the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Global Carbon Budget 2024
Pierre Friedlingstein
Michael O'Sullivan
Matthew W. Jones
Robbie M. Andrew
Judith Hauck
Peter Landschützer
Corinne Le Quéré
Hongmei Li
Ingrid T. Luijkx
Are Olsen
Glen P. Peters
Wouter Peters
Julia Pongratz
Clemens Schwingshackl
Stephen Sitch
Josep G. Canadell
Philippe Ciais
Robert B. Jackson
Simone R. Alin
Almut Arneth
Vivek Arora
Nicholas R. Bates
Meike Becker
Nicolas Bellouin
Carla F. Berghoff
Henry C. Bittig
Laurent Bopp
Patricia Cadule
Katie Campbell
Matthew A. Chamberlain
Naveen Chandra
Frédéric Chevallier
Louise P. Chini
Thomas Colligan
Jeanne Decayeux
Laique M. Djeutchouang
Xinyu Dou
Carolina Duran Rojas
Kazutaka Enyo
Wiley Evans
Amanda R. Fay
Richard A. Feely
Daniel J. Ford
Adrianna Foster
Thomas Gasser
Marion Gehlen
Thanos Gkritzalis
Giacomo Grassi
Luke Gregor
Nicolas Gruber
Özgür Gürses
Ian Harris
Matthew Hefner
Jens Heinke
George C. Hurtt
Yosuke Iida
Tatiana Ilyina
Andrew R. Jacobson
Atul K. Jain
Tereza Jarníková
Annika Jersild
Fei Jiang
Zhe Jin
Etsushi Kato
Ralph F. Keeling
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Jürgen Knauer
Jan Ivar Korsbakken
Siv K. Lauvset
Nathalie Lefèvre
Junjie Liu
Lei Ma
Shamil Maksyutov
Gregg Marland
Nicolas Mayot
Patrick C. McGuire
Nicolas Metzl
Natalie M. Monacci
Eric J. Morgan
Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka
Craig Neill
Yosuke Niwa
Tobias Nützel
Lea Olivier
Tsuneo Ono
Paul I. Palmer
Denis Pierrot
Zhangcai Qin
Laure Resplandy
Alizée Roobaert
Thais M. Rosan
Christian Rödenbeck
Jörg Schwinger
T. Luke Smallman
Stephen M. Smith
Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso
Tobias Steinhoff
Adrienne J. Sutton
Roland Séférian
Shintaro Takao
Hiroaki Tatebe
Hanqin Tian
Bronte Tilbrook
Olivier Torres
Etienne Tourigny
Hiroyuki Tsujino
Francesco Tubiello
Guido van der Werf
Rik Wanninkhof
Xuhui Wang
Dongxu Yang
Xiaojuan Yang
Wenping Yuan
Sönke Zaehle
Ning Zeng
Jiye Zeng
Download
- Final revised paper (published on 14 Mar 2025)
- Supplement to the final revised paper
- Preprint (discussion started on 13 Nov 2024)
- Supplement to the preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on essd-2024-519', H. Damon Matthews, 22 Dec 2024
I have focussed my review here on the sections of the paper for which I have decent expertise (notably land carbon fluxes and the remaining carbon budget). My (minor) comments are:
Line 210: What does “forestry” refer to here? I don’t see how forestry (the vast majority of which is deforestation) leads to carbon removal, so mentioning it here seems like it will cause confusion.
Lines 452-455: In the definition of CDR, it would be worth again mentioning that this definition follows the scientific convention of not including passive carbon sinks. Otherwise, this rather confuses the definition of net zero and its ability to lead to stable global temperatures.
Line 460: I don’t think that transfer of carbon to harvested wood products should count as CDR. This is at best a delayed emission from deforestation. I am glad to see that this flux is not included in the budget (lines 466-468) though the preceding text suggests that they are. For this opening text, I would suggest being more clear at the outset what fluxes are considered to the CDR in the budget (and in the 1.2 GtC/yr number given in the summary). This comment applies also to lines 922-925 which uncritically refers to HWP as a form of CDR. If HWP is to be included in the potential CDR pathways discussed here, I think it is really important to present some evidence that all of the carbon flows involved actually lead to net removal, and under what conditions this is the case.
Line 1723: Should this be ±220 or a range of 220?
Line 1725-1726: Of course, the authorship of the IPCC chapter and the Forster et al paper is basically the same, so the “backing of the IPCC” seems to evoke some mythical other identity that is a bit of an artifact. I would suggest removing this sentence.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519-RC1 - AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Pierre Friedlingstein, 23 Jan 2025
-
RC2: 'Comment on essd-2024-519', andrew lenton, 06 Jan 2025
It is an impressive annual update and an increasingly significant body of work. I have some minor comments below to improve readability. On a minor note, the style of the figures is quite different and could be harmonised, but this doesn't detract from the results, discussion and conclusion.
Specific comments:
Line 431 remove “(“ and add comma
Line 627 what are hidden neurons - bootstrapping?
Line 654 summer is not always boreal, also this sentence has something wrong grammatically
Line 659 - missing neurons?
Line 666 and subsequent, shouldn’t xCO2 be written XCO2?? not mole fraction of CO2
Line 1047 this statement seems self-evident something is always greater than nothing
Line 1100 Orphan “(“
Line 1106 “does” should be “do”
line 1176 strange formatting
Line 1212 add “may” underestimate
Line 1247 This sentence doesn’t quite make sense. “As for the ocean…”
Line 1348 should be “is derived from”
Tables: 2 in CO2 should be a subscript
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-519-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Pierre Friedlingstein, 23 Jan 2025
Peer review completion

