Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2007-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2007-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
12 May 2025
Data description paper |
| 12 May 2025
| 12 May 2025
LegacyVegetation: Northern Hemisphere reconstruction of past plant cover and total tree cover from pollen archives of the last 14 kyr
Laura Schild
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Peter Ewald
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Chenzhi Li
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Raphaël Hébert
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Potsdam, Germany
Thomas Laepple
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Potsdam, Germany
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Ulrike Herzschuh
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Boris K. Biskaborn, Amy Forster, Gregor Pfalz, Lyudmila A. Pestryakova, Kathleen Stoof-Leichsenring, Jens Strauss, Tim Kröger, and Ulrike Herzschuh
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Furong Li, Marie-José Gaillard, Xianyong Cao, Ulrike Herzschuh, Shinya Sugita, Jian Ni, Yan Zhao, Chengbang An, Xiaozhong Huang, Yu Li, Hongyan Liu, Aizhi Sun, and Yifeng Yao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-95-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-95-2023, 2023
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Timon Miesner, Ulrike Herzschuh, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Mareike Wieczorek, Evgenii S. Zakharov, Alexei I. Kolmogorov, Paraskovya V. Davydova, and Stefan Kruse
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Femke van Geffen, Birgit Heim, Frederic Brieger, Rongwei Geng, Iuliia A. Shevtsova, Luise Schulte, Simone M. Stuenzi, Nadine Bernhardt, Elena I. Troeva, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Evgenii S. Zakharov, Bringfried Pflug, Ulrike Herzschuh, and Stefan Kruse
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4967–4994, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4967-2022, 2022
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Antoine Grisart, Mathieu Casado, Vasileios Gkinis, Bo Vinther, Philippe Naveau, Mathieu Vrac, Thomas Laepple, Bénédicte Minster, Frederic Prié, Barbara Stenni, Elise Fourré, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Jean Jouzel, Martin Werner, Katy Pol, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Maria Hoerhold, Trevor Popp, and Amaelle Landais
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Ulrike Herzschuh, Chenzhi Li, Thomas Böhmer, Alexander K. Postl, Birgit Heim, Andrei A. Andreev, Xianyong Cao, Mareike Wieczorek, and Jian Ni
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3213–3227, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3213-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3213-2022, 2022
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Ramesh Glückler, Rongwei Geng, Lennart Grimm, Izabella Baisheva, Ulrike Herzschuh, Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring, Stefan Kruse, Andrei Andreev, Luidmila Pestryakova, and Elisabeth Dietze
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-395, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-395, 2022
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Chenzhi Li, Alexander K. Postl, Thomas Böhmer, Xianyong Cao, Andrew M. Dolman, and Ulrike Herzschuh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1331–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1331-2022, 2022
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Stefan Kruse, Simone M. Stuenzi, Julia Boike, Moritz Langer, Josias Gloy, and Ulrike Herzschuh
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2395–2422, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2395-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2395-2022, 2022
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We coupled established models for boreal forest (LAVESI) and permafrost dynamics (CryoGrid) in Siberia to investigate interactions of the diverse vegetation layer with permafrost soils. Our tests showed improved active layer depth estimations and newly included species growth according to their species-specific limits. We conclude that the new model system can be applied to simulate boreal forest dynamics and transitions under global warming and disturbances, expanding our knowledge.
Roman Procyk, Shaun Lovejoy, and Raphael Hébert
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 81–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-81-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-81-2022, 2022
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This paper presents a new class of energy balance model that accounts for the long memory within the Earth's energy storage. The model is calibrated on instrumental temperature records and the historical energy budget of the Earth using an error model predicted by the model itself. Our equilibrium climate sensitivity and future temperature projection estimates are consistent with those estimated by complex climate models.
Anne Dallmeyer, Martin Claussen, Stephan J. Lorenz, Michael Sigl, Matthew Toohey, and Ulrike Herzschuh
Clim. Past, 17, 2481–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2481-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2481-2021, 2021
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Using the comprehensive Earth system model, MPI-ESM1.2, we explore the global Holocene vegetation changes and interpret them in terms of the Holocene climate change. The model results reveal that most of the Holocene vegetation transitions seen outside the high northern latitudes can be attributed to modifications in the intensity of the global summer monsoons.
Alexandra M. Zuhr, Thomas Münch, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, Maria Hörhold, and Thomas Laepple
The Cryosphere, 15, 4873–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4873-2021, 2021
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Firn and ice cores are used to infer past temperatures. However, the imprint of the climatic signal in stable water isotopes is influenced by depositional modifications. We present and use a photogrammetry structure-from-motion approach and find variability in the amount, the timing, and the location of snowfall. Depositional modifications of the surface are observed, leading to mixing of snow from different snowfall events and spatial locations and thus creating noise in the proxy record.
Stuart A. Vyse, Ulrike Herzschuh, Gregor Pfalz, Lyudmila A. Pestryakova, Bernhard Diekmann, Norbert Nowaczyk, and Boris K. Biskaborn
Biogeosciences, 18, 4791–4816, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4791-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4791-2021, 2021
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Thomas Münch, Martin Werner, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 17, 1587–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1587-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1587-2021, 2021
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We analyse Holocene climate model simulation data to find the locations of Antarctic ice cores which are best suited to reconstruct local- to regional-scale temperatures. We find that the spatial decorrelation scales of the temperature variations and of the noise from precipitation intermittency set an effective sampling length scale. Following this, a single core should be located at the
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Raphaël Hébert, Kira Rehfeld, and Thomas Laepple
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Paleoclimate proxy data are essential for broadening our understanding of climate variability. There remain, however, challenges for traditional methods of variability analysis to be applied to such data, which are usually irregular. We perform a comparative analysis of different methods of scaling analysis, which provide variability estimates as a function of timescales, applied to irregular paleoclimate proxy data.
Ramesh Glückler, Ulrike Herzschuh, Stefan Kruse, Andrei Andreev, Stuart Andrew Vyse, Bettina Winkler, Boris K. Biskaborn, Luidmila Pestryakova, and Elisabeth Dietze
Biogeosciences, 18, 4185–4209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4185-2021, 2021
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Data about past fire activity are very sparse in Siberia. This study presents a first high-resolution record of charcoal particles from lake sediments in boreal eastern Siberia. It indicates that current levels of charcoal accumulation are not unprecedented. While a recent increase in reconstructed fire frequency coincides with rising temperatures and increasing human activity, vegetation composition does not seem to be a major driver behind changes in the fire regime in the past two millennia.
Lydia Stolpmann, Caroline Coch, Anne Morgenstern, Julia Boike, Michael Fritz, Ulrike Herzschuh, Kathleen Stoof-Leichsenring, Yury Dvornikov, Birgit Heim, Josefine Lenz, Amy Larsen, Katey Walter Anthony, Benjamin Jones, Karen Frey, and Guido Grosse
Biogeosciences, 18, 3917–3936, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3917-2021, 2021
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Our new database summarizes DOC concentrations of 2167 water samples from 1833 lakes in permafrost regions across the Arctic to provide insights into linkages between DOC and environment. We found increasing lake DOC concentration with decreasing permafrost extent and higher DOC concentrations in boreal permafrost sites compared to tundra sites. Our study shows that DOC concentration depends on the environmental properties of a lake, especially permafrost extent, ecoregion, and vegetation.
Iuliia Shevtsova, Ulrike Herzschuh, Birgit Heim, Luise Schulte, Simone Stünzi, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Evgeniy S. Zakharov, and Stefan Kruse
Biogeosciences, 18, 3343–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3343-2021, 2021
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In the light of climate changes in subarctic regions, notable general increase in above-ground biomass for the past 15 years (2000 to 2017) was estimated along a tundra–taiga gradient of central Chukotka (Russian Far East). The greatest increase occurred in the northern taiga in the areas of larch closed-canopy forest expansion with Cajander larch as a main contributor. For the estimations, we used field data (taxa-separated plant biomass, 2018) and upscaled it based on Landsat satellite data.
Andrew M. Dolman, Torben Kunz, Jeroen Groeneveld, and Thomas Laepple
Clim. Past, 17, 825–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-825-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-825-2021, 2021
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Uncertainties in climate proxy records are temporally autocorrelated. By deriving expressions for the power spectra of errors in proxy records, we can estimate appropriate uncertainties for any timescale, for example, for temporally smoothed records or for time slices. Here we outline and demonstrate this approach for climate proxies recovered from marine sediment cores.
Simone Maria Stuenzi, Julia Boike, William Cable, Ulrike Herzschuh, Stefan Kruse, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Sebastian Westermann, Evgenii S. Zakharov, and Moritz Langer
Biogeosciences, 18, 343–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-343-2021, 2021
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Boreal forests in eastern Siberia are an essential component of global climate patterns. We use a physically based model and field measurements to study the interactions between forests, permanently frozen ground and the atmosphere. We find that forests exert a strong control on the thermal state of permafrost through changing snow cover dynamics and altering the surface energy balance, through absorbing most of the incoming solar radiation and suppressing below-canopy turbulent fluxes.
Mareike Wieczorek and Ulrike Herzschuh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3515–3528, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3515-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3515-2020, 2020
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Relative pollen productivity (RPP) estimates are used to estimate vegetation cover from pollen records. This study provides (i) a compilation of northern hemispheric RPP studies, allowing researchers to identify suitable sets for their study region and to identify data gaps for future research, and (ii) taxonomically harmonized, unified RPP sets for China, Europe, North America, and the whole Northern Hemisphere, generated from the available studies.
Basil A. S. Davis, Manuel Chevalier, Philipp Sommer, Vachel A. Carter, Walter Finsinger, Achille Mauri, Leanne N. Phelps, Marco Zanon, Roman Abegglen, Christine M. Åkesson, Francisca Alba-Sánchez, R. Scott Anderson, Tatiana G. Antipina, Juliana R. Atanassova, Ruth Beer, Nina I. Belyanina, Tatiana A. Blyakharchuk, Olga K. Borisova, Elissaveta Bozilova, Galina Bukreeva, M. Jane Bunting, Eleonora Clò, Daniele Colombaroli, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Stéphanie Desprat, Federico Di Rita, Morteza Djamali, Kevin J. Edwards, Patricia L. Fall, Angelica Feurdean, William Fletcher, Assunta Florenzano, Giulia Furlanetto, Emna Gaceur, Arsenii T. Galimov, Mariusz Gałka, Iria García-Moreiras, Thomas Giesecke, Roxana Grindean, Maria A. Guido, Irina G. Gvozdeva, Ulrike Herzschuh, Kari L. Hjelle, Sergey Ivanov, Susanne Jahns, Vlasta Jankovska, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Ikuko Kitaba, Piotr Kołaczek, Elena G. Lapteva, Małgorzata Latałowa, Vincent Lebreton, Suzanne Leroy, Michelle Leydet, Darya A. Lopatina, José Antonio López-Sáez, André F. Lotter, Donatella Magri, Elena Marinova, Isabelle Matthias, Anastasia Mavridou, Anna Maria Mercuri, Jose Manuel Mesa-Fernández, Yuri A. Mikishin, Krystyna Milecka, Carlo Montanari, César Morales-Molino, Almut Mrotzek, Castor Muñoz Sobrino, Olga D. Naidina, Takeshi Nakagawa, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Elena Y. Novenko, Sampson Panajiotidis, Nata K. Panova, Maria Papadopoulou, Heather S. Pardoe, Anna Pędziszewska, Tatiana I. Petrenko, María J. Ramos-Román, Cesare Ravazzi, Manfred Rösch, Natalia Ryabogina, Silvia Sabariego Ruiz, J. Sakari Salonen, Tatyana V. Sapelko, James E. Schofield, Heikki Seppä, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Normunds Stivrins, Philipp Stojakowits, Helena Svobodova Svitavska, Joanna Święta-Musznicka, Ioan Tantau, Willy Tinner, Kazimierz Tobolski, Spassimir Tonkov, Margarita Tsakiridou, Verushka Valsecchi, Oksana G. Zanina, and Marcelina Zimny
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2423–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2423-2020, 2020
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The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) contains pollen counts and associated metadata for 8134 modern pollen samples from across the Eurasian region. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives. The purpose of the EMPD is to provide calibration datasets and other data to support palaeoecological research on past climates and vegetation cover over the Quaternary period.
Cited articles
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Cao, X., Tian, F., Andreev, A., Anderson, P. M., Lozhkin, A. V., Bezrukova, E., Ni, J., Rudaya, N., Stobbe, A., Wieczorek, M., and Herzschuh, U.: A taxonomically harmonized and temporally standardized fossil pollen dataset from Siberia covering the last 40 kyr, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 119–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-119-2020, 2020. a
Cao, X.-Y., Herzschuh, U., Telford, R. J., and Ni, J.: A modern pollen–climate dataset from China and Mongolia: Assessing its potential for climate reconstruction, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 211, 87–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.007, 2014. a
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Dallmeyer, A., Kleinen, T., Claussen, M., Weitzel, N., Cao, X., and Herzschuh, U.: The deglacial forest conundrum, Nat. Commun., 13, 6035, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33646-6, 2022. a
Dallmeyer, A., Poska, A., Marquer, L., Seim, A., and Gaillard, M.-J.: The challenge of comparing pollen-based quantitative vegetation reconstructions with outputs from vegetation models – a European perspective, Clim. Past, 19, 1531–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1531-2023, 2023. a, b
Davis, B. A. S., Collins, P. M., and Kaplan, J. O.: The age and post-glacial development of the modern European vegetation: a plant functional approach based on pollen data, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 24, 303–317, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0476-9, 2015. a
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Dawson, A., Williams, J. W., Gaillard, M.-J., Goring, S. J., Pirzamanbein, B., Lindstrom, J., Anderson, R. S., Brunelle, A., Foster, D., Gajewski, K., Gavin, D. G., Lacourse, T., Minckley, T. A., Oswald, W., Shuman, B., and Whitlock, C.: Holocene land cover change in North America: continental trends, regional drivers, and implications for vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks, Clim. Past Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-6, in review, 2024. a, b, c, d, e
Dearing, J., Braimoh, A., Reenberg, A., Turner, B., and van der Leeuw, S.: Complex Land Systems: the Need for Long Time Perspectives to Assess their Future, Ecol. Soc., 15, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03645-150421, 2010. a
Dearing, J. A., Bullock, S., Costanza, R., Dawson, T. P., Edwards, M. E., Poppy, G. M., and Smith, G. M.: Navigating the Perfect Storm: Research Strategies for Socialecological Systems in a Rapidly Evolving World, Environ. Manage., 49, 767–775, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9833-6, 2012. a
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Fyfe, R. M., de Beaulieu, J.-L., Binney, H., Bradshaw, R. H. W., Brewer, S., Le Flao, A., Finsinger, W., Gaillard, M.-J., Giesecke, T., Gil-Romera, G., Grimm, E. C., Huntley, B., Kunes, P., Kühl, N., Leydet, M., Lotter, A. F., Tarasov, P. E., and Tonkov, S.: The European Pollen Database: past efforts and current activities, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 18, 417–424, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-009-0215-9, 2009. a, b
Fyfe, R. M., Woodbridge, J., and Roberts, N.: From forest to farmland: pollen-inferred land cover change across Europe using the pseudobiomization approach, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 1197–1212, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12776, 2015. a, b, c
Gaillard, M.-J., Sugita, S., Mazier, F., Trondman, A.-K., Broström, A., Hickler, T., Kaplan, J. O., Kjellström, E., Kokfelt, U., Kuneš, P., Lemmen, C., Miller, P., Olofsson, J., Poska, A., Rundgren, M., Smith, B., Strandberg, G., Fyfe, R., Nielsen, A. B., Alenius, T., Balakauskas, L., Barnekow, L., Birks, H. J. B., Bjune, A., Björkman, L., Giesecke, T., Hjelle, K., Kalnina, L., Kangur, M., van der Knaap, W. O., Koff, T., Lagerås, P., Latałowa, M., Leydet, M., Lechterbeck, J., Lindbladh, M., Odgaard, B., Peglar, S., Segerström, U., von Stedingk, H., and Seppä, H.: Holocene land-cover reconstructions for studies on land cover-climate feedbacks, Clim. Past, 6, 483–499, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-483-2010, 2010. a
Ge, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, R., and Xu, Q.: Relevant source area of pollen and relative pollen productivity estimates in Bashang steppe, Quaternary Sci., 35, 934–945, http://www.dsjyj.com.cn/en/article/doi/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2015.04.15 (last access: 31 March 2025), 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Ge, Y., Li, Y., Bunting, M. J., Li, B., Li, Z., and Wang, J.: Relation between modern pollen rain, vegetation and climate in northern China: Implications for quantitative vegetation reconstruction in a steppe environment, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 25–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.027, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f
Geng, R., Andreev, A., Kruse, S., Heim, B., van Geffen, F., Pestryakova, L., Zakharov, E., Troeva, E., Shevtsova, I., Li, F., Zhao, Y., and Herzschuh, U.: Modern Pollen Assemblages From Lake Sediments and Soil in East Siberia and Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates for Major Taxa, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 837857, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.837857, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p
Giesecke, T., Ammann, B., and Brande, A.: Palynological richness and evenness: insights from the taxa accumulation curve, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 23, 217–228, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-014-0435-5, 2014. a
Githumbi, E., Fyfe, R., Gaillard, M.-J., Trondman, A.-K., Mazier, F., Nielsen, A.-B., Poska, A., Sugita, S., Woodbridge, J., Azuara, J., Feurdean, A., Grindean, R., Lebreton, V., Marquer, L., Nebout-Combourieu, N., Stančikaitė, M., Tanţău, I., Tonkov, S., Shumilovskikh, L., and LandClimII data contributors: European pollen-based REVEALS land-cover reconstructions for the Holocene: methodology, mapping and potentials, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1581–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1581-2022, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P., and Lister, D.: Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset, Scientific Data, 7, 109, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0453-3, 2020. a
Hellman, S., Gaillard, M.-J., Broström, A., and Sugita, S.: The REVEALS model, a new tool to estimate past regional plant abundance from pollen data in large lakes: validation in southern Sweden, Journal of Quaternary Science, 23, 21–42, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1126, 2008a. a, b
Hellman, S. E. V., Gaillard, M.-j., Broström, A., and Sugita, S.: Effects of the sampling design and selection of parameter values on pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of regional vegetation: a case study in southern Sweden using the REVEALS model, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 17, 445–459, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-008-0149-7, 2008b. a
Herzschuh, U., Li, C., Bömer, T., Postl, A. K., Heim, B., Andreev, A. A., Cao, X., Wieczorek, M., and Ni, J.: LegacyPollen 1.0: a taxonomically harmonized global late Quaternary pollen dataset of 2831 records with standardized chronologies, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3213–3227, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3213-2022, 2022. a
Herzschuh, U., Böhmer, T., Li, C., and Cao, X.: Northern Hemisphere temperature and precipitation reconstruction from taxonomically harmonized pollen data set with revised chronologies using WA-PLS and MAT (LegacyClimate 1.0), PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.930512, 2023a. a
Herzschuh, U., Böhmer, T., Li, C., Chevalier, M., Hébert, R., Dallmeyer, A., Cao, X., Bigelow, N. H., Nazarova, L., Novenko, E. Y., Park, J., Peyron, O., Rudaya, N. A., Schlütz, F., Shumilovskikh, L. S., Tarasov, P. E., Wang, Y., Wen, R., Xu, Q., and Zheng, Z.: LegacyClimate 1.0: a dataset of pollen-based climate reconstructions from 2594 Northern Hemisphere sites covering the last 30 kyr and beyond, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2235–2258, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2235-2023, 2023b. a
Herzschuh, U., Ewald, P., Schild, L., Li, C., and Böhmer, T.: LegacyVegetation: Northern Hemisphere reconstruction of past plant cover and total tree cover from pollen archives of the last 14 ka, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.974798, 2025. a, b
Hjelle, K. L., Mehl, I. K., Sugita, S., and Andersen, G. L.: From pollen percentage to vegetation cover: evaluation of the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm in western Norway, Journal of Quaternary Science, 30, 312–324, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2769, 2015. a
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Jiang, F., Xu, Q., Zhang, S., Li, F., Zhang, K., Wang, M., Shen, W., Sun, Y., and Zhou, Z.: Relative pollen productivities of the major plant taxa of subtropical evergreen–deciduous mixed woodland in China, Journal of Quaternary Science, 35, 526–538, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3197, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q
Kuneš, P., Abraham, V., Werchan, B., Plesková, Z., Fajmon, K., Jamrichová, E., and Roleček, J.: Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates for Vegetation Reconstruction in Central-Eastern Europe Inferred at Local and Regional Scales, Holocene, 29, 1708–1719, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862026, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p
Lenton, T. M. and Williams, H. T. P.: On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points, Trends Ecol. Evol., 28, 380–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.06.001, 2013. a
Li, B., Zhang, W., Fyfe, R., Fan, B., Wang, S., Xu, Q., Zhang, N., Ding, G., Yang, J., and Li, Y.: High-resolution quantitative vegetation reconstruction in the North China Plain during the early-to-middle Holocene using the REVEALS model, CATENA, 234, 107577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107577, 2024a. a, b
Li, C., Postl, A. K., Böhmer, T., Cao, X., Dolman, A. M., and Herzschuh, U.: Harmonized chronologies of a global late Quaternary pollen dataset (LegacyAge 1.0), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1331–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1331-2022, 2022a. a, b
Li, C., Böhmer, T., Cao, X., Zhou, B., Liao, M., Li, K., and Herzschuh, U.: LegacyPollen2.0: an updated global taxonomically and temporally standardized fossil pollen dataset of 3728 palynological records, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.965907, 2024b. a, b, c, d
Li, C., Dallmeyer, A., Ni, J., Chevalier, M., Willeit, M., Andreev, A. A., Cao, X., Schild, L., Heim, B., and Herzschuh, U.: Global biome changes over the last 21,000 years inferred from model-data comparisons, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1862, 2024c. a
Li, F., Gaillard, M.-J., Sugita, S., Mazier, F., Xu, Q., Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., and Laffly, D.: Relative pollen productivity estimates for major plant taxa of cultural landscapes in central eastern China, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 26, 587–605, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017-0636-9, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, aa, ab, ac
Li, F., Gaillard, M.-J., Xu, Q., Bunting, M. J., Li, Y., Li, J., Mu, H., Lu, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, S., Cui, Q., Zhang, Y., and Shen, W.: A Review of Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates From Temperate China for Pollen-Based Quantitative Reconstruction of Past Plant Cover, Front. Plant Sci., 9, 1214, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01214, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Li, F., Gaillard, M.-J., Cao, X., Herzschuh, U., Sugita, S., Ni, J., Zhao, Y., An, C., Huang, X., Li, Y., Liu, H., Sun, A., and Yao, Y.: Gridded pollen-based Holocene regional plant cover in temperate and northern subtropical China suitable for climate modelling, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-95-2023, 2023. a, b
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Short summary
This study reconstructed vegetation and tree cover in the Northern Hemisphere from a harmonized dataset of pollen counts from sediment and peat cores for the past 14 000 years. A model was applied to correct for differences in pollen production between different plants, and modern remote-sensing forest cover was used to validate the reconstructed tree cover. Accurate data on past vegetation are invaluable for the investigation of vegetation–climate dynamics and the validation of vegetation models.
This study reconstructed vegetation and tree cover in the Northern Hemisphere from a harmonized...
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