Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1087-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1087-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
10 Mar 2022
Data description article |
| 10 Mar 2022
| 10 Mar 2022
META3.1exp: a new global mesoscale eddy trajectory atlas derived from altimetry
CLS, Ramonville Saint Agne, 31250, France
Antoine Delepoulle
CLS, Ramonville Saint Agne, 31250, France
Evan Mason
IMEDEA, Esporles, Mallorca, 07190, Spain
Rosemary Morrow
LEGOS, Toulouse, 31400, France
Yannice Faugère
CLS, Ramonville Saint Agne, 31250, France
Gérald Dibarboure
CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France
Related authors
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Noémie Lalau, Michaël Ablain, Thomas Vaujour, François Boy, Gerald Dibarboure, and Alejandro Egido
Ocean Sci., 22, 2491–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2491-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2491-2026, 2026
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We investigated how to maintain continuous sea level measurements between current Sentinel-3 constellation and the upcoming Sentinel-3 Next Generation Topography mission. Because of new satellite designs, a 4-hour delay will exists between observations during the calibration phase. By simulating this time lag, we found that, despite increased uncertainty, reliable calibration is possible. Extending this phase to one year ensures a stable, long-term record for climate and ocean monitoring.
Gwenael Jestin, Sara Fleury, Matthias Raynal, Marta Alves, Fanny Piras, Anaëlle Treboutte, François Boy, Inès Benabdillah, Louise Yu, and Gérald Dibarboure
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2569, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2569, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
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With its wide swath of 120 km, the SWOT altimeter offers unrivalled spatial and temporal coverage of the polar oceans. But frozen oceans are difficult to study because the ice cover only reveals the open ocean through cracks and polynyas. Whether studying the ice or the ocean, leads and floes must be distinguished. This classification is now available in the CNES L3 product at a resolution of 250 m. This paper outlines the methodology and improvements of the derived ice concentration maps.
Solène Jousset, Sandrine Mulet, Eric Greiner, John Wilkin, Lien Vidar, Léon Chafik, Roshin Raj, Antonio Bonaduce, Nicolas Picot, and Gérald Dibarboure
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 2285–2303, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2285-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2285-2026, 2026
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Satellite altimetry has revolutionized ocean observation, making it possible to track sea level with very good spatio-temporal coverage. However, only sea level anomalies are retrieved; to monitor the entire ocean signal, mean dynamic topography (MDT) must be added to these anomalies. In this study, an evaluation of the CNES-CLS22 MDT shows significant improvements in the Arctic. Over the globe, this new solution represents an incremental update to previous CNES-CLS18 MDT.
Juliette Gamot, Antoine Delepoulle, Francesco Nencioli, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, and Gérald Dibarboure
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-108, 2026
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Mesoscale eddies are rotating ocean features that play a key role in transporting heat, salt, and biological material. This study presents a new global dataset derived from satellite observations to track these eddies and identify when they merge or split. By organizing them into interaction networks, we show that such events are frequent and strongly influence eddy evolution, leading to a more realistic description of ocean circulation.
Jean H. M. Roger, Yannice Faugère, Hélène Hébert, Antoine Delepoulle, and Gérald Dibarboure
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 943–954, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-943-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-943-2026, 2026
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Deployed in 2022, the SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) satellite was flying over the Southwest Pacific on 19 May 2023 when it recorded the tsunami triggered by a magnitude 7.7 earthquake south of the Vanuatu arc. For the very first time, it provided a 2D image of a tsunami wavefield along a straight path. Comparison with numerical tsunami simulations reveals good phase agreement between the modeled wavefield and the SWOT record, but the simulated amplitudes are lower than the measurements.
Chloé Goret, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Fabius Kouogang, Carina Regina de Macedo, Amine M'Hamdi, Jorge M. Magalhães, José Carlos Bastos da Silva, Michel Tchilibou, Camila Artana, Isabelle Dadou, Antoine Delepoulle, Simon Barbot, Maxime Ballarotta, Loren Carrère, and Alex Costa da Silva
Ocean Sci., 22, 679–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-679-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-679-2026, 2026
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Using high-resolution satellite measurements, we observed how eddies off the Amazon shelf modify internal solitary waves. The results show that these waves can be deflected from their path, even split into two branches, and change their geometry when interacting with different types of eddies. This work provides new insight into the ocean’s complex dynamic interactions and could help guide future predictions of ocean behavior and its effects on coastal and marine ecosystems.
Cécile Kocha, Marine Liévin, Yann Pageot, Clémence Rubin, Victor Quet, Franck Octau, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Pierre Prandi, Sabine Philipps, Gerald Dibarboure, Isabelino Denis, Carolina Nogueira Loddo, and François Bignalet-Cazalet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-604, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-604, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
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30 years of satellite altimetry data were reprocessed in 2024, using state-of-the-art research algorithms and models. The so-called DT-2024 sea level dataset provides a homogenous and consistent set of observations from 15 satellites and 5 climate reference altimeters. This new dataset is shown to improve mesoscale quality and consistency, particularly over coastal and polar areas, as well as the long-term stability for climate research.
Clément Ubelmann, J. Thomas Farrar, Bertrand Chapron, Lucile Gaultier, Laura Gomez-Navarro, Marie-Hélène Rio, and Gérald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 21, 2915–2928, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2915-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2915-2025, 2025
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This study models wind-driven ocean currents using observed wind stress and an empirically estimated impulse response function based on drifting buoys. By convolving this function with wind forcing from ERA5, the estimates align well with independent observations across latitudes. Additionally, the response function serves as a valuable indicator of subsurface properties.
Michel Tchilibou, Simon Barbot, Loren Carrere, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Gérald Dibarboure, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 21, 1469–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1469-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1469-2025, 2025
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MIOST24 (Multivariate Inversion of Ocean Surface Topography 2024) annual and monthly internal tide (IT) atlases, based on 25 years of altimetry data and an updated wavelength database, are presented for the Indo-Philippine archipelago and the Amazon shelf. The atlases show monthly IT variability and a better correction of IT in altimetry data than with MIOST22 (MIOST 2022) and HRET (High-Resolution Empirical Tide). The results support the development of a global MIOST24.
Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Gérald Dibarboure, Jean-Michel Lellouche, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Mounir Benkiran, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Yannice Faugère, and Elisabeth Remy
Ocean Sci., 21, 1329–1347, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1329-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-1329-2025, 2025
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By providing all weather, global, and real-time observations of sea level, a key variable to constrain ocean analysis and forecasting systems, satellite altimetry has had a profound impact on the development of operational oceanography. This paper provides an overview of the development and evolution of satellite altimetry and operational oceanography over the past 20 years from the launch of Jason-1 in 2001 to the launch of SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) in 2022.
Hélène Etienne, Clément Ubelmann, Fabrice Ardhuin, and Gérald Dibarboure
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2890, 2025
Preprint archived
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This study analyzes near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) in ocean surface currents using drifter data and the LLC2160 ocean-atmosphere model. It finds that NIOs have a typical spatial decorrelation scale around 100 km, varying with latitude. The model accurately captures these patterns, supporting the ODYSEA concept mission's goal to measure surface currents via Doppler radar and reduce NIO-related data aliasing for better ocean monitoring.
Michaël Ablain, Noémie Lalau, Benoit Meyssignac, Robin Fraudeau, Anne Barnoud, Gérald Dibarboure, Alejandro Egido, and Craig Donlon
Ocean Sci., 21, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-343-2025, 2025
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This study proposes a novel cross-validation method to assess the instrumental stability in sea level trends. The method involves implementing a second tandem flight phase between two successive altimeter missions a few years after the first phase. The trend in systematic instrumental differences made during the two tandem phases can be estimated below ± 0.1 mm yr-1 (16–84 % confidence level) on a global scale for time intervals between the tandem phases of 4 years or more.
Michel Tchilibou, Loren Carrere, Florent Lyard, Clément Ubelmann, Gérald Dibarboure, Edward D. Zaron, and Brian K. Arbic
Ocean Sci., 21, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, 2025
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Sea level observations along the swaths of the new SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission were used to characterize internal tides at three semidiurnal frequencies off the Amazon shelf in the tropical Atlantic during the SWOT calibration/validation period. The atlases were derived using harmonic analysis and principal component analysis. The SWOT-derived internal tide atlas outperforms the reference atlas previously used to correct SWOT observations.
Gerald Dibarboure, Cécile Anadon, Frédéric Briol, Emeline Cadier, Robin Chevrier, Antoine Delepoulle, Yannice Faugère, Alice Laloue, Rosemary Morrow, Nicolas Picot, Pierre Prandi, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Matthias Raynal, Anaelle Tréboutte, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 21, 283–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-283-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-283-2025, 2025
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The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission delivers unprecedented swath-altimetry products. In this paper, we describe how we extended the Level-3 algorithms to handle SWOT’s unique swath-altimeter data. We also illustrate and discuss the benefits, relevance, and limitations of Level-3 swath-altimeter products for various research domains.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Valentin Bellemin-Laponnaz, Florian Le Guillou, Guillaume Meda, Cécile Anadon, Alice Laloue, Antoine Delepoulle, Yannice Faugère, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ronan Fablet, and Gérald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 21, 63–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-63-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-63-2025, 2025
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The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides unprecedented swath altimetry data. This study examines SWOT's impact on mapping systems, showing a moderate effect with the current nadir altimetry constellation and a stronger impact with a reduced one. Integrating SWOT with dynamic mapping techniques improves the resolution of satellite-derived products, offering promising solutions for studying and monitoring sea-level variability at finer scales.
Alice Laloue, Malek Ghantous, Yannice Faugère, Alice Dalphinet, and Lotfi Aouf
State Planet, 4-osr8, 6, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-6-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-6-2024, 2024
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Satellite altimetry shows that daily mean significant wave heights (SWHs) and extreme SWHs have increased in the Southern Ocean, the South Atlantic, and the southern Indian Ocean over the last 2 decades. In winter in the North Atlantic, SWH has increased north of 45°N and decreased south of 45°N. SWHs likely to be exceeded every 100 years have also increased in the North Atlantic and the eastern tropical Pacific. However, this study also revealed the need for longer and more consistent series.
Elisa Carli, Rosemary Morrow, Oscar Vergara, Robin Chevrier, and Lionel Renault
Ocean Sci., 19, 1413–1435, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1413-2023, 2023
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Oceanic eddies are the structures carrying most of the energy in our oceans. They are key to climate regulation and nutrient transport. We prepare for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission, studying eddy dynamics in the region south of Africa, where the Indian and Atlantic oceans meet, using models and simulated satellite data. SWOT will provide insights into the structures smaller than what is currently observable, which appear to greatly contribute to eddy kinetic energy and strain.
Antonio Sánchez-Román, M. Isabelle Pujol, Yannice Faugère, and Ananda Pascual
Ocean Sci., 19, 793–809, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-793-2023, 2023
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This paper assesses the performance of the latest version (DT2021) of global gridded altimetry products distributed through the CMEMS and C3S Copernicus programs on the retrieval of sea level in the coastal zone of the European seas with respect to the previous DT2018 version. This comparison is made using an external independent dataset. DT2021 sea level products better solve the signal in the coastal band.
Oscar Vergara, Rosemary Morrow, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Gérald Dibarboure, and Clément Ubelmann
Ocean Sci., 19, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-363-2023, 2023
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Recent advances allow us to observe the ocean from space with increasingly higher detail, challenging our knowledge of the ocean's surface height signature. We use a statistical approach to determine the spatial scale at which the sea surface height signal is no longer dominated by geostrophic turbulence but in turn becomes dominated by wave-type motions. This information helps us to better use the data provided by ocean-observing satellites and to gain knowledge on climate-driving processes.
Maxime Ballarotta, Clément Ubelmann, Pierre Veillard, Pierre Prandi, Hélène Etienne, Sandrine Mulet, Yannice Faugère, Gérald Dibarboure, Rosemary Morrow, and Nicolas Picot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 295–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-295-2023, 2023
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We present a new gridded sea surface height and current dataset produced by combining observations from nadir altimeters and drifting buoys. This product is based on a multiscale and multivariate mapping approach that offers the possibility to improve the physical content of gridded products by combining the data from various platforms and resolving a broader spectrum of ocean surface dynamic than in the current operational mapping system. A quality assessment of this new product is presented.
Michel Tchilibou, Ariane Koch-Larrouy, Simon Barbot, Florent Lyard, Yves Morel, Julien Jouanno, and Rosemary Morrow
Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022
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This high-resolution model-based study investigates the variability in the generation, propagation, and sea height signature (SSH) of the internal tide off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons. ITs propagate further north during the season characterized by weak currents and mesoscale eddies and a shallow and strong pycnocline. IT imprints on SSH dominate those of the geostrophic motion for horizontal scales below 200 km; moreover, the SSH is mainly incoherent below 70 km.
Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Stéphanie Dupuy, Oscar Vergara, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Yannice Faugère, Pierre Prandi, Mei-Ling Dabat, Quentin Dagneaux, Marine Lievin, Emeline Cadier, Gérald Dibarboure, and Nicolas Picot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-292, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
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An altimeter sea level along-track level-3 product with a 5 Hz (~1.2 km) sampling is proposed. It takes advantage of recent advances in radar altimeter processing, and improvements made to different stages of the processing chain. Compared to the conventional 1 Hz (~7 km) product, it significantly improves the observability of the short wavelength signal in open ocean and near coast areas (> 5 km). It also contributes to improving high resolution numerical model outputs via data assimilation.
Mounir Benkiran, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, and Gérald Dibarboure
Ocean Sci., 18, 609–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-609-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-609-2022, 2022
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The SSH analysis and 7 d forecast error will be globally reduced by almost 50 %. Surface current forecast errors should be equivalent to today’s surface current analysis errors or alternatively will be improved (variance error reduction) by 30 % at the surface and 50 % for 300 m depth.
The resolution capabilities will be drastically improved and will be closer to 100 km wavelength as opposed to today where they are above 250 km (on average).
Clément Ubelmann, Loren Carrere, Chloé Durand, Gérald Dibarboure, Yannice Faugère, Maxime Ballarotta, Frédéric Briol, and Florent Lyard
Ocean Sci., 18, 469–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, 2022
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The signature of internal tides has become an important component for high-resolution altimetry over oceans. Several studies have proposed some solutions to resolve part of these internal tides based on the altimetry record. Following these studies, we propose here a new inversion approach aimed to mitigate aliasing with other dynamics. After a description of the methodology, the solution for the main tidal components has been successfully validated against independent observations.
Pierre Prandi, Jean-Christophe Poisson, Yannice Faugère, Amandine Guillot, and Gérald Dibarboure
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5469–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5469-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5469-2021, 2021
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We investigate how mapping sea level in the Arctic Ocean can benefit from combining data from three satellite radar altimeters: CryoSat-2, Sentinel-3A and SARAL/AltiKa. A dedicated processing for SARAL/AltiKa provides a baseline for the cross-referencing of CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3A before mapping. We show that by combining measurements coming from three missions, we are able to increase the resolution of gridded sea level fields in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean.
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Short summary
The new global Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlases (META3.1exp) provide eddy identification and trajectories from altimetry maps. These atlases comprise an improvement to and continuation of the historical META2.0 product. Changes in the detection parameters and tracking were tested by comparing the eddies from the different datasets. In particular, the eddy contours available in META3.1exp are an asset for multi-disciplinary studies.
The new global Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlases (META3.1exp) provide eddy identification and...
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