Articles | Volume 14, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5489-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5489-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
15 Dec 2022
Data description paper |
| 15 Dec 2022
| 15 Dec 2022
Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020
Muchu Lesi
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
Dan Hirsh Shugar
Water, Sediment, Hazards, and Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Lab,
Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
Jida Wang
Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Qian Deng
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Huayong Chen
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
Jianrong Fan
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Stephan Harrison, Adina Racoviteanu, Sarah Shannon, Darren Jones, Karen Anderson, Neil Glasser, Jasper Knight, Anna Ranger, Arindan Mandal, Brahma Dutt Vishwakarma, Jeffrey Kargel, Dan Shugar, Umesh Haritishaya, Dongfeng Li, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Klaus Wyser, and Sam Inglis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4033, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4033, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is leading to a global recession of mountain glaciers, and numerical modelling suggests that this will result in the eventual disappearance of many glaciers, impacting water supplies. However, an alternative scenario suggests that increased rock fall and debris flows to valley bottoms will cover glaciers with thick rock debris, slowing melting and transforming glaciers into rock-ice mixtures called rock glaciers. This paper explores these scenarios.
Kaiheng Hu, Manish Raj Gouli, Hao Li, Yong Nie, Yifan Shu, Shuang Liu, Pu Li, and Xiaopeng Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-884, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-884, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
An integrated approach comprising a field survey, remote sensing, and hydrodynamic modeling was applied to investigate the Rijieco Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in 1991. The flood caused devastating ecological consequences, like sedimentation and the expansion of an inland lake, which has not yet recovered after three decades. The results help understand the ecological impacts of outburst floods on the Tibetan inland lake system and make future flood hazard assessments more robust.
Alton C. Byers, Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela, Dan H. Shugar, Daniel McGrath, Mohan B. Chand, and Ram Avtar
The Cryosphere, 18, 711–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-711-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-711-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In spite of enhanced technologies, many large cryospheric events remain unreported because of their remoteness, inaccessibility, or poor communications. In this Brief communication, we report on a large ice-debris avalanche that occurred sometime between 16 and 21 August 2022 in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), eastern Nepal.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Shashank Bhushan, Mylène Jacquemart, César Deschamps-Berger, Etienne Berthier, Simon Gascoin, David E. Shean, Dan H. Shugar, and Andreas Kääb
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3309–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On 7 February 2021, a large rock–ice avalanche occurred in Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. The resulting debris flow swept down the nearby valley, leaving over 200 people dead or missing. We use a range of satellite datasets to investigate how the collapse area changed prior to collapse. We show that signs of instability were visible as early 5 years prior to collapse. However, it would likely not have been possible to predict the timing of the event from current satellite datasets.
Chunqiao Song, Chenyu Fan, Jingying Zhu, Jida Wang, Yongwei Sheng, Kai Liu, Tan Chen, Pengfei Zhan, Shuangxiao Luo, Chunyu Yuan, and Linghong Ke
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4017–4034, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4017-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4017-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the last century, many dams/reservoirs have been built globally to meet various needs. The official statistics reported more than 98 000 dams/reservoirs in China. Despite the availability of several global-scale dam/reservoir databases, these databases have insufficient coverage in China. Therefore, we present the China Reservoir Dataset (CRD), which contains 97 435 reservoir polygons. The CRD reservoirs have a total area of 50 085.21 km2 and total storage of about 979.62 Gt.
Yan Zhong, Qiao Liu, Matthew Westoby, Yong Nie, Francesca Pellicciotti, Bo Zhang, Jialun Cai, Guoxiang Liu, Haijun Liao, and Xuyang Lu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 23–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Slope failures exist in many paraglacial regions and are the main manifestation of the interaction between debris-covered glaciers and slopes. We mapped paraglacial slope failures (PSFs) along the Hailuogou Glacier (HLG), Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We argue that the formation, evolution, and current status of these typical PSFs are generally related to glacier history and paraglacial geomorphological adjustments, and influenced by the fluctuation of climate conditions.
Z. Zeng and J. Fan
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2020, 783–789, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-783-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-783-2020, 2020
Huayong Chen, Jinfeng Liu, and Wanyu Zhao
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2433–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2433-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2433-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A new type of spillway structure with lateral contraction was proposed to distribute debris flows after the check dam storage filled up. Experiments were performed to investigate debris flow movement, the scour feature, and some related hydraulic characteristics of debris flows under this new structure. The results indicate that this type of structure can help extend debris-flow nappe, dissipate flow energy, and reduce the scour depth downriver of a check dam.
H. Z. Zhang, J. R. Fan, X. M. Wang, T. H. Chi, and L. Peng
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3225-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3225-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake destroyed large areas of vegetation. Presently, these areas of damaged vegetation are at various stages of recovery. In this study, we present a probabilistic approach for slope stability analysis that quantitatively relates data on earthquake-damaged vegetation with slope stability in a given river basin. Presently, these recovered vegetation helped stabilize the slopes. Nevertheless, there remains potential for future slope instability in these recovered areas.
H. Z. Zhang, T. H. Chi, and J. R. Fan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-1113-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-1113-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We model hydrological connectivity index (HCI) to detect the hydrologic processes changes with the landslide-damaged vegetation recovery in the Wenchuan earthquake-affected area, and the HCI results indicated that HCI obviously increased after the earthquake, and HCI decreased annually with the vegetation recovery. We consider that the lowest rainfall intensity and rainfall amount for debris flow initiation would rise up annually with HCI decreases and vegetation recovery.
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Ice | Subject: Glaciology
Calving front positions for 42 key glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet: a sub-seasonal record from 2013 to 2023 based on deep-learning application to Landsat multi-spectral imagery
Ice thickness and bed topography of Jostedalsbreen ice cap, Norway
PRODEM: an annual series of summer DEMs (2019 through 2022) of the marginal areas of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Climate and ablation observations from automatic ablation and weather stations at A. P. Olsen Ice Cap transect, northeast Greenland, for May 2008 through May 2022
Glaciological and meteorological monitoring at Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees, Austria, 2006–2022
glenglat: A database of global englacial temperatures
A newly digitized ice-penetrating radar data set acquired over the Greenland ice sheet in 1971–1979
Multitemporal characterization of a proglacial system: a multidisciplinary approach
Spatial and temporal stable water isotope data from the upper snowpack at the EastGRIP camp site, NE Greenland, sampled in summer 2018
High temporal resolution records of the velocity of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard
A high-resolution calving front data product for marine-terminating glaciers in Svalbard
Spatial and temporal variability of environmental proxies from the top 120 m of two ice cores in Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica)
Inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields of the conterminous USA
A comprehensive and version-controlled database of glacial lake outburst floods in High Mountain Asia
Unlocking archival maps of the Hornsund fjord area for monitoring glaciers of the Sørkapp Land peninsula, Svalbard
Antarctic Ice Sheet paleo-constraint database
Ice-core data used for the construction of the Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 and 2021 (GICC05 and GICC21)
Antarctic Bedmap data: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) sharing of 60 years of ice bed, surface, and thickness data
A new inventory of High Mountain Asia surging glaciers derived from multiple elevation datasets since the 1970s
Ice core chemistry database: an Antarctic compilation of sodium and sulfate records spanning the past 2000 years
Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020
Interdecadal glacier inventories in the Karakoram since the 1990s
Processing methodology for the ITS_LIVE Sentinel-1 ice velocity products
Calving fronts and where to find them: a benchmark dataset and methodology for automatic glacier calving front extraction from synthetic aperture radar imagery
Multitemporal glacier inventory revealing four decades of glacier changes in the Ladakh region
A new global dataset of mountain glacier centerlines and lengths
2000 years of annual ice core data from Law Dome, East Antarctica
A 41-year (1979–2019) passive-microwave-derived lake ice phenology data record of the Northern Hemisphere
Rescue and homogenization of 140 years of glacier mass balance data in Switzerland
Erik Loebel, Celia A. Baumhoer, Andreas Dietz, Mirko Scheinert, and Martin Horwath
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-65-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-65-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier calving front positions are important for understanding glacier dynamics and constraining ice modelling. We apply a deep-learning framework to multi-spectral Landsat imagery to create a calving front record for 42 key outlet glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet. The resulting data product includes 4817 calving front locations from 2013 to 2023 and achieves sub-seasonal temporal resolution.
Mette K. Gillespie, Liss M. Andreassen, Matthias Huss, Simon de Villiers, Kamilla H. Sjursen, Jostein Aasen, Jostein Bakke, Jan M. Cederstrøm, Hallgeir Elvehøy, Bjarne Kjøllmoen, Even Loe, Marte Meland, Kjetil Melvold, Sigurd D. Nerhus, Torgeir O. Røthe, Eivind W. N. Støren, Kåre Øst, and Jacob C. Yde
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5799–5825, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5799-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present an extensive ice thickness dataset from Jostedalsbreen ice cap that will serve as a baseline for future studies of regional climate-induced change. Results show that Jostedalsbreen currently (~2020) has a maximum ice thickness of ~630 m, a mean ice thickness of 154 ± 22 m and an ice volume of 70.6 ±10.2 km3. Ice of less than 50 m thickness covers two narrow regions of Jostedalsbreen, and the ice cap is likely to separate into three parts in a warming climate.
Mai Winstrup, Heidi Ranndal, Signe Hillerup Larsen, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Kenneth D. Mankoff, Robert S. Fausto, and Louise Sandberg Sørensen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5405–5428, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Surface topography across the marginal zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet is constantly evolving. Here we present an annual series (2019–2022) of summer digital elevation models (PRODEMs) for the Greenland Ice Sheet margin, covering all outlet glaciers from the ice sheet. The PRODEMs are based on fusion of CryoSat-2 radar altimetry and ICESat-2 laser altimetry. With their high spatial and temporal resolution, the PRODEMs will enable detailed studies of the changes in marginal ice sheet elevations.
Signe Hillerup Larsen, Daniel Binder, Anja Rutishauser, Bernhard Hynek, Robert Schjøtt Fausto, and Michele Citterio
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4103–4118, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4103-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4103-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring programme has been running since 1995. In 2008, the Glaciological monitoring sub-program GlacioBasis was initiated at the Zackenberg site in northeast Greenland, with a transect of three weather stations on the A. P. Olsen Ice Cap. In 2022, the weather stations were replaced with a more standardized set up. Here, we provide the reprocessed and quality-checked data from 2008 to 2022, i.e., the first 15 years of continued monitoring.
Lea Hartl, Bernd Seiser, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Anna Baldo, Marcela Violeta Lauria, and Andrea Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4077–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the Alps are receding at unprecedented rates. To understand how this affects the hydrology and ecosystems of the affected regions, it is important to measure glacier mass balance and ensure that records of field surveys are kept in standardized formats and well-documented. We describe glaciological measurements of ice ablation and snow accumulation gathered at Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees, two glaciers in the Austrian Alps, since 2007 and 2012, respectively.
Mylène Jacquemart and Ethan Welty
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-249, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-249, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We present glenglat, a database that contains measurements of ice temperature from 184 glaciers measured in 689 boreholes between 1842 and 2023. Even though ice temperature is a defining characteristic of any glacier, such measurements have been conducted on less than 1 ‰ of all glaciers globally. Our database permits, for the first time, to investigate glacier temperature distributions at global or regional scales for the first time.
Nanna B. Karlsson, Dustin M. Schroeder, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Winnie Chu, Jørgen Dall, Natalia H. Andersen, Reese Dobson, Emma J. Mackie, Simon J. Köhn, Jillian E. Steinmetz, Angelo S. Tarzona, Thomas O. Teisberg, and Niels Skou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3333–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1970s, more than 177 000 km of observations were acquired from airborne radar over the Greenland ice sheet. The radar data contain information on not only the thickness of the ice, but also the properties of the ice itself. This information was recorded on film rolls and subsequently stored. In this study, we document the digitization of these film rolls that shed new and unprecedented detailed light on the Greenland ice sheet 50 years ago.
Elisabetta Corte, Andrea Ajmar, Carlo Camporeale, Alberto Cina, Velio Coviello, Fabio Giulio Tonolo, Alberto Godio, Myrta Maria Macelloni, Stefania Tamea, and Andrea Vergnano
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3283–3306, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3283-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3283-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents a set of multitemporal geospatial surveys and the continuous monitoring of water flows in a large proglacial area (4 km2) of the northwestern Alps. Activities were developed using a multidisciplinary approach and merge geomatic, hydraulic, and geophysical methods. The goal is to allow researchers to characterize, monitor, and model a number of physical processes and interconnected phenomena, with a broader perspective and deeper understanding than a single-discipline approach.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Sonja Wahl, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Maria Hörhold, Hanno Meyer, Vasileios Gkinis, and Thomas Laepple
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1861–1874, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1861-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1861-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present stable water isotope data from the accumulation zone of the Greenland ice sheet. A spatial sampling scheme covering 39 m and three depth layers was carried out between 14 May and 3 August 2018. The data suggest spatial and temporal variability related to meteorological conditions, such as wind-driven snow redistribution and vapour–snow exchange processes. The data can be used to study the formation of the stable water isotopes signal, which is seen as a climate proxy.
Małgorzata Błaszczyk, Bartłomiej Luks, Michał Pętlicki, Dariusz Puczko, Dariusz Ignatiuk, Michał Laska, Jacek Jania, and Piotr Głowacki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1847–1860, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1847-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1847-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the glacier response to accelerated climate warming in the Arctic requires data obtained in the field. Here, we present a dataset of velocity measurements of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard. The glacier's velocity was measured with GPS at 16 stakes mounted on the glacier's surface. The measurements were conducted from about 1 week to about 1 month. The dataset offers unique material for validating numerical models of glacier dynamics and satellite-derived products.
Tian Li, Konrad Heidler, Lichao Mou, Ádám Ignéczi, Xiao Xiang Zhu, and Jonathan L. Bamber
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 919–939, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-919-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-919-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study uses deep learning to produce a new high-resolution calving front dataset for 149 marine-terminating glaciers in Svalbard from 1985 to 2023, containing 124 919 terminus traces. This dataset offers insights into understanding calving mechanisms and can help improve glacier frontal ablation estimates as a component of the integrated mass balance assessment.
Sarah Wauthy, Jean-Louis Tison, Mana Inoue, Saïda El Amri, Sainan Sun, François Fripiat, Philippe Claeys, and Frank Pattyn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 35–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-35-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-35-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The datasets presented are the density, water isotopes, ions, and conductivity measurements, as well as age models and surface mass balance (SMB) from the top 120 m of two ice cores drilled on adjacent ice rises in Dronning Maud Land, dating from the late 18th century. They offer many development possibilities for the interpretation of paleo-profiles and for addressing the mechanisms behind the spatial and temporal variability of SMB and proxies observed at the regional scale in East Antarctica.
Andrew G. Fountain, Bryce Glenn, and Christopher Mcneil
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4077–4104, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4077-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4077-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers are rapidly shrinking globally. To identify past change and provide a baseline for future change, we inventoried the extent of glaciers and perennial snowfields across the western USA excluding Alaska. Using mostly aerial imagery, we digitized the outlines of all glaciers and perennial snowfields equal to or larger than 0.01 km2 using a geographical information system. We identified 1331 (366.52 km2) glaciers and 1176 (31.00 km2) snowfields.
Finu Shrestha, Jakob F. Steiner, Reeju Shrestha, Yathartha Dhungel, Sharad P. Joshi, Sam Inglis, Arshad Ashraf, Sher Wali, Khwaja M. Walizada, and Taigang Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3941–3961, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new inventory of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in High Mountain Asia found 697 events, causing 906 deaths, 3 times more than previously reported. This study provides insights into the contributing factors behind GLOFs on a regional scale and highlights the need for interdisciplinary approaches, including scientific communities and local knowledge, to understand GLOF risks in Asia. This study allows integration with other datasets, enabling future local and regional risk assessments.
Justyna Dudek and Michał Pętlicki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3869–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In our research, we evaluate the potential of archival maps of Hornsund fjord area, southern Spitsbergen, published by the Polish Academy of Sciences for studying glacier changes. Our analysis concerning glaciers in the north-western part of the Sørkapp Land peninsula revealed that, in the period 1961–2010, a maximum lowering of their surface was about 100 m for the largest land-terminating glaciers and over 120 m for glaciers terminating in the ocean (above the line marking their 1984 extents).
Benoit S. Lecavalier, Lev Tarasov, Greg Balco, Perry Spector, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Christo Buizert, Catherine Ritz, Marion Leduc-Leballeur, Robert Mulvaney, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Michael J. Bentley, and Jonathan Bamber
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3573–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3573-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3573-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Ice Sheet Evolution constraint database version 2 (AntICE2) consists of a large variety of observations that constrain the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last glacial cycle. This includes observations of past ice sheet extent, past ice thickness, past relative sea level, borehole temperature profiles, and present-day bedrock displacement rates. The database is intended to improve our understanding of past Antarctic changes and for ice sheet model calibrations.
Sune Olander Rasmussen, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Hubertus Fischer, Katrin Fuhrer, Steffen Bo Hansen, Margareta Hansson, Christine S. Hvidberg, Ulf Jonsell, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Urs Ruth, Jakob Schwander, Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen, Giulia Sinnl, Jørgen Peder Steffensen, Anders M. Svensson, and Bo M. Vinther
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3351–3364, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3351-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3351-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Timescales are essential for interpreting palaeoclimate data. The data series presented here were used for annual-layer identification when constructing the timescales named the Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) and the revised version GICC21. Hopefully, these high-resolution data sets will be useful also for other purposes.
Alice C. Frémand, Peter Fretwell, Julien A. Bodart, Hamish D. Pritchard, Alan Aitken, Jonathan L. Bamber, Robin Bell, Cesidio Bianchi, Robert G. Bingham, Donald D. Blankenship, Gino Casassa, Ginny Catania, Knut Christianson, Howard Conway, Hugh F. J. Corr, Xiangbin Cui, Detlef Damaske, Volkmar Damm, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Hannes Eisermann, Fausto Ferraccioli, Elena Field, René Forsberg, Steven Franke, Shuji Fujita, Yonggyu Gim, Vikram Goel, Siva Prasad Gogineni, Jamin Greenbaum, Benjamin Hills, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Andrew O. Hoffman, Per Holmlund, Nicholas Holschuh, John W. Holt, Annika N. Horlings, Angelika Humbert, Robert W. Jacobel, Daniela Jansen, Adrian Jenkins, Wilfried Jokat, Tom Jordan, Edward King, Jack Kohler, William Krabill, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Kirsty Langley, Joohan Lee, German Leitchenkov, Carlton Leuschen, Bruce Luyendyk, Joseph MacGregor, Emma MacKie, Kenichi Matsuoka, Mathieu Morlighem, Jérémie Mouginot, Frank O. Nitsche, Yoshifumi Nogi, Ole A. Nost, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Sergey V. Popov, Eric Rignot, David M. Rippin, Andrés Rivera, Jason Roberts, Neil Ross, Anotonia Ruppel, Dustin M. Schroeder, Martin J. Siegert, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Studinger, Bo Sun, Ignazio Tabacco, Kirsty Tinto, Stefano Urbini, David Vaughan, Brian C. Welch, Douglas S. Wilson, Duncan A. Young, and Achille Zirizzotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2695–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the release of over 60 years of ice thickness, bed elevation, and surface elevation data acquired over Antarctica by the international community. These data are a crucial component of the Antarctic Bedmap initiative which aims to produce a new map and datasets of Antarctic ice thickness and bed topography for the international glaciology and geophysical community.
Lei Guo, Jia Li, Amaury Dehecq, Zhiwei Li, Xin Li, and Jianjun Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2841–2861, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2841-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2841-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We established a new inventory of surging glaciers across High Mountain Asia based on glacier elevation changes and morphological changes during 1970s–2020. A total of 890 surging and 336 probably or possibly surging glaciers were identified. Compared to the most recent inventory, this one incorporates 253 previously unidentified surging glaciers. Our results demonstrate a more widespread surge behavior in HMA and find that surging glaciers are prone to have steeper slopes than non-surging ones.
Elizabeth R. Thomas, Diana O. Vladimirova, Dieter R. Tetzner, B. Daniel Emanuelsson, Nathan Chellman, Daniel A. Dixon, Hugues Goosse, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Amy C. F. King, Michael Sigl, Danielle G. Udy, Tessa R. Vance, Dominic A. Winski, V. Holly L. Winton, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Akira Hori, Chavarukonam M. Laluraj, Joseph R. McConnell, Yuko Motizuki, Kazuya Takahashi, Hideaki Motoyama, Yoichi Nakai, Franciéle Schwanck, Jefferson Cardia Simões, Filipe Gaudie Ley Lindau, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Sarah Wauthy, Cunde Xiao, Jiao Yang, Ellen Mosely-Thompson, Tamara V. Khodzher, Ludmila P. Golobokova, and Alexey A. Ekaykin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2517–2532, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of sodium and sulfate measured in Antarctic ice cores is related to changes in both sea ice and winds. Here we have compiled a database of sodium and sulfate records from 105 ice core sites in Antarctica. The records span all, or part, of the past 2000 years. The records will improve our understanding of how winds and sea ice have changed in the past and how they have influenced the climate of Antarctica over the past 2000 years.
Inès N. Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Charles Amory, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Martin Horwath, Ian Joughin, Michalea D. King, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony J. Payne, Eric Rignot, Ted Scambos, Karen M. Simon, Benjamin E. Smith, Louise S. Sørensen, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Alejandro Blazquez, William Colgan, Marcus E. Engdahl, Xavier Fettweis, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallée, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian C. Gunter, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Christoph Kittel, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Chia-Chun Liang, Bryant D. Loomis, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian H. Mernild, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Mark E. Pattle, William R. Peltier, Nadege Pie, Mònica Roca, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu V. Save, Ki-Weon Seo, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst J. O. Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler C. Sutterley, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Jan Melchior van Wessem, David Wiese, Wouter van der Wal, and Bert Wouters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By measuring changes in the volume, gravitational attraction, and ice flow of Greenland and Antarctica from space, we can monitor their mass gain and loss over time. Here, we present a new record of the Earth’s polar ice sheet mass balance produced by aggregating 50 satellite-based estimates of ice sheet mass change. This new assessment shows that the ice sheets have lost (7.5 x 1012) t of ice between 1992 and 2020, contributing 21 mm to sea level rise.
Fuming Xie, Shiyin Liu, Yongpeng Gao, Yu Zhu, Tobias Bolch, Andreas Kääb, Shimei Duan, Wenfei Miao, Jianfang Kang, Yaonan Zhang, Xiran Pan, Caixia Qin, Kunpeng Wu, Miaomiao Qi, Xianhe Zhang, Ying Yi, Fengze Han, Xiaojun Yao, Qiao Liu, Xin Wang, Zongli Jiang, Donghui Shangguan, Yong Zhang, Richard Grünwald, Muhammad Adnan, Jyoti Karki, and Muhammad Saifullah
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 847–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, first we generated inventories which allowed us to systematically detect glacier change patterns in the Karakoram range. We found that, by the 2020s, there were approximately 10 500 glaciers in the Karakoram mountains covering an area of 22 510.73 km2, of which ~ 10.2 % is covered by debris. During the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2020), the total glacier cover area in Karakoram remained relatively stable, with a slight increase in area of 23.5 km2.
Yang Lei, Alex S. Gardner, and Piyush Agram
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5111–5137, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes NASA MEaSUREs ITS_LIVE project's Version 2 Sentinel-1 image-pair ice velocity product and processing methodology. We show the refined offset tracking algorithm, autoRIFT, calibration for Sentinel-1 geolocation biases and correction of the ionosphere streaking problems. Validation was performed over three typical test sites covering the globe by comparing with other similar global and regional products.
Nora Gourmelon, Thorsten Seehaus, Matthias Braun, Andreas Maier, and Vincent Christlein
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4287–4313, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice loss of glaciers shows in retreating calving fronts (i.e., the position where icebergs break off the glacier and drift into the ocean). This paper presents a benchmark dataset for calving front delineation in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The dataset can be used to train and test deep learning techniques, which automate the monitoring of the calving front. Provided example models achieve front delineations with an average distance of 887 m to the correct calving front.
Mohd Soheb, Alagappan Ramanathan, Anshuman Bhardwaj, Millie Coleman, Brice R. Rea, Matteo Spagnolo, Shaktiman Singh, and Lydia Sam
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4171–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a multi-temporal inventory of glaciers in the Ladakh region. The study records data on 2257 glaciers (>0.5 km2) covering an area of ~7923 ± 106 km2 which is equivalent to ~89 % of the total glacierised area of the Ladakh region. It will benefit both the scientific community and the administration of the Union Territory of Ladakh, in developing efficient mitigation and adaptation strategies by improving the projections of change on timescales relevant to policymakers.
Dahong Zhang, Gang Zhou, Wen Li, Shiqiang Zhang, Xiaojun Yao, and Shimei Wei
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3889–3913, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The length of a glacier is a key determinant of its geometry; glacier centerlines are crucial inputs for many glaciological applications. Based on the European allocation theory, we present a new global dataset that includes the centerlines and lengths of 198 137 mountain glaciers. The accuracy of the glacier centerlines was 89.68 %. The constructed dataset comprises 17 sub-datasets which contain the centerlines and lengths of glacier tributaries.
Lenneke M. Jong, Christopher T. Plummer, Jason L. Roberts, Andrew D. Moy, Mark A. J. Curran, Tessa R. Vance, Joel B. Pedro, Chelsea A. Long, Meredith Nation, Paul A. Mayewski, and Tas D. van Ommen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3313–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3313-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3313-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice core records from Law Dome in East Antarctica, collected over the the last 3 decades, provide high-resolution data for studies of the climate of Antarctica, Australia and the Southern and Indo-Pacific oceans. Here, we present a set of annually dated records from Law Dome covering the last 2000 years. This dataset provides an update and extensions both forward and back in time of previously published subsets of the data, bringing them together into a coherent set with improved dating.
Yu Cai, Claude R. Duguay, and Chang-Qing Ke
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3329–3347, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3329-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3329-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal ice cover is one of the important attributes of lakes in middle- and high-latitude regions. This study used passive microwave brightness temperature measurements to extract the ice phenology for 56 lakes across the Northern Hemisphere from 1979 to 2019. A threshold algorithm was applied according to the differences in brightness temperature between lake ice and open water. The dataset will provide valuable information about the changing ice cover of lakes over the last 4 decades.
Lea Geibel, Matthias Huss, Claudia Kurzböck, Elias Hodel, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3293–3312, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier monitoring in Switzerland started in the 19th century, providing exceptional data series documenting snow accumulation and ice melt. Raw point observations of surface mass balance have, however, never been systematically compiled so far, including complete metadata. Here, we present an extensive dataset with more than 60 000 point observations of surface mass balance covering 60 Swiss glaciers and almost 140 years, promoting a better understanding of the drivers of recent glacier change.
Cited articles
Ashraf, A., Naz, R., and Iqbal, M. B.: Altitudinal dynamics of glacial lakes
under changing climate in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya ranges,
Geomorphology, 283, 72–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.033,
2017.
Azam, M. F., Kargel, J. S., Shea, J. M., Nepal, S., Haritashya, U. K.,
Srivastava, S., Maussion, F., Qazi, N., Chevallier, P., Dimri, A. P.,
Kulkarni, A. V., Cogley, J. G., and Bahuguna, I.: Glaciohydrology of the
Himalaya-Karakoram, Science, 373, f3668,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3668, 2021.
Battamo, A. Y., Varis, O., Sun, P., Yang, Y., Oba, B. T., and Zhao, L.:
Mapping socio-ecological resilience along the seven economic corridors of
the Belt and Road Initiative, J. Clean. Prod., 309, 127341,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127341, 2021.
Bhambri, R., Hewitt, K., Kawishwar, P., Kumar, A., Verma, A., Snehmani,
Tiwari, S., and Misra, A.: Ice-dams, outburst floods, and movement
heterogeneity of glaciers, Karakoram, Global Planet. Change, 180, 100–116,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.05.004, 2019.
Bhattacharya, A., Bolch, T., Mukherjee, K., King, O., Menounos, B., Kapitsa,
V., Neckel, N., Yang, W., and Yao, T.: High Mountain Asian glacier response
to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the
1960s, Nat. Commun., 12, 4133, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24180-y,
2021.
Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T., Mukherjee, K., and Shea, J.: Brief communication: Glaciers in the Hunza catchment (Karakoram) have been nearly in balance since the 1970s, The Cryosphere, 11, 531–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-531-2017, 2017.
Brun, F., Berthier, E., Wagnon, P., Kääb, A., and Treichler, D.: A
spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from
2000 to 2016, Nat. Geosci., 10, 668–673, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2999,
2017.
Brun, F., Wagnon, P., Berthier, E., Jomelli, V., Maharjan, S. B., Shrestha,
F., and Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A.: Heterogeneous Influence of Glacier
Morphology on the Mass Balance Variability in High Mountain Asia, J.
Geophys. Res.-Earth., 124, 1331–1345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004838,
2019.
Carrivick, J. L. and Quincey, D. J.: Progressive increase in number and
volume of ice-marginal lakes on the western margin of the Greenland Ice
Sheet, Global Planet. Change, 116, 156–163,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.02.009, 2014.
Carrivick, J. L. and Tweed, F. S.: Proglacial lakes: character, behaviour
and geological importance, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 78, 34–52,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.028, 2013.
Carrivick, J. L. and Tweed, F. S.: A global assessment of the societal
impacts of glacier outburst floods, Global Planet. Change, 144, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.001, 2016.
Carrivick, J. L., Tweed, F. S., Sutherland, J. L., and Mallalieu, J.: Toward
Numerical Modeling of Interactions Between Ice-Marginal Proglacial Lakes and
Glaciers, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 577068,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.577068, 2020.
Carrivick, J. L., How, P., Lea, J. M., Sutherland, J. L., Grimes, M., Tweed,
F. S., Cornford, S., Quincey, D. J., and Mallalieu, J.: Ice-Marginal
Proglacial Lakes Across Greenland: Present Status and a Possible Future,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL099276,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099276, 2022.
Chen, F., Zhang, M., Guo, H., Allen, S., Kargel, J. S., Haritashya, U. K., and Watson, C. S.: Annual 30-meter Dataset for Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4275164, 2020.
Chen, F., Zhang, M., Guo, H., Allen, S., Kargel, J. S., Haritashya, U. K., and Watson, C. S.: Annual 30 m dataset for glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 741–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-741-2021, 2021.
Chen, X., Cui, P., You, Y., Cheng, Z., Khan, A., Ye, C., and Zhang, S.:
Dam-break risk analysis of the Attabad landslide dam in Pakistan and
emergency countermeasures, Landslides, 14, 675–683,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0721-7, 2017.
Cook, S. J. and Quincey, D. J.: Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes, Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 559–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-559-2015, 2015.
Emmer, A. and Cuřín, V.: Can a dam type of an alpine lake be
derived from lake geometry? A negative result, J. Mt. Sci., 18, 614–621,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6003-9, 2021.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S.,
Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S.,
Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf,
D.: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, G2004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y., and Berthier, E.: Contrasted evolution of glacial
lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009,
Global Planet. Change, 75, 47–55,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003, 2011.
Hanshaw, M. N. and Bookhagen, B.: Glacial areas, lake areas, and snow lines from 1975 to 2012: status of the Cordillera Vilcanota, including the Quelccaya Ice Cap, northern central Andes, Peru, The Cryosphere, 8, 359–376, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-359-2014, 2014.
Hewitt, K.: The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the “Elevation
Effect”, Karakoram Himalaya, Mt. Res. Dev., 25, 332–340,
https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:TKAGEA]2.0.CO;2, 2005.
Hewitt, K. (Ed.): Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya, Advances in Asian
Human-Environmental Research, Springer, Dordrecht, 363 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6311-1_1, 2014.
How, P., Messerli, A., Mätzler, E., Santoro, M., Wiesmann, A., Caduff,
R., Langley, K., Bojesen, M. H., Paul, F., Kääb, A., and Carrivick,
J. L.: Greenland-wide inventory of ice marginal lakes using a multi-method
approach, Sci. Rep.-UK, 11, 4481, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83509-1,
2021.
Huggel, C., Kääb, A., Haeberli, W., Teysseire, P., and Paul, F.:
Remote sensing based assessment of hazards from glacier lake outbursts: a
case study in the Swiss Alps, Can. Geotech. J., 39, 316–330,
https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-099, 2002.
Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Berthier, E., Menounos, B., Nuth, C., Girod, L.,
Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Dussaillant, I., Brun, F., and Kääb, A.:
Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century,
Nature, 592, 726–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z, 2021.
Huss, M. and Hock, R.: Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier
mass loss, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 135–140,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0049-x, 2018.
Immerzeel, W. W., Lutz, A. F., Andrade, M., Bahl, A., Biemans, H., Bolch,
T., Hyde, S., Brumby, S., Davies, B. J., Elmore, A. C., Emmer, A., Feng, M.,
Fernández, A., Haritashya, U., Kargel, J. S., Koppes, M., Kraaijenbrink,
P. D. A., Kulkarni, A. V., Mayewski, P. A., Nepal, S., Pacheco, P., Painter,
T. H., Pellicciotti, F., Rajaram, H., Rupper, S., Sinisalo, A., Shrestha, A.
B., Viviroli, D., Wada, Y., Xiao, C., Yao, T., and Baillie, J. E. M.:
Importance and vulnerability of the world's water towers, Nature, 577,
364–369, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y, 2020.
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E.: Hole-filled seamless
SRTM data V4, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT),
http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (last access: 5 March 2021), 2008.
Jiang, S., Nie, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, J., Liu, L., Hassan, J., Liu, X., and Xu,
X.: Glacier Change, Supraglacial Debris Expansion and Glacial Lake Evolution
in the Gyirong River Basin, Central Himalayas, between 1988 and 2015, Remote
Sens., 10, 986, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10070986, 2018.
Kääb, A., Berthier, E., Nuth, C., Gardelle, J., and Arnaud, Y.:
Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in
the Himalayas, Nature, 488, 495–498, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11324,
2012.
Lesi, M., Nie, Y., Shugar, D. H., Wang, J., Deng, Q., Chen, H., and Fan, J.:
Landsat and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China-Pakistan
Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020, Mountain Science Data Center [data set],
https://doi.org/10.12380/Glaci.msdc.000001,
2022.
Li, D., Shangguan, D., and Anjum, M. N.: Glacial Lake Inventory Derived from
Landsat 8 OLI in 2016–2018 in China–Pakistan Economic Corridor,
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9, 294, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050294, 2020.
Li, Z., Deng, X., and Zhang, Y.: Evaluation and convergence analysis of
socio-economic vulnerability to natural hazards of Belt and Road Initiative
countries, J. Clean. Prod., 282, 125406,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125406, 2021.
Liu, Q. and Mayer, C.: Distribution and interannual variability of
supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers in the Khan Tengri-Tumor
Mountains, Central Asia, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 14014,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014014, 2015.
Liu, Q., Mayer, C., Wang, X., Nie, Y., Wu, K., Wei, J., and Liu, S.:
Interannual flow dynamics driven by frontal retreat of a lake-terminating
glacier in the Chinese Central Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 546,
116450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116450, 2020.
Lyons, E. A., Sheng, Y., Smith, L. C., Li, J., Hinkel, K. M., Lenters, J.
D., and Wang, J.: Quantifying sources of error in multitemporal multisensor
lake mapping, Int. J. Remote Sens., 34, 7887–7905,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.827343, 2013.
Martín, C. N. S., Ponce, J. F., Montes, A., Balocchi, L. D., Gorza, C.,
and Andrea, C.: Proglacial landform assemblage in a rapidly retreating
cirque glacier due to temperature increase since 1970, Fuegian Andes,
Argentina, Geomorphology, 390, 107861,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107861, 2021.
Maurer, J. M., Schaefer, J. M., Rupper, S., and Corley, A.: Acceleration of
ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years, Sci. Adv., 5, v7266,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7266, 2019.
McFeeters, S. K.: The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in
the delineation of open water features, Int. J. Remote Sens., 17, 1425–1432,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608948714, 1996.
Miles, E. S., Watson, C. S., Brun, F., Berthier, E., Esteves, M., Quincey, D. J., Miles, K. E., Hubbard, B., and Wagnon, P.: Glacial and geomorphic effects of a supraglacial lake drainage and outburst event, Everest region, Nepal Himalaya, The Cryosphere, 12, 3891–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018, 2018.
Nie, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., and Zhang, J.: Glacial change in the vicinity
of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), central high Himalayas since 1976, J. Geogr.
Sci., 20, 667–686, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-010-0803-8, 2010.
Nie, Y., Sheng, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., and Song, C.: A
regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite
observations from 1990 to 2015, Remote Sens. Environ., 189, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.008, 2017.
Nie, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Sheng, Y., and Liu, S.: An inventory
of historical glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas based on remote
sensing observations and geomorphological analysis, Geomorphology, 308,
91–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.002, 2018.
Nie, Y., Liu, W., Liu, Q., Hu, X., and Westoby, M. J.: Reconstructing the
Chongbaxia Tsho glacial lake outburst flood in the Eastern Himalaya:
Evolution, process and impacts, Geomorphology, 370, 107393,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107393, 2020.
Nie, Y., Pritchard, H. D., Liu, Q., Hennig, T., Wang, W., Wang, X., Liu, S.,
Nepal, S., Samyn, D., Hewitt, K., and Chen, X.: Glacial change and
hydrological implications in the Himalaya and Karakoram, Nat. Rev. Earth
Environ., 2, 91–106, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00124-w, 2021.
Paul, F., Rastner, P., Azzoni, R. S., Diolaiuti, G., Fugazza, D., Le Bris, R., Nemec, J., Rabatel, A., Ramusovic, M., Schwaizer, G., and Smiraglia, C.: Glacier shrinkage in the Alps continues unabated as revealed by a new glacier inventory from Sentinel-2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1805–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1805-2020, 2020.
Pfeffer, W. T., Arendt, A. A., Bliss, A., Bolch, T., Cogley, J. G., Gardner,
A. S., Hagen, J., Hock, R., Kaser, G., Kienholz, C., Miles, E. S., Moholdt,
G., Mölg, N., Paul, F., Radić, V., Rastner, P., Raup, B. H., Rich,
J., and Sharp, M. J.: The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete
inventory of glaciers, J. Glaciol., 60, 537–552,
https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J176, 2014.
Post, A. and Mayo, L. R.: Glacier dammed lakes and outburst floods in
Alaska, U.S. Geological Survey, Report 455, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.3133/ha455, 1971.
Pritchard, H. D.: Asia's shrinking glaciers protect large populations from
drought stress, Nature, 569, 649–654,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1240-1, 2019.
Quincey, D. J., Richardson, S. D., Luckman, A., Lucas, R. M., Reynolds, J.
M., Hambrey, M. J., and Glasser, N. F.: Early recognition of glacial lake
hazards in the Himalaya using remote sensing datasets, Global Planet.
Change, 56, 137–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.013, 2007.
Rabus, B., Eineder, M., Roth, A., and Bamler, R.: The shuttle radar
topography mission–a new class of digital elevation models acquired by
spaceborne radar, Isprs J. Photogramm., 57, 241–262,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2716(02)00124-7, 2003.
RGI Consortium: Randolph Glacier Inventory – A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines, Version 6, National Snow and Ice Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.7265/4m1f-gd79, 2017.
Rick, B., McGrath, D., Armstrong, W., and McCoy, S. W.: Dam type and lake location characterize ice-marginal lake area change in Alaska and NW Canada between 1984 and 2019, The Cryosphere, 16, 297–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-297-2022, 2022.
Rose, A., Mckee, J., Sims, K., Bright, E., Reith, A., and Urban, M.:
LandScan Global 2020, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, https://doi.org/10.48690/1523378, 2021.
Rounce, D. R., Hock, R., and Shean, D. E.: Glacier Mass Change in High
Mountain Asia Through 2100 Using the Open-Source Python Glacier Evolution
Model (PyGEM), Front. Earth Sci., 7, 331,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00331, 2020.
Roy, D. P., Wulder, M. A., Loveland, T. R., C. E., W., Allen, R. G.,
Anderson, M. C., Helder, D., Irons, J. R., Johnson, D. M., Kennedy, R.,
Scambos, T. A., Schaaf, C. B., Schott, J. R., Sheng, Y., Vermote, E. F.,
Belward, A. S., Bindschadler, R., Cohen, W. B., Gao, F., Hipple, J. D.,
Hostert, P., Huntington, J., Justice, C. O., Kilic, A., Kovalskyy, V., Lee,
Z. P., Lymburner, L., Masek, J. G., McCorkel, J., Shuai, Y., Trezza, R.,
Vogelmann, J., Wynne, R. H., and Zhu, Z.: Landsat-8: Science and product
vision for terrestrial global change research, Remote Sens. Environ., 145,
154–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001, 2014.
Sakai, A.: Brief communication: Updated GAMDAM glacier inventory over high-mountain Asia , The Cryosphere, 13, 2043–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2043-2019, 2019.
Salerno, F., Thakuri, S., D'Agata, C., Smiraglia, C., Manfredi, E. C.,
Viviano, G., and Tartari, G.: Glacial lake distribution in the Mount Everest
region: Uncertainty of measurement and conditions of formation, Global
Planet. Change, 92–93, 30–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.04.001, 2012.
Shean, D. E., Bhushan, S., Montesano, P., Rounce, D. R., Arendt, A., and
Osmanoglu, B.: A Systematic, Regional Assessment of High Mountain Asia
Glacier Mass Balance, Front. Earth Sci., 7, 363,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00363, 2020.
Sheng, Y., Song, C., Wang, J., Lyons, E. A., Knox, B. R., Cox, J. S., and
Gao, F.: Representative lake water extent mapping at continental scales
using multi-temporal Landsat-8 imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 185, 129–141,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.041, 2016.
Shugar, D. H., Burr, A., Haritashya, U. K., Kargel, J. S., Watson, C. S.,
Kennedy, M. C., Bevington, A. R., Betts, R. A., Harrison, S., and Strattman,
K.: Rapid worldwide growth of glacial lakes since 1990, Nat. Clim. Change,
10, 939–945, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0855-4, 2020a.
Shugar, D., Burr, A., Haritashya, U. K., Kargel, J., Watson, C. S., Kennedy, M. C., Bevington, A. R., Betts, R. A., Harrison, S., and Strattman, K.: High Mountain Asia Near-Global Multi-Decadal Glacial Lake Inventory, Version 1, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/UO20NYM3YQB4, 2020b.
Shugar, D. H., Jacquemart, M., Shean, D., Bhushan, S., Upadhyay, K., Sattar,
A., Schwanghart, W., McBride, S., de Vries, M., Mergili, M., Emmer, A.,
Deschamps-Berger, C., McDonnell, M., Bhambri, R., Allen, S., Berthier, E.,
Carrivick, J. L., Clague, J. J., Dokukin, M., Dunning, S. A., Frey, H.,
Gascoin, S., Haritashya, U. K., Huggel, C., Kaab, A., Kargel, J. S.,
Kavanaugh, J. L., Lacroix, P., Petley, D., Rupper, S., Azam, M. F., Cook, S.
J., Dimri, A. P., Eriksson, M., Farinotti, D., Fiddes, J., Gnyawali, K. R.,
Harrison, S., Jha, M., Koppes, M., Kumar, A., Leinss, S., Majeed, U., Mal,
S., Muhuri, A., Noetzli, J., Paul, F., Rashid, I., Sain, K., Steiner, J.,
Ugalde, F., Watson, C. S., and Westoby, M. J.: A massive rock and ice
avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya, Science,
373, 300–306, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh4455, 2021.
Ullah, S., You, Q., Ali, A., Ullah, W., Jan, M. A., Zhang, Y., Xie, W., and
Xie, X.: Observed changes in maximum and minimum temperatures over China-
Pakistan economic corridor during 1980–2016, Atmos. Res., 216, 37–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.09.020, 2019.
Viviroli, D., Kummu, M., Meybeck, M., Kallio, M., and Wada, Y.: Increasing
dependence of lowland populations on mountain water resources, Nat. Sustain.,
3, 917–928, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0559-9, 2020.
Wang, J., Sheng, Y., and Tong, T. S. D.: Monitoring decadal lake dynamics
across the Yangtze Basin downstream of Three Gorges Dam, Remote Sens.
Environ., 152, 251–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.06.004, 2014.
Wang, J., Sheng, Y., and Wada, Y.: Little impact of the Three Gorges Dam on
recent decadal lake decline across China's Yangtze Plain, Water Resour.
Res., 53, 3854–3877, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019817, 2017.
Wang, J., Song, C., Reager, J. T., Yao, F., Famiglietti, J. S., Sheng, Y.,
MacDonald, G. M., Brun, F., Schmied, H. M., Marston, R. A., and Wada, Y.:
Recent global decline in endorheic basin water storages, Nat. Geosci., 11,
926–932, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0265-7, 2018.
Wang, X., Ding, Y., Liu, S., Jiang, L., Wu, K., Jiang, Z., and Guo, W.:
Changes of glacial lakes and implications in Tian Shan, Central Asia, based
on remote sensing data from 1990 to 2010, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 44052,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044052, 2013.
Wang, X., Liu, S., and Zhang, J.: A new look at roles of the cryosphere in
sustainable development, Adv. Clim. Chang. Res., 10, 124–131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.005, 2019.
Wang, X., Guo, X., Yang, C., Liu, Q., Wei, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Z., and Tang, Z.: Glacial lake inventory of high-mountain Asia in 1990 and 2018 derived from Landsat images, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2169–2182, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2169-2020, 2020.
Wang, X., Guo, X., Yang, C., Liu, Q., Wei, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Z., and Tang, Z.: Cataloging data set of high Asian ice lakes, National Cryosphere Desert Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.12072/casnw.064.2019.db, 2021.
Wangchuk, S. and Bolch, T.: Mapping of glacial lakes using Sentinel-1 and
Sentinel-2 data and a random forest classifier: Strengths and challenges,
Sci. Remote Sens., 2, 100008,
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2020.100008, 2020.
Westoby, M. J., Glasser, N. F., Brasington, J., Hambrey, M. J., Quincey, D.
J., and Reynolds, J. M.: Modelling outburst floods from moraine-dammed
glacial lakes, Earth-Sci. Rev., 134, 137–159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.009, 2014.
Williamson, A. G., Banwell, A. F., Willis, I. C., and Arnold, N. S.: Dual-satellite (Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8) remote sensing of supraglacial lakes in Greenland, The Cryosphere, 12, 3045–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3045-2018, 2018.
Wu, R., Liu, G., Zhang, R., Wang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, B., Cai, J., and Xiang,
W.: A Deep Learning Method for Mapping Glacial Lakes from the Combined Use
of Synthetic-Aperture Radar and Optical Satellite Images, Remote Sens., 12,
4020, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244020, 2020.
Wulder, M. A., Loveland, T. R., Roy, D. P., Crawford, C. J., Masek, J. G.,
Woodcock, C. E., Allen, R. G., Anderson, M. C., Belward, A. S., Cohen, W.
B., Dwyer, J., Erb, A., Gao, F., Griffiths, P., Helder, D., Hermosilla, T.,
Hipple, J. D., Hostert, P., Hughes, M. J., Huntington, J., Johnson, D. M.,
Kennedy, R., Kilic, A., Li, Z., Lymburner, L., McCorkel, J., Pahlevan, N.,
Scambos, T. A., Schaaf, C., Schott, J. R., Sheng, Y., Storey, J., Vermote,
E., Vogelmann, J., White, J. C., Wynne, R. H., and Zhu, Z.: Current status
of Landsat program, science, and applications, Remote Sens. Environ., 225,
127–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.015, 2019.
Yao, C., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Wei, J., and Zhang, Y.: Temporal and Spatial
Changes of Glacial Lakes in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990
to 2018, J. Glaciol. Geocryol., 42, 33–42,
https://doi.org/10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2020.0009, 2020.
Yao, T., Thompson, L., Yang, W., Yu, W. S., Gao, Y., Guo, X. J., Yang, X.
X., Duan, K. Q., Zhao, H. B., Xu, B. Q., Pu, J. C., Lu, A. X., Xiang, Y.,
Kattel, D. B., and Joswiak, D.: Different glacier status with atmospheric
circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, Nat. Clim. Change, 2,
663–667, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE1580, 2012.
Yao, X., Liu, S., Han, L., Sun, M., and Zhao, L.: Definition and
classification system of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study, J.
Geogr. Sci., 28, 193–205, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-018-1467-z, 2018.
Zhang, G.: Data on glacial lakes in the TPE (V1.0) (1990, 2000, 2010). National Tibetan Plateau Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.11888/Hydrology.tpe.249459.file, 2018.
Zhang, G., Yao, T., Xie, H., Wang, W., and Yang, W.: An inventory of glacial
lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global
warming, Global Planet. Change, 131, 148–157,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013, 2015.
Zhang, M., Chen, F., and Tian, B.: An automated method for glacial lake
mapping in High Mountain Asia using Landsat 8 imagery, J. Mt. Sci., 15,
13–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4518-5, 2018.
Zhao, W., Xiong, D., Wen, F., and Wang, X.: Lake area monitoring based on
land surface temperature in the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2018, Environ.
Res. Lett., 15, 084033, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab9b41, 2020.
Zheng, G., Allen, S. K., Bao, A., Ballesteros-Cánovas, J. A., Huss, M.,
Zhang, G., Li, J., Yuan, Y., Jiang, L., Yu, T., Chen, W., and Stoffel, M.:
Increasing risk of glacial lake outburst floods from future Third Pole
deglaciation, Nat. Clim. Change, 11, 411–417,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01028-3, 2021.
Short summary
The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor plays a vital role in foreign trade and faces threats from water shortage and water-related hazards. An up-to-date glacial lake dataset with critical parameters is basic for water resource and flood risk research, which is absent from the corridor. This study created a glacial lake dataset in 2020 from Landsat and Sentinel images from 1990–2000, using a threshold-based mapping method. Our dataset has the potential to be widely applied.
The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor plays a vital role in foreign trade and faces threats from...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint