Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
14 Mar 2025
Data description paper |
| 14 Mar 2025
| 14 Mar 2025
Global Carbon Budget 2024
Pierre Friedlingstein
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Michael O'Sullivan
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Matthew W. Jones
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Robbie M. Andrew
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Judith Hauck
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Peter Landschützer
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Corinne Le Quéré
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Hongmei Li
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Ingrid T. Luijkx
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Are Olsen
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Glen P. Peters
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Wouter Peters
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Julia Pongratz
Center for Advanced Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Clemens Schwingshackl
Center for Advanced Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Stephen Sitch
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Josep G. Canadell
CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE–IPSL, CEA–CNRS–UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Robert B. Jackson
Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA
Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA
Simone R. Alin
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Almut Arneth
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Vivek Arora
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (ASU BIOS), 31 Biological Lane, Ferry Reach, St. George's, GE01, Bermuda
Meike Becker
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Nicolas Bellouin
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK
Carla F. Berghoff
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Paseo Victoria Ocampo No 1, Escollera Norte, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
Henry C. Bittig
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
Laurent Bopp
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Patricia Cadule
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Katie Campbell
Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Matthew A. Chamberlain
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
Naveen Chandra
Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Frédéric Chevallier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE–IPSL, CEA–CNRS–UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Louise P. Chini
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Thomas Colligan
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Jeanne Decayeux
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, UMR 3589, Toulouse, France
Laique M. Djeutchouang
School for Climate Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Xinyu Dou
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Carolina Duran Rojas
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Kazutaka Enyo
Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan
Wiley Evans
Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Amanda R. Fay
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Richard A. Feely
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Daniel J. Ford
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Adrianna Foster
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Marion Gehlen
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE–IPSL, CEA–CNRS–UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Thanos Gkritzalis
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Giacomo Grassi
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Luke Gregor
Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Nicolas Gruber
Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Özgür Gürses
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Ian Harris
NCAS-Climate, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Matthew Hefner
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Jens Heinke
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
George C. Hurtt
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Yosuke Iida
Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan
Tatiana Ilyina
Department of Earth System Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Andrew R. Jacobson
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Atul K. Jain
Department of Climate, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61821, USA
Tereza Jarníková
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Annika Jersild
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Fei Jiang
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
Zhe Jin
State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resource Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Etsushi Kato
Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato City, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
Ralph F. Keeling
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Faculty of Geosciences, Department IMEW, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jürgen Knauer
Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Jan Ivar Korsbakken
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Siv K. Lauvset
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Nathalie Lefèvre
LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS–IRD–MNHN, 75252 Paris, France
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Junjie Liu
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Lei Ma
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Shamil Maksyutov
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Gregg Marland
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Nicolas Mayot
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
Patrick C. McGuire
Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Reading, Reading, UK
Nicolas Metzl
LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS–IRD–MNHN, 75252 Paris, France
Natalie M. Monacci
College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
Eric J. Morgan
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Craig Neill
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
Yosuke Niwa
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Tobias Nützel
Center for Advanced Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Lea Olivier
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Center for Advanced Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Tsuneo Ono
Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
Paul I. Palmer
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
Denis Pierrot
NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
Zhangcai Qin
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
Laure Resplandy
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Alizée Roobaert
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Thais M. Rosan
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Christian Rödenbeck
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 600164, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Jörg Schwinger
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
T. Luke Smallman
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
Stephen M. Smith
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Tobias Steinhoff
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Adrienne J. Sutton
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Roland Séférian
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, UMR 3589, Toulouse, France
Shintaro Takao
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Hiroaki Tatebe
Research Center for Environmental Modeling and Application, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Advanced Institute for Marine Ecosystem Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Hanqin Tian
Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Bronte Tilbrook
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Olivier Torres
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Etienne Tourigny
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Hiroyuki Tsujino
JMA Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Francesco Tubiello
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
Guido van der Werf
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Rik Wanninkhof
NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
Xuhui Wang
Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Dongxu Yang
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xiaojuan Yang
Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
Wenping Yuan
Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
Sönke Zaehle
High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Ning Zeng
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Jiye Zeng
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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- GloRice, a global rice database (v1.0): I. Gridded paddy rice annual distribution from 1961 to 2021 H. Xie et al. 10.1038/s41597-025-04483-1
- China’s carbon sinks from land-use change underestimated Y. Zhu et al. 10.1038/s41558-025-02296-z
- Contents and drivers of iron- and aluminum-bound organic carbon in tropical and subtropical forest soils in China Q. Wu et al. 10.1360/TB-2024-1128
- Assessment of the Impacts of Different Carbon Sources and Sinks on Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Based on GEOS-Chem G. Qu et al. 10.3390/rs17061009
- A dataset of emissions and removals from scenarios and pathways within long-term national climate strategies – the LTS-SP dataset H. Smith et al. 10.1038/s41597-025-04804-4
- The Spatiotemporal Evolution of Buildings’ Carbon Emissions in Siping, a Chinese Industrial City Y. Jia et al. 10.3390/buildings15071101
- New global climate actions: insight from COP29 T. Jiang et al. 10.1093/nsr/nwae475
Discussed (preprint)
Latest update: 13 Apr 2025
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to...
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