Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4243-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4243-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
16 Sep 2024
Data description paper |
| 16 Sep 2024
| 16 Sep 2024
GERB Obs4MIPs: a dataset for evaluating diurnal and monthly variations in top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes in climate models
Jacqueline E. Russell
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Physics Department, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, UK
Richard J. Bantges
Physics Department, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, UK
NERC National Centre for Earth Observation, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, UK
Helen E. Brindley
Physics Department, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, UK
NERC National Centre for Earth Observation, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, UK
Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Related authors
Richard J. Bantges, Helen E. Brindley, Jonathan E. Murray, Alan E. Last, Jacqueline E. Russell, Cathryn Fox, Stuart Fox, Chawn Harlow, Sebastian J. O'Shea, Keith N. Bower, Bryan A. Baum, Ping Yang, Hilke Oetjen, and Juliet C. Pickering
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12889–12903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12889-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how ice clouds influence the Earth's energy balance remains a key challenge for predicting the future climate. These clouds are ubiquitous and are composed of ice crystals that have complex shapes that are incredibly difficult to model. This work exploits new measurements of the Earth's emitted thermal energy made from instruments flown on board an aircraft to test how well the latest ice cloud models can represent these clouds. Results indicate further developments are required.
Sanjeevani Panditharatne, Caroline Cox, Rui Song, Richard Siddans, Richard Bantges, Jonathan Murray, Stuart Fox, Cathryn Fox, and Helen Brindley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9981–9998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9981-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9981-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Upwelling radiation with wavelengths between 15 and 100 µm is theorised to be highly sensitive to the properties of ice clouds, particularly the shape of the ice crystals. We exploit this sensitivity and perform the first retrieval of ice cloud properties using these wavelengths from an observation taken on an aircraft and evaluate it against measurements of the cloud’s properties.
Gianluca Di Natale, Helen Brindley, Laura Warwick, Sanjeevani Panditharatne, Ping Yang, Robert Oscar David, Tim Carlsen, Sorin Nicolae Vâjâiac, Alex Vlad, Sorin Ghemulet, Richard Bantges, Andreas Foth, Martin Flügge, Reidar Lyngra, Hilke Oetjen, Dirk Schuettemeyer, Luca Palchetti, and Jonathan Murray
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3547, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Cirrus clouds play a vital role in regulating the energy balance of our planet. Unfortunately, these are still not completely understood representing the major source of error in the predictive performance of climate models. We show that a good consinstency between in situ measurements of cirrus cloud microphysics and remote sensing observations from ground base is achievable by simulating the emitted spectrum with the current parameterization of cirrus optical properties.
Sanjeevani Panditharatne, Helen Brindley, Caroline Cox, Richard Siddans, Jonathan Murray, Laura Warwick, and Stuart Fox
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 717–735, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-717-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-717-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Observations from the upcoming European Space Agency’s Far-Infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) satellite are theorised to be highly sensitive to distributions of water vapour within Earth’s atmosphere. We exploit this sensitivity and extend the Infrared Microwave Sounding retrieval scheme for use on observations from FORUM. This scheme is evaluated on both simulated and observed measurements and shows good agreement with references of the atmospheric state.
Laura Warwick, Jonathan E. Murray, and Helen Brindley
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4777–4787, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4777-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a method for measuring the emissivity of natural surfaces using data from the new Far-INfrarEd Spectrometer for Surface Emissivity (FINESSE) instrument. We demonstrate our method by making measurements of the emissivity of water. We then compare our results to the emissivity predicted using a model and find good agreement. The observations from FINESSE are novel because they allow us to determine surface emissivity at longer wavelengths than have been routinely measured before.
Jonathan E. Murray, Laura Warwick, Helen Brindley, Alan Last, Patrick Quigley, Andy Rochester, Alexander Dewar, and Daniel Cummins
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4757–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Far INfrarEd Spectrometer for Surface Emissivity, FINESSE, is designed to measure the ability of natural surfaces to emit infrared radiation. FINESSE combines a commercial instrument with custom-built optics to view a surface from different angles with complementary views of the sky. Its choice of internal components means it can cover a wide range of wavelengths, extending into the far-infrared. We characterize FINESSE’s uncertainty budget and provide examples of its measurement capability.
Jane P. Mulcahy, Colin G. Jones, Steven T. Rumbold, Till Kuhlbrodt, Andrea J. Dittus, Edward W. Blockley, Andrew Yool, Jeremy Walton, Catherine Hardacre, Timothy Andrews, Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo, Marc Stringer, Lee de Mora, Phil Harris, Richard Hill, Doug Kelley, Eddy Robertson, and Yongming Tang
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1569–1600, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1569-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1569-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Recent global climate models simulate historical global mean surface temperatures which are too cold, possibly to due to excessive aerosol cooling. This raises questions about the models' ability to simulate important climate processes and reduces confidence in future climate predictions. We present a new version of the UK Earth System Model, which has an improved aerosols simulation and a historical temperature record. Interestingly, the long-term response to CO2 remains largely unchanged.
Maya Ben-Yami, Hilke Oetjen, Helen Brindley, William Cossich, Dulce Lajas, Tiziano Maestri, Davide Magurno, Piera Raspollini, Luca Sgheri, and Laura Warwick
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1755–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1755-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1755-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral emissivity is a key property of the Earth's surface. Few measurements exist in the far-infrared, despite recent work showing that its contribution is important for accurate modelling of global climate. In preparation for ESA’s EE9 FORUM mission (launch in 2026), this study takes the first steps towards the development of an operational emissivity retrieval for FORUM by investigating the sensitivity of the emissivity product to different physical and operational parameters.
Richard J. Bantges, Helen E. Brindley, Jonathan E. Murray, Alan E. Last, Jacqueline E. Russell, Cathryn Fox, Stuart Fox, Chawn Harlow, Sebastian J. O'Shea, Keith N. Bower, Bryan A. Baum, Ping Yang, Hilke Oetjen, and Juliet C. Pickering
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12889–12903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12889-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how ice clouds influence the Earth's energy balance remains a key challenge for predicting the future climate. These clouds are ubiquitous and are composed of ice crystals that have complex shapes that are incredibly difficult to model. This work exploits new measurements of the Earth's emitted thermal energy made from instruments flown on board an aircraft to test how well the latest ice cloud models can represent these clouds. Results indicate further developments are required.
Cited articles
Allan, R., Slingo, A., Milton, S., and Brooks, M.,: Evaluation of the Met Office global forecast model using Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) data, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1993–2010, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.166, 2007.
Allan, R., Woodage, M., Milton, S., Brooks, M., and Haywood, J.,: Examination of long-wave radiative bias in general circulation models over North Africa during May–July, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1179–1192, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.717, 2011.
Ansell C., Brindley, H., Pradhan, Y., and Saunders, R.: Mineral dust aerosol net direct radiative effect during GERBILS field campaign period derived from SEVIRI and GERB, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 4070–4086, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020681, 2014.
Banks, J. R., Brindley, H. E., Hobby, M., and Marsham, J. H.: The daytime cycle in dust aerosol direct radiative effects observed in the Central Sahara during the Fennec campaign in June 2011, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13861–13876, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022077, 2014.
Bantges, R. J., Russell, J. E., and Brindley, H. E.: Obs4MIPs: Monthly-mean diurnal cycle of top of atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation from the GERB instrument (GERB-HR-ED01 rlut 1hrCM), Centre for Environmental Data Analysis [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/7aa17e66aaab4ece87064272b9f94e3a, 2021a.
Bantges, R. J., Russell, J. E., and Brindley, H. E.: Obs4MIPs: Monthly-mean diurnal cycle of top of atmosphere outgoing shortwave radiation from the GERB instrument (GERB-HR-ED01 rsut 1hrCM), Centre for Environmental Data Analysis [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/4fa633d24d104217a4c9d3fb3589f35d, 2021b.
Bantges, R. J., Russell, J. E., and Brindley, H. E.: Obs4MIPs: Monthly-mean diurnal cycle of top of atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation from the GERB instrument (GERB-HR-ED01-1-1 rlut 1hrCM), v20231221, NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/90148d9b1f1c40f1ac40152957e25467, 2023a.
Bantges, R. J., Russell, J. E., and Brindley, H. E.: Obs4MIPs: Monthly-mean diurnal cycle of top of atmosphere outgoing shortwave radiation from the GERB instrument (GERB-HR-ED01-1-1 rsut 1hrCM), v20231221, NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/57821b58804945deaf4cdde278563ec2, 2023b.
Barkstrom, B. R.: The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 65, 1170–1185, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065<1170:TERBE>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Bodas-Salcedo, A.: Model data for “The GERB Obs4MIPs Radiative Flux Dataset: A new tool for climate model evaluation”, submitted to Earth System Science Data (1.0), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10101394, 2023.
Bodas-Salcedo, A., Webb, M., Bony, S., Chepfer, H., Dufresne, J., Klein, S., Zhang, Y., Marchand, R., Haynes, J., Pincus, R., and John, V.: COSP: Satellite simulation software for model assessment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 1023–1043, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS2856.1, 2011.
Bony, S. and Dufresne, J.-L.,: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023851, 2005.
Brindley, H. and Russell, J.: An assessment of Saharan dust loading and the corresponding cloud-free longwave direct radiative effect from geostationary satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D23201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011635, 2009.
Brindley, H. E. and Russell, J. E.: Top of Atmosphere Broadband Radiative Fluxes from Geostationary Satellite Observations, in: Comprehensive Remote Sensing: Vol. 5, Earth's Energy Budget, edited by: Liang, S., 85–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10368-9, 2017.
Chepfer, H., Bony, S., Winkler, D., Chiriaco, M., Dufresne, J.-L., and Seze, G.: Use of CALIPSO lidar observations to evaluate the cloudiness simulated by a climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034207, 2008.
Christopoulos, C. and Schneider, T.: Assessing biases and climate implications of the diurnal precipitaton cycle in climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093017, 2021.
Clerbaux, N., Dewitte, S., Bertrand, C., Caprion, D., De Paepe, B., Gonzalez, L., Ipe, A., Russell, J. E., and Brindley, H.: Unfiltering of the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) Data. Part I: Shortwave Radiation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA1001.1, 2008a.
Clerbaux, N., Dewitte, S., Bertrand, C., Caprion, D., De Paepe, B., Gonzalez, L., Ipe, A., and Russell, J. E.: Unfiltering of the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) Data. Part II: Longwave Radiation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 1106–1117, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1002.1, 2008b.
Clerbaux N., Russell, J., Dewitte, S., Bertrand, C., Caprion, D., De Paepe, B., Gonzalez Sotelino, L., Ipe, A., Bantges, R., and Brindley, H.: Comparison of GERB instantaneous radiance and flux products with CERES Edition-2 data, Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 102–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.08.016, 2009.
Comer, R., Slingo, A., and Allan, R.: Observations of the diurnal cycle of outgoing longwave radiation from the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02823, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028229, 2007.
Dai, A., Lin X., and Hsu, K.: The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes, Clim. Dynam., 29, 727–744, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0260-y, 2007.
Dewitte S., Gonzalez, L., Clerbaux, N., Ipe, A., Bertrand C., and De Paepe, B.: The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Edition 1 data processing algorithms, Adv. Space Res., 41, 1906–1913, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.07.042, 2008.
Doelling, D. R., Loeb, N. G., Keyes, D. F., Nordeen, M. L., Morstad, D., Nguyen, C., Wielicki, B. A., Young, D. F., and Sun, M.: Geostationary Enhanced Temporal Interpolation for CERES Flux Products, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1072–1090. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00136.1, 2013.
Doelling, D. R., Sun, M., Nguyen, L. T., Nordeen, M. L., Haney, C. O., Keyes, D. F., and Mlynczak, P. E.: Advances in Geostationary-Derived Longwave Fluxes for the CERES Synoptic (SYN1deg) Product, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 33, 503–521, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0147.1, 2016.
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Eyring, V., Bock, L., Lauer, A., Righi, M., Schlund, M., Andela, B., Arnone, E., Bellprat, O., Brötz, B., Caron, L.-P., Carvalhais, N., Cionni, I., Cortesi, N., Crezee, B., Davin, E. L., Davini, P., Debeire, K., de Mora, L., Deser, C., Docquier, D., Earnshaw, P., Ehbrecht, C., Gier, B. K., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Goodman, P., Hagemann, S., Hardiman, S., Hassler, B., Hunter, A., Kadow, C., Kindermann, S., Koirala, S., Koldunov, N., Lejeune, Q., Lembo, V., Lovato, T., Lucarini, V., Massonnet, F., Müller, B., Pandde, A., Pérez-Zanón, N., Phillips, A., Predoi, V., Russell, J., Sellar, A., Serva, F., Stacke, T., Swaminathan, R., Torralba, V., Vegas-Regidor, J., von Hardenberg, J., Weigel, K., and Zimmermann, K.: Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3383–3438, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3383-2020, 2020.
Futyan, J., Russell, J., and Harries, J.: Determining cloud forcing by cloud type from geostationary satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L08807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022275, 2005.
Gates, W. L.: An AMS Continuing Series: Global Change – AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 1962–1970, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1962:ATAMIP>2.0.CO;2 1992.
Greuell, W., van Meijgaard, E., Clerbaux, N., and Meirink, J.: Evaluation of model-predicted top-of-atmosphere radiation and cloud parameters over Africa with observations from GERB and SEVIRI, J. Climate, 24, 4015–4036, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI3856.1, 2011.
Gristey, J. J., Chiu, J. C., Gurney, R. J., Morcrette, C. J., Hill, P. G., Russell, J. E., and Brindley, H. E.: Insights into the diurnal cycle of global Earth outgoing radiation using a numerical weather prediction model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5129–5145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5129-2018, 2018.
Guichard, F., Petch, J., Redelsperger, J.-L., Bechtold, P., Chaboureau, J.-P., Cheinet, S., Grabowski, W., Grenier, H., Jones, C. G., Kohler, M., Piriou, J.-M., Tailleux, R., and Tomasini, M.: Modelling the diurnal cycle of deep precipitating convection over land with cloud-resolving models and single column models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3139–3172, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.145, 2004.
Harries, J., Russell, J., Hanafin, J., Brindley, H., Futyan, J., Rufus, J., Kellock, S., Matthews, G., Wrigley, R., Last, A., Mueller, J., Mossavati, R., Ashmall, J., Sawyer, E., Parker, D., Caldwell, M., Allan, P., Smith, A., Bates, M., Coan, B., Stewart, B., Lepine, D., Cornwall, L., Corney, D., Ricketts, M., Drummond, D., Smart, D., Cutler, R., Dewitte, S., Clerbaux, N., Gonzalez, L., Ipe, A., Bertrand, C., Joukoff, A., Crommelynck, D., Nelms, N., Llewellyn-Jones, D., Butcher, G., Smith, G., Szewczyk, Z., Mlynczak, P., Slingo, A., Allan, R., and Ringer, M.: The Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 945–960, https://doi.org.10.1175/BAMS-86-7-945, 2005.
Haywood, J., Johnson, B., Osborne, S., Mulcahy, J., Brooks, M., Harrison, M., Milton, S., and Brindley, H: Observations and modelling of the solar and terrestrial radiative effects of Saharan dust: a radiative-closure case study over oceans during the GERBILS campaign, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1211–1226, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.770, 2011.
Hohenegger, C. and Stevens, B.: Controls and impacts of the diurnal cycle of deep convective precipitation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 5, 801–815, https://doi.org/10.1002/2012MS000216, 2013.
Kato, S. and Loeb, N.: Twilight Irradiance Refelected by the Earth Estimated from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Measurements, J. Climate, 16, 2646–2650, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2646:TIRBTE>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Klein, S. and Jakob, C.: Validation and sensitivities of frontal clouds simulated by the ECMWF model, Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 2514–2531 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2514:VASOFC>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Mackie, A., Palmer, P. I., and Brindley, H.: Characterizing energy budget variability at a Sahelian site: a test of NWP model behaviour, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 15095–15119, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15095-2017, 2017.
Milton, S., Greed, G., Brooks, M., Haywood, J., Johnson, B., Allan, R., Slingo A., and Grey, W.: Modeled and observed atmospheric radiation balance during the West African dry season: Role of mineral dust, biomass burning aerosol, and surface albedo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D00C02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009741, 2008.
Minobe, S., Park, J., and Virts, K.: Diurnal cycles of precipitation and lightning in the tropics observed by TRMM3G68, GSMaP, LIS and WWLLN, J. Climate, 33, 4293–4313, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0389.1, 2020.
Morcrette, C. J.: Improvements to a prognostic cloud scheme through changes to its cloud erosion parametrization, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 13, 95–102, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.374, 2012.
Mulcahy, J., Jones, C., Sellar, A., Johnson, B., Boutle, I., Jones, A., Andrews, T., Rumbold, S., Mollard, J., Bellouin, N., Johnson, C., Williams, K., Grosvenor, D., and McCoy, D.: Improved aerosol processes and effective radiative forcing in HadGEM3 and UKESM1, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 2786–2805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001464, 2018.
Nam, C., Bony, S., Dufresne, J.-L., and Chepfer, H.: The “too few, too bright” tropical low cloud problem in CMIP5 models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053421, 2012.
Parfitt, R., Russell, J., Bantges, R., Clerbaux N., and Brindley, H.: A study of the time evolution of GERB shortwave calibration by comparison with CERES Edition-3A data, Remote. Sens. Environ., 186, 416–427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.005, 2016.
Pearson, K., Hogan, R., Allan, R., Lister, G., and Holloway, C.: Evaluation of the model representation of the evolution of convective systems using satellite observations of outgoing longwave radiation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D20206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014265, 2010.
Roca, R., Brogniez, H., Chambon, P., Chromette, O., Cloche, S., Gosset, M. E., Mahfouf, J.-F., Raberanto, P., and Viltard, N.: The Megha-Tropiques mission: a review after three years in orbit, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 17, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00017, 2015.
Russell, J.: QUALITY SUMMARY: GERB L2 Edition 1 products (1.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12203917, 2017.
Schmetz, J., Pili, P., Tjemkes, S., Just, D., Kerkmann, J., Rota, S., and Ratier, A.: An introduction to Metosat Second Generation (MSG), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 977–991, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0977:AITMSG>2.3.CO;2, 2002.
Slingo, A., Ackerman, T., Allan, R., Kassianoc, E., McFarlance, S., Robinson, G., Barnard, J., Miller, M., Harries, J., Russell, J., and Dewitte, S.: Observations of the impact of a major Saharan dust storm on the atmospheric radiation balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24817, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027869, 2006.
Smith, W. L., Hickey, J., Howell, H. B., Jocobowitz, H., Hilleary, D. T., and Drummond, A. J.: Nimbus-6 earth radiation budget experiment, Appl. Opt., 16, 306–318, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.000306, 1977.
Stratton, R. and Stirling, A.: Improving the diurnal cycle of convection in GCMs, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1121–1134, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.991, 2012.
Tan, J., Huffman, G., Bolvin, D., and Nelkin, E.: Diurnal cycle of IMERG V06 precipitation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 13584–13592, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085395, 2019.
Van Weverberg, K., Morcrette, C. J., Boutle, I., Furtado, K., and Field, P. R.: A Bimodal Diagnostic Cloud Fraction Parameterization. Part I: Motivating Analysis and Scheme Description, Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 841–857, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0224.1, 2021a.
Van Weverberg, K., Morcrette, C. J., and Boutle, I.: A Bimodal Diagnostic Cloud Fraction Parameterization. Part II: Evaluation and Resolution Sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 859–878, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0230.1, 2021b.
Waliser, D., Gleckler, P. J., Ferraro, R., Taylor, K. E., Ames, S., Biard, J., Bosilovich, M. G., Brown, O., Chepfer, H., Cinquini, L., Durack, P. J., Eyring, V., Mathieu, P.-P., Lee, T., Pinnock, S., Potter, G. L., Rixen, M., Saunders, R., Schulz, J., Thépaut, J.-N., and Tuma, M.: Observations for Model Intercomparison Project (Obs4MIPs): status for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2945–2958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2945-2020, 2020.
Walters, D., Baran, A. J., Boutle, I., Brooks, M., Earnshaw, P., Edwards, J., Furtado, K., Hill, P., Lock, A., Manners, J., Morcrette, C., Mulcahy, J., Sanchez, C., Smith, C., Stratton, R., Tennant, W., Tomassini, L., Van Weverberg, K., Vosper, S., Willett, M., Browse, J., Bushell, A., Carslaw, K., Dalvi, M., Essery, R., Gedney, N., Hardiman, S., Johnson, B., Johnson, C., Jones, A., Jones, C., Mann, G., Milton, S., Rumbold, H., Sellar, A., Ujiie, M., Whitall, M., Williams, K., and Zerroukat, M.: The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1909–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1909-2019, 2019.
Watters, D., Battaglia, A., and Allan, R. P.: The Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation According to Multiple Decades of Global Satellite Observations, Three CMIP6 Models, and the ECMWF Reanalysis, J. Climate, 34, 5063–5080, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0966.1, 2021.
Webb, M., Lock, A., Bodas-Salcedo, A., Bony, S., Cole, J., Koshiro, T., Kawai, H., Lacagnina, C., Selten, F., Roehrig, R., and Stevens, B.: The diurnal cycle of marine cloud feedback in climate models, Clim. Dynam., 44, 1419–1436, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2234-1, 2015.
Webb, M. J., Andrews, T., Bodas-Salcedo, A., Bony, S., Bretherton, C. S., Chadwick, R., Chepfer, H., Douville, H., Good, P., Kay, J. E., Klein, S. A., Marchand, R., Medeiros, B., Siebesma, A. P., Skinner, C. B., Stevens, B., Tselioudis, G., Tsushima, Y., and Watanabe, M.: The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 359–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017, 2017.
Wielicki, B. A., Barkstrom, B. R., Harrison, E. F., Lee III, R. B., Smith G. Louis, and Cooper. J. E.: Clouds and the Earth's Radiatnt Energy System (CERES): An Earth Observing Experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 853-868 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0853:CATERE>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Williams, K., Copsey, D., Blockley, E., Bodas-Salcedo, A., Calvert, D., Comer, R., Davis, P., Graham, T., Hewitt, H., Hill, R., Hyder, P., Ineson, S., Johns, T., Keen, A., Lee, R., Megann, A., Milton, S., Rae, J., Roberts, M., Scaife, A., Schiemann, R., Storkey, D., Thorpe, L., Watterson, I., Walters, D., West, A., Wood, R., Woollings, T., and Xavier, P.: The Met Office Global Coupled model 3.0 and 3.1 (GC3.0 and GC3.1) configurations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 357–380, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001115, 2018.
Williams, K. D. and Bodas-Salcedo, A.: A multi-diagnostic approach to cloud evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2547–2566, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2547-2017, 2017.
Wilson, D. R., Bushell, A. C., Kerr-Munslow, A. M., Price, J. D., and Morcrette, C. J.: PC2: A prognostic cloud fraction and condensation scheme. I: Scheme description, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 2093–2107, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.333, 2008a.
Wilson, D. R., Bushell, A. C., Kerr-Munslow, A. M., Price, J. D., Morcrette, C. J., and Bodas-Salcedo, A.: PC2: A prognostic cloud fraction and condensation scheme. II: Climate model simulations, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 2109–2125, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.332, 2008b.
Yang, G. and Slingo, J.: The diurnal cycle in the tropics, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 784–801, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0784:TDCITT>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Short summary
We present a dataset of top-of-atmosphere diurnally resolved reflected solar and emitted thermal energy for Earth system model evaluation. The multi-year, monthly hourly dataset, derived from observations made by the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget instrument, covers the range 60° N–60° S, 60° E–60° W at 1° resolution. Comparison with two versions of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model highlight how the data can be used to assess updates to key model parameterizations.
We present a dataset of top-of-atmosphere diurnally resolved reflected solar and emitted thermal...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint