveau, Serge Wich, Zoltan Szantoi, and Erik Meijaard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5111–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a 10 m global oil palm extent layer for 2021 and a 30 m oil palm planting-year layer from 1990 to 2021. The oil palm extent layer was produced using a convolutional neural network that identified industrial and smallholder plantations using Sentinel-1 data. The oil palm planting year was developed using a methodology specifically designed to detect the early stages of oil palm development in the Landsat time series.
Ran Jia, Xiuqi Fang, Yundi Yang, Masayuki Yokozawa, and Yu Ye
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4971–4994, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed a cropland area change dataset in Northeast China over the past millennium by integrating multisource data with a unified standard using the historical and archaeological record, statistical yearbook, and national land survey. Cropland in Northeast China exhibited phases of expansion–reduction–expansion over the past millennium. This dataset can be used for improving the land use and land cover change (LUCC) dataset and assessing LUCC-induced carbon emission and climate change.
Stefania Di Tommaso, Sherrie Wang, Rob Strey, and David B. Lobell
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4931–4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4931-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4931-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sugarcane plays a vital role in food, biofuel, and farmer income globally, yet its cultivation faces numerous social and environmental challenges. Despite its significance, accurate mapping remains limited. Our study addresses this gap by introducing a novel 10 m global dataset of sugarcane maps spanning 2019–2022. Comparisons with field data, pre-existing maps, and official government statistics all indicate the high precision and high recall of our maps.
Weilin Liao, Yanman Li, Xiaoping Liu, Yuhao Wang, Yangzi Che, Ledi Shao, Guangzhao Chen, Hua Yuan, Ning Zhang, and Fei Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-408, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-408, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The currently available urban canopy parameter (UCP) datasets are limited to just a few cities for urban climate simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. To address this gap, we develop a global 1 km spatially continuous UCP dataset (GloUCP), which provides superior spatial coverage and higher accuracy in capturing urban morphology across diverse regions. It has great potential to support further advancements in urban climate modeling and related applications.
Juliette Bernard, Catherine Prigent, Carlos Jimenez, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Bernhard Lehner, Elodie Salmon, Philippe Ciais, Zhen Zhang, Shushi Peng, and Marielle Saunois
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-466, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-466, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands are responsible for about a third of global emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. We have developed the GIEMS-MethaneCentric (GIEMS-MC) dataset to represent the dynamics of wetland extent on a global scale (0.25°x0.25° resolution, monthly time step). This updated resource combines satellite data and existing wetland databases, covering 1992 to 2020. Consistent maps of other methane-emitting surface waters (lakes, rivers, reservoirs, rice paddies) are also provided.
Jie Wang, Xiangming Xiao, Yuanwei Qin, Jinwei Dong, Geli Zhang, Xuebin Yang, Xiaocui Wu, Chandrashekhar Biradar, and Yang Hu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4619–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4619-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4619-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Existing satellite-based forest maps have large uncertainties due to different forest definitions and mapping algorithms. To effectively manage forest resources, timely and accurate annual forest maps at a high spatial resolution are needed. This study improved forest maps by integrating PALSAR-2 and Landsat images. Annual evergreen and non-evergreen forest-type maps were also generated. This critical information supports the Global Forest Resources Assessment.
Yifan Cheng, Lei Zhao, Tirthankar Chakraborty, Keith Oleson, Matthias Demuzere, Xiaoping Liu, Yangzi Che, Weilin Liao, Yuyu Zhou, and Xinchang Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-416, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-416, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Absence of globally consistent and spatially continuous urban surface properties have long prevented large-scale high-resolution urban climate modeling. We developed the U-Surf data, a 1km-resolution dataset that provides key urban surface properties worldwide. U-Surf enhances urban representation in models, enables city-to-city comparison, and supports kilometer-scale Earth system modeling. Its broader applications can be extended to machine learning and many other non-climatic practices.
Jingling Jiang, Hong Zhang, Ji Ge, Lijun Zuo, Lu Xu, Minyang Song, Yinhaibin Ding, Yazhe Xie, and Wenjiang Huang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-402, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-402, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study employs temporal SAR data and optical imagery to conduct rice extraction experiments in 34 African countries with annual rice planting areas exceeding 5,000 hectares, achieving 20-meter resolution spatial distribution mapping of rice in Africa for 2023. The average classification accuracy on the validation set exceeded 85 %, and the R² values for linear fitting with existing statistical data all surpassed 0.9, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed mapping method.
Xin Zhao, Kazuya Nishina, Haruka Izumisawa, Yuji Masutomi, Seima Osako, and Shuhei Yamamoto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3893–3911, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3893-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3893-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping a rice calendar in a spatially explicit manner with a consistent framework remains challenging at a global or continental scale. We successfully developed a new gridded rice calendar for monsoon Asia based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images, which characterize transplanting and harvesting dates and the number of rice croppings in a comprehensive framework. Our rice calendar will be beneficial for rice management, production prediction, and the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Yuehong Chen, Congcong Xu, Yong Ge, Xiaoxiang Zhang, and Ya'nan Zhou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3705–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Population data is crucial for human–nature interactions. Gridded population data can address limitations of census data in irregular units. In China, rapid urbanization necessitates timely and accurate population grids. However, existing datasets for China are either outdated or lack recent census data. Hence, a novel approach was developed to disaggregate China’s seventh census data into 100 m population grids. The resulting dataset outperformed the existing LandScan and WorldPop datasets.
Zia Mehrabi, Kaitai Tong, Julie Fortin, Radost Stanimirova, Mark Friedl, and Navin Ramankutty
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-279, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-279, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global geospatial database of cropland and pastures representing the year 2015. We made it using machine learning models to merge satellite-based land cover data with agricultural census data that we compiled. This database is an update to an earlier version representing the year 2000. It can be used to study issues such as land use, food security, climate change and biodiversity loss. We provide a reproducible code base to easily update the product for future years.
Michael MacFerrin, Christopher Amante, Kelly Carignan, Matthew Love, and Elliot Lim
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-250, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-250, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present Earth TOPOgraphy (ETOPO) 2022, the latest iteration of NOAA’s global, seamless topographic-bathymetric dataset. ETOPO 2022 is a significant upgrade in resolution and accuracy from previous ETOPO releases, freely available in multiple data formats and resolutions for all uses (public or private), excepting navigation.
Shuchao Ye, Peiyu Cao, and Chaoqun Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3453–3470, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed annual cropland density and crop type maps, including nine major crop types (corn, soybean, winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, cotton, sorghum, barley, and rice), from 1850 to 2021 at 1 km × 1 km resolution. We found that the US total crop acreage has increased by 118 × 106 ha (118 Mha), mainly driven by corn (30 Mha) and soybean (35 Mha). Additionally, the US cropping diversity experienced an increase in the 1850s–1960s, followed by a decline over the past 6 decades.
Fang Chen, Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Haiying Zhang, Ning Wang, Pengfei Ma, and Bo Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3369–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3369-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3369-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storage tanks are responsible for approximately 25 % of CH4 emissions in the atmosphere, exacerbating climate warming. Currently there is no publicly accessible storage tank inventory. We generated the first high-spatial-resolution (1–2 m) storage tank dataset (STD) over 92 typical cities in China in 2021, totaling 14 461 storage tanks with the construction year from 2000–2021. It shows significant agreement with CH4 emission spatially and temporally, promoting the CH4 control strategy proposal.
Xingyi Huang, Yuwei Yin, Luwei Feng, Xiaoye Tong, Xiaoxin Zhang, Jiangrong Li, and Feng Tian
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3307–3332, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3307-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3307-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Tibetan Plateau, with its diverse vegetation ranging from forests to alpine grasslands, plays a key role in understanding climate change impacts. Existing maps lack detail or miss unique ecosystems. Our research, using advanced satellite technology and machine learning, produced the map TP_LC10-2022. Comparisons with other maps revealed TP_LC10-2022's excellence in capturing local variations. Our map is significant for in-depth ecological studies.
Qinghang Mei, Zhao Zhang, Jichong Han, Jie Song, Jinwei Dong, Huaqing Wu, Jialu Xu, and Fulu Tao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3213–3231, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3213-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3213-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to make up for the lack of long-term soybean planting area maps in China, we firstly generated a dataset of soybean planting area with a spatial resolution of 10 m for major producing areas in China from 2017 to 2021 (ChinaSoyArea10m). Compared with existing datasets, ChinaSoyArea10m has higher consistency with census data and further improvement in spatial details. The dataset can provide reliable support for subsequent studies on yield monitoring and food security.
Yavar Pourmohamad, John T. Abatzoglou, Erin J. Belval, Erica Fleishman, Karen Short, Matthew C. Reeves, Nicholas Nauslar, Philip E. Higuera, Eric Henderson, Sawyer Ball, Amir AghaKouchak, Jeffrey P. Prestemon, Julia Olszewski, and Mojtaba Sadegh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3045–3060, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The FPA FOD-Attributes dataset provides > 300 biological, physical, social, and administrative attributes associated with > 2.3×106 wildfire incidents across the US from 1992 to 2020. The dataset can be used to (1) answer numerous questions about the covariates associated with human- and lightning-caused wildfires and (2) support descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive wildfire analytics, including the development of machine learning models.
Ewa Grabska-Szwagrzyk, Dirk Tiede, Martin Sudmanns, and Jacek Kozak
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2877–2891, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2877-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2877-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We accurately mapped 16 dominant tree species and genera in Poland using Sentinel-2 observations from short periods in spring, summer, and autumn (2018–2021). The classification achieved more than 80% accuracy in country-wide forest species mapping, with variation based on species, region, and observation frequency. Freely accessible resources, including the forest tree species map and training and test data, can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10180469.
Charles E. Miller, Peter C. Griffith, Elizabeth Hoy, Naiara S. Pinto, Yunling Lou, Scott Hensley, Bruce D. Chapman, Jennifer Baltzer, Kazem Bakian-Dogaheh, W. Robert Bolton, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Richard H. Chen, Byung-Hun Choe, Leah K. Clayton, Thomas A. Douglas, Nancy French, Jean E. Holloway, Gang Hong, Lingcao Huang, Go Iwahana, Liza Jenkins, John S. Kimball, Tatiana Loboda, Michelle Mack, Philip Marsh, Roger J. Michaelides, Mahta Moghaddam, Andrew Parsekian, Kevin Schaefer, Paul R. Siqueira, Debjani Singh, Alireza Tabatabaeenejad, Merritt Turetsky, Ridha Touzi, Elizabeth Wig, Cathy J. Wilson, Paul Wilson, Stan D. Wullschleger, Yonghong Yi, Howard A. Zebker, Yu Zhang, Yuhuan Zhao, and Scott J. Goetz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2605–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
NASA’s Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) conducted airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) surveys of over 120 000 km2 in Alaska and northwestern Canada during 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022. This paper summarizes those results and provides links to details on ~ 80 individual flight lines. This paper is presented as a guide to enable interested readers to fully explore the ABoVE L- and P-band SAR data.
Lingcheng Li, Gautam Bisht, Dalei Hao, and L. Ruby Leung
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2007–2032, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2007-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2007-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study fills a gap to meet the emerging needs of kilometer-scale Earth system modeling by developing global 1 km land surface parameters for land use, vegetation, soil, and topography. Our demonstration simulations highlight the substantial impacts of these parameters on spatial variability and information loss in water and energy simulations. Using advanced explainable machine learning methods, we identified influential factors driving spatial variability and information loss.
Hui Li, Xiaobo Wang, Shaoqiang Wang, Jinyuan Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Zhenhai Liu, Shiliang Chen, Qinyi Wang, Tongtong Zhu, Lunche Wang, and Lizhe Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Utilizing satellite remote sensing data, we established a multi-season rice calendar dataset named ChinaRiceCalendar. It exhibits strong alignment with field observations collected by agricultural meteorological stations across China. ChinaRiceCalendar stands as a reliable dataset for investigating and optimizing the spatiotemporal dynamics of rice phenology in China, particularly in the context of climate and land use changes.
Giulia Ronchetti, Luigi Nisini Scacchiafichi, Lorenzo Seguini, Iacopo Cerrani, and Marijn van der Velde
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1623–1649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1623-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a dataset of EU-wide harmonized subnational crop area, production, and yield statistics with information on data sources, processing steps, missing and derived data, and quality checks. Statistical records (344 282) collected from 1975 to 2020 for soft and durum wheat, winter and spring barley, grain maize, sunflower, and sugar beet were aligned with the EUROSTAT crop legend and the 2016 territorial classification for 961 regions. Time series have a median length of 21 years.
Xiao Zhang, Tingting Zhao, Hong Xu, Wendi Liu, Jinqing Wang, Xidong Chen, and Liangyun Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1353–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1353-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1353-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes GLC_FCS30D, the first global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring dataset, which contains 35 land-cover subcategories and covers the period of 1985–2022 in 26 time steps (its maps are updated every 5 years before 2000 and annually after 2000).
Qiangqiang Sun, Ping Zhang, Xin Jiao, Xin Lin, Wenkai Duan, Su Ma, Qidi Pan, Lu Chen, Yongxiang Zhang, Shucheng You, Shunxi Liu, Jinmin Hao, Hong Li, and Danfeng Sun
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1333–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To provide multifaceted changes under climate change and anthropogenic impacts, we estimated monthly vegetation and soil fractions in 2001–2022, providing an accurate estimate of surface heterogeneous composition, better than vegetation index and vegetation continuous-field products. We find a greening trend on Earth except for the tropics. A combination of interactive changes in vegetation and soil can be adopted as a valuable measurement of climate change and anthropogenic impacts.
Kai Cheng, Yuling Chen, Tianyu Xiang, Haitao Yang, Weiyan Liu, Yu Ren, Hongcan Guan, Tianyu Hu, Qin Ma, and Qinghua Guo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 803–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-803-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-803-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To quantify forest carbon stock and its future potential accurately, we generated a 30 m resolution forest age map for China in 2020 using multisource remote sensing datasets based on machine learning and time series analysis approaches. Validation with independent field samples indicated that the mapped forest age had an R2 of 0.51--0.63. Nationally, the average forest age is 56.1 years (standard deviation of 32.7 years).
Wolfgang Alexander Obermeier, Clemens Schwingshackl, Ana Bastos, Giulia Conchedda, Thomas Gasser, Giacomo Grassi, Richard A. Houghton, Francesco Nicola Tubiello, Stephen Sitch, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 605–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide and compare country-level estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes from a variety and large number of models, bottom-up estimates, and country reports for the period 1950–2021. Although net fluxes are small in many countries, they are often composed of large compensating emissions and removals. In many countries, the estimates agree well once their individual characteristics are accounted for, but in other countries, including some of the largest emitters, substantial uncertainties exist.
Cameron I. Ludemann, Nathan Wanner, Pauline Chivenge, Achim Dobermann, Rasmus Einarsson, Patricio Grassini, Armelle Gruere, Kevin Jackson, Luis Lassaletta, Federico Maggi, Griffiths Obli-Laryea, Martin K. van Ittersum, Srishti Vishwakarma, Xin Zhang, and Francesco N. Tubiello
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 525–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nutrient budgets help identify the excess or insufficient use of fertilizers and other nutrient sources in agriculture. They allow the calculation of indicators, such as the nutrient balance (surplus or deficit) and nutrient use efficiency, that help to monitor agricultural productivity and sustainability. This article describes a global cropland nutrient budget that provides data on 205 countries and territories from 1961 to 2020 (data available at https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/ESB).
Yuanwei Qin, Xiangming Xiao, Hao Tang, Ralph Dubayah, Russell Doughty, Diyou Liu, Fang Liu, Yosio Shimabukuro, Egidio Arai, Xinxin Wang, and Berrien Moore III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 321–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forest definition has two major biophysical parameters, i.e., canopy height and canopy coverage. However, few studies have assessed forest cover maps in terms of these two parameters at a large scale. Here, we assessed the annual forest cover maps in the Brazilian Amazon using 1.1 million footprints of canopy height and canopy coverage. Over 93 % of our forest cover maps are consistent with the FAO forest definition, showing the high accuracy of these forest cover maps in the Brazilian Amazon.
Xiangan Liang, Qiang Liu, Jie Wang, Shuang Chen, and Peng Gong
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 177–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-177-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-177-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The state-of-the-art MODIS surface reflectance products suffer from temporal and spatial gaps, which make it difficult to characterize the continuous variation of the terrestrial surface. We proposed a framework for generating the first global 500 m daily seamless data cubes (SDC500), covering the period from 2000 to 2022. We believe that the SDC500 dataset can interest other researchers who study land cover mapping, quantitative remote sensing, and ecological science.
Rémy Ballot, Nicolas Guilpart, and Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5651–5666, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5651-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5651-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing the benefits of crop diversification – a key element of agroecological transition – on a large scale requires a description of current crop sequences as a baseline, which is lacking at the scale of Europe. To fill this gap, we used a dataset that provides temporally and spatially incomplete land cover information to create a map of dominant crop sequence types for Europe over 2012–2018. This map is a useful baseline for assessing the benefits of future crop diversification.
Kristof Van Tricht, Jeroen Degerickx, Sven Gilliams, Daniele Zanaga, Marjorie Battude, Alex Grosu, Joost Brombacher, Myroslava Lesiv, Juan Carlos Laso Bayas, Santosh Karanam, Steffen Fritz, Inbal Becker-Reshef, Belén Franch, Bertran Mollà-Bononad, Hendrik Boogaard, Arun Kumar Pratihast, Benjamin Koetz, and Zoltan Szantoi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5491–5515, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
WorldCereal is a global mapping system that addresses food security challenges. It provides seasonal updates on crop areas and irrigation practices, enabling informed decision-making for sustainable agriculture. Our global products offer insights into temporary crop extent, seasonal crop type maps, and seasonal irrigation patterns. WorldCereal is an open-source tool that utilizes space-based technologies, revolutionizing global agricultural mapping.
Francesco N. Tubiello, Giulia Conchedda, Leon Casse, Pengyu Hao, Giorgia De Santis, and Zhongxin Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4997–5015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a new dataset of cropland area circa the year 2020, with global coverage and country detail. Data are generated from geospatial information on the agreement characteristics of six high-resolution cropland maps. By helping to highlight features of cropland characteristics and underlying causes for agreement across land cover products, the dataset can be used as a tool to help guide future mapping efforts towards improved agricultural monitoring.
Cited articles
Belgiu, M. and Csillik, O.: Sentinel-2 cropland mapping using pixel-based and object-based time-weighted dynamic time warping analysis, Remote Sens. Environ, 204, 509–523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.005, 2018.
Boryan, C., Yang, Z., Mueller, R., and Craig, M.: Monitoring US agriculture: the US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Cropland Data Layer Program, Geocarto Int., 26, 341–358, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2011.562309, 2011.
Breiman, L.: Random forests, Mach. Learn., 45, 5–32, 2001.
Bryan, B. A., Gao, L., Ye, Y., Sun, X., Connor, J. D., Crossman, N. D., Stafford-Smith, M., Wu, J., He, C., Yu, D., Liu, Z., Li, A., Huang, Q., Ren, H., Deng, X., Zheng, H., Niu, J., Han, G., and Hou, X.: China's response to a national land-system sustainability emergency, Nature, 559, 193–204, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0280-2, 2018.
Canny, J.: A Computational Approach to Edge Detection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAMI-8, 679–698, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851, 1986.
Chen, B., Tu, Y., Song, Y., Theobald, D. M., Zhang, T., Ren, Z., Li, X., Yang, J., Wang, J., Wang, X., Gong, P., Bai, Y., and Xu, B.: Mapping essential urban land use categories with open big data: Results for five metropolitan areas in the United States of America, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 178, 203–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.06.010, 2021.
Crist, E. P.: A TM Tasseled Cap equivalent transformation for reflectance factor data, Remote Sens. Environ., 17, 301–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(85)90102-6, 1985.
Cui, K. and Shoemaker, S. P.: A look at food security in China, npj Sci. Food, 2, 4, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-018-0012-x, 2018.
d'Andrimont, R., Verhegghen, A., Lemoine, G., Kempeneers, P., Meroni, M., and van der Velde, M.: From parcel to continental scale – A first European crop type map based on Sentinel-1 and LUCAS Copernicus in-situ observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 266, 112708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112708, 2021.
Dara, A., Baumann, M., Kuemmerle, T., Pflugmacher, D., Rabe, A., Griffiths, P., Hölzel, N., Kamp, J., Freitag, M., and Hostert, P.: Mapping the timing of cropland abandonment and recultivation in northern Kazakhstan using annual Landsat time series, Remote Sens. Environ., 213, 49–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.005, 2018.
Defourny, P., Jarvis, I., and Blaes, X.: JECAM Guidelines for cropland and crop type definition and field data collection, JECAM, https://jecam.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/JECAM_Guidelines_for_Field_Data_Collection_v1_0.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 2014.
Di Gregorio, A.: Land cover classification system: classification concepts and user manual: LCCS, Food & Agriculture Org, https://www.fao.org/4/x0596e/x0596e00.htm (last access: 1 May 2024), 2005.
FAO: FAOSTAT, Methods & Standards, https://www.fao.org/statistics/methods-and-standards/general/en (last access: 1 May 2024), 2016.
Fritz, S., See, L., McCallum, I., You, L., Bun, A., Moltchanova, E., Duerauer, M., Albrecht, F., Schill, C., Perger, C., Havlik, P., Mosnier, A., Thornton, P., Wood-Sichra, U., Herrero, M., Becker-Reshef, I., Justice, C., Hansen, M., Gong, P., Abdel Aziz, S., Cipriani, A., Cumani, R., Cecchi, G., Conchedda, G., Ferreira, S., Gomez, A., Haffani, M., Kayitakire, F., Malanding, J., Mueller, R., Newby, T., Nonguierma, A., Olusegun, A., Ortner, S., Rajak, D. R., Rocha, J., Schepaschenko, D., Schepaschenko, M., Terekhov, A., Tiangwa, A., Vancutsem, C., Vintrou, E., Wenbin, W., van der Velde, M., Dunwoody, A., Kraxner, F., and Obersteiner, M.: Mapping global cropland and field size, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 1980–1992, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12838, 2015.
Gao, X., Cheng, W., Wang, N., Liu, Q., Ma, T., Chen, Y., and Zhou, C.: Spatio-temporal distribution and transformation of cropland in geomorphologic regions of China during 1990–2015, J. Geograph. Sci., 29, 180–196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1591-4, 2019.
Ghorbanian, A., Kakooei, M., Amani, M., Mahdavi, S., Mohammadzadeh, A., and Hasanlou, M.: Improved land cover map of Iran using Sentinel imagery within Google Earth Engine and a novel automatic workflow for land cover classification using migrated training samples, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 167, 276–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.07.013, 2020.
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., and Toulmin, C.: Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People, Science, 327, 812–818, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383, 2010.
Gong, P., Wang, J., Yu, L., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Y., Liang, L., Niu, Z., Huang, X., Fu, H., Liu, S., Li, C., Li, X., Fu, W., Liu, C., Xu, Y., Wang, X., Cheng, Q., Hu, L., Yao, W., Zhang, H., Zhu, P., Zhao, Z., Zhang, H., Zheng, Y., Ji, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Yan, A., Guo, J., Yu, L., Wang, L., Liu, X., Shi, T., Zhu, M., Chen, Y., Yang, G., Tang, P., Xu, B., Giri, C., Clinton, N., Zhu, Z., Chen, J., and Chen, J.: Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: first mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 34, 2607–2654, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.748992, 2013.
Gong, P., Liu, H., Zhang, M., Li, C., Wang, J., Huang, H., Clinton, N., Ji, L., Li, W., Bai, Y., Chen, B., Xu, B., Zhu, Z., Yuan, C., Ping Suen, H., Guo, J., Xu, N., Li, W., Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Yu, C., Wang, X., Fu, H., Yu, L., Dronova, I., Hui, F., Cheng, X., Shi, X., Xiao, F., Liu, Q., and Song, L.: Stable classification with limited sample: transferring a 30-m resolution sample set collected in 2015 to mapping 10-m resolution global land cover in 2017, Sci. Bull., 64, 370–373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.002, 2019.
Gong, P., Li, X., Wang, J., Bai, Y., Chen, B., Hu, T., Liu, X., Xu, B., Yang, J., Zhang, W., and Zhou, Y.: Annual maps of global artificial impervious area (GAIA) between 1985 and 2018, Remote Sens. Environ., 236, 111510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111510, 2020.
Gumma, M. K., Thenkabail, P. S., Maunahan, A., Islam, S., and Nelson, A.: Mapping seasonal rice cropland extent and area in the high cropping intensity environment of Bangladesh using MODIS 500m data for the year 2010, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 91, 98–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.007, 2014.
Ho, T. K.: Random decision forests, Proceedings of 3rd international conference on document analysis and recognition, 278–282, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.1995.598994, 1995.
Huang, C., Davis, L. S., and Townshend, J. R. G.: An assessment of support vector machines for land cover classification, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 725–749, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110040323, 2002.
Huang, H., Wang, J., Liu, C., Liang, L., Li, C., and Gong, P.: The migration of training samples towards dynamic global land cover mapping, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 161, 27–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.010, 2020.
Isbell, F., Tilman, D., Reich, P. B., and Clark, A. T.: Deficits of biodiversity and productivity linger a century after agricultural abandonment, Nature Ecol. Evol., 3, 1533–1538, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1012-1, 2019.
Ito, J., Nishikori, M., Toyoshi, M., and Feuer, H. N.: The contribution of land exchange institutions and markets in countering farmland abandonment in Japan, Land Use Policy, 57, 582–593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.020, 2016.
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E.: Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database, http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (last access: 1 May 2024), 2008.
Jin, H., Stehman, S. V., and Mountrakis, G.: Assessing the impact of training sample selection on accuracy of an urban classification: a case study in Denver, Colorado, Int. J. Remote Sens., 35, 2067–2081, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2014.885152, 2014.
Kennedy, R. E., Yang, Z., and Cohen, W. B.: Detecting trends in forest disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series: 1. LandTrendr – Temporal segmentation algorithms, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 2897–2910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.008, 2010.
Kennedy, R. E., Yang, Z., Gorelick, N., Braaten, J., Cavalcante, L., Cohen, W. B., and Healey, S.: Implementation of the LandTrendr Algorithm on Google Earth Engine, Remote Sens., 10, 691, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050691, 2018.
Lambert, M.-J., Waldner, F., and Defourny, P.: Cropland Mapping over Sahelian and Sudanian Agrosystems: A Knowledge-Based Approach Using PROBA-V Time Series at 100-m, Remote Sens., 8, 232, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8030232, 2016.
Laso Bayas, J. C., Lesiv, M., Waldner, F., Schucknecht, A., Duerauer, M., See, L., Fritz, S., Fraisl, D., Moorthy, I., McCallum, I., Perger, C., Danylo, O., Defourny, P., Gallego, J., Gilliams, S., Akhtar, I. u. H., Baishya, S. J., Baruah, M., Bungnamei, K., Campos, A., Changkakati, T., Cipriani, A., Das, K., Das, K., Das, I., Davis, K. F., Hazarika, P., Johnson, B. A., Malek, Z., Molinari, M. E., Panging, K., Pawe, C. K., Pérez-Hoyos, A., Sahariah, P. K., Sahariah, D., Saikia, A., Saikia, M., Schlesinger, P., Seidacaru, E., Singha, K., and Wilson, J. W.: A global reference database of crowdsourced cropland data collected using the Geo-Wiki platform, Sci. Data, 4, 170136, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.136, 2017.
Li, C., Gong, P., Wang, J., Zhu, Z., Biging, G. S., Yuan, C., Hu, T., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Li, X., Liu, X., Xu, Y., Guo, J., Liu, C., Hackman, K. O., Zhang, M., Cheng, Y., Yu, L., Yang, J., Huang, H., and Clinton, N.: The first all-season sample set for mapping global land cover with Landsat-8 data, Sci. Bull., 62, 508–515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.03.011, 2017.
Li, Q., Liu, G., and Chen, W.: Toward a Simple and Generic Approach for Identifying Multi-Year Cotton Cropping Patterns Using Landsat and Sentinel-2 Time Series, Remote Sens., 13, 5183, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245183, 2021.
Li, S., Li, X., Sun, L., Cao, G., Fischer, G., and Tramberend, S.: An estimation of the extent of cropland abandonment in mountainous regions of China, Land Degrad. Develop., 29, 1327–1342, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2924, 2018.
Li, X., Gong, P., and Liang, L.: A 30-year (1984–2013) record of annual urban dynamics of Beijing City derived from Landsat data, Remote Sens. Environ., 166, 78–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.06.007, 2015.
Li, X.-Y., Li, X., Fan, Z., Mi, L., Kandakji, T., Song, Z., Li, D., and Song, X.-P.: Civil war hinders crop production and threatens food security in Syria, Nature Food, 3, 38–46, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00432-4, 2022.
Liang, C., Penghui, J., wei, C., Manchun, L., Liyan, W., Yuan, G., Yuzhe, P., Nan, X., Yuewei, D., and Qiuhao, H.: Farmland protection policies and rapid urbanization in China: A case study for Changzhou City, Land Use Policy, 48, 552–566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.06.014, 2015.
Liu, D. and Cai, S.: A Spatial-Temporal Modeling Approach to Reconstructing Land-Cover Change Trajectories from Multi-temporal Satellite Imagery, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 102, 1329–1347, https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.596357, 2012.
Liu, F., Zhang, Z., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Zuo, L., Wen, Q., Yi, L., Xu, J., Hu, S., and Liu, B.: Chinese cropland losses due to urban expansion in the past four decades, Sci. Total Environ., 650, 847–857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.091, 2019.
Liu, G.: Understanding cotton cultivation dynamics in Aksu Oases (NW China) by reconstructing change trajectories using multi-temporal Landsat and Sentinel-2 data, Geocarto Int., 37, 4406–4424, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2021.1886337, 2022.
Liu, J., Kuang, W., Zhang, Z., Xu, X., Qin, Y., Ning, J., Zhou, W., Zhang, S., Li, R., Yan, C., Wu, S., Shi, X., Jiang, N., Yu, D., Pan, X., and Chi, W.: Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s, J. Geograph. Sci., 24, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-014-1082-6, 2014.
Liu, Y., Fang, F., and Li, Y.: Key issues of land use in China and implications for policy making, Land Use Policy, 40, 6–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.03.013, 2014.
Lu, M., Wu, W., Zhang, L., Liao, A., Peng, S., and Tang, H.: A comparative analysis of five global cropland datasets in China, Sci. China Earth Sci., 59, 2307–2317, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5327-3, 2016.
MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J. R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Gutierrez Lazpita, J., and Gibon, A.: Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response, J. Environ. Manage., 59, 47–69, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0335, 2000.
Masek, J. G., Vermote, E. F., Saleous, N. E., Wolfe, R., Hall, F. G., Huemmrich, K. F., Feng, G., Kutler, J., and Teng-Kui, L.: A Landsat surface reflectance dataset for North America, 1990–2000, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 3, 68–72, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2005.857030, 2006.
Maus, V., Câmara, G., Cartaxo, R., Sanchez, A., Ramos, F. M., and Queiroz, G. R. D.: A Time-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping Method for Land-Use and Land-Cover Mapping, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 9, 3729–3739, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2517118, 2016.
Olofsson, P., Foody, G. M., Herold, M., Stehman, S. V., Woodcock, C. E., and Wulder, M. A.: Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change, Remote Sens. Environ., 148, 42–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.015, 2014.
Pasquarella, V. J., Arévalo, P., Bratley, K. H., Bullock, E. L., Gorelick, N., Yang, Z., and Kennedy, R. E.: Demystifying LandTrendr and CCDC temporal segmentation, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 110, 102806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102806, 2022.
Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., and Belward, A. S.: High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes, Nature, 540, 418–422, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20584, 2016.
Pittman, K., Hansen, M. C., Becker-Reshef, I., Potapov, P. V., and Justice, C. O.: Estimating Global Cropland Extent with Multi-year MODIS Data, Remote Sens., 2, 1844–1863, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2071844, 2010.
Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., Tyukavina, A., Zalles, V., Khan, A., Song, X.-P., Pickens, A., Shen, Q., and Cortez, J.: Global maps of cropland extent and change show accelerated cropland expansion in the twenty-first century, Nature Food, 3, 19–28, 2022.
Potapov, P. V., Turubanova, S. A., Hansen, M. C., Adusei, B., Broich, M., Altstatt, A., Mane, L., and Justice, C. O.: Quantifying forest cover loss in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2000–2010, with Landsat ETM+ data, Remote Sens. Environ., 122, 106–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.027, 2012.
Prishchepov, A. V., Radeloff, V. C., Dubinin, M., and Alcantara, C.: The effect of Landsat ETM/ETM+ image acquisition dates on the detection of agricultural land abandonment in Eastern Europe, Remote Sens. Environ., 126, 195–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.017, 2012.
Qiu, B., Li, H., Tang, Z., Chen, C., and Berry, J.: How cropland losses shaped by unbalanced urbanization process?, Land Use Policy, 96, 104715, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104715, 2020.
Queiroz, C., Beilin, R., Folke, C., and Lindborg, R.: Farmland abandonment: threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global review, Front. Ecol. Environ., 12, 288–296, https://doi.org/10.1890/120348, 2014.
Radoux, J., Lamarche, C., Van Bogaert, E., Bontemps, S., Brockmann, C., and Defourny, P.: Automated Training Sample Extraction for Global Land Cover Mapping, Remote Sens., 6, 3965–3987, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6053965, 2014.
Ren, C., Zhou, X., Wang, C., Guo, Y., Diao, Y., Shen, S., Reis, S., Li, W., Xu, J., and Gu, B.: Ageing threatens sustainability of smallholder farming in China, Nature, 616, 96–103, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05738-w, 2023.
Roberts, L.: 9 Billion?, Science, 333, 540–543, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.333.6042.540, 2011.
Roy, D. P., Kovalskyy, V., Zhang, H. K., Vermote, E. F., Yan, L., Kumar, S. S., and Egorov, A.: Characterization of Landsat-7 to Landsat-8 reflective wavelength and normalized difference vegetation index continuity, Remote Sens. Environ., 185, 57–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.024, 2016.
Schneibel, A., Stellmes, M., Röder, A., Frantz, D., Kowalski, B., Haß, E., and Hill, J.: Assessment of spatio-temporal changes of smallholder cultivation patterns in the Angolan Miombo belt using segmentation of Landsat time series, Remote Sens. Environ., 195, 118–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.012, 2017.
Searchinger, T., Heimlich, R., Houghton, R. A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D., and Yu, T.-H.: Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change, Science, 319, 1238–1240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151861, 2008.
See, L., Fritz, S., You, L., Ramankutty, N., Herrero, M., Justice, C., Becker-Reshef, I., Thornton, P., Erb, K., Gong, P., Tang, H., van der Velde, M., Ericksen, P., McCallum, I., Kraxner, F., and Obersteiner, M.: Improved global cropland data as an essential ingredient for food security, Global Food Security, 4, 37–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.10.004, 2015.
Shao, Y. and Lunetta, R. S.: Comparison of support vector machine, neural network, and CART algorithms for the land-cover classification using limited training data points, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 70, 78–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.04.001, 2012.
Tang, L., Ke, X., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Zheng, W., and Xiao, B.: Which impacts more seriously on natural habitat loss and degradation? Cropland expansion or urban expansion?, Land Degrad. Dev., 32, 946–964, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3768, 2021.
Thenkabail, P. S., Teluguntla, P. G., Xiong, J., Oliphant, A., Congalton, R. G., Ozdogan, M., Gumma, M. K., Tilton, J. C., Giri, C., Milesi, C., Phalke, A., Massey, R., Yadav, K., Sankey, T., Zhong, Y., Aneece, I., and Foley, D.: Global cropland-extent product at 30-m resolution (GCEP30) derived from Landsat satellite time-series data for the year 2015 using multiple machine-learning algorithms on Google Earth Engine cloud, Reston, VA, Report 1868, 63, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1868, 2021.
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., and Befort, B. L.: Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 20260–20264, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108, 2011.
Traoré, F., Bonkoungou, J., Compaoré, J., Kouadio, L., Wellens, J., Hallot, E., and Tychon, B.: Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Images and Support Vector Machine to Assess the Changes in Agricultural Irrigated Areas in the Mogtedo Region, Burkina Faso, Remote Sens., 11, 1442, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121442, 2019.
Tu, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, T., and Xu, B.: Regional Mapping of Essential Urban Land Use Categories in China: A Segmentation-Based Approach, Remote Sens., 12, 1058, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071058, 2020.
Tu, Y., Chen, B., Yu, L., Xin, Q., Gong, P., and Xu, B.: How does urban expansion interact with cropland loss? A comparison of 14 Chinese cities from 1980 to 2015, Landscape Ecol., 36, 243–263, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01137-y, 2021.
Tu, Y., Wu, S., Chen, B., Weng, Q., Bai, Y., Yang, J., Yu, L., and Xu, B.: A 30 m annual cropland dataset of China from 1986 to 2021, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936884, 2023a.
Tu, Y., Chen, B., Yu, L., Song, Y., Wu, S., Li, M., Wei, H., Chen, T., Lang, W., Gong, P., and Xu, B.: Raveling the nexus between urban expansion and cropland loss in China, Landscape Ecol., 38, 1869–1884, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01653-7, 2023b.
United Nations: United Nations Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Division for Sustainable Development Goals: New York, NY, USA, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (last access: 1 May 2024), 2015.
Verbesselt, J., Hyndman, R., Newnham, G., and Culvenor, D.: Detecting trend and seasonal changes in satellite image time series, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 106–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.014, 2010.
Vermote, E., Justice, C., Claverie, M., and Franch, B.: Preliminary analysis of the performance of the Landsat 8/OLI land surface reflectance product, Remote Sens. Environ., 185, 46–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.04.008, 2016.
Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Belelli, L., Smith, P., and Valentini, R.: Carbon sequestration due to the abandonment of agriculture in the former USSR since 1990, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB4018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003212, 2008.
Waldner, F., Canto, G. S., and Defourny, P.: Automated annual cropland mapping using knowledge-based temporal features, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 110, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.09.013, 2015a.
Waldner, F., Fritz, S., Di Gregorio, A., and Defourny, P.: Mapping Priorities to Focus Cropland Mapping Activities: Fitness Assessment of Existing Global, Regional and National Cropland Maps, Remote Sens., 7, 7959–7986, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70607959, 2015b.
Wardlow, B. D. and Egbert, S. L.: Large-area crop mapping using time-series MODIS 250 m NDVI data: An assessment for the U.S. Central Great Plains, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 1096–1116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.07.019, 2008.
Xie, Y., Lark, T. J., Brown, J. F., and Gibbs, H. K.: Mapping irrigated cropland extent across the conterminous United States at 30 m resolution using a semi-automatic training approach on Google Earth Engine, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 155, 136–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.07.005, 2019.
Xiong, J., Thenkabail, P. S., Gumma, M. K., Teluguntla, P., Poehnelt, J., Congalton, R. G., Yadav, K., and Thau, D.: Automated cropland mapping of continental Africa using Google Earth Engine cloud computing, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 126, 225–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.01.019, 2017.
Xu, H., Qi, S., Li, X., Gao, C., Wei, Y., and Liu, C.: Monitoring three-decade dynamics of citrus planting in Southeastern China using dense Landsat records, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 103, 102518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102518, 2021.
Xu, Y., Yu, L., Zhao, F. R., Cai, X., Zhao, J., Lu, H., and Gong, P.: Tracking annual cropland changes from 1984 to 2016 using time-series Landsat images with a change-detection and post-classification approach: Experiments from three sites in Africa, Remote Sens. Environ., 218, 13–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.008, 2018.
Xu, Y., Yu, L., Peng, D., Zhao, J., Cheng, Y., Liu, X., Li, W., Meng, R., Xu, X., and Gong, P.: Annual 30-m land use/land cover maps of China for 1980–2015 from the integration of AVHRR, MODIS and Landsat data using the BFAST algorithm, Sci. China Earth Sci., 63, 1390–1407, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-019-9606-4, 2020.
Xue, J., Zhang, X.-l., Chen, S.-C., Hu, B.-f., Wang, N., and Shi, Z.: Quantifying the agreement and accuracy characteristics of four satellite-based LULC products for cropland classification in China, J. Integr. Agr., 23, 283–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2023.06.005, 2023.
Yan, J., Yang, Z., Li, Z., Li, X., Xin, L., and Sun, L.: Drivers of cropland abandonment in mountainous areas: A household decision model on farming scale in Southwest China, Land Use Policy, 57, 459–469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.014, 2016.
Yang, J. and Huang, X.: The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3907–3925, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3907-2021, 2021.
Yin, H., Pflugmacher, D., Kennedy, R. E., Sulla-Menashe, D., and Hostert, P.: Mapping Annual Land Use and Land Cover Changes Using MODIS Time Series, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 7, 3421–3427, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2348411, 2014.
Yin, H., Prishchepov, A. V., Kuemmerle, T., Bleyhl, B., Buchner, J., and Radeloff, V. C.: Mapping agricultural land abandonment from spatial and temporal segmentation of Landsat time series, Remote Sens. Environ., 210, 12–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.050, 2018.
Yin, H., Brandão, A., Buchner, J., Helmers, D., Iuliano, B. G., Kimambo, N. E., Lewińska, K. E., Razenkova, E., Rizayeva, A., Rogova, N., Spawn, S. A., Xie, Y., and Radeloff, V. C.: Monitoring cropland abandonment with Landsat time series, Remote Sens. Environ., 246, 111873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111873, 2020.
Yu, L., Wang, J., Clinton, N., Xin, Q., Zhong, L., Chen, Y., and Gong, P.: FROM-GC: 30 m global cropland extent derived through multisource data integration, Int. J. Digit. Earth, 6, 521–533, 2013.
Yu, Q., Hu, Q., van Vliet, J., Verburg, P. H., and Wu, W.: GlobeLand30 shows little cropland area loss but greater fragmentation in China, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 66, 37–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.002, 2018.
Zabel, F., Delzeit, R., Schneider, J. M., Seppelt, R., Mauser, W., and Václavík, T.: Global impacts of future cropland expansion and intensification on agricultural markets and biodiversity, Nat. Commun., 10, 2844, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10775-z, 2019.
Zhang, C., Dong, J., and Ge, Q.: Mapping 20 years of irrigated croplands in China using MODIS and statistics and existing irrigation products, Sci. Data, 9, 407, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01522-z, 2022a.
Zhang, C., Dong, J., and Ge, Q.: Quantifying the accuracies of six 30-m cropland datasets over China: A comparison and evaluation analysis, Comput. Electron. Agr., 197, 106946, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.106946, 2022b.
Zhang, G., Xiao, X., Dong, J., Kou, W., Jin, C., Qin, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Menarguez, M. A., and Biradar, C.: Mapping paddy rice planting areas through time series analysis of MODIS land surface temperature and vegetation index data, ISPRS J. Photogramm, 106, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.05.011, 2015.
Zhang, H. K. and Roy, D. P.: Using the 500m MODIS land cover product to derive a consistent continental scale 30m Landsat land cover classification, Remote Sens. Environ., 197, 15–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.05.024, 2017.
Zhang, X., Zhao, T., Xu, H., Liu, W., Wang, J., Chen, X., and Liu, L.: GLC_FCS30D: the first global 30 m land-cover dynamics monitoring product with a fine classification system for the period from 1985 to 2022 generated using dense-time-series Landsat imagery and the continuous change-detection method, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1353–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1353-2024, 2024.
Zhang, Y., Li, X., and Song, W.: Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel, household and village levels in mountain areas of China: A multi-level analysis, Land Use Policy, 41, 186–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.05.011, 2014.
Zhong, L., Gong, P., and Biging, G. S.: Efficient corn and soybean mapping with temporal extendability: A multi-year experiment using Landsat imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 140, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.023, 2014.
Zhu, L., Liu, X., Wu, L., Tang, Y., and Meng, Y.: Long-Term Monitoring of Cropland Change near Dongting Lake, China, Using the LandTrendr Algorithm with Landsat Imagery, Remote Sens., 11, 1234, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101234, 2019.
Zhu, Z.: Change detection using landsat time series: A review of frequencies, preprocessing, algorithms, and applications, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 130, 370–384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.06.013, 2017.
Zhu, Z. and Woodcock, C. E.: Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 118, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.028, 2012.
Zhu, Z. and Woodcock, C. E.: Continuous change detection and classification of land cover using all available Landsat data, Remote Sens. Environ., 144, 152–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.01.011, 2014.
Zhu, Z., Gallant, A. L., Woodcock, C. E., Pengra, B., Olofsson, P., Loveland, T. R., Jin, S., Dahal, D., Yang, L., and Auch, R. F.: Optimizing selection of training and auxiliary data for operational land cover classification for the LCMAP initiative, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 122, 206–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.11.004, 2016.
Zuo, L., Zhang, Z., Carlson, K. M., MacDonald, G. K., Brauman, K. A., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Wu, W., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Liu, B., Yi, L., Wen, Q., Liu, F., Xu, J., Hu, S., Sun, F., Gerber, J. S., and West, P. C.: Progress towards sustainable intensification in China challenged by land-use change, Nat. Sustain., 1, 304–313, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0076-2, 2018.
Short summary
We developed the first 30 m annual cropland dataset of China (CACD) for 1986–2021. The overall accuracy of CACD reached up to 0.93±0.01 and was superior to other products. Our fine-resolution cropland maps offer valuable information for diverse applications and decision-making processes in the future.
We developed the first 30 m annual cropland dataset of China (CACD) for 1986–2021. The overall...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint