Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
21 Mar 2025
Data description paper |
| 21 Mar 2025
| 21 Mar 2025
Global ocean surface heat fluxes derived from the maximum entropy production framework accounting for ocean heat storage and Bowen ratio adjustments
Yong Yang
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital River Basin Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
Jingfeng Wang
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
Wenxin Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
Gang Zhao
Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Weiguang Wang
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Lei Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430074, China
Lu Chen
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
School of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
Hui Qin
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Zhanzhang Cai
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
Related authors
Mengge Lu, Huaiwei Sun, Yong Yang, Jie Xue, Hongbo Ling, Hong Zhang, and Wenxin Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 613–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how ecosystems recover after flash droughts. Using vegetation and soil moisture data, we found that recovery takes about 37.5 d on average (longer in central and southern regions) in China. Factors like post-drought radiation and temperature affect recovery, with extreme temperatures prolonging it. Herbaceous plants recover faster than forests. Our findings aid water resource management and drought monitoring on a large scale, offering insights into ecosystem resilience.
Marielle Saunois, Adrien Martinez, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, Peter A. Raymond, Pierre Regnier, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Xin Lan, George H. Allen, David Bastviken, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Donald R. Blake, Simona Castaldi, Monica Crippa, Bridget R. Deemer, Fraser Dennison, Giuseppe Etiope, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Meredith A. Holgerson, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gustaf Hugelius, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Rajesh Janardanan, Matthew S. Johnson, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ronny Lauerwald, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jens Mühle, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Shufen Pan, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Judith A. Rosentreter, Motoki Sasakawa, Arjo Segers, Steven J. Smith, Emily H. Stanley, Joël Thanwerdas, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas S. Weber, Guido R. van der Werf, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Yi Xi, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1873–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Jianting Zhao, Lin Zhao, Ze Sun, Guojie Hu, Defu Zou, Minxuan Xiao, Guangyue Liu, Qiangqiang Pang, Erji Du, Zhibin Li, Xiaodong Wu, Yao Xiao, Lingxiao Wang, and Wenxin Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3956, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3956, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The thermal regime is a key indicator of permafrost evolution. We quantitatively analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the permafrost status in western Tibet since the 1980s, based on numerical simulations using the enhanced, model-forcing-driven Moving-Grid Permafrost Model. Our simulated results indicated that slow and lagged response of permafrost to climate warming, which closely linked to historical thermal conditions.
Mengge Lu, Huaiwei Sun, Yong Yang, Jie Xue, Hongbo Ling, Hong Zhang, and Wenxin Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 613–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how ecosystems recover after flash droughts. Using vegetation and soil moisture data, we found that recovery takes about 37.5 d on average (longer in central and southern regions) in China. Factors like post-drought radiation and temperature affect recovery, with extreme temperatures prolonging it. Herbaceous plants recover faster than forests. Our findings aid water resource management and drought monitoring on a large scale, offering insights into ecosystem resilience.
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara H. Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Yi Xi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 22, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 yr-1 in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Glen P. Peters, Richard Engelen, Sander Houweling, Dominik Brunner, Aki Tsuruta, Bradley Matthews, Prabir K. Patra, Dmitry Belikov, Rona L. Thompson, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Wenxin Zhang, Arjo J. Segers, Giuseppe Etiope, Giancarlo Ciotoli, Philippe Peylin, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Robbie M. Andrew, David Bastviken, Antoine Berchet, Grégoire Broquet, Giulia Conchedda, Stijn N. C. Dellaert, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Johannes Gütschow, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Ronny Lauerwald, Tiina Markkanen, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Isabelle Pison, Pierre Regnier, Espen Solum, Marko Scholze, Maria Tenkanen, Francesco N. Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, and John R. Worden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4325–4350, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4325-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4325-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an overview of data availability from observation- and inventory-based CH4 emission estimates. It systematically compares them and provides recommendations for robust comparisons, aiming to steadily engage more parties in using observational methods to complement their UNFCCC submissions. Anticipating improvements in atmospheric modelling and observations, future developments need to resolve knowledge gaps in both approaches and to better quantify remaining uncertainty.
Bin Yi, Lu Chen, Binlin Yang, Zhiyuan Leng, Siming Li, and Tao Xie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-274, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-274, 2024
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
A novel GIS-based dynamic time-varying unit process line is presented. The DTDUH is defined as a typical process line for direct runoff produced by a single centimetre of effective rainfall falling evenly over a saturated watershed over a given duration. The results show that the proposed method exhibits consistent or better performance than the linear reservoir routing method and is better than the TDUH method.
Bin Yi, Lu Chen, and Tao Xie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-51, 2024
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
A novel GIS-based dynamic time-varying unit hydrograph (DTDUH) was proposed. The DTDUH was computed based on the runoff generation areas of the watershed instead of the global watershed. Two watersheds were selected as case studies and results showed the DTDUH method indicated good performances for the flood events with low antecedent soil moisture.
Lammert Kooistra, Katja Berger, Benjamin Brede, Lukas Valentin Graf, Helge Aasen, Jean-Louis Roujean, Miriam Machwitz, Martin Schlerf, Clement Atzberger, Egor Prikaziuk, Dessislava Ganeva, Enrico Tomelleri, Holly Croft, Pablo Reyes Muñoz, Virginia Garcia Millan, Roshanak Darvishzadeh, Gerbrand Koren, Ittai Herrmann, Offer Rozenstein, Santiago Belda, Miina Rautiainen, Stein Rune Karlsen, Cláudio Figueira Silva, Sofia Cerasoli, Jon Pierre, Emine Tanır Kayıkçı, Andrej Halabuk, Esra Tunc Gormus, Frank Fluit, Zhanzhang Cai, Marlena Kycko, Thomas Udelhoven, and Jochem Verrelst
Biogeosciences, 21, 473–511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reviewed optical remote sensing time series (TS) studies for monitoring vegetation productivity across ecosystems. Methods were categorized into trend analysis, land surface phenology, and assimilation into statistical or dynamic vegetation models. Due to progress in machine learning, TS processing methods will diversify, while modelling strategies will advance towards holistic processing. We propose integrating methods into a digital twin to improve the understanding of vegetation dynamics.
Jie Zhang, Elisabeth Larsen Kolstad, Wenxin Zhang, Iris Vogeler, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 20, 3895–3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Manure application to agricultural land often results in large and variable N2O emissions. We propose a model with a parsimonious structure to investigate N transformations around such N2O hotspots. The model allows for new detailed insights into the interactions between transport and microbial activities regarding N2O emissions in heterogeneous soil environments. It highlights the importance of solute diffusion to N2O emissions from such hotspots which are often ignored by process-based models.
Yunfan Zhang, Lei Cheng, Lu Zhang, Shujing Qin, Liu Liu, Pan Liu, and Yanghe Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6379–6397, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6379-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6379-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Multiyear drought has been demonstrated to cause non-stationary rainfall–runoff relationship. But whether changes can invalidate the most fundamental method (i.e., paired-catchment method (PCM)) for separating vegetation change impacts is still unknown. Using paired-catchment data with 10-year drought, PCM is shown to still be reliable even in catchments with non-stationarity. A new framework is further proposed to separate impacts of two non-stationary drivers, using paired-catchment data.
Bin Yi, Lu Chen, Hansong Zhang, Vijay P. Singh, Ping Jiang, Yizhuo Liu, Hexiang Guo, and Hongya Qiu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5269–5289, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An improved GIS-derived distributed unit hydrograph routing method considering time-varying soil moisture was proposed for flow routing. The method considered the changes of time-varying soil moisture and rainfall intensity. The response of underlying surface to the soil moisture content was considered an important factor in this study. The SUH, DUH, TDUH and proposed routing methods (TDUH-MC) were used for flood forecasts, and the simulated results were compared and discussed.
Jie Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Per-Erik Jansson, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 19, 4811–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we relied on a properly controlled laboratory experiment to test the model’s capability of simulating the dominant microbial processes and the emissions of one greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) from agricultural soils. This study reveals important processes and parameters that regulate N2O emissions in the investigated model framework and also suggests future steps of model development, which have implications on the broader communities of ecosystem modelers.
Kang Xie, Pan Liu, Qian Xia, Xiao Li, Weibo Liu, Xiaojing Zhang, Lei Cheng, Guoqing Wang, and Jianyun Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-217, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-217, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
There are currently no available common datasets of the Soil moisture storage capacity (SMSC) on a global scale, especially for hydrological models. Here, we produce a dataset of the SMSC parameter for global hydrological models. The global SMSC is constructed based on the deep residual network at 0.5° resolution. SMSC products are validated on global grids and typical catchments from different climatic regions.
Bin Yi, Lu Chen, Hansong Zhang, Ping Jiang, Yizhuo Liu, and Hongya Qiu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-470, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-470, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
An improved Gis-derived distributed unit hydrograph routing method considering time-varying soil moisture content was proposed for flood routing. The proposed method considered the changes of time-varying soil moisture content and rainfall intensity. The response of underlying surface to the soil moisture content was considered as an important factor in this study. The DUH, TDUH and proposed routing methods were used for flood forecasts, and the simulated results were compared and discussed.
Yunfan Zhang, Lei Cheng, Lu Zhang, Shujing Qin, Liu Liu, Pan Liu, Yanghe Liu, and Jun Xia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-5, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We use statistical methods and data assimilation method with physical model to verify that prolonged drought can induce non-stationarity in the control catchment rainfall-runoff relationship, which causes three inconsistent results at the Red Hill paired-catchment site. The findings are fundamental to correctly use long-term historical data and effectively assess ecohydrological impacts of vegetation change given that extreme climate events are projected to occur more frequently in the future.
Zhengke Pan, Pan Liu, Chong-Yu Xu, Lei Cheng, Jing Tian, Shujie Cheng, and Kang Xie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4369–4387, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4369-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4369-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to identify the response of catchment water storage capacity (CWSC) to meteorological drought by examining the changes of hydrological-model parameters after drought events. This study improves our understanding of possible changes in the CWSC induced by a prolonged meteorological drought, which will help improve our ability to simulate the hydrological system under climate change.
Marielle Saunois, Ann R. Stavert, Ben Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sander Houweling, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Ciais, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Kimberly M. Carlson, Mark Carrol, Simona Castaldi, Naveen Chandra, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick M. Crill, Kristofer Covey, Charles L. Curry, Giuseppe Etiope, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Michaela I. Hegglin, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gustaf Hugelius, Misa Ishizawa, Akihiko Ito, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine M. Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Goulven G. Laruelle, Licheng Liu, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe McNorton, Paul A. Miller, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Vaishali Naik, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Simon O'Doherty, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald Prinn, Michel Ramonet, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley, Judith A. Rosentreter, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson, Hao Shi, Steven J. Smith, L. Paul Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Francesco N. Tubiello, Aki Tsuruta, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Thomas S. Weber, Michiel van Weele, Guido R. van der Werf, Ray F. Weiss, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Yi Yin, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1561–1623, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. We have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. This is the second version of the review dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down and bottom-up estimates.
Zhengke Pan, Pan Liu, Shida Gao, Jun Xia, Jie Chen, and Lei Cheng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3405–3421, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3405-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3405-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the projection performance of hydrological models under contrasting climatic conditions supports robust decision making, which highlights the need to adopt time-varying parameters in hydrological modeling to reduce performance degradation. This study improves our understanding of the spatial coherence of time-varying parameters, which will help improve the projection performance under differing climatic conditions.
Olanrewaju Abiodun, Okke Batelaan, Huade Guan, and Jingfeng Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-70, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-70, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation, Transpiration, and Evapotranspiration Products for Australia based on the Maximum Entropy Production model (MEP). We produce each of these datasets over the entire Australia for the years 2003–2013 on daily timescales at the 5 km spatial resolution. The data have been tested across various land covers and regions of Australia where measured data is available. These products may be used for research, education and other relevant studies and/or analysis.
Junlong Zhang, Yongqiang Zhang, Jinxi Song, Lei Cheng, Rong Gan, Xiaogang Shi, Zhongkui Luo, and Panpan Zhao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-737, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-737, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating baseflow is critical for water balance budget, water resources management, and environmental evaluation. To predict baseflow index (the ratio of baseflow to total streamflow), this study introduces a new method, multilevel regression approach for predicting baseflow index for 596 Australian catchments, which outperformed two traditional methods: linear regression and hydrological modelling. Our results suggest that it is very promising to use this method to other parts of world.
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Ocean | Subject: Physical oceanography
A high-resolution temperature–salinity dataset observed by autonomous underwater vehicles for the evolution of mesoscale eddies and associated submesoscale processes in the South China Sea
A global daily mesoscale front dataset from satellite observations: in situ validation and cross-dataset comparison
ASM-SS: the first quasi-global high-spatial-resolution coastal storm surge dataset reconstructed from tide gauge records
Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data collected along the Southern Ocean chokepoint between Aotearoa / New Zealand and Antarctica, 1994–2024
HHU24SWDSCS: a shallow-water depth model over island areas in the South China Sea retrieved from satellite-derived bathymetry
Gap-filled sub-surface mooring dataset off Western Australia during 2010–2023
The International Altimetry Service 2024 (IAS2024) coastal sea level dataset and first evaluations
Hydrodynamic and Atmospheric Conditions in a Volcanic Caldera: A Comprehensive Dataset at Deception Island, Antarctica
A European database of resources on coastal storm impacts
Multi-year observations of near-bed hydrodynamics and suspended sediment at the core of the estuarine turbidity maximum of the Changjiang Estuary
Surface current variability in the East Australian Current from long-term high-frequency radar observations
SDUST2023VGGA: a global ocean vertical gradient of gravity anomaly model determined from multidirectional data from mean sea surface
The Italian contribution to the Synoptic Arctic Survey programme: the 2021 CASSANDRA cruise (LB21) through the Greenland Sea Gyre along the 75°N transect
A revisiting of early 18th century environmental data to identify Gulf of Lion properties before the industrial era
Satellite-based Analysis of Ocean-Surface Stress across the Ice-free and Ice-covered Polar Oceans
A new multi-grid bathymetric dataset of the Gulf of Naples (Italy) from complementary multi-beam echo sounders
A New-Generation Internal Tide Model Based on 30 Years of Satellite Sea Surface Height Measurements
A submesoscale eddy identification dataset in the northwest Pacific Ocean derived from GOCI I chlorophyll a data based on deep learning
MASCS 1.0: synchronous atmospheric and oceanic data from a cross-shaped moored array in the northern South China Sea during 2014–2015
Reprocessing of eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019 with a full metadata upgrade
Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP): the CoASTS-BiOMaP dataset
Spatio-temporal changes in China's mainland shorelines over 30 years using Landsat time series data (1990–2019)
ISASO2: recent trends and regional patterns of ocean dissolved oxygen change
Constructing a 22-year internal wave dataset for the northern South China Sea: spatiotemporal analysis using MODIS imagery and deep learning
Near-real-time atmospheric and oceanic science products of Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 geostationary satellites over the South China Sea
ReefTEMPS: The Pacific Islands Coastal Temperature Network
High-resolution observations of the ocean upper layer south of Cape St. Vincent, the western northern margin of the Gulf of Cádiz
Catalogue of coastal-based instances with bathymetric and topographic data
Oceanographic monitoring in Hornsund fjord, Svalbard
Salinity and Stratification at the Sea Ice Edge (SASSIE): an oceanographic field campaign in the Beaufort Sea
Weekly green tide mapping in the Yellow Sea with deep learning: integrating optical and synthetic aperture radar ocean imagery
30 months dataset of glider physico-chemical data off Mayotte Island near the Fani Maoré volcano
IAPv4 ocean temperature and ocean heat content gridded dataset
Probabilistic reconstruction of sea-level changes and their causes since 1900
Global Coastal Characteristics (GCC): a global dataset of geophysical, hydrodynamic, and socioeconomic coastal indicators
Insights from a topo-bathymetric and oceanographic dataset for coastal flooding studies: the French Flooding Prevention Action Program of Saint-Malo
Gap-filling techniques applied to the GOCI-derived daily sea surface salinity product for the Changjiang diluted water front in the East China Sea
A daily reconstructed chlorophyll-a dataset in the South China Sea from MODIS using OI-SwinUnet
Underwater light environment in Arctic fjords
Multiyear surface wave dataset from the subsurface “DeepLev” eastern Levantine moored station
SDUST2020MGCR: a global marine gravity change rate model determined from multi-satellite altimeter data
Lagrangian surface drifter observations in the North Sea: an overview of high-resolution tidal dynamics and surface currents
The physical and biogeochemical parameters along the coastal waters of Saudi Arabia during field surveys in summer, 2021
A Lagrangian coherent eddy atlas for biogeochemical applications in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Global marine gravity gradient tensor inverted from altimetry-derived deflections of the vertical: CUGB2023GRAD
Reconstruction of hourly coastal water levels and counterfactuals without sea level rise for impact attribution
3D reconstruction of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents in the North Atlantic Ocean
Laboratory data linking the reconfiguration of and drag on individual plants to the velocity structure and wave dissipation over a meadow of salt marsh plants under waves with and without current
Exploring multi-decadal time series of temperature extremes in Australian coastal waters
Measurements of morphodynamics of a sheltered beach along the Dutch Wadden Sea
Chunhua Qiu, Zhenyang Du, Haibo Tang, Zhenhui Yi, Jiawei Qiao, Dongxiao Wang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Wenbo Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3189–3202, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3189-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3189-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The high-resolution autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) dataset for the South China Sea (SCS) provides 13 491 temperature and salinity profiles and covers 463 d of experiments. To our knowledge, the resolution and length of this dataset are enough to detect the asymmetry, vertical tilt, and temporal evolution of mesoscale eddies (MEs) and the corresponding submesoscale processes. The dataset is expected to improve the accuracy of current and biogeochemistry numerical models. More projects conducting AUV experiments will be promoted in the future.
Qinwang Xing, Haiqing Yu, Wei Yu, Xinjun Chen, and Hui Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2831–2848, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2831-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2831-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean fronts play a key role in marine ecosystems and often implicitly exist in satellite observations. This work presents the first publicly available daily global front dataset spanning 1982 to 2023, with comprehensive validations using in situ global observations. Our validations enhance confidence in the application of satellite-based front detection and provide independent support for global front occurrence patterns. The dataset is expected to be widely used in front-related studies.
Lianjun Yang, Taoyong Jin, and Weiping Jiang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2793–2807, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2793-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2793-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges (SSs) cause massive loss of life and property in coastal areas each year. High-spatial-resolution and long-term SS records are important for assessing such events. However, tide gauges can provide limited SS information due to sparse and uneven distributions. Based on artificial intelligence technology and tide gauges, a high-spatial-coverage SS dataset was generated for the period from 1940 to 2020, which can provide possible alternative support for deepening our understanding of SSs.
Giuseppe Aulicino, Antonino Ian Ferola, Laura Fortunato, Giorgio Budillon, Pasquale Castagno, Pierpaolo Falco, Giannetta Fusco, Naomi Krauzig, Giancarlo Spezie, Enrico Zambianchi, and Yuri Cotroneo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2625–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents 30 years of water temperature data from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) probes collected between Aotearoa / New Zealand and the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Gathered during research cruises by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program, the data were rigorously verified and corrected for depth and temperature bias. This dataset provides a valuable insight into the Southern Ocean's climate and enhances satellite observations and ocean models.
Yihao Wu, Hongkai Shi, Dongzhen Jia, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Xiufeng He, Zhicai Luo, Yu Li, Shiyuan Chen, Xiaohuan Si, Sisu Diao, Yihuang Shi, and Yanglin Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2463–2488, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a high-quality and cost-effective shallow-water depth model for >120 islands in the South China Sea, using ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 satellite data. This model maps water depths with an accuracy of ~1 m. Our findings highlight the limitations of existing global bathymetry models in shallow regions. Our model exhibited superior performance in capturing fine-scale bathymetric features with unprecedented spatial resolution, providing essential data for marine applications.
Toan Bui, Ming Feng, and Christopher C. Chapman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1693–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Moored time series data are crucial for detecting changes in the ocean. However, mooring losses or instrument failures often result in data gaps. A gap-filled time series dataset of a shelf mooring array off the Western Australian coast is created using a machine learning tool to fill the data gaps. The gap-filled data show consistency with observations and can be used to characterize marine heat waves and cold spells influenced by ocean boundary currents.
Fukai Peng, Xiaoli Deng, Yunzhong Shen, and Xiao Cheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1441–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1441-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1441-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new reprocessed altimeter coastal sea level dataset, International Altimetry Service 2024 (IAS2024), for monitoring sea level changes along the world’s coastlines is presented. The evaluation and validation results confirm the reliability of this dataset. The altimeter-based virtual stations along the world’s coastlines can be built using this dataset to monitor the coastal sea level changes where tide gauges are unavailable. Therefore, it is beneficial for both oceanographic communities and policymakers.
Francesco Ferrari, Carmen Zarzuelo, Alejandro López-Ruiz, and Andrea Lira-Loarca
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-92, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a high-resolution, open-access dataset for Deception Island, Antarctica, covering 2005–2020. Using WRF and DELFT3D models, it includes 161 atmospheric variables (e.g., wind, precipitation, pressure) and hydrodynamic data (e.g., sea surface height, currents, wave height). Capturing spatial, seasonal, and extreme event variability, it enhances understanding of Antarctic coastal dynamics, supporting research on glacial melt, nutrient transport, and climate change impacts.
Paola Emilia Souto-Ceccon, Juan Montes, Enrico Duo, Paolo Ciavola, Tomás Fernández-Montblanc, and Clara Armaroli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1041–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1041-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1041-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset supports the growing need for information on coastal storm impacts. It covers different European countries and is an open-access tool that can be exploited, updated, or complemented by different users and for different purposes. Via labelling with unique identifiers, the database allows for a quick and consistent retrieval of all of the resources associated with a storm event. The adopted approach can be easily exported to all European countries and beyond.
Zaiyang Zhou, Jianzhong Ge, Dirk Sebastiaan van Maren, Hualong Luan, Wenyun Guo, Jianfei Ma, Yingjia Tao, Peng Xu, Fuhai Dao, Wanlun Yang, Keteng Ke, Shenyang Shi, Jingting Zhang, Yu Kuai, Cheng Li, Jinghua Gu, and Pingxing Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 917–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The North Passage (NP) is the primary navigation channel of the Changjiang Estuary, supporting the shipping needs of Shanghai and its surrounding regions. To enhance our understanding of hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the NP, a multi-year field observation campaign was designed and conducted from 2015 to 2018. This campaign improves the temporal and spatial coverage compared to previous observations, enabling more detailed investigations of this important channel system.
Manh Cuong Tran, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 937–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The East Australian Current (EAC) plays an important role in the marine ecosystem and climate of the region. To understand the EAC regime and the inner shelf dynamics, we implement a variational approach to produce the first multiyear coastal radar dataset (2012–2023) in this region. The validated data allow for a comprehensive investigation of the EAC dynamics. This dataset will be useful for understanding the complex EAC regime and its far-reaching impacts on the shelf environment.
Ruichen Zhou, Jinyun Guo, Shaoshuai Ya, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 817–836, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
SDUST2023VGGA is a high-resolution (1' × 1') model developed to map the ocean's vertical gradient of gravity anomaly. By using multidirectional mean sea surface data, it reduces the impact of ocean dynamics and provides detailed global gravity anomaly change rates. This model provides critical insights into seafloor structures and ocean mass distribution, contributing to research in marine geophysics and oceanography. The dataset is freely available on Zenodo.
Manuel Bensi, Giuseppe Civitarese, Diego Borme, Carmela Caroppo, Gabriella Caruso, Federica Cerino, Franco Decembrini, Alessandra de Olazabal, Tommaso Diociaiuti, Michele Giani, Vedrana Kovacevic, Martina Kralj, Angelina Lo Giudice, Giovanna Maimone, Marina Monti, Maria Papale, Luisa Patrolecco, Elisa Putelli, Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo, Federica Relitti, Carmen Rizzo, Francesca Spataro, Valentina Tirelli, Clara Turetta, and Maurizio Azzaro
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-37, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In September 2021, the Italian Arctic Research Programme funded a multidisciplinary study along the 75° N in the Greenland Sea as part of the CASSANDRA project and the Synoptic Arctic Survey programme. The study emphasises the spatial variability of water properties, nutrient distribution and biological communities determined by oceanographic dynamics, in a region influenced by sea ice melting, Atlantic water inflow and climatic teleconnections during a record low summer sea ice extent.
Marina Locritani, Sara Garvani, Giuseppe Manzella, Giancarlo Tamburello, and Antonio Guarnieri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-53, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Histoire Physique de la Mer, written by L.F. Marsili in 1725, was one of the first treatises to analyse the science of the sea. However, it is difficult to understand Marsili's original data. This paper has undertaken a major effort to re-evaluate Marsili's observations, converting historical measurements into modern units: water weight in water density, bathymetric profiles mapping the locations where these measurements were made, and sea level variations, considering the associated error.
Chao Liu and Lisan Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
A daily dataset on ocean-surface stress is synthesized for both ice-covered and ice-free Arctic and Antarctic areas. It is based on satellite data on ocean winds, ice movement, and sea surface height. Sensitivity analyses address uncertainties, including variations in sea level products and ice-water drag. The dataset's accuracy is validated against in situ measurements, showing moderate to good agreement on monthly and longer timescales.
Federica Foglini, Marzia Rovere, Renato Tonielli, Giorgio Castellan, Mariacristina Prampolini, Francesca Budillon, Marco Cuffaro, Gabriella Di Martino, Valentina Grande, Sara Innangi, Maria Filomena Loreto, Leonardo Langone, Fantina Madricardo, Alessandra Mercorella, Paolo Montagna, Camilla Palmiotto, Claudio Pellegrini, Antonio Petrizzo, Lorenzo Petracchini, Alessandro Remia, Marco Sacchi, Daphnie Sanchez Galvez, Anna Nora Tassetti, and Fabio Trincardi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 181–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, the new CNR research vessel Gaia Blu explored the seabed of the Naples and Pozzuoli gulfs and the Amalfi coastal area (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) from 50–2000 m water depth, covering 5000 m2 of seafloor. This paper describes data acquisition and processing and provides maps in unprecedented detail of this area affected by geological changes and human impacts. The findings support future geological and geomorphological investigations and mapping and monitoring of the seafloor and habitats.
Zhongxiang Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-611, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-611, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides are generated by barotropic tidal currents flowing over variable topography. They play an important role in a variety of ocean processes such as diapycnal mixing and tracer transport. A global internal tide model is developed using 30 years of satellite altimetry data and a new mapping technique. It decomposes the internal tide field into 60 plane waves at each point, giving numerous long-range beams that contain key information on their generation, propagation, and dissipation.
Yan Wang, Ge Chen, Jie Yang, Zhipeng Gui, and Dehua Peng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5737–5752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and account for 90 % of its kinetic energy, but their generation and dissipation are difficult to observe using current remote sensing technology. Our submesoscale eddy dataset, formed by suppressing large-scale circulation signals and enhancing small-scale chlorophyll structures, has important implications for understanding marine environments and ecosystems, as well as improving climate model predictions.
Han Zhang, Dake Chen, Tongya Liu, Di Tian, Min He, Qi Li, Guofei Wei, and Jian Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5665–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a cross-shaped moored array dataset (MASCS 1.0) of observations that consist of five buoys and four moorings in the northern South China Sea from 2014 to 2015. The moored array is influenced by atmospheric forcings such as tropical cyclones and monsoon as well as oceanic tides and flows. The data reveal variations of the air–sea interface and the ocean itself, which are valuable for studies of air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics in the northern South China Sea.
Simona Simoncelli, Franco Reseghetti, Claudia Fratianni, Lijing Cheng, and Giancarlo Raiteri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5531–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This data review is about the reprocessing of historical eXpendable BathyThermograp (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019. A new automated quality control analysis has been performed starting from the original raw data and operational log sheets. The data have been formatted and standardized according to the latest community best practices, and all available metadata have been inserted, including calibration information and uncertainty specification.
Giuseppe Zibordi and Jean-François Berthon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5477–5502, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP) programs produced bio-optical data supporting satellite ocean color applications across European seas for almost 2 decades. CoASTS and BiOMaP applied equal standardized instruments, measurement methods, quality control schemes and processing codes to ensure temporal and spatial consistency with data products.
Gang Yang, Ke Huang, Lin Zhu, Weiwei Sun, Chao Chen, Xiangchao Meng, Lihua Wang, and Yong Ge
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5311–5331, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous monitoring of shoreline dynamics is critical to understanding the drivers of shoreline change and evolution. This study uses long-term sequences of Landsat Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the coastlines of Hainan, mainland China, Taiwan, and other countries from 1990 to 2019.
Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Esther Portela, Virginie Thierry, and Annaig Prigent
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5191–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental for ocean biogeochemical cycles and marine life. To ease the computation of the ocean oxygen budget from in situ DO data, mapping of data on a regular 3D grid is useful. Here, we present a new DO gridded product from the Argo database. We compare it with existing DO mapping from a historical dataset. We suggest that the ocean has generally been losing oxygen since the 1980s, but large interannual and regional variabilities should be considered.
Xudong Zhang and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5131–5144, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Internal wave (IW) is an important ocean process and is frequently observed in the South China Sea (SCS). This study presents a detailed IW dataset for the northern SCS spanning from 2000 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 250 m, comprising 3085 IW MODIS images. This dataset can enhance understanding of IW dynamics and serve as a valuable resource for studying ocean dynamics, validating numerical models, and advancing AI-driven model building, fostering further exploration into IW phenomena.
Jian Liu, Jingjing Yu, Chuyong Lin, Min He, Haiyan Liu, Wei Wang, and Min Min
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4949–4969, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Japanese Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 (H8/9) geostationary (GEO) satellites are strategically positioned over the South China Sea (SCS), spanning from 3 November 2022 to the present. They mainly provide cloud mask, fraction, height, phase, optical, and microphysical property; layered precipitable water; and sea surface temperature products within a temporal resolution of 10 min and a gridded resolution of 0.05° × 0.05°.
Romain Le Gendre, David Varillon, Sylvie Fiat, Régis Hocdé, Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt, Jérôme Aucan, Sophie Cravatte, Maxime Duphil, Alexandre Ganachaud, Baptiste Gaudron, Elodie Kestenare, Vetea Liao, Bernard Pelletier, Alexandre Peltier, Anne-Lou Schaefer, Thomas Trophime, Simon Van Wynsberge, Yves Dandonneau, Michel Allenbach, and Christophe Menkes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Due to ocean warming, coral reef ecosystems are strongly impacted with dystrophic events and corals experiencing increasing frequencies of bleaching events. In-situ observation remains the best alternative for accurate characterization of trends and extremes in these shallow environments. This paper presents the coastal temperature dataset of the ReefTEMPS monitoring network which spreads over multiple Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) in the Western and Central South Pacific.
Sarah A. Rautenbach, Carlos Mendes de Sousa, Mafalda Carapuço, and Paulo Relvas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4641–4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents the data of a 4-month observation of the Iberian Margin Cape St. Vincent ocean observatory, in Portugal (2022), a European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory node. Three instruments at depths between 150 and 200 m collected physical/biogeochemical parameters at different spatial and temporal scales. EMSO-ERIC aims at developing strategies to enable sustainable ocean observation with regards to costs, time, and resolution.
Owein Thuillier, Nicolas Le Josse, Alexandru-Liviu Olteanu, Marc Sevaux, and Hervé Tanguy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4529–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unveils a comprehensive catalogue of 17 700 unique coastal digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) as of 2022. These DEMs are designed to support a variety of scientific and educational purposes. Organised into three libraries, they cover a wide range of coastal geometries and different sizes. Data and custom colour palettes for visualisation are made freely available online, promoting open science and collaboration.
Meri Korhonen, Mateusz Moskalik, Oskar Głowacki, and Vineet Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4511–4527, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2015, temperature and salinity have been monitored in Hornsund fjord (Svalbard), where retreating glaciers add meltwater and terrestrial matter to coastal waters. Therefore, turbidity and water sampling for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition are measured. The monitoring spans from May to October, enabling studies on seasonality and its variability over the years, and the dataset covers the whole fjord, including the inner basins in close proximity to the glaciers.
Kyla Drushka, Elizabeth Westbrook, Frederick M. Bingham, Peter Gaube, Suzanne Dickinson, Severine Fournier, Viviane Menezes, Sidharth Misra, Jaynice Pérez Valentín, Edwin J. Rainville, Julian J. Schanze, Carlyn Schmidgall, Andrey Shcherbina, Michael Steele, Jim Thomson, and Seth Zippel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4209–4242, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The NASA SASSIE mission aims to understand the role of salinity in modifying sea ice formation in early autumn. The 2022 SASSIE campaign collected measurements of upper-ocean properties, including stratification (layering of the ocean) and air–sea fluxes in the Beaufort Sea. These data are presented here and made publicly available on the NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), along with code to manipulate the data and generate the figures presented herein.
Le Gao, Yuan Guo, and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4189–4207, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2008, the Yellow Sea has faced a significant ecological issue, the green tide, which has become one of the world's largest marine disasters. Satellite remote sensing plays a pivotal role in detecting this phenomenon. This study uses AI-based models to extract the daily green tide from MODIS and SAR images and integrates these daily data to introduce a continuous weekly dataset, which aids research in disaster simulation, forecasting, and prevention.
Alexandre Heumann, Félix Margirier, Emmanuel Rinnert, Pascale Lherminier, Carla Scalabrin, Louis Geli, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, and Laurent Beguery
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-377, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Following an seismic crisis in May 2018 in Mayotte, an observation network has been created with the given objective of monitoring this volcanic phenomena. A SeaExplorer glider has been deployed to supplement the data obtained during a series of oceanographic surveys. The glider performed a continuous monitoring of 30 months of the water column from the sea surface to 1250 meters water depth with the objective to acquire hydrological properties, water currents and dissolved gas concentrations.
Lijing Cheng, Yuying Pan, Zhetao Tan, Huayi Zheng, Yujing Zhu, Wangxu Wei, Juan Du, Huifeng Yuan, Guancheng Li, Hanlin Ye, Viktor Gouretski, Yuanlong Li, Kevin E. Trenberth, John Abraham, Yuchun Jin, Franco Reseghetti, Xiaopei Lin, Bin Zhang, Gengxin Chen, Michael E. Mann, and Jiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Sönke Dangendorf, Qiang Sun, Thomas Wahl, Philip Thompson, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Ben Hamlington
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3471–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-level information from the global ocean is sparse in time and space, with comprehensive data being limited to the period since 2005. Here we provide a novel reconstruction of sea level and its contributing causes, as determined by a Kalman smoother approach applied to tide gauge records over the period 1900–2021. The new reconstruction shows a continuing acceleration in global mean sea-level rise since 1970 that is dominated by melting land ice. Contributors vary significantly by region.
Panagiotis Athanasiou, Ap van Dongeren, Maarten Pronk, Alessio Giardino, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Roshanka Ranasinghe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3433–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The shape of the coast, the intensity of waves, the height of the water levels, the presence of people or critical infrastructure, and the land use are important information to assess the vulnerability of the coast to coastal hazards. Here, we provide 80 indicators of this kind at consistent locations along the global ice-free coastline using open-access global datasets. These can be valuable for quick assessments of the vulnerability of the coast and at data-poor locations.
Léo Seyfried, Laurie Biscara, Héloïse Michaud, Fabien Leckler, Audrey Pasquet, Marc Pezerat, and Clément Gicquel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3345–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Saint-Malo, France, an initiative to enhance marine submersion prevention began in 2018. Shom conducted an extensive sea campaign, mapping the bay's topography and exploring coastal processes. High-resolution data improve knowledge of the interactions between waves, tide and surge and determine processes responsible for submersion. Beyond science, these findings contribute crucially to a local warning system, providing a tangible solution to protect the community from coastal threats.
Jisun Shin, Dae-Won Kim, So-Hyun Kim, Gi Seop Lee, Boo-Keun Khim, and Young-Heon Jo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3193–3211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We overcame the limitations of satellite and reanalysis sea surface salinity (SSS) datasets and produced a gap-free gridded SSS product with reasonable accuracy and a spatial resolution of 1 km using a machine learning model. Our data enabled the recognition of SSS distribution and movement patterns of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW) front in the East China Sea (ECS) during summer. These results will further advance our understanding and monitoring of long-term SSS variations in the ECS.
Haibin Ye, Chaoyu Yang, Yuan Dong, Shilin Tang, and Chuqun Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3125–3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A deep-learning model for gap-filling based on expected variance was developed. OI-SwinUnet achieves good performance reconstructing chlorophyll-a concentration data on the South China Sea. The reconstructed dataset depicts both the spatiotemporal patterns at the seasonal scale and a fast-change process at the weather scale. Reconstructed data show chlorophyll perturbations of individual eddies at different life stages, giving academics a unique and complete perspective on eddy studies.
Robert W. Schlegel, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Bernard Gentili, Simon Bélanger, Laura Castro de la Guardia, Dorte Krause-Jensen, Cale A. Miller, Mikael Sejr, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2773–2788, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fjords play a vital role in the Arctic ecosystems and human communities. It is therefore important to have as clear of an understanding of the processes within these systems as possible. While temperature and salinity tend to be well measured, light is usually not. The dataset described in this paper uses remotely sensed data from 2003 to 2022 to address this problem by providing high-spatial-resolution surface, water column, and seafloor light data for several well-studied Arctic fjords.
Nir Haim, Vika Grigorieva, Rotem Soffer, Boaz Mayzel, Timor Katz, Ronen Alkalay, Eli Biton, Ayah Lazar, Hezi Gildor, Ilana Berman-Frank, Yishai Weinstein, Barak Herut, and Yaron Toledo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2659–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper outlines the process of creating an open-access surface wave dataset, drawing from deep-sea research station observations located 50 km off the coast of Israel. The discussion covers the wave monitoring procedure, from instrument configuration to wave field retrieval, and aspects of quality assurance. The dataset presented spans over 5 years, offering uncommon in situ wave measurements in the deep sea, and addresses the existing gap in wave information within the region.
Fengshun Zhu, Jinyun Guo, Huiying Zhang, Lingyong Huang, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2281–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used multi-satellite altimeter data to construct a high-resolution marine gravity change rate (MGCR) model on 5′×5′ grids, named SDUST2020MGCR. The spatial distribution of SDUST2020MGCR and GRACE MGCR are similar, such as in the eastern seas of Japan (dipole), western seas of the Nicobar Islands (rising), and southern seas of Greenland (falling). The SDUST2020MGCR can provide a detailed view of long-term marine gravity change, which will help to study the seawater mass migration.
Lisa Deyle, Thomas H. Badewien, Oliver Wurl, and Jens Meyerjürgens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2099–2112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset from the North Sea of 85 surface drifters from 2017–2021 is presented. Surface drifters enable the analysis of ocean currents by determining the velocities of surface currents and tidal effects. The entire North Sea has not been studied using drifters before, but the analysis of ocean currents is essential, e.g., to understand the pathways of plastic. The results show that there are strong tidal effects in the shallow North Sea area and strong surface currents in the deep areas.
Yasser O. Abualnaja, Alexandra Pavlidou, James H. Churchill, Ioannis Hatzianestis, Dimitris Velaoras, Harilaos Kontoyiannis, Vassilis P. Papadopoulos, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Georgia Assimakopoulou, Helen Kaberi, Theodoros Kannelopoulos, Constantine Parinos, Christina Zeri, Dionysios Ballas, Elli Pitta, Vassiliki Paraskevopoulou, Afroditi Androni, Styliani Chourdaki, Vassileia Fioraki, Stylianos Iliakis, Georgia Kabouri, Angeliki Konstantinopoulou, Georgios Krokos, Dimitra Papageorgiou, Alkiviadis Papageorgiou, Georgios Pappas, Elvira Plakidi, Eleni Rousselaki, Ioanna Stavrakaki, Eleni Tzempelikou, Panagiota Zachioti, Anthi Yfanti, Theodore Zoulias, Abdulah Al Amoudi, Yasser Alshehri, Ahmad Alharbi, Hammad Al Sulami, Taha Boksmati, Rayan Mutwalli, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1703–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June and September 2021 in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. It is the first multidisciplinary survey within the Saudi Arabian coastal zone, extending from near the Saudi–Jordanian border in the north of the Red Sea to the south close to the Saudi--Yemen border and in the Arabian Gulf. The objective was to record the pollution status along the coastal zone of the kingdom related to specific pressures.
Alexandra E. Jones-Kellett and Michael J. Follows
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1475–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean eddies can limit horizontal mixing, potentially isolating phytoplankton populations and affecting their concentration. We used two decades of satellite data and computer simulations to identify and track eddy-trapping boundaries in the Pacific Ocean for application in phytoplankton research. Although some eddies trap water masses for months, many continuously mix with surrounding waters. A case study shows how eddy trapping can enhance the signature of a phytoplankton bloom.
Richard Fiifi Annan, Xiaoyun Wan, Ruijie Hao, and Fei Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1167–1176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity gradient tensor, a set of six unique gravity signals, is suitable for detecting undersea features. However, due to poor spatial resolution in past years, it has received less research interest and investment. However, current datasets have better accuracy and resolutions, thereby necessitating a revisit. Our analysis shows comparable results with reference models. We conclude that current-generation altimetry datasets can precisely resolve all six gravity gradients.
Simon Treu, Sanne Muis, Sönke Dangendorf, Thomas Wahl, Julius Oelsmann, Stefanie Heinicke, Katja Frieler, and Matthias Mengel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1121–1136, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article describes a reconstruction of monthly coastal water levels from 1900–2015 and hourly data from 1979–2015, both with and without long-term sea level rise. The dataset is based on a combination of three datasets that are focused on different aspects of coastal water levels. Comparison with tide gauge records shows that this combination brings reconstructions closer to the observations compared to the individual datasets.
Sarah Asdar, Daniele Ciani, and Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating 3D currents is crucial for the understanding of ocean dynamics, and a precise knowledge of ocean circulation is essential to ensure a sustainable ocean. In this context, a new high-resolution (1 / 10°) data-driven dataset of 3D ocean currents has been developed within the European Space Agency World Ocean Circulation project, providing 10 years (2010–2019) of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents at daily resolution over the North Atlantic Ocean, down to 1500 m depth.
Xiaoxia Zhang and Heidi Nepf
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1047–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study measured the wave-induced plant drag, flow structure, turbulent intensity, and wave energy attenuation in the presence of a salt marsh. We showed that leaves contribute to most of the total plant drag and wave dissipation. Plant resistance significantly reshapes the velocity profile and enhances turbulence intensity. Adding current obviously impact the plants' wave decay capacity. The dataset can be reused to develop and calibrate marsh-flow theoretical and numerical models.
Michael Hemming, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 887–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present new datasets that are useful for exploring extreme ocean temperature events in Australian coastal waters. These datasets span multiple decades, starting from the 1940s and 1950s, and include observations from the surface to the bottom at four coastal sites. The datasets provide valuable insights into the intensity, frequency and timing of extreme warm and cold temperature events and include event characteristics such as duration, onset and decline rates and their categorisation.
Marlies A. van der Lugt, Jorn W. Bosma, Matthieu A. de Schipper, Timothy D. Price, Marcel C. G. van Maarseveen, Pieter van der Gaag, Gerben Ruessink, Ad J. H. M. Reniers, and Stefan G. J. Aarninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 903–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A 6-week field campaign was carried out at a sheltered sandy beach on Texel along the Dutch Wadden Sea with the aim of gaining new insights into the driving processes behind sheltered beach morphodynamics. Detailed measurements of the local hydrodynamics, bed-level changes and sediment composition were collected. The morphological evolution on this sheltered site is the result of the subtle interplay between waves, currents and bed composition.
Cited articles
Andreas, E. L. and Cash, B. A.: A new formulation for the Bowen ratio over saturated surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 35, 1279–1289, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035{%}3C1279:ANFFTB{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Andreas, E. L., Persson, P. O. G., and Hare, J. E.: A bulk turbulent air–sea flux algorithm for high-wind, spray conditions, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1581–1596, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3813.1, 2008.
Andreas, E. L., Jordan, R. E., Mahrt, L., and Vickers, D.: Estimating the Bowen ratio over the open and ice-covered ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4334–4345, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20295, 2013.
Bai, P. and Guo, X.: Development of a 60 year high-resolution water body evaporation dataset in China, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 334, 109428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109428, 2023.
Bai, P. and Wang, Y.: The importance of heat storage for estimating lake evaporation on different time scales: Insights from a large shallow subtropical lake, Water Resour. Res., 59, e2023WR035123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR035123, 2023.
Bentamy, A., Piolle, J. F., Grouazel, A., Danielson, R., Gulev, S., Paul, F., Azelmat, H., Mathieu, P. P., von Schuckmann, K., Sathyendranath, S., Evers-King, H., Esau, I., Johannessen, J. A., Clayson, C. A., Pinker, R. T., Grodsky, S. A., Bourassa, M., Smith, S. R., Haines, K., Valdivieso, M., Merchant, C. J., Chapron, B., Anderson, A., Hollmann, R., and Josey, S. A.: Review and assessment of latent and sensible heat flux accuracy over the global oceans, Remote Sens. Environ., 201, 196–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.08.016, 2017.
Beven, K.: A sensitivity analysis of the Penman–Monteith actual evapotranspiration estimates, J. Hydrol., 44, 169–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90130-6, 1979.
Bourras, D.: Comparison of five satellite-derived latent heat flux products to moored buoy data, J. Climate, 19, 6291–6313, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3977.1, 2006.
Chen, X., Yao, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Jia, K., Zhang, X., Shang, K., Yang, J., Bei, X., and Guo, X.: ANN-based estimation of low-latitude monthly ocean latent heat flux by ensemble satellite and reanalysis products, Sensors, 20, 4773, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174773, 2020.
Cheng, L., Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J., Boyer, T., Abraham, J., and Zhu, J.: Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960–2015, Science Advances, 3, e1601545, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601545, 2017.
Cheng, L., Schuckmann, K., Abraham, J., Trenberth, K., Mann, M., Zanna, L., England, M., Zika, J., Fasullo, John., Yu, Y., Pan, Y., Zhu, J., Newsom, E., Bronselaer, B., and Lin, X.: Past and future ocean warming, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 3, 776–794, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00345-1, 2022.
Cheng, L., Pan, Y., Tan, Z., Zheng, H., Zhu, Y., Wei, W., Du, J., Yuan, H., Li, G., Ye, H., Gouretski, V., Li, Y., Trenberth, K. E., Abraham, J., Jin, Y., Reseghetti, F., Lin, X., Zhang, B., Chen, G., Mann, M. E., and Zhu, J.: IAPv4 ocean temperature and ocean heat content gridded dataset, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024.
Duan, S., Zhou, S., Li, Z., Liu, X., Chang, S., Liu, M., Huang, C., Zhang, X., and Shang, G.: Improving monthly mean land surface temperature estimation by merging four products using the generalized three-cornered hat method and maximum likelihood estimation, Remote Sens. Environ., 302, 113989, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113989, 2024.
El Sharif, H., Zhou, W., Ivanov, V., Sheshukov, A., Mazepa, V., and Wang, J.: Surface energy budgets of Arctic tundra during growing season, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 6999–7017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030650, 2019.
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Rogers, D. P., Edson, J. B., and Young, G. S.: Bulk parameterization of air–sea fluxes for tropical ocean-global atmosphere coupled-ocean atmosphere response experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 3747–3764, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03205, 1996.
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Hare, J. E., Grachev, A. A., and Edson, J. B.: Bulk parameterization of air–sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm, J. Climate, 16, 571–591, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016{%}3C0571:BPOASF{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M., Todling, R., Molod, A, Takacs, L., Randles, C., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M., Reichle, R., Wargan, K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., Da Silva, A., Gu, W., and Zhao, B.: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017.
He, X., Xu, T., Xia, Y., Bateni, S. M., Guo, Z., Liu, S., Mao, K., Zhang, Y., Feng, H., and Zhao, J.: A Bayesian three-cornered hat (BTCH) method: improving the terrestrial evapotranspiration estimation, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 878, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050878, 2020.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hicks, B. B. and Hess, G. D.: On the Bowen ratio and surface temperature at sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 141–145, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1977)007{%}3C0141:OTBRAS{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 1977.
Huang, S. Y., Deng, Y., and Wang, J.: Revisiting the global surface energy budgets with maximum-entropy-production model of surface heat fluxes, Clim. Dynam., 49, 1531–1545, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3395-x, 2017.
Isabelle, P. E., Viens, L., Nadeau, D. F., Anctil, F., Wang, J., and Maheu, A.: Sensitivity analysis of the maximum entropy production method to model evaporation in boreal and temperate forests, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091919, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091919, 2021.
Iwasaki, S., Kubota, M., and Watabe, T.: Assessment of various global freshwater flux products for the global ice-free oceans, Remote Sens. Environ., 140, 549–561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.026, 2014.
Jo, Y. H., Yan, X. H., Pan, J., He, M. X., and Liu, W. T.: Calculation of the Bowen ratio in the tropical Pacific using sea surface temperature data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 17-1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001150, 2002.
Johnson, G. C. and Lyman, J. M.: Warming trends increasingly dominate global ocean, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 757–761, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0822-0, 2020.
Konapala, G., Mishra, A. K., Wada, Y., and Mann, M. E.: Climate change will affect global water availability through compounding changes in seasonal precipitation and evaporation, Nat. Commun., 11, 3044, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16757-w, 2020.
Lenhart, T., Eckhardt, K., Fohrer, N., and Frede, H. G.: Comparison of two different approaches of sensitivity analysis, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A/B/C, 27, 645–654, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00049-9, 2002.
Li, Z., England, M. H., and Groeskamp, S.: Recent acceleration in global ocean heat accumulation by mode and intermediate waters, Nat. Commun., 14, 6888, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42468-z, 2023.
Liang, H., Jiang, B., Liang, S., Peng, J., Li, S., Han, J., Yin, X., Cheng, J., Jia, K., Liu, Q., Yao, Y., Zhao, X., and Zhang, X.: a global long-term ocean surface daily/0.05 net radiation product from 1983–2020, Scientific Data, 9, 337, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01419-x, 2022.
Liu, C., Liang, X., Ponte, R. M., Vinogradova, N., and Wang, O.: Vertical redistribution of salt and layered changes in global ocean salinity, Nat. Commun., 10, 3445, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11436-x, 2019.
Liu, J., Chai, L., Dong, J., Zheng, D., Wigneron, J.-P., Liu, S., Zhou, J., Xu, T., Yang, S., Song, Y., Qu, Y., and Lu, Z.: Uncertainty analysis of eleven multisource soil moisture products in the third pole environment based on the three-corned hat method, Remote Sens. Environ., 255, 112225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112225, 2021.
Liu, Z. and Yang, H.: Estimation of water surface energy partitioning with a conceptual atmospheric boundary layer model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL092643, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092643, 2021.
Long, D., Pan, Y., Zhou, J, Chen, Y., Hou, X., Hong, Y., Scanlon, B., and Longuevergne, L.: Global analysis of spatiotemporal variability in merged total water storage changes using multiple GRACE products and global hydrological models, Remote Sens. Environ., 192, 198–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.02.011, 2017.
Marti, F., Blazquez, A., Meyssignac, B., Ablain, M., Barnoud, A., Fraudeau, R., Jugier, R., Chenal, J., Larnicol, G., Pfeffer, J., Restano, M., and Benveniste, J.: Monitoring the ocean heat content change and the Earth energy imbalance from space altimetry and space gravimetry, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 229–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-229-2022, 2022.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, S., Connors, C., Péan, S., Berger, N., Caud, Y., and Chen, L.: IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, http://hdl.handle.net/10204/12710 (last access: March 2025), 2021.
McMahon, T. A., Peel, M. C., Lowe, L., Srikanthan, R., and McVicar, T. R.: Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1331–1363, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1331-2013, 2013.
Medhaug, I., Stolpe, M. B., Fischer, E. M., and Knutti, R.: Reconciling controversies about the “global warming hiatus”, Nature, 545, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22315, 2017.
Meehl, G. A.: A calculation of ocean heat storage and effective ocean surface layer depths for the Northern Hemisphere, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1747–1761, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<1747:ACOOHS>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Morton, F. I.: Evaporation research – a critical review and its lessons for the environmental sciences, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec., 24, 237–280, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389409388467, 1994.
Pelletier, C., Lemarié, F., and Blayo, E.: Sensitivity analysis and metamodels for the bulk parametrization of turbulent air–sea fluxes, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 658–669, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3233, 2018.
Philip, J. R.: A physical bound on the Bowen ratio, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 26, 1043–1045, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026{%}3C1043:APBOTB{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Pinker, R. T. and Laszlo, I.: Modeling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 31, 194–211, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031{%}3C0194:MSSIFS{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 1992.
Pokhrel, S., Dutta, U., Rahaman, H., Chaudhari, H., Hazra, A., Saha, S. K., and Veeranjaneyulu, C.: Evaluation of different heat flux products over the tropical Indian Ocean, Earth and Space Science, 7, e2019EA000988, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000988, 2020.
Priestley, C. H. B. and Taylor, R. J.: On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 81–92, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100{%}3C0081:OTAOSH{%}3E2.3.CO;2, 1972.
Robertson, F. R., Roberts, J. B., Bosilovich, M. G., Bentamy, A., Clayson, C. A., Fennig, K., Schröder, M., Tomita, H., Compo, G., Gutenstein, M., Hersbach, H., Kobayashi, C., Ricciardulli, L., Sardeshmukh, P., and Slivinski, L. C.: Uncertainties in ocean latent heat flux variations over recent decades in satellite-based estimates and reduced observation reanalyses, J. Climate, 33, 8415–8437, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0954.1, 2020.
Roderick, M. L., Sun, F., Lim, W. H., and Farquhar, G. D.: A general framework for understanding the response of the water cycle to global warming over land and ocean, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1575–1589, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1575-2014, 2014.
Rutan, D. A., Kato, S., Doelling, D. R., Rose, F. G., Nguyen, L. T., Caldwell, T. E., and Loeb, N. G.: CERES synoptic product: Methodology and validation of surface radiant flux, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 32, 1121–1143, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00165.1, 2015.
Shaman, J. and Kohn, M.: Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 3243–3248, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806852106, 2009.
Shao, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Chiew, F. H., Tian, J., Ma, N., and Zhang, X.: Can indirect evaluation methods and their fusion products reduce uncertainty in actual evapotranspiration estimates?, Water Resour. Res., 58, e2021WR031069, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031069, 2022.
Smith, S. R., Hughes, P. J., and Bourassa, M. A.: A comparison of nine monthly air–sea flux products, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1002–1027, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2225, 2011.
Sun, H., Chen, J., Yang, Y., Yan, D., Xue, J., Wang, J., and Zhang, W.: Assessment of long-term water stress for ecosystems across China using the maximum entropy production theory-based evapotranspiration product, J. Clean. Prod., 349, 131414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131414, 2022.
Sun, H., Sun, X., Chen, J., Deng, X., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Chen, F., and Zhang, W.: Different types of meteorological drought and their impact on agriculture in Central China, J. Hydrol., 627, 130423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130423, 2023.
Sung, M. K., An, S. I., Shin, J., Park, J. H., Yang, Y. M., Kim, H. J., and Chang, M.: Ocean fronts as decadal thermostats modulating continental warming hiatus, Nat. Commun., 14, 7777, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43686-1, 2023.
Tang, R., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, M., Peng, Z., Hu, Y., Huang, L., and Li, Z. L.: A review of global products of air–sea turbulent heat flux: accuracy, mean, variability, and trend, Earth-Sci. Rev., 249, 104662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104662, 2023.
Tian, W., Liu, X., Wang, K., Bai, P., Liu, C., and Liang, X.: Estimation of global reservoir evaporation losses, J. Hydrol., 607, 127524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127524, 2022.
Tomita, H., Hihara, T., and Kubota, M.: Improved satellite estimation of near-surface humidity using vertical water vapor profile information, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 899–906, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076384, 2018.
Tomita, H., Hihara, T., Kako, S. I., Kubota, M., and Kutsuwada, K.: An introduction to J-OFURO3, a third-generation Japanese ocean flux data set using remote-sensing observations, J. Oceanogr., 75, 171–194, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-018-0493-x, 2019.
Tomita, H., Kutsuwada, K., Kubota, M., and Hihara, T.: Advances in the estimation of global surface net heat flux based on satellite observation: J-OFURO3 V1.1, Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 612361, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.612361, 2021.
von Schuckmann, K., Minière, A., Gues, F., Cuesta-Valero, F. J., Kirchengast, G., Adusumilli, S., Straneo, F., Ablain, M., Allan, R. P., Barker, P. M., Beltrami, H., Blazquez, A., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Church, J., Desbruyeres, D., Dolman, H., Domingues, C. M., García-García, A., Giglio, D., Gilson, J. E., Gorfer, M., Haimberger, L., Hakuba, M. Z., Hendricks, S., Hosoda, S., Johnson, G. C., Killick, R., King, B., Kolodziejczyk, N., Korosov, A., Krinner, G., Kuusela, M., Landerer, F. W., Langer, M., Lavergne, T., Lawrence, I., Li, Y., Lyman, J., Marti, F., Marzeion, B., Mayer, M., MacDougall, A. H., McDougall, T., Monselesan, D. P., Nitzbon, J., Otosaka, I., Peng, J., Purkey, S., Roemmich, D., Sato, K., Sato, K., Savita, A., Schweiger, A., Shepherd, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Simons, L., Slater, D. A., Slater, T., Steiner, A. K., Suga, T., Szekely, T., Thiery, W., Timmermans, M.-L., Vanderkelen, I., Wjiffels, S. E., Wu, T., and Zemp, M.: Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1675–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023, 2023.
Wang, J. and Bras, R. L.: An extremum solution of the Monin–Obukhov similarity equations, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 485–499, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3117.1, 2010.
Wang, J. and Bras, R. L.: A model of evapotranspiration based on the theory of maximum entropy production, Water Resour. Res., 47, W03521, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009392, 2011.
Wang, J., Bras, R. L., Nieves, V., and Deng, Y.: A model of energy budgets over water, snow, and ice surfaces, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 6034–6051, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021150, 2014.
Wang, K. and Dickinson, R. E.: A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: Observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability, Rev. Geophys., 50, RG2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000373, 2012.
Wang, W., Chakraborty, T. C., Xiao, W., and Lee, X.: Ocean surface energy balance allows a constraint on the sensitivity of precipitation to global warming, Nat. Commun., 12, 2115, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22406-7, 2021.
Wielicki, B. A., Barkstrom, B. R., Harrison, E. F., Lee III, R. B., Smith, G. L., and Cooper, J. E.: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES): An earth observing system experiment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 853–868, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077{%}3C0853:CATERE{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Xu, T., Guo, Z., Xia, Y., Ferreira, V. G., Liu, S., Wang, K., Yao, Y., Zhang, X., and Zhao, C.: Evaluation of twelve evapotranspiration products from machine learning, remote sensing and land surface models over conterminous United States, J. Hydrol., 578, 124105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124105, 2019.
Yang, Y. and Roderick, M. L.: Radiation, surface temperature and evaporation over wet surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 1118–1129, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3481, 2019.
Yang, Y., Sun, H., Zhu, M., Wang, J., and Zhang, W.: An R package of maximum entropy production model to estimate 41 years of global evapotranspiration, J. Hydrol., 614, 128639, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128639, 2022.
Yang, Y., Roderick, M. L., Guo, H., Miralles, D. G., Zhang, L., Fatichi, S., Luo, X., Zhang, Y., McVicar, T., Tu, Z., Fisher, J., Gan, R., Zhang, X., Piao, S., Zhang, B., and Yang, D.: Evapotranspiration on a greening Earth, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 4, 626–641, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00464-3, 2023.
Yang, Y., Sun, H., and Zhang, W.: Global ocean latent and sensible heat fluxes from the maximum entropy production framework from 1988–2017, figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26861767.v2, 2024.
Yin, Y., Wu, S., Chen, G., and Dai, E.: Attribution analyses of potential evapotranspiration changes in China since the 1960s, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 101, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0197-7, 2010.
Yu, L.: A global relationship between the ocean water cycle and near-surface salinity, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C10025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006937, 2011.
Yu, L., Jin, X., and Weller, R. A.: Multidecade Global Flux Datasets from the Objectively Analyzed Air–sea Fluxes (OAFlux) Project: Latent and sensible heat fluxes, ocean evaporation, and related surface meteorological variables, Woods Hole Oceanograp, https://oaflux.whoi.edu/data-access/ (last access: November 2018), 2008.
Zeng, X., Zhao, M., and Dickinson, R. E.: Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data, J. Climate, 11, 2628–2644, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011{%}3C2628:IOBAAF{%}3E2.0.CO;2, 1998.
Zhao, G. and Gao, H.: Estimating reservoir evaporation losses for the United States: Fusing remote sensing and modeling approaches, Remote Sens. Environ., 226, 109–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.03.015, 2019.
Zhao, G., Gao, H., Naz, B. S., Kao, S. C., and Voisin, N.: Integrating a reservoir regulation scheme into a spatially distributed hydrological model, Adv. Water Resour., 98, 16–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.10.014, 2016.
Zhao, G., Li, Y., Zhou, L., and Gao, H.: Evaporative water loss of 1.42 million global lakes, Nat. Commun., 13, 3686, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31125-6, 2022.
Short summary
Traditional methods for estimating ocean heat flux often introduce large uncertainties due to complex parameterizations. To tackle this issue, we developed a novel framework based on maximum entropy production (MEP) theory. By incorporating heat storage effects and refining the Bowen ratio, we enhanced the MEP method's accuracy. This research derives a new long-term global ocean latent heat flux dataset that offers high accuracy, enhancing our understanding of ocean energy dynamics.
Traditional methods for estimating ocean heat flux often introduce large uncertainties due to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint