Articles | Volume 15, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1269-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1269-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Southern Europe and western Asian marine heatwaves (SEWA-MHWs): a dataset based on macroevents
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Simona Masina
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Giuliano Galimberti
Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Matteo Moretti
Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation Division, Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna, Italy
Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Related authors
Ronan McAdam, Giulia Bonino, Emanuela Clementi, and Simona Masina
State Planet, 4-osr8, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the summer of 2022, a regional short-term forecasting system was able to predict the onset, spread, peaks, and decay of a record-breaking marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea up to 10 d in advance. Satellite data show that the event was record-breaking in terms of basin-wide intensity and duration. This study demonstrates the potential of state-of-the-art forecasting systems to provide early warning of marine heatwaves for marine activities (e.g. conservation and aquaculture).
Dimitra Denaxa, Gerasimos Korres, Giulia Bonino, Simona Masina, and Maria Hatzaki
State Planet, 4-osr8, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the air–sea heat flux during marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Mediterranean Sea. Surface heat flux drives 44 % of the onset and only 17 % of the declining MHW phases, suggesting a key role of oceanic processes. Heat flux is more important in warmer months and onset phases, with latent heat dominating. Shorter events show a weaker heat flux contribution. In most cases, mixed layer shoaling occurs over the entire MHW duration, followed by vertical mixing after the MHW end day.
Giulia Bonino, Giuliano Galimberti, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, and Emanuela Clementi
Ocean Sci., 20, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-417-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-417-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study employs machine learning to predict marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Mediterranean Sea. MHWs have far-reaching impacts on society and ecosystems. Using data from ESA and ECMWF, the research develops accurate prediction models for sea surface temperature (SST) and MHWs across the region. Notably, machine learning methods outperform existing forecasting systems, showing promise in early MHW predictions. The study also highlights the importance of solar radiation as a predictor of SST.
Giulia Bonino, Doroteaciro Iovino, Laurent Brodeau, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6873–6889, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea surface temperature (SST) is highly influenced by the transfer of energy driven by turbulent air–sea fluxes (TASFs). In the NEMO ocean general circulation model, TASFs are computed by means of bulk formulas. Bulk formulas require the choice of a given bulk parameterization, which influences the magnitudes of the TASFs. Our results show that parameterization-related SST differences are primarily sensitive to the wind stress differences across parameterizations.
Giulia Bonino, Elisa Lovecchio, Nicolas Gruber, Matthias Münnich, Simona Masina, and Doroteaciro Iovino
Biogeosciences, 18, 2429–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal variations of processes such as upwelling and biological production that happen along the northwestern African coast can modulate the temporal variability of the biological activity of the adjacent open North Atlantic hundreds of kilometers away from the coast thanks to the lateral transport of coastal organic carbon. This happens with a temporal delay, which is smaller than a season up to roughly 500 km from the coast due to the intense transport by small-scale filaments.
Paolo Oddo, Mario Adani, Francesco Carere, Andrea Cipollone, Anna Chiara Goglio, Eric Jansen, Ali Aydogdu, Francesca Mele, Italo Epicoco, Jenny Pistoia, Emanuela Clementi, Nadia Pinardi, and Simona Masina
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1553, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1553, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
This study present a data assimilation scheme that combines ocean observational data with ocean model results to better understand the ocean and predict its future state. The method uses a variational approach focusing on the physical relationships between all the state vector variables errors. Testing in the Mediterranean Sea showed that a complex sea level operator based on a barotropic model works best.
Rita Lecci, Robyn Gwee, Kun Yan, Sanne Muis, Nadia Pinardi, Jun She, Martin Verlaan, Simona Masina, Wenshan Li, Hui Wang, Salvatore Causio, Antonio Novellino, Marco Alba, Etiënne Kras, Sandra Gaytan Aguilar, and Jan-Bart Calewaert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1763, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored how sea level is changing along the China-Europe Sea Route. By combining satellite and in-situ observations with advanced modeling, the research identified ongoing sea level rise and an increasing frequency of extreme water level events in some regions. These findings underscore the importance of continued monitoring and provide useful knowledge to support long-term planning, coastal resilience, and informed decision-making.
Ronan McAdam, Giulia Bonino, Emanuela Clementi, and Simona Masina
State Planet, 4-osr8, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-13-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-13-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the summer of 2022, a regional short-term forecasting system was able to predict the onset, spread, peaks, and decay of a record-breaking marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea up to 10 d in advance. Satellite data show that the event was record-breaking in terms of basin-wide intensity and duration. This study demonstrates the potential of state-of-the-art forecasting systems to provide early warning of marine heatwaves for marine activities (e.g. conservation and aquaculture).
Dimitra Denaxa, Gerasimos Korres, Giulia Bonino, Simona Masina, and Maria Hatzaki
State Planet, 4-osr8, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the air–sea heat flux during marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Mediterranean Sea. Surface heat flux drives 44 % of the onset and only 17 % of the declining MHW phases, suggesting a key role of oceanic processes. Heat flux is more important in warmer months and onset phases, with latent heat dominating. Shorter events show a weaker heat flux contribution. In most cases, mixed layer shoaling occurs over the entire MHW duration, followed by vertical mixing after the MHW end day.
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Jonathan Baker, Clément Bricaud, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Lluis Castrillo, Lijing Cheng, Frederic Chevallier, Daniele Ciani, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Gilles Garric, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Kevin Hodges, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Thomas Lavergne, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Audrey Minière, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Ad Stoffelen, Sulian Thual, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, Chunxue Yang, and Hao Zuo
State Planet, 4-osr8, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024, 2024
Karina von Schuckmann, Lorena Moreira, Mathilde Cancet, Flora Gues, Emmanuelle Autret, Ali Aydogdu, Lluis Castrillo, Daniele Ciani, Andrea Cipollone, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro de Pascual-Collar, Vincenzo De Toma, Marion Gehlen, Rianne Giesen, Marie Drevillon, Claudia Fanelli, Kevin Hodges, Simon Jandt-Scheelke, Eric Jansen, Melanie Juza, Ioanna Karagali, Priidik Lagemaa, Vidar Lien, Leonardo Lima, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Ilja Maljutenko, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, Pietro Miraglio, Helen Morrison, Tabea Rebekka Panteleit, Andrea Pisano, Marie-Isabelle Pujol, Urmas Raudsepp, Roshin Raj, Ad Stoffelen, Simon Van Gennip, Pierre Veillard, and Chunxue Yang
State Planet, 4-osr8, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-4-osr8-2-2024, 2024
Elena Bianco, Doroteaciro Iovino, Simona Masina, Stefano Materia, and Paolo Ruggieri
The Cryosphere, 18, 2357–2379, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in ocean heat transport and surface heat fluxes in recent decades have altered the Arctic Ocean heat budget and caused warming of the upper ocean. Using two eddy-permitting ocean reanalyses, we show that this has important implications for sea ice variability. In the Arctic regional seas, upper-ocean heat content acts as an important precursor for sea ice anomalies on sub-seasonal timescales, and this link has strengthened since the 2000s.
Giulia Bonino, Giuliano Galimberti, Simona Masina, Ronan McAdam, and Emanuela Clementi
Ocean Sci., 20, 417–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-417-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-417-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study employs machine learning to predict marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the Mediterranean Sea. MHWs have far-reaching impacts on society and ecosystems. Using data from ESA and ECMWF, the research develops accurate prediction models for sea surface temperature (SST) and MHWs across the region. Notably, machine learning methods outperform existing forecasting systems, showing promise in early MHW predictions. The study also highlights the importance of solar radiation as a predictor of SST.
Doroteaciro Iovino, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6127–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the model performance of three global ocean–sea ice configurations, from non-eddying (1°) to eddy-rich (1/16°) resolutions. Model simulations are obtained following the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (OMIP2) protocol. We compare key global climate variables across the three models and against observations, emphasizing the relative advantages and disadvantages of running forced ocean–sea ice models at higher resolution.
Giovanni Coppini, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Stefano Salon, Gerasimos Korres, Michalis Ravdas, Rita Lecci, Jenny Pistoia, Anna Chiara Goglio, Massimiliano Drudi, Alessandro Grandi, Ali Aydogdu, Romain Escudier, Andrea Cipollone, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Antonio Mariani, Sergio Cretì, Francesco Palermo, Matteo Scuro, Simona Masina, Nadia Pinardi, Antonio Navarra, Damiano Delrosso, Anna Teruzzi, Valeria Di Biagio, Giorgio Bolzon, Laura Feudale, Gianluca Coidessa, Carolina Amadio, Alberto Brosich, Arnau Miró, Eva Alvarez, Paolo Lazzari, Cosimo Solidoro, Charikleia Oikonomou, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Ocean Sci., 19, 1483–1516, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents the Mediterranean Forecasting System evolution and performance developed in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Service.
Ali Aydogdu, Pietro Miraglio, Romain Escudier, Emanuela Clementi, and Simona Masina
State Planet, 1-osr7, 6, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-6-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-6-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the salt content, salinity anomaly and trend in the Mediterranean Sea using observational and reanalysis products. The salt content increases overall, while negative salinity anomalies appear in the western basin, especially around the upwelling regions. There is a large spread in the salinity estimates that is reduced with the emergence of the Argo profilers.
Andrea Cipollone, Deep Sankar Banerjee, Doroteaciro Iovino, Ali Aydogdu, and Simona Masina
Ocean Sci., 19, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-ice volume is characterized by low predictability compared to the sea ice area or the extent. A joint initialization of the thickness and concentration using satellite data could improve the predictive power, although it is still absent in the present global analysis–reanalysis systems. This study shows a scheme to correct the two features together that can be easily extended to include ocean variables. The impact of such a joint initialization is shown and compared among different set-ups.
Giulia Bonino, Doroteaciro Iovino, Laurent Brodeau, and Simona Masina
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6873–6889, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6873-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The sea surface temperature (SST) is highly influenced by the transfer of energy driven by turbulent air–sea fluxes (TASFs). In the NEMO ocean general circulation model, TASFs are computed by means of bulk formulas. Bulk formulas require the choice of a given bulk parameterization, which influences the magnitudes of the TASFs. Our results show that parameterization-related SST differences are primarily sensitive to the wind stress differences across parameterizations.
Marco Reale, Gianpiero Cossarini, Paolo Lazzari, Tomas Lovato, Giorgio Bolzon, Simona Masina, Cosimo Solidoro, and Stefano Salon
Biogeosciences, 19, 4035–4065, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Future projections under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 emission scenarios of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry at the end of the 21st century show different levels of decline in nutrients, oxygen and biomasses and an acidification of the water column. The signal intensity is stronger under RCP8.5 and in the eastern Mediterranean. Under RCP4.5, after the second half of the 21st century, biogeochemical variables show a recovery of the values observed at the beginning of the investigated period.
Giulia Bonino, Elisa Lovecchio, Nicolas Gruber, Matthias Münnich, Simona Masina, and Doroteaciro Iovino
Biogeosciences, 18, 2429–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2429-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal variations of processes such as upwelling and biological production that happen along the northwestern African coast can modulate the temporal variability of the biological activity of the adjacent open North Atlantic hundreds of kilometers away from the coast thanks to the lateral transport of coastal organic carbon. This happens with a temporal delay, which is smaller than a season up to roughly 500 km from the coast due to the intense transport by small-scale filaments.
Cited articles
Benthuysen, J. A., Oliver, E. C., Chen, K., and Wernberg, T.: Advances in
understanding marine heatwaves and their impacts, Front. Marine
Sci., 7, 147, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00147, 2020. a
Cavole, L. M., Demko, A. M., Diner, R. E., Giddings, A., Koester, I., Pagniello, C. M. L. S., Paulsen, M.-L., Ramirez-Valdez, A., Schwenck, S. M., Yen, N. K., Zill, M. E., and Franks, P. J. S.: Biological impacts of the 2013–2015 warm-water anomaly in the
Northeast Pacific: winners, losers, and the future, Oceanography, 29,
273–285, 2016. a, b
Cebrian, E., Uriz, M. J., Garrabou, J., and Ballesteros, E.: Sponge mass
mortalities in a warming Mediterranean Sea: are cyanobacteria-harboring
species worse off?, PLoS One, 6, e20211, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020211, 2011. a
Ciappa, A. C.: Effects of Marine Heatwaves (MHW) and Cold Spells (MCS) on the
surface warming of the Mediterranean Sea from 1989 to 2018, Prog.
Oceanogr., 205, 102828,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102828, 2022. a
Clementi, E., Aydogdu, A., Goglio, A. C., Pistoia, J., Drudi, M., Grandi, A., Mariani, A., Lecci, R., Cretí, S.,
Coppini, G., Masina, S., and Pinardi, N.: Mediterranean Sea Physical Analysis and Forecast
(Copernicus Marine Service MED-Physics, EAS7 system) (Version 1), Copernicus Marine
Service [data set],
https://doi.org/10.25423/cmcc/medsea_analysisforecast_phy_006 _013_eas7, 2022. a
Cleveland, R. B., Cleveland, W. S., McRae, J. E., and Terpenning, I.: STL: A
Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Procedure Based on Loess, J. Official
Statist., 6, 3–73, 1990. a
Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Fader, M., Garrabou, J., Gattuso, J.-P., Iglesias, A., Lange, M. A., Lionello, P., Llasat, M. C., Paz, S., Peñuelas, J.,Snoussi, M., Toreti, A., Tsimplis, M. N., and Xoplaki, E.: Climate change
and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean,
Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 972–980, 2018. a, b, c
Dayan, H., McAdam, R., Masina, S., and Speich, S.: Diversity of marine heatwave
trends across the Mediterranean Sea over the last decades, in: Copernicus
marine service ocean state report, issue 6, J. Op.
Oceanogr., 15, 205–210, 2022. a
Di Camillo, C. G., Bartolucci, I., Cerrano, C., and Bavestrello, G.: Sponge
disease in the Adriatic Sea, Marine Ecol., 34, 62–71, 2013. a
Di Lorenzo, E. and Mantua, N.: Multi-year persistence of the 2014/15 North
Pacific marine heatwave, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 1042–1047, 2016. a
Donlon, C. J., Martin, M., Stark, J., Roberts-Jones, J., Fiedler, E., and
Wimmer, W.: The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis
(OSTIA) system, Remote Sens. Environ., 116, 140–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.017, 2012. a
Frölicher, T. L.: Extreme climatic events in the ocean, in: Predicting
Future Oceans, Elsevier, 53–60, 2019. a
Frölicher, T. L. and Laufkötter, C.: Emerging risks from marine heat
waves, Nat. Commun., 9, 1–4, 2018. a
Frölicher, T. L., Fischer, E. M., and Gruber, N.: Marine heatwaves under
global warming, Nature, 560, 360–364, 2018. a
Garrabou, J., Coma, R., Bensoussan, N., Bally, M., Chevaldonné, P., Cigliano, M., Diaz, D., Harmelin, J. G., Gambi, M. C., Kersting, D. K., Ledoux, J. B., Lejeusne, C., Linares, C., Marschal, C., Pérez, T., Ribes, M., Romano, J. C., Serrano, E., Teixido, N., Torrents, O., Zabala, M., Zuberer, F., and Cerrano, C.: Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic
communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave, Glob. Change Biol., 15,
1090–1103, 2009. a
Garrabou, J., Gómez-Gras, D., Medrano, A., Cerrano, C., Ponti, M., Schlegel, R., Bensoussan, N., Turicchia, E., Sini, M., Gerovasileiou, V., Teixido, N., Mirasole, A., Tamburello, L., Cebrian, E., Rilov, G., Ledoux, J.-B., Ben Souissi, J., Khamassi, F., Ghanem, R., Benabdi, M., Grimes, S., Ocaña, O., Bazairi, H., Hereu, B., Linares, C., Kersting, D. K., la Rovira, G., Ortega, J., Casals, D., Pagès-Escolà, M., Margarit, N., Capdevila, P., Verdura, J., Ramos, A., Izquierdo, A., Barbera, C., Rubio-Portillo, E., Anton, I., López-Sendino, P., Díaz, D., Vázquez-Luis, M., Duarte, C., Marbà, N., Aspillaga, E., Espinosa, F., Grech, D., Guala, I., Azzurro, E., Farina, S., Gambi, M. C., Chimienti, G., Montefalcone, M., Azzola, A., Pulido Mantas, T., Fraschetti, S., Ceccherelli, G., Kipson, S., Bakran-Petricioli, T., Petricioli, D., Jimenez, C., Katsanevakis, S., Tuney Kizilkaya, I., Kizilkaya, Z., Sartoretto, S., Elodie, R., Ruitton, S., Comeau, S., Gattuso, J.-P., and Harmelin, J.-G.: Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the
Mediterranean Sea, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 5708–5725, 2022. a, b, c
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025734, 2006. a, b
Gordon, A. D.: Classification, CRC Press, https://books.google.it/books?hl=it&lr=&id=_w5AJtbfEz4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=Gordon,+A.+D.:+Classification,+CRC+Press&ots=xwuEN5-dEh&sig=xB1DnfYYy03ibuIXOrzFWSRmXrc&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Gordon%2C A. D.%3A Classification%2C CRC Press&f=false (last access: 20 March 2023), 1999. a
Gruber, N., Boyd, P. W., Frölicher, T. L., and Vogt, M.: Biogeochemical
extremes and compound events in the ocean, Nature, 600, 395–407, 2021. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, 2020. a
Hobday, A. J., Alexander, L. V., Perkins, S. E., Smale, D. A., Straub, S. C., Oliver, E. C. J., Benthuysen, J. A., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G.,Feng, M., Holbrook, N. J., Moore, P. J., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., and Wernberg, T.: A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves, Prog.
Oceanogr., 141, 227–238, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f
Hobday, A. J., Oliver, E. C. J., Sen Gupta, A., Benthuysen, J. A., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Holbrook, N. J., Moore, P. J., Thomsen, M. S.,Wernberg, T., and Smale, D. A.: Categorizing and naming marine heatwaves, Oceanography, 31, 162–173,
2018. a
Holbrook, N. J., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., Benthuysen, J. A., Feng, M., Oliver, E. C. J., Alexander, L. V., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Hobday, A. J., Moore, P. J., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Smale, D. A., Straub, S. C., and Wernberg, T.: A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers, Nat.
Commun., 10, 1–13, 2019. a, b, c
Juza, M., Fernández-Mora, À., and Tintoré, J.: Sub-Regional Marine
Heat Waves in the Mediterranean Sea From Observations: Long-Term Surface
Changes, Sub-Surface and Coastal Responses, Front. Marine Sci., 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.785771,
2022. a
Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P. J.: Finding groups in data: an introduction to
cluster analysis, John Wiley & Sons, https://www.google.it/books/edition/Finding_Groups_in_Data/YeFQHiikNo0C?hl=it&gbpv=1 (last access: 20 March 2023), 2009. a
Kersting, D. K., Bensoussan, N., and Linares, C.: Long-term responses of the
endemic reef-builder Cladocora caespitosa to Mediterranean warming, PLoS One,
8, e70820, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070820, 2013. a
Le Grix, N., Zscheischler, J., Laufkötter, C., Rousseaux, C. S., and Frölicher, T. L.: Compound high-temperature and low-chlorophyll extremes in the ocean over the satellite period, Biogeosciences, 18, 2119–2137, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2119-2021, 2021. a
Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E., Hall, J. W., Lucht, W., Rahmstorf, S.,
and Schellnhuber, H. J.: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 1786–1793, 2008. a
Marbà, N., Jordà, G., Agusti, S., Girard, C., and Duarte, C. M.:
Footprints of climate change on Mediterranean Sea biota, Front. Marine
Sci., 2, 56, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00056, 2015. a, b
Marullo, S., Minnett, P., Santoleri, R., and Tonani, M.: The diurnal cycle of
sea-surface temperature and estimation of the heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 8351–8367,
2016. a
Merchant, C. J., Embury, O., Roberts-Jones, J., Fiedler, E., Bulgin, C. E., Corlett, G. K., Good, S., McLaren, A., Rayner, N., Morak-Bozzo, S., and Donlon, C.:
Sea surface temperature datasets for climate applications from Phase 1 of the
European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (SST CCI), Geosci. Data
J., 1, 179–191, 2014. a
Merchant, C. J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C. E., Block, T., Corlett, G. K., Fiedler, E., Good, S. A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N. A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., and Donlon, C.:
Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate
applications, Sci. Data, 6, 1–18, 2019. a, b, c, d, e
Mohamed, B., Ibrahim, O., and Nagy, H.: Sea Surface Temperature Variability and
Marine Heatwaves in the Black Sea, Remote Sens., 14, 2383, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14102383, 2022. a
Morak-Bozzo, S., Merchant, C., Kent, E., Berry, D., and Carella, G.:
Climatological diurnal variability in sea surface temperature characterized
from drifting buoy data, Geosci. Data J., 3, 20–28, 2016. a
Olita, A., Sorgente, R., Natale, S., Gaberšek, S., Ribotti, A., Bonanno, A., and Patti, B.: Effects of the 2003 European heatwave on the Central Mediterranean Sea: surface fluxes and the dynamical response, Ocean Sci., 3, 273–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-3-273-2007, 2007. a, b, c
Oliver, E. C. J., Donat, M. G., Burrows, M. T., Moore, P. J., Smale, D. A., Alexander, L. V., Benthuysen, J. A., Feng, M., Sen Gupta, A., Hobday, A. J., Holbrook, N. J., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Scannell, H. A., Straub, S. C., and Wernberg, T.: Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century,
Nat. Commun., 9, 1–12, 2018. a, b, c
Pastor, F. and Khodayar, S.: Marine heat waves: Characterizing a major climate
impact in the Mediterranean, Sci. Total Environ., 861, 160621, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160621,
2022. a, b, c, d
Pastor, F., Valiente, J. A., and Khodayar, S.: A warming Mediterranean: 38
years of increasing sea surface temperature, Remote Sens., 12, 2687, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172687, 2020. a
Pearce, A., Jackson, G., Moore, J., Feng, M., and Gaughan, D. J.: The “marine
heat wave” off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/11, edited by: Lenanton, R., Jackson, G., Moore, J., Feng, M., and Gaughan, D., The “marine heat wave” off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/11, p. 40, Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, 2011. a
Pierce, D. W., Gleckler, P. J., Barnett, T. P., Santer, B. D., and Durack,
P. J.: The fingerprint of human-induced changes in the ocean's salinity and
temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053389, 2012. a
Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M.,
Poloczanska, E., and Weyer, N.: The ocean and cryosphere in a changing
climate, IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing
Climate, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/00_SROCC_Frontmatter_FINAL.pdf (last access: 20 March 2023), 2019. a
Rivetti, I., Fraschetti, S., Lionello, P., Zambianchi, E., and Boero, F.:
Global warming and mass mortalities of benthic invertebrates in the
Mediterranean Sea, PloS one, 9, e115655, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115655, 2014. a
Ryan, J. P., Kudela, R. M., Birch, J. M., Blum, M., Bowers, H. A., Chavez, F. P., Doucette, G. J., Hayashi, K., Marin III, R., Mikulski, C. M., Pennington, J. T., Scholin, C. A., Smith, G. J., Woods, A., and Zhang, Y.: Causality of an extreme
harmful algal bloom in Monterey Bay, California, during the 2014–2016
northeast Pacific warm anomaly, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5571–5579,
2017. a
Sanford, E., Sones, J. L., García-Reyes, M., Goddard, J. H., and Largier,
J. L.: Widespread shifts in the coastal biota of northern California during
the 2014–2016 marine heatwaves, Sci. Rep., 9, 1–14, 2019. a
Schlegel, R. W., Oliver, E. C., and Chen, K.: Drivers of marine heatwaves in
the Northwest Atlantic: The role of air–sea interaction during onset and
decline, Front. Marine Sci., 8, 627970, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.627970, 2021. a
Sen Gupta, A., Thomsen, M., Benthuysen, J. A., Hobday, A. J., Oliver, E., Alexander, L. V., Burrows, M. T., Donat, M. G., Feng, M., Holbrook, N. J., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S., Moore, P. J., Rodrigues, R. R., Scannell, H. A., Taschetto, A. S., Ummenhofer, C. C., Wernberg, T., and Smale, D. A.: Drivers and impacts of the most extreme marine heatwave events,
Sci. Rep., 10, 1–15, 2020. a, b, c, d
Serrao-Neumann, S., Davidson, J. L., Baldwin, C. L., Dedekorkut-Howes, A.,
Ellison, J. C., Holbrook, N. J., Howes, M., Jacobson, C., and Morgan, E. A.:
Marine governance to avoid tipping points: Can we adapt the adaptability
envelope?, Marine Policy, 65, 56–67, 2016. a
Smale, D. A., Wernberg, T., Oliver, E. C. J., Thomsen, M., Harvey, B. P., Straub, S. C., Burrows, M. T., Alexander, L. V., Benthuysen, J. A., Donat, M. G., Feng, M., Hobday, A. J., Holbrook, N. J., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Scannell, H. A., Sen Gupta, A., Payne, B. L., and Moore, P. J.: Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of
ecosystem services, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 306–312, 2019. a
Sparnocchia, S., Schiano, M. E., Picco, P., Bozzano, R., and Cappelletti, A.: The anomalous warming of summer 2003 in the surface layer of the Central Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean), Ann. Geophys., 24, 443–452, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-443-2006, 2006. a, b
Stark, J. D., Donlon, C. J., Martin, M. J., and McCulloch, M. E.: OSTIA: An
operational, high resolution, real time, global sea surface temperature
analysis system, in: Oceans 2007-europe, IEEE, 1–4, 2007. a
Stefanon, M., D'Andrea, F., and Drobinski, P.: Heatwave classification over
Europe and the Mediterranean region, Environ. Res. Lett., 7,
014023, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014023, 2012. a, b
Sun, D., Jing, Z., Li, F., and Wu, L.: Characterizing Global Marine Heatwaves
Under a Spatio-temporal Framework, Prog. Oceanogr., 211, 102947, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102947, 2022.
a, b, c
Tanaka, K. R. and Van Houtan, K. S.: The recent normalization of historical
marine heat extremes, PLOS Climate, 1, e0000007, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000007, 2022. a
Woolway, R. I., Anderson, E. J., and Albergel, C.: Rapidly expanding lake
heatwaves under climate change, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 094013, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1a3a,
2021. a, b
Short summary
We present a unique observational dataset of marine heat wave (MHW) macroevents and their characteristics over southern Europe and western Asian (SEWA) basins in the SEWA-MHW dataset. This dataset is the first effort in the literature to archive extremely hot sea surface temperature macroevents. The advantages of the availability of SEWA-MHWs are avoiding the waste of computational resources to detect MHWs and building a consistent framework which would increase comparability among MHW studies.
We present a unique observational dataset of marine heat wave (MHW) macroevents and their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint