Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 797–821, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-797-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 797–821, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-797-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
12 Jun 2019
Review article
| 12 Jun 2019
Merits of novel high-resolution estimates and existing long-term estimates of humidity and incident radiation in a complex domain
Helene Birkelund Erlandsen et al.
Related authors
Rasmus E. Benestad, Bob van Oort, Flavio Justino, Frode Stordal, Kajsa M. Parding, Abdelkader Mezghani, Helene B. Erlandsen, Jana Sillmann, and Milton E. Pereira-Flores
Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 4, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-4-37-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-4-37-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new study indicates that heatwaves in India will become more frequent and last longer with global warming. Its results were derived from a large number of global climate models, and the calculations differed from previous studies in the way they included advanced statistical theory. The projected changes in the Indian heatwaves will have a negative consequence for wheat crops in India.
Sigrid Jørgensen Bakke, Niko Wanders, Karin van der Wiel, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-384, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-384, 2021
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed a machine learning model to identify dominant controls of wildfire in Fennoscandia, and produce monthly fire danger probability maps. The dominant control was shallow soil water anomaly, followed by air temperature and deep soil water. The model proved skilful with a similar performance as the existing Canadian Fire Weather Index. We highlight the benefit of using data-driven models jointly with other fire models to improve fire monitoring and prediction.
Veit Blauhut, Michael Stoelzle, Lauri Ahopelto, Manuela I. Brunner, Claudia Teutschbein, Doris E. Wendt, Vytautas Akstinas, Sigrid J. Bakke, Lucy J. Barker, Lenka Bartošová, Agrita Briede, Carmelo Cammalleri, Lucia De Stefano, Miriam Fendeková, David C. Finger, Marijke Huysmans, Mirjana Ivanov, Jaak Jaagus, Jiří Jakubínský, Ksenija Cindrić Kalin, Svitlana Krakovska, Gregor Laaha, Monika Lakatos, Kiril Manevski, Mathias Neumann Andersen, Nina Nikolova, Marzena Osuch, Pieter van Oel, Kalina Radeva, Renata J. Romanowicz, Elena Toth, Mirek Trnka, Marko Urošev, Julia Urquijo Reguera, Eric Sauquet, Silvana Stevkova, Lena M. Tallaksen, Iryna Trofimova, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Niko Wanders, Micha Werner, Patrick Willems, and Nenad Živković
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-276, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-276, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Recent drought events caused enormous damages in Europe. We therefore questioned the existence and effect of current drought management strategies on the actual impacts, and how drought is perceived by relevant stakeholders. Over 700 participant from 28 European countries provided insights to drought hazard and impact perception, and current management strategies. The study concludes with an urgent need to collectively combat drought risk via an European macro-level drought governance approach.
Peter Horvath, Hui Tang, Rune Halvorsen, Frode Stordal, Lena Merete Tallaksen, Terje Koren Berntsen, and Anders Bryn
Biogeosciences, 18, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-95-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-95-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of three methods for representing vegetation cover. Remote sensing provided the best match to a reference dataset, closely followed by distribution modelling (DM), whereas the dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) in CLM4.5BGCDV deviated strongly from the reference. Sensitivity tests show that use of threshold values for predictors identified by DM may improve DGVM performance. The results highlight the potential of using DM in the development of DGVMs.
Sigrid J. Bakke, Monica Ionita, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5621–5653, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5621-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5621-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the 2018 northern European drought. Large parts of the region experienced 60-year record-breaking temperatures, linked to high-pressure systems and warm surrounding seas. Meteorological drought developed from May and, depending on local conditions, led to extreme low flows and groundwater drought in the following months. The 2018 event was unique in that it affected most of Fennoscandia as compared to previous droughts.
Kerstin Stahl, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Jamie Hannaford, Erik Tijdeman, Gregor Laaha, Tobias Gauster, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Proc. IAHS, 383, 291–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-291-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-291-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous indices exist for the description of hydrological drought, some are based on absolute thresholds of overall streamflows or water levels and some are based on relative anomalies with respect to the season. This article discusses paradigms and experiences with such index uses in drought monitoring and drought analysis to raise awareness of the different interpretations of drought severity.
Michael Stoelzle, Tobias Schuetz, Markus Weiler, Kerstin Stahl, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 849–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-849-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During dry weather, different delayed sources of runoff (e.g. from groundwater, wetlands or snowmelt) modulate the magnitude and variability of streamflow. Hydrograph separation methods often do not distinguish these delayed contributions and mostly pool them into only two components (i.e. quickflow and baseflow). We propose a method that uncovers multiple components and demonstrates how they better reflect streamflow generation processes of different flow regimes.
Trine J. Hegdahl, Kolbjørn Engeland, Ingelin Steinsland, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 723–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-723-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-723-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Flood forecasting relies on high-quality meteorological data. This study shows how improved temperature forecasts improve streamflow forecasts in most cases, with the degree of improvement depending on season and region. To improve temperature forecasts further, catchment-specific methods should be developed to account for these seasonal and regional differences. In short, for climates with a seasonal snow cover, higher-quality temperature forecasts clearly improve flood forecasts.
Rasmus E. Benestad, Bob van Oort, Flavio Justino, Frode Stordal, Kajsa M. Parding, Abdelkader Mezghani, Helene B. Erlandsen, Jana Sillmann, and Milton E. Pereira-Flores
Adv. Stat. Clim. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 4, 37–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-4-37-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/ascmo-4-37-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new study indicates that heatwaves in India will become more frequent and last longer with global warming. Its results were derived from a large number of global climate models, and the calculations differed from previous studies in the way they included advanced statistical theory. The projected changes in the Indian heatwaves will have a negative consequence for wheat crops in India.
Johanne H. Rydsaa, Frode Stordal, Anders Bryn, and Lena M. Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 14, 4209–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the atmospheric sensitivity to an expansion in shrub and tree cover in the northern Fennoscandia region. We applied a regional weather and climate model in evaluating biophysical effects of increased shrub cover at a fine resolution. We find that shrub cover increase causes a warming that is sensitive to the shrub and tree heights. Cooling effects include increased snow cover, cloud cover, and precipitation. We show that the net warming will likely increase in the future.
Gregor Laaha, Tobias Gauster, Lena M. Tallaksen, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Kerstin Stahl, Christel Prudhomme, Benedikt Heudorfer, Radek Vlnas, Monica Ionita, Henny A. J. Van Lanen, Mary-Jeanne Adler, Laurie Caillouet, Claire Delus, Miriam Fendekova, Sebastien Gailliez, Jamie Hannaford, Daniel Kingston, Anne F. Van Loon, Luis Mediero, Marzena Osuch, Renata Romanowicz, Eric Sauquet, James H. Stagge, and Wai K. Wong
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3001–3024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3001-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3001-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015 large parts of Europe were affected by a drought. In terms of low flow magnitude, a region around the Czech Republic was most affected, with return periods > 100 yr. In terms of deficit volumes, the drought was particularly severe around S. Germany where the event lasted notably long. Meteorological and hydrological events developed differently in space and time. For an assessment of drought impacts on water resources, hydrological data are required in addition to meteorological indices.
Monica Ionita, Lena M. Tallaksen, Daniel G. Kingston, James H. Stagge, Gregor Laaha, Henny A. J. Van Lanen, Patrick Scholz, Silvia M. Chelcea, and Klaus Haslinger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1397–1419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1397-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1397-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper analyses the European summer drought of 2015 from a climatological perspective, including its origin and spatial and temporal development, and how it compares with the 2003 event. It discusses the main contributing factors controlling the occurrence and persistence of the event: temperature and precipitation anomalies, blocking episodes and sea surface temperatures. The results represent the outcome of a collaborative initiative of members of UNESCO’s FRIEND-Water program.
Anne F. Van Loon, Kerstin Stahl, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Julian Clark, Sally Rangecroft, Niko Wanders, Tom Gleeson, Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk, Lena M. Tallaksen, Jamie Hannaford, Remko Uijlenhoet, Adriaan J. Teuling, David M. Hannah, Justin Sheffield, Mark Svoboda, Boud Verbeiren, Thorsten Wagener, and Henny A. J. Van Lanen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3631–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In the Anthropocene, drought cannot be viewed as a natural hazard independent of people. Drought can be alleviated or made worse by human activities and drought impacts are dependent on a myriad of factors. In this paper, we identify research gaps and suggest a framework that will allow us to adequately analyse and manage drought in the Anthropocene. We need to focus on attribution of drought to different drivers, linking drought to its impacts, and feedbacks between drought and society.
Veit Blauhut, Kerstin Stahl, James Howard Stagge, Lena M. Tallaksen, Lucia De Stefano, and Jürgen Vogt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2779–2800, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2779-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2779-2016, 2016
Kerstin Stahl, Irene Kohn, Veit Blauhut, Julia Urquijo, Lucia De Stefano, Vanda Acácio, Susana Dias, James H. Stagge, Lena M. Tallaksen, Eleni Kampragou, Anne F. Van Loon, Lucy J. Barker, Lieke A. Melsen, Carlo Bifulco, Dario Musolino, Alessandro de Carli, Antonio Massarutto, Dionysis Assimacopoulos, and Henny A. J. Van Lanen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 801–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-801-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-801-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the European Drought Impact report Inventory (EDII), the study presents an assessment of the occurrence and diversity of drought impacts across Europe. A unique research database has collected close to 5000 textual drought impact reports from 33 European countries. Consistently, reported impacts have been dominated in number by agriculture and water supply, but were very diverse across other sectors. Data and assessment may help drought policy planning at the international level.
A. K. Fleig, L. M. Tallaksen, P. James, H. Hisdal, and K. Stahl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3093–3107, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3093-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3093-2015, 2015
J. H. Rydsaa, F. Stordal, and L. M. Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 12, 3071–3087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3071-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3071-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
MODIS land surface data with WRF V3.5.1 and Noah LSM is used to investigate the sensitivity of the atmosphere to changes in structural vegetation in the boreal ecosystem. Results show that high north evergreen forest expansion leads to larger latent heat fluxes, while increased summer precipitation and reduced wind speed lead to lower sensible heat flux. Replacement of evergreen forest with mixed forest have largely opposite effects, moderating the regional effects on the atmosphere.
R. P. Bartholomeus, J. H. Stagge, L. M. Tallaksen, and J. P. M. Witte
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 997–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-997-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-997-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We used the past century’s time series of observed climate, containing non-stationary signals of atmospheric oscillations, global warming, and global dimming/brightening, to quantify possible systematic errors that may be introduced in estimates of potential evaporation and in hydrological modeling studies due to straightforward application of i) the common two-step approach for potential evaporation specifically, and ii) fixed instead of time-variant model parameters in general.
H. A. J. Van Lanen, N. Wanders, L. M. Tallaksen, and A. F. Van Loon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1715–1732, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1715-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1715-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Atmosphere – Meteorology
HCPD-CA: high-resolution climate projection dataset in central Asia
Development of East Asia Regional Reanalysis based on advanced hybrid gain data assimilation method and evaluation with E3DVAR, ERA-5, and ERA-Interim reanalysis
EUREC4A observations from the SAFIRE ATR42 aircraft
Observations of marine cold-air outbreaks: a comprehensive data set of airborne and dropsonde measurements from the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE)
Water vapor in cold and clean atmosphere: a 3-year data set in the boundary layer of Dome C, East Antarctic Plateau
Resilient dataset of rain clusters with life cycle evolution during April to June 2016–2020 over eastern Asia based on observations from the GPM DPR and Himawari-8 AHI
Dataset of daily near-surface air temperature in China from 1979 to 2018
C3ONTEXT: a Common Consensus on Convective OrgaNizaTion during the EUREC4A eXperimenT
The Large eddy Observatory, Voitsumra Experiment 2019 (LOVE19) with high-resolution, spatially distributed observations of air temperature, wind speed, and wind direction from fiber-optic distributed sensing, towers, and ground-based remote sensing
Homogenized century-long surface incident solar radiation over Japan
Hourly historical and near-future weather and climate variables for energy system modelling
EUREC4A's Maria S. Merian ship-based cloud and micro rain radar observations of clouds and precipitation
Deployment of the C-band radar Poldirad on Barbados during EUREC4A
Remote and autonomous measurements of precipitation for the northwestern Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
High-frequency observation during sand and dust storms at the Qingtu Lake Observatory
10 years of temperature and wind observation on a 45 m tower at Dome C, East Antarctic plateau
Global balanced wind derived from SABER temperature and pressure observations and its validations
EUREC4A's HALO
EMO-5: A high-resolution multi-variable gridded meteorological data set for Europe
JOANNE: Joint dropsonde Observations of the Atmosphere in tropical North atlaNtic meso-scale Environments
Ground-based vertical profile observations of atmospheric composition on the Tibetan Plateau (2017–2019)
Presentation and discussion of the high-resolution atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface simulation dataset of the simulated Neckar catchment for the period 2007–2015
EUREC4A
SLOCLIM: a high-resolution daily gridded precipitation and temperature dataset for Slovenia
Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from lidar observations during the LAPSE-RATE field campaign
Long-term variations in actual evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau
The NY-Ålesund TurbulencE Fiber Optic eXperiment (NYTEFOX): investigating the Arctic boundary layer, Svalbard
The EUREC4A turbulence dataset derived from the SAFIRE ATR 42 aircraft
EMDNA: an Ensemble Meteorological Dataset for North America
A mean-sea-level pressure time series for Trieste, Italy (1841–2018)
Observations from the NOAA P-3 aircraft during ATOMIC
The WGLC global gridded lightning climatology and time series
Southern Ocean cloud and aerosol data: a compilation of measurements from the 2018 Southern Ocean Ross Sea Marine Ecosystems and Environment voyage
A high-resolution gridded dataset of daily temperature and precipitation records (1980–2018) for Trentino-South Tyrol (north-eastern Italian Alps)
Hydrometeorological dataset of West Siberian boreal peatland: a 10-year record from the Mukhrino field station
University of Colorado and Black Swift Technologies RPAS-based measurements of the lower atmosphere during LAPSE-RATE
Intercomparisons, error assessments, and technical information on historical upper-air measurements
University of Nebraska unmanned aerial system (UAS) profiling during the LAPSE-RATE field campaign
Integrated water vapour observations in the Caribbean arc from a network of ground-based GNSS receivers during EUREC4A
Sub-seasonal forecasts of demand and wind power and solar power generation for 28 European countries
Construction of homogenized daily surface air temperature for the city of Tianjin during 1887–2019
HydroGFD3.0 (Hydrological Global Forcing Data): a 25 km global precipitation and temperature data set updated in near-real time
Integrated water vapour content retrievals from ship-borne GNSS receivers during EUREC4A
Hydrometeorological data from a Remotely Operated Multi-Parameter Station network in Central Asia
WegenerNet high-resolution weather and climate data from 2007 to 2020
G2DC-PL+: a gridded 2 km daily climate dataset for the union of the Polish territory and the Vistula and Odra basins
Meteorological observations collected during the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide Experiment (SPADE), April–June 2019
High-resolution in situ observations of atmospheric thermodynamics using dropsondes during the Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign
Remote-sensing and radiosonde datasets collected in the San Luis Valley during the LAPSE-RATE campaign
Ten-year return levels of sub-daily extreme precipitation over Europe
Yuan Qiu, Jinming Feng, Zhongwei Yan, and Jun Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2195–2208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution climate projection dataset in central Asia, named the HCPD-CA dataset, is derived from the dynamically downscaled results based on three bias-corrected global climate models and contains 4 geostatic variables and 10 meteorological elements that are widely used to drive ecological and hydrological models. This dataset can serve as a scientific basis for assessing the potential impacts of projected climate changes over central Asia on many sectors.
Eun-Gyeong Yang, Hyun Mee Kim, and Dae-Hui Kim
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2109–2127, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2109-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The East Asia Regional Reanalysis (EARR) system is developed based on the advanced hybrid gain data assimilation method (AdvHG) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and conventional observations. Based on EARR, high-resolution regional reanalysis and reforecast fields are produced with 12 km horizontal resolution over East Asia for the period 2010–2019. Compared to ERA5, EARR represents precipitation better for January and July 2017 over East Asia.
Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Julien Delanoë, Pierre Coutris, Jean-Claude Etienne, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Thierry André, Hubert Bellec, Alexandre Baron, Jean-François Bourdinot, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Aurélien Bourdon, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Christophe Caudoux, Patrick Chazette, Michel Cluzeau, Céline Cornet, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Dominique Duchanoy, Cyrille Flamant, Benjamin Fildier, Christophe Gourbeyre, Laurent Guiraud, Tetyana Jiang, Claude Lainard, Christophe Le Gac, Christian Lendroit, Julien Lernould, Thierry Perrin, Frédéric Pouvesle, Pascal Richard, Nicolas Rochetin, Kevin Salaün, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Guillaume Seurat, Bjorn Stevens, Julien Totems, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Gilles Vergez, Jessica Vial, Leonie Villiger, and Raphaela Vogel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2021–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The French ATR42 research aircraft participated in the EUREC4A international field campaign that took place in 2020 over the tropical Atlantic, east of Barbados. We present the extensive instrumentation of the aircraft, the research flights and the different measurements. We show that the ATR measurements of humidity, wind, aerosols and cloudiness in the lower atmosphere are robust and consistent with each other. They will make it possible to advance understanding of cloud–climate interactions.
Janosch Michaelis, Amelie U. Schmitt, Christof Lüpkes, Jörg Hartmann, Gerit Birnbaum, and Timo Vihma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1621–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1621-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1621-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A major goal of the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE) aircraft campaign was to observe atmospheric conditions during marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs) originating from the sea-ice-covered Arctic ocean. Quality-controlled measurements of several meteorological variables collected during 15 vertical aircraft profiles and by 22 dropsondes are presented. The comprehensive data set may be used for validating model results to improve the understanding of future trends in MCAOs.
Christophe Genthon, Dana E. Veron, Etienne Vignon, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, and Luc Piard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1571–1580, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1571-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1571-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The surface atmosphere of the high Antarctic Plateau is very cold and clean. Such conditions favor water vapor supersaturation. A 3-year quasi-continuous series of atmospheric moisture in a ~40 m atmospheric layer at Dome C is reported that documents time variability, vertical profiles and occurrences of supersaturation. Supersaturation with respect to ice is frequently observed throughout the column, with relative humidities occasionally reaching values near liquid water saturation.
Aoqi Zhang, Chen Chen, Yilun Chen, Weibiao Li, Shumin Chen, and Yunfei Fu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1433–1445, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1433-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1433-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed an event-based precipitation dataset with life cycle evolution based on coordinated application of observations from spaceborne active precipitation radar and geostationary satellites. The dataset provides both three-dimensional structures of the precipitation system and its corresponding life cycle evolution. The dataset greatly reduces the data size and avoids complex data processing algorithms for studying the life cycle evolution of precipitation microphysics.
Shu Fang, Kebiao Mao, Xueqi Xia, Ping Wang, Jiancheng Shi, Sayed M. Bateni, Tongren Xu, Mengmeng Cao, Essam Heggy, and Zhihao Qin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1413–1432, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1413-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1413-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air temperature is an important parameter reflecting climate change, and the current method of obtaining daily temperature is affected by many factors. In this study, we constructed a temperature model based on weather conditions and established a correction equation. The dataset of daily air temperature (Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg) in China from 1979 to 2018 was obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.1°. Accuracy verification shows that the dataset has reliable accuracy and high spatial resolution.
Hauke Schulz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1233–1256, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1233-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1233-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trade wind clouds are often organized on the mesoscale (O(100 km)), forming different cloud patterns. We present C3ONTEXT (a Common Consensus on Convective OrgaNizaTion during the EUREC4A eXperimenT), a dataset that contains information about the mesoscale cloud patterns identified during the EUREC4A (Elucidating the role of clouds–circulation coupling in climate) field campaign in January–February 2020 and thereby provide the mesoscale context for the campaign's measurements.
Karl Lapo, Anita Freundorfer, Antonia Fritz, Johann Schneider, Johannes Olesch, Wolfgang Babel, and Christoph K. Thomas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 885–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-885-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-885-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The layer of air near the surface is poorly understood during conditions with weak winds. Further, it is even difficult to observe. In this experiment we used distributed temperature sensing to observe air temperature and wind speed at thousands of points simultaneously every couple of seconds. This incredibly rich data set can be used to examine and understand what drives the mixing between the atmosphere and surface during these weak-wind periods.
Qian Ma, Kaicun Wang, Yanyi He, Liangyuan Su, Qizhong Wu, Han Liu, and Youren Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 463–477, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-463-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-463-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface incident solar radiation plays a key role in atmospheric circulation, the water cycle, and ecological equilibrium on Earth. A homogenized century-long surface incident solar radiation dataset was obtained over Japan.
Hannah C. Bloomfield, David J. Brayshaw, Matthew Deakin, and David Greenwood
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-436, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-436, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
There is a global increase in renewable generation to meet carbon targets and reduce the impacts of climate change. Renewable generation and electricity demand depend on the weather. This means there is a need for high quality weather data for energy system modelling. We present a new European level, 70 year dataset which has been specifically designed to support the energy sector. We provide hourly, sub-national climate outputs and including the impacts of near-term climate change.
Claudia Acquistapace, Richard Coulter, Susanne Crewell, Albert Garcia-Benadi, Rosa Gierens, Giacomo Labbri, Alexander Myagkov, Nils Risse, and Jan H. Schween
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 33–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-33-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-33-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This publication describes the unprecedented high-resolution cloud and precipitation dataset collected by two radars deployed on the Maria S. Merian research vessel. The ship operated in the west Atlantic Ocean during the measurement campaign called EUREC4A, between 19 January and 19 February 2020. The data collected are crucial to investigate clouds and precipitation and understand how they form and change over the ocean, where it is so difficult to measure them.
Martin Hagen, Florian Ewald, Silke Groß, Lothar Oswald, David A. Farrell, Marvin Forde, Manuel Gutleben, Johann Heumos, Jens Reimann, Eleni Tetoni, Gregor Köcher, Eleni Marinou, Christoph Kiemle, Qiang Li, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Alton Daley, Delando Grant, and Kashawn Hall
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5899–5914, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The German polarimetric weather radar Poldirad was deployed for the international campaign EUREC4A on Barbados. The focus was monitoring clouds and precipitation in the trade wind region east of Barbados. Observations were with a temporal sequence of 5 min and a maximum range of 375 km. Examples of mesoscale precipitation patterns, rain rate accumulation, diurnal cycle, and vertical distribution show the potential for further studies on the life cycle of precipitating shallow cumulus clouds.
Mark W. Seefeldt, Taydra M. Low, Scott D. Landolt, and Thomas H. Nylen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5803–5817, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Antarctic Precipitation System project deployed and maintained four sites across Antarctica from November 2017 to November 2019. The goals for the project included the collection of in situ observations of precipitation in Antarctica, an improvement in the understanding of precipitation in Antarctica, and the ability to validate precipitation data from atmospheric numerical models. The collected dataset represents some of the first year-round observations of precipitation in Antarctica.
Xuebo Li, Yongxiang Huang, Guohua Wang, and Xiaojing Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5819–5830, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5819-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-frequency observatory data (50 Hz 3D wind velocity, 50 Hz temperature and 1 Hz PM10) for studying the features of the fluid and dust field during sand and dust storms were presented. It is anticipated that data collected in this work will be of utility not only specifically for the boundary layer community in building a model for sand and dust storms but also broadly for communities studying the exchange of the dust and fluid field and energy transfer for the particle-laden two-phase flow.
Christophe Genthon, Dana Veron, Etienne Vignon, Delphine Six, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, Emmanuelle Sultan, and François Forget
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5731–5746, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5731-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5731-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A 10-year dataset of observation in the atmospheric boundary layer at Dome C on the high Antarctic plateau is presented. This is obtained with sensors at six levels along a tower higher than 40 m. The temperature inversion can reach more than 25 °C along the tower in winter, while full mixing by convection can occur in summer. Different amplitudes of variability for wind and temperature at the different levels reflect different signatures of solar vs. synoptic forcing of the boundary layer.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, You Yu, Paulo P. Batista, Vania F. Andrioli, Zhengkuan Liu, Tao Yuan, Chi Wang, Ziming Zou, Guozhu Li, and James M. Russell III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5643–5661, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the gradient balance wind theory and the SABER observations, a dataset of monthly mean zonal wind has been developed at heights of 18–100 km and latitudes of 50° Sndash;50° N from 2002 to 2019. The dataset agrees with the zonal wind from models (MERRA2, UARP, HWM14) and observations by meteor radar and lidar at seven stations. The dataset can be used to study seasonal and interannual variations and can serve as a background for wave studies of tides and planetary waves.
Heike Konow, Florian Ewald, Geet George, Marek Jacob, Marcus Klingebiel, Tobias Kölling, Anna E. Luebke, Theresa Mieslinger, Veronika Pörtge, Jule Radtke, Michael Schäfer, Hauke Schulz, Raphaela Vogel, Martin Wirth, Sandrine Bony, Susanne Crewell, André Ehrlich, Linda Forster, Andreas Giez, Felix Gödde, Silke Groß, Manuel Gutleben, Martin Hagen, Lutz Hirsch, Friedhelm Jansen, Theresa Lang, Bernhard Mayer, Mario Mech, Marc Prange, Sabrina Schnitt, Jessica Vial, Andreas Walbröl, Manfred Wendisch, Kevin Wolf, Tobias Zinner, Martin Zöger, Felix Ament, and Bjorn Stevens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5545–5563, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The German research aircraft HALO took part in the research campaign EUREC4A in January and February 2020. The focus area was the tropical Atlantic east of the island of Barbados. We describe the characteristics of the 15 research flights, provide auxiliary information, derive combined cloud mask products from all instruments that observe clouds on board the aircraft, and provide code examples that help new users of the data to get started.
Vera Thiemig, Goncalo N. Gomes, Jon O. Skøien, Markus Ziese, Armin Rauthe-Schöch, Elke Rustemeier, Kira Rehfeldt, Jakub P. Walawender, Christine Kolbe, Damien Pichon, Christoph Schweim, and Peter Salamon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-339, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-339, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
EMO-5 is a European high-resolution, sub-daily, multi-variable, multi-decadal meteorological data set based on quality-controlled observations coming from almost 30,000 stations across Europe, and is produced in near real-time. EMO-5 covers the time period from 1990 to 2019. In this paper we have provided insight into the source data, the applied methods and the quality assessment of EMO-5.
Geet George, Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, Robert Pincus, Chris Fairall, Hauke Schulz, Tobias Kölling, Quinn T. Kalen, Marcus Klingebiel, Heike Konow, Ashley Lundry, Marc Prange, and Jule Radtke
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5253–5272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Dropsondes measure atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity and horizontal winds. The EUREC4A field campaign deployed 1215 dropsondes during January–February 2020 in the north Atlantic trade-wind region in order to characterize the thermodynamic and the dynamic structure of the atmosphere, primarily at horizontal scales of ~ 200 km. We present JOANNE, the dataset that provides these dropsonde measurements and thereby a rich characterization of the trade-wind atmosphere.
Chengzhi Xing, Cheng Liu, Hongyu Wu, Jinan Lin, Fan Wang, Shuntian Wang, and Meng Gao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4897–4912, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4897-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4897-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of atmospheric composition, especially vertical profile observations, remain sparse and rare on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), due to extremely high altitude, topographical heterogeneity and the grinding environment. This paper introduces a high-time-resolution (~ 15 min) vertical profile observational dataset of atmospheric composition (aerosols, NO2, HCHO and HONO) on the TP for more than 1 year (2017–2019) using a passive remote sensing technique.
Bernd Schalge, Gabriele Baroni, Barbara Haese, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Pablo Saavedra, Vincent Haefliger, Harry Vereecken, Sabine Attinger, Harald Kunstmann, Olaf A. Cirpka, Felix Ament, Stefan Kollet, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Clemens Simmer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4437–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Nina Škrk, Roberto Serrano-Notivoli, Katarina Čufar, Maks Merela, Zalika Črepinšek, Lučka Kajfež Bogataj, and Martín de Luis
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3577–3592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
SLOCLIM is the first climatic reconstruction for Slovenia with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km, providing daily data of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation from 1950 to 2018. This new daily gridded dataset contributes significantly to the climate description of the country and is expected to facilitate research activities in numerous scientific disciplines dealing with climate trends, environment, human and animal populations, agriculture, and forestry.
Miguel Sanchez Gomez, Julie K. Lundquist, Petra M. Klein, and Tyler M. Bell
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3539–3549, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In July 2018, the International Society for Atmospheric Research using Remotely-piloted Aircraft (ISARRA) hosted a flight week to demonstrate unmanned aircraft systems' capabilities in sampling the atmospheric boundary layer. Three Doppler lidars were deployed during this week-long experiment. We use data from these lidars to estimate turbulence dissipation rate. We observe large temporal variability and significant differences in dissipation for lidars with different sampling techniques.
Cunbo Han, Yaoming Ma, Binbin Wang, Lei Zhong, Weiqiang Ma, Xuelong Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3513–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Actual terrestrial evapotranspiration (ETa) is a key parameter controlling the land–atmosphere interaction processes and water cycle. However, the spatial distribution and temporal changes in ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remain very uncertain. Here we estimate the multiyear (2001–2018) monthly ETa and its spatial distribution on the TP by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products. Results have been validated at six eddy-covariance monitoring sites and show high accuracy.
Marie-Louise Zeller, Jannis-Michael Huss, Lena Pfister, Karl E. Lapo, Daniela Littmann, Johann Schneider, Alexander Schulz, and Christoph K. Thomas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3439–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The boundary layer (BL) is well understood when convectively mixed, yet we lack this understanding when it becomes stable and no longer follows classic similarity theories. The NYTEFOX campaign collected a unique meteorological data set in the Arctic BL of Svalbard during polar night, where it tends to be highly stable. Using innovative fiber-optic distributed sensing, we are able to provide unique insight into atmospheric motions across large distances resolved continuously in space and time.
Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Marie Lothon, Jean-Claude Etienne, Pascal Richard, Sandrine Bony, Julien Lernoult, Hubert Bellec, Gilles Vergez, Thierry Perrin, Julien Delanoë, Tetyana Jiang, Frédéric Pouvesle, Claude Lainard, Michel Cluzeau, Laurent Guiraud, Patrice Medina, and Theotime Charoy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3379–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the EUREC4A field experiment that took place over the tropical Atlantic Ocean east of Barbados, the French ATR 42 environment research aircraft of SAFIRE aimed to characterize the shallow cloud properties near cloud base and the turbulent structure of the subcloud layer. The high-frequency measurements of wind, temperature and humidity as well as their translation in terms of turbulent fluctuations, turbulent moments and characteristic length scales of turbulence are presented.
Guoqiang Tang, Martyn P. Clark, Simon Michael Papalexiou, Andrew J. Newman, Andrew W. Wood, Dominique Brunet, and Paul H. Whitfield
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3337–3362, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3337-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Probabilistic estimates are useful to quantify the uncertainties in meteorological datasets. This study develops the Ensemble Meteorological Dataset for North America (EMDNA). EMDNA has 100 members with daily precipitation amount, mean daily temperature, and daily temperature range at 0.1° spatial resolution from 1979 to 2018. It is expected to be useful for hydrological and meteorological applications in North America.
Fabio Raicich and Renato R. Colucci
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3363–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand climate change, it is essential to analyse long time series of atmospheric data. Here we studied the atmospheric pressure observed at Trieste (Italy) from 1841 to 2018. We examined the available information on the characteristics and elevations of the barometers and on the data sampling. A basic data quality control was also applied. As a result, we built a homogeneous time series of daily mean pressures at mean sea level, from which a trend of 0.5 hPa per century was estimated.
Robert Pincus, Chris W. Fairall, Adriana Bailey, Haonan Chen, Patrick Y. Chuang, Gijs de Boer, Graham Feingold, Dean Henze, Quinn T. Kalen, Jan Kazil, Mason Leandro, Ashley Lundry, Ken Moran, Dana A. Naeher, David Noone, Akshar J. Patel, Sergio Pezoa, Ivan PopStefanija, Elizabeth J. Thompson, James Warnecke, and Paquita Zuidema
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3281–3296, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes observations taken from a research aircraft during a field experiment in the western Atlantic Ocean during January and February 2020. The plane made 11 flights, most 8-9 h long, and measured the properties of the atmosphere and ocean with a combination of direct measurements, sensors falling from the plane to profile the atmosphere and ocean, and remote sensing measurements of clouds and the ocean surface.
Jed O. Kaplan and Katie Hong-Kiu Lau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3219–3237, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lightning is an important atmospheric phenomenon and natural hazard, but few long-term data are freely available on lightning stroke location, timing, and power. Here, we present a new, open-access dataset of lightning strokes covering 2010–2020, based on a network of low-frequency radio detectors. The dataset is comprised of GIS maps and is intended for researchers, government, industry, and anyone for whom knowing when and where lightning is likely to strike is useful information.
Stefanie Kremser, Mike Harvey, Peter Kuma, Sean Hartery, Alexia Saint-Macary, John McGregor, Alex Schuddeboom, Marc von Hobe, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Alex Geddes, Richard Querel, Adrian McDonald, Maija Peltola, Karine Sellegri, Israel Silber, Cliff S. Law, Connor J. Flynn, Andrew Marriner, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Carson C. Hume, Graeme Plank, Geoffrey Graham, and Simon Parsons
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3115–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3115-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol–cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean are poorly understood and remain a major source of uncertainty in climate models. This study presents ship-borne measurements, collected during a 6-week voyage into the Southern Ocean in 2018, that are an important supplement to satellite-based measurements. For example, these measurements include data on low-level clouds and aerosol composition in the marine boundary layer, which can be used in climate model evaluation efforts.
Alice Crespi, Michael Matiu, Giacomo Bertoldi, Marcello Petitta, and Marc Zebisch
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2801–2818, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A 250 m gridded dataset of 1980–2018 daily mean temperature and precipitation records for Trentino–South Tyrol (north-eastern Italian Alps) was derived from a quality-controlled and homogenized archive of station observations. The errors associated with the final interpolated fields were assessed and thoroughly discussed. The product will be regularly updated and is meant to support regional climate studies and local monitoring and applications in integration with other fine-resolution data.
Egor Dyukarev, Nina Filippova, Dmitriy Karpov, Nikolay Shnyrev, Evgeny Zarov, Ilya Filippov, Nadezhda Voropay, Vitaly Avilov, Arseniy Artamonov, and Elena Lapshina
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2595–2605, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A hydrological and meteorological dataset collected at the Mukhrino peatland, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, Russia, over the period of 8 May 2010 to 31 December 2019 is presented. Northern peatlands represent one of the largest carbon pools in the biosphere. The carbon they store is increasingly vulnerable to perturbation. Meteorological observations directly at peatland areas in Siberia are rare, while peatlands are characterized by a specific local climate.
Gijs de Boer, Cory Dixon, Steven Borenstein, Dale A. Lawrence, Jack Elston, Daniel Hesselius, Maciej Stachura, Roger Laurence III, Sara Swenson, Christopher M. Choate, Abhiram Doddi, Aiden Sesnic, Katherine Glasheen, Zakariya Laouar, Flora Quinby, Eric Frew, and Brian M. Argrow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2515–2528, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes data collected by uncrewed aircraft operated by the University of Colorado Boulder and Black Swift Technologies during the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – A Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) field campaign. This effort was conducted in the San Luis Valley of Colorado in July 2018 and included intensive observing of the atmospheric boundary layer. This paper describes data collected by four aircraft operated by these entities.
Noemi Imfeld, Leopold Haimberger, Alexander Sterin, Yuri Brugnara, and Stefan Brönnimann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2471–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2471-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2471-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Upper-air data form the backbone of reanalysis products, particularly in the pre-satellite era. However, historical upper-air data are error-prone because measurements at high altitude were especially challenging. Here, we present a collection of data from historical intercomparisons of radiosondes and error assessments reaching back to the 1930s that may allow us to better characterize such errors. The full database, including digitized data, images, and metadata, is made publicly available.
Ashraful Islam, Ajay Shankar, Adam Houston, and Carrick Detweiler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2457–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2457-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2457-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the dataset containing thermodynamic measurements (pressure, temperature, humidity) from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln unmanned aerial system multirotors during the LAPSE-RATE campaign from 14–19 July 2018. The paper describes the placements, shielding, and aspiration of the sensors. The paper also describes the research objective for data collected each day. The dataset contains 171 files from two multirotors recording the vertical atmospheric boundary layer profile.
Olivier Bock, Pierre Bosser, Cyrille Flamant, Erik Doerflinger, Friedhelm Jansen, Romain Fages, Sandrine Bony, and Sabrina Schnitt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2407–2436, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2407-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2407-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements from a network of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers operated from the eastern Caribbean islands are used to monitor the total water vapour content in the atmosphere during the EUREC4A field campaign. These data help describe the moisture environment of mesoscale cloud patterns in the trade winds with high temporal sampling. They are also useful to assess the accuracy of collocated radiosonde measurements and numerical weather model reanalyses.
Hannah C. Bloomfield, David J. Brayshaw, Paula L. M. Gonzalez, and Andrew Charlton-Perez
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2259–2274, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2259-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2259-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Energy systems are becoming more exposed to weather as more renewable generation is built. This means access to high-quality weather forecasts is becoming more important. This paper showcases past forecasts of electricity demand and wind power and solar power generation across 28 European countries. The timescale of interest is from 5 d out to 1 month ahead. This paper highlights the recent improvements in forecast skill and hopes to promote collaboration in the energy–meteorology community.
Peng Si, Qingxiang Li, and Phil Jones
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2211–2226, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents the various procedures necessary to construct a homogenized daily maximum and minimum temperature series starting in 1887 for Tianjin. The newly constructed temperature series provides a set of new baseline data for the field of extreme climate change at the century-long scale and a reference for construction of other long-term reliable daily time series in the region.
Peter Berg, Fredrik Almén, and Denica Bozhinova
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1531–1545, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1531-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1531-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
HydroGFD3.0 (Hydrological Global Forcing Data) is a data set of daily precipitation and temperature intended for use in hydrological modelling. The method uses different observational data sources to correct the variables from a model estimation of precipitation and temperature. An openly available data set covers the years 1979–2019, and times after this are available by request.
Pierre Bosser, Olivier Bock, Cyrille Flamant, Sandrine Bony, and Sabrina Speich
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1499–1517, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1499-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1499-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the framework of the EUREC4A campaign, water vapour measurements were retrieved over the tropical west Atlantic Ocean from GNSS data acquired from three research vessels (R/Vs Atalante, Maria S. Merian and Meteor). The retrievals from R/Vs Atalante and Meteor are shown to be of high quality unlike the results for the R/V Maria S. Merian. These ship-borne retrievals are intended to be used for the description and understanding of meteorological phenomena that occurred during the campaign.
Cornelia Zech, Tilo Schöne, Julia Illigner, Nico Stolarczuk, Torsten Queißer, Matthias Köppl, Heiko Thoss, Alexander Zubovich, Azamat Sharshebaev, Kakhramon Zakhidov, Khurshid Toshpulatov, Yusufjon Tillayev, Sukhrob Olimov, Zabihullah Paiman, Katy Unger-Shayesteh, Abror Gafurov, and Bolot Moldobekov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1289–1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The regional research network Water in Central Asia (CAWa) funded by the German Federal Foreign Office consists of 18 remotely operated multi-parameter stations (ROMPSs) in Central Asia, and they are operated by German and Central Asian institutes and national hydrometeorological services. They provide up to 10 years of raw meteorological and hydrological data, especially in remote areas with extreme climate conditions, for applications in climate and water monitoring in Central Asia.
Jürgen Fuchsberger, Gottfried Kirchengast, and Thomas Kabas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1307–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the most recent weather and climate data from the WegenerNet station networks, providing hydrometeorological measurements since 2007 at very high spatial and temporal resolution for long-term observation in two regions in southeastern Austria: the WegenerNet Feldbach Region, in the Alpine forelands, comprising 155 stations with 1 station about every 2 km2, and the WegenerNet Johnsbachtal, in a mountainous region, with 14 stations at altitudes from about 600 m to 2200 m.
Mikołaj Piniewski, Mateusz Szcześniak, Ignacy Kardel, Somsubhra Chattopadhyay, and Tomasz Berezowski
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1273–1288, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1273-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1273-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution gridded climate data are a key component of earth-system and hydrology models. Here we have described how we updated and extended the previous version of the climate dataset covering Poland and parts of neighbouring countries. The new dataset includes new variables (wind speed and relative humidity), has a higher spatial resolution (2 km) and has been updated to cover the most recent years 2014–2019. Interpolation errors exhibited large spatial and temporal variability.
Julie M. Thériault, Stephen J. Déry, John W. Pomeroy, Hilary M. Smith, Juris Almonte, André Bertoncini, Robert W. Crawford, Aurélie Desroches-Lapointe, Mathieu Lachapelle, Zen Mariani, Selina Mitchell, Jeremy E. Morris, Charlie Hébert-Pinard, Peter Rodriguez, and Hadleigh D. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1233–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1233-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article discusses the data that were collected during the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide (SPADE) field campaign in spring 2019 in the Canadian Rockies, along the Alberta and British Columbia border. Various instruments were installed at five field sites to gather information about atmospheric conditions focussing on precipitation. Details about the field sites, the instrumentation used, the variables collected, and the collection methods and intervals are presented.
Holger Vömel, Mack Goodstein, Laura Tudor, Jacquelyn Witte, Željka Fuchs-Stone, Stipo Sentić, David Raymond, Jose Martinez-Claros, Ana Juračić, Vijit Maithel, and Justin W. Whitaker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1107–1117, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an extensive data set of in situ vertical profile observations for pressure, temperature, humidity, and winds from 648 NCAR NRD41 dropsondes during the Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign. The measurements were taken during 22 flights of the NSF/NCAR G-V research aircraft in August and September 2019 over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The data allow a detailed study of atmospheric dynamics and convection over the tropical ocean.
Tyler M. Bell, Petra M. Klein, Julie K. Lundquist, and Sean Waugh
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1041–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1041-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1041-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In July 2018, numerous weather sensing remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) were flown in a flight week called Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). As part of LAPSE-RATE, ground-based remote and in situ systems were also deployed to supplement and enhance observations from the RPASs. These instruments include multiple Doppler lidars, thermodynamic profilers, and radiosondes. This paper describes data from these systems.
Benjamin Poschlod, Ralf Ludwig, and Jana Sillmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 983–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a homogeneous data set of 10-year rainfall return levels based on 50 simulations of the Canadian Regional Climate Model v5 (CRCM5). In order to evaluate its quality, the return levels are compared to those of observation-based rainfall of 16 European countries from 32 different sources. The CRCM5 is able to capture the general spatial pattern of observed extreme precipitation, and also the intensity is reproduced in 77 % of the area for rainfall durations of 3 h and longer.
Cited articles
Abatzoglou, J. T.: Development of gridded surface meteorological data for
ecological applications and modelling, Int. J. Climatol.,
33, 121–131, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3413, 2013. a
Almeida, A. C. and Landsberg, J. J.: Evaluating methods of estimating global
radiation and vapor pressure deficit using a dense network of automatic
weather stations in coastal Brazil, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 118,
237–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00122-9, 2003. a
Bohn, T. J., Livneh, B., Oyler, J. W., Running, S. W., Nijssen, B., and
Lettenmaier, D. P.: Global evaluation of MTCLIM and related algorithms for
forcing of ecological and hydrological models, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 176, 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.03.003, 2013. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Bosilovich, M. G., Akella, S., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Gelaro, R., Kovach, R., Liu, Q., Molod, A., Norris, P., Wargan, K., Chao, W., Reichle, R., Takacs, L., Vikhliaev, Y., Bloom, S., Collow, A., Firth, S., Labow, G., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Reale, O., Schubert, S. D., and Suarez, M.: MERRA-2: Initial evaluation of the climate Technical
Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, Tech. rep.,
NASA/TM–2015-104606, 2015. a, b
Bosilovich, M. G., Robertson, F. R., Takacs, L., Molod, A., and Mocko, D.:
Atmospheric water balance and variability in the MERRA-2 reanalysis, J.
Climate, 30, 1177–1196, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0338.1, 2017. a
Bras, R. L.: Hydrology: an introduction to hydrologic science, Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, 1990. a
Brinckmann, S., Krähenmann, S., and Bissolli, P.: High-resolution daily gridded data sets of air temperature and wind speed for Europe, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 491–516, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-491-2016, 2016. a
Bristow, K. L. and Campbell, G. S.: On the relationship between incoming solar
radiation and daily maximum and minimum temperature, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 31, 159–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(84)90017-0, 1984. a, b
Bromwich, D. H., Wilson, A. B., Bai, L. S., Moore, G. W., and Bauer, P.: A
comparison of the regional Arctic System Reanalysis and the global
ERA-Interim Reanalysis for the Arctic, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 142, 644–658, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2527, 2016. a
Bugmann, H., Cordonnier, T., Truhetz, H., and Lexer, M. J.: Impacts of
business-as-usual management on ecosystem services in European mountain
ranges under climate change, Reg. Environ. Change, 17, 3–16,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1074-4, 2017. a
Bureau of Reclamation: Downscaled CMIP3 an CMIP5 Climate and Hydrology
Projections: Release of Downscaled CMIP5 Climate Projections, Comparison with
preceding Information, and Summary of User Needs. Prepared by the U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Technic, Tech. rep.,
available at: https://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled_cmip_projections/techmemo/BCSD5HydrologyMemo.pdf (last access: 10 June 2019),
2013. a
Carrer, D., Lafont, S., Roujean, J.-L., Calvet, J.-C., Meurey, C., Le Moigne,
P., and Trigo, I. F.: Incoming Solar and Infrared Radiation Derived from
METEOSAT: Impact on the Modeled Land Water and Energy Budget over France,
J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 504–520, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-059.1,
2012. a
Deardorff, J. W.: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and
moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation, J. Geophys.
Res., 83, 1889, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC083iC04p01889, 1978. a
Decker, M., Brunke, M. A., Wang, Z., Sakaguchi, K., Zeng, X., and Bosilovich,
M. G.: Evaluation of the reanalysis products from GSFC, NCEP, and ECMWF using
flux tower observations, J. Climate, 25, 1916–1944,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00004.1, 2012. a
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi,
S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P.,
Beljaars, A. C., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C.,
Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B.,
Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler,
M., Matricardi, M., Mcnally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J.,
Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J. N.,
and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of
the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011. a, b
de Oliveira, A. P., Soares, J., Božnar, M. Z., Mlakar, P., and Escobedo,
J. F.: An application of neural network technique to correct the dome
temperature effects on pyrgeometer measurements, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 23, 80–89, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1829.1, 2006. a
Erlandsen, Helene B.: HySN Data set (Version v1.1) [Data set], Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1970170, 2018a. a
Erlandsen, Helene B.: helene-b-e/HySN: HySN v1.0 (Version v1.0), Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1435555, 2018b. a
Erlandsen, H. B., Haddeland, I., Tallaksen, L. M., and Kristiansen, J.: The
Sensitivity of the Terrestrial Surface Energy and Water Balance Estimates in
the WRF Model to Lower Surface Boundary Representations: A South Norway Case
Study, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 265–284,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0146.1, 2017. a
Feld, S. I., Cristea, N. C., and Lundquist, J. D.: Representing atmospheric
moisture content along mountain slopes: Examination using distributed sensors
in the Sierra Nevada, California, Water Resour. Res., 49, 4424–4441,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20318, 2013. a
Göber, M., Zsótér, E., and Richardson, D. S.: Could a perfect
model ever satisfy a naïve forecaster? On grid box mean versus point
verification, Meteorol. Appl., 15, 359–365,
https://doi.org/10.1002/met.78, 2008. a
Godøy, Ø.: rtmrun, a Perl wrapper around libRadtran,
available at: https://github.com/steingod/rtmrun (last access: 6 June 2019), 2013. a
Gutmann, E. D., Rasmussen, R. M., Liu, C., Ikeda, K., Gochis, D. J., Clark,
M. P., Dudhia, J., and Thompson, G.: A comparison of statistical and
dynamical downscaling of winter precipitation over complex terrain, J.
Climate, 25, 262–281, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4109.1, 2012. a
Haddeland, I., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Skaugen, T.: Reconciling Simulated
Moisture Fluxes Resulting from Alternate Hydrologic Model Time Steps and
Energy Budget Closure Assumptions, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 355–370,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM496.1, 2006. a
Haddeland, I., Heinke, J., Voß, F., Eisner, S., Chen, C., Hagemann, S., and Ludwig, F.: Effects of climate model radiation, humidity and wind estimates on hydrological simulations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 305–318, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-305-2012, 2012. a
Hanssen-Bauer, I., Drange, H., Førland, E., Roald, L. A., Børsheim,
K. Y., Hisdal, H., Lawrence, D., Nesje, A., Sandven, S., Sorteberg, A.,
Sndby, S., Vasskog, K., and Ådlandsvik, B.: Klima i Norge 2100
Bakgrunnsmateriale til NOU Klimatilpasning (Climate in Norway 2100 background
material for NOU climate adaptation), p. 148, 2009. a
Hanssen-Bauer, I., Førland, E., Haddeland, I., Hisdal, H., Mayer, S., Nesje,
A., Nilsen, J., Sandven, S., Sandø, A., Sorteberg, A., and Ådlandsvik,
B.: Climate in Norway 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation,
Tech. rep., The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS),
available at: https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/m741/m741.pdf (last access: 10 June 2019), 2017. a
Harpold, A. A., Kaplan, M. L., Klos, P. Z., Link, T., McNamara, J. P., Rajagopal, S., Schumer, R., and Steele, C. M.: Rain or snow: hydrologic processes, observations, prediction, and research needs, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1-2017, 2017. a
Heikkilä, U., Sandvik, A., and Sorteberg, A.: Dynamical downscaling of
ERA-40 in complex terrain using the WRF regional climate model, Clim.
Dynam., 37, 1551–1564, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0928-6, 2011. a
Hempel, S., Frieler, K., Warszawski, L., Schewe, J., and Piontek, F.: A trend-preserving bias correction – the ISI-MIP approach, Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 219–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-219-2013, 2013. a
Hirsch, R. M., Slack, J. R., and Smith, R. A.: Techniques of trend analysis for
monthly water quality data, Water Resour. Res., 18, 107–121,
https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i001p00107, 1982. a
Hofstra, N., New, M., and McSweeney, C.: The influence of interpolation and
station network density on the distributions and trends of climate variables
in gridded daily data, Clim. Dynam., 35, 841–858,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0698-1, 2010. a
Jerez, S., Thais, F., Tobin, I., Wild, M., Colette, A., Yiou, P., and Vautard,
R.: The CLIMIX model: A tool to create and evaluate spatially-resolved
scenarios of photovoltaic and wind power development, Renew.
Sust. Energ. Rev., 42, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.041,
2015. a
Kalkstein, L. S., Nichols, M. C., David Barthel, C., and Scott Greene, J.:
A new spatial synoptic classification: Application to air-mass analysis,
Int. J. Climatol., 16, 983–1004,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9<983::AID-JOC61>3.0.CO;2-N, 1996. a
Katragkou, E., García-Díez, M., Vautard, R., Sobolowski, S., Zanis, P., Alexandri, G., Cardoso, R. M., Colette, A., Fernandez, J., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Karacostas, T., Knist, S., Mayer, S., Soares, P. M. M., Pytharoulis, I., Tegoulias, I., Tsikerdekis, A., and Jacob, D.: Regional climate hindcast simulations within EURO-CORDEX: evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 603–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-603-2015, 2015. a, b
Koster, R. D., Suarez, M. J., Liu, P., Jambor, U., Berg, A., Kistler, M.,
Reichle, R., Rodell, M., and Famiglietti, J.: Realistic Initialization of
Land Surface States: Impacts on Subseasonal Forecast Skill, J.
Hydrometeorol., 5, 1049–1063, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-387.1, 2004. a
Kotlarski, S., Paul, F., and Jacob, D.: Forcing a distributed glacier mass
balance model with the regional climate model REMO. Part I: climate model
evaluation, J. Climate, 23, 1589–1606, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2711.1,
2010. a
Kristiansen, J., Bjørge, D., Edwards, J. M., and Rooney, G. G.: Soil Field
Model Interoperability: Challenges and Impact on Screen Temperature Forecast
Skill during the Nordic Winter, J. Hydrometeorol., 13, 1215–1232,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-095.1, 2012. a
Lapo, K. E., Hinkelman, L. M., Sumargo, E., Hughes, M., and Lundquist, J. D.: A
critical evaluation of modeled solar irradiance over California for
hydrologic and land surface modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 122,
299–317, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025527, 2017. a
Li, J. L., Lee, W. L., Yu, J. Y., Hulley, G., Fetzer, E., Chen, Y. C., and
Wang, Y. H.: The impacts of precipitating hydrometeors radiative effects on
land surface temperature in contemporary GCMS using satellite observations,
J. Geophys. Res., 121, 67–79, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023776,
2016. a, b
Liang, X., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F., and Burges, S. J.: A simple
hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for
general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14415,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD00483, 1994. a
Livneh, B., Rosenberg, E. A., Lin, C., Nijssen, B., Mishra, V., Andreadis,
K. M., Maurer, E. P., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: A long-term hydrologically
based dataset of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United
States: Update and extensions, J. Climate, 26, 9384–9392,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00508.1, 2013. a
Lofgren, B. M., Hunter, T. S., and Wilbarger, J.: Effects of using air
temperature as a proxy for potential evapotranspiration in climate change
scenarios of Great Lakes basin hydrology, J. Great Lakes Res.,
37, 744–752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2011.09.006, 2011. a
Lussana, C., Saloranta, T., Skaugen, T., Magnusson, J., Tveito, O. E., and Andersen, J.: seNorge2 daily precipitation, an observational gridded dataset over Norway from 1957 to the present day, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 235–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-235-2018, 2018a. a, b
Lussana, C., Tveito, O. E., and Uboldi, F.: Three-dimensional spatial
interpolation of 2 m temperature over Norway, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 144, 344–364, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3208,
2018b. a, b, c, d
Mayer, B. and Kylling, A.: Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations – description and examples of use, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1855–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005, 2005. a
Meloni, D., Di Biagio, C., Di Sarra, A., Monteleone, F., Pace, G., and
Sferlazzo, D. M.: Accounting for the solar radiation influence on downward
longwave irradiance measurements by pyrgeometers, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 29, 1629–1643, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00216.1, 2012. a
MERRA-2 const_2d_ctm_Nx: Constant Model Parameters for Usage by CTM 0.5×0.625 degree V5.12.4, https://doi.org/10.5067/4Z3YUPM81GRJ,
2015a. a
MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_rad_Nx: 2d, 1-Hourly, Time-Averaged, Single-Level,
Assimilation, Radiation Diagnostics V5.12.4,
https://doi.org/10.5067/Q9QMY5PBNV1T,
2015b. a
MERRA-2 inst1_2d_asm_Nx: 2d, 1-Hourly, Instantaneous, Single-Level,
Assimilation, Single-Level Diagnostics V5.12.4,
https://doi.org/10.5067/3Z173KIE2TPD,
2015c. a
Milly, P. C. D. and Dunne, K. A.: On the hydrologic adjustment of climate-model
projections: The potential pitfall of potential evapotranspiration, Earth
Interact., 15, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010EI363.1, 2011. a
Mizukami, N., Clark, M., Slater, A., Brekke, L., Elsner,
M., Arnold, J., and Gangopadhyay, S.: Hydrologic Implications of
Different Large-Scale Meteorological Model Forcing Datasets in Mountainous
Regions, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 474–488,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-036.1, 2014. a, b, c, d
Mizukami, N., Clark, M. P., Gutmann, E. D., Mendoza, P. A., Newman, A. J.,
Nijssen, B., Livneh, B., Hay, L. E., Arnold, J. R., and Brekke, L. D.:
Implications of the Methodological Choices for Hydrologic Portrayals of
Climate Change over the Contiguous United States: Statistically Downscaled
Forcing Data and Hydrologic Models, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 73–98,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0187.1, 2016. a
Mueller, B., Hirschi, M., Jimenez, C., Ciais, P., Dirmeyer, P. A., Dolman, A. J., Fisher, J. B., Jung, M., Ludwig, F., Maignan, F., Miralles, D. G., McCabe, M. F., Reichstein, M., Sheffield, J., Wang, K., Wood, E. F., Zhang, Y., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3707–3720, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3707-2013, 2013. a
New, M., Hulme, M., and Jones, P.: Representing twentieth-century space-time
climate variability. Part I: Development of a 1961–90 mean monthly
terrestrial climatology, J. Climate, 12, 829–856,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0829:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a, b, c
Nilsen, I. B., Stagge, J. H., and Tallaksen, L. M.: A probabilistic approach
for attributing temperature changes to synoptic type frequency, Int.
J. Climatol., 37, 2990–3002, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4894, 2017. a
Parding, K., Olseth, J. A., Liepert, B. G., and Dagestad, K.-F.: Influence of
atmospheric circulation patterns on local cloud and solar variability in
Bergen, Norway, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 125, 625–639,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1517-8, 2016. a, b
Pierce, D. W., Westerling, A. L., and Oyler, J.: Future humidity trends over the western United States in the CMIP5 global climate models and variable infiltration capacity hydrological modeling system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1833–1850, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1833-2013, 2013. a, b, c, d, e
Pohlert, T.: trend: Non-Parametric Trend Tests and Change-Point Detection,
available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=trend (last access: 10 June 2019), r package version 1.1.0,
2018. a
Prata, A. J.: A new long-wave formula for estimating downward clear-sky
radiation at the surface, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 122, 1127–1151, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253306, 1996. a
Raleigh, M. S., Livneh, B., Lapo, K., Lundquist, J. D., Raleigh, M. S., Livneh,
B., Lapo, K., and Lundquist, J. D.: How Does Availability of Meteorological
Forcing Data Impact Physically Based Snowpack Simulations?, J.
Hydrometeorol., 17, 99–120, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0235.1, 2016. a
Reistad, M., Breivik, b., Haakenstad, H., Aarnes, O. J., Furevik, B. R., and
Bidlot, J.-R.: A high-resolution hindcast of wind and waves for the North
Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea, J. Geophys. Res.,
116, C05019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006402, 2011. a
Rizzi, J., Nilsen, I. B., Stagge, J. H., Gisnås, K., and Tallaksen, L. M.:
Five decades of warming: impacts on snow cover in Norway, Hydrol. Res., 49,
nh2017051, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.051, 2017. a, b
Rodell, M., Houser, P. R., Berg, A. A., and Famiglietti, J. S.: Evaluation of
10 Methods for Initializing a Land Surface Model, J.
Hydrometeorol., 6, 146–155, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM414.1, 2005. a
Rontu, L., Wastl, C., and Niemelä, S.: Influence of the Details of
Topography on Weather Forecast – Evaluation of HARMONIE Experiments in the
Sochi Olympics Domain over the Caucasian Mountains, Front. Earth
Sci., 4, 13 pp., https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00013, 2016. a
Rydsaa, J. H., Stordal, F., Bryn, A., and Tallaksen, L. M.: Effects of shrub and tree cover increase on the near-surface atmosphere in northern Fennoscandia, Biogeosciences, 14, 4209–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4209-2017, 2017. a
Schmied, H. M., Müller, R., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Ahrens, B., and Wild,
M.: Evaluation of radiation components in a global freshwater model with
station-based observations, Water, 8, 450,
https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100450, 2016. a, b
Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E. F.: Development of a 50-Year
High-Resolution Global Dataset of Meteorological Forcings for Land Surface
Modeling, J. Climate, 19, 3088–3111, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3790.1, 2006. a, b
Sheridan, S. C.: The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for
North America, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 51–68,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.709, 2002. a
Shi, X., Wild, M., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Surface radiative fluxes over the
pan-Arctic land region: Variability and trends, J. Geophys.
Res., 115, D22104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014402, 2010. a, b
Slater, A. G.: Surface Solar Radiation in North America: A Comparison of
Observations, Reanalyses, Satellite, and Derived Products, J.
Hydrometeorol., 17, 401–420, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0087.1, 2016. a, b
Stagge, J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., Xu, C., and Van Lanen, H.: Standardized
precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI): Sensitivity to potential
evapotranspiration model and parameters, Proceedings of FRIEND-water,
1, 367–373, 2014. a
Szczypta, C., Calvet, J.-C., Albergel, C., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Carrer, D., Lafont, S., and Meurey, C.: Verification of the new ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis over France, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 647–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-647-2011, 2011. a
Teklesadik, A. D., Alemayehu, T., van Griensven, A., Kumar, R., Liersch, S.,
Eisner, S., Tecklenburg, J., Ewunte, S., and Wang, X.: Inter-model comparison
of hydrological impacts of climate change on the Upper Blue Nile basin using
ensemble of hydrological models and global climate models, Climatic Change,
141, 517–532, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1913-4,
2017. a
Thornton, P. E., Hasenauer, H., and White, M. A.: Simultaneous estimation of
daily solar radiation and humidity from observed temperature and
precipitation: an application over complex terrain in Austria, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 104, 255–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00170-2,
2000. a
Tveito, O. E. and Førland, E. J.: Mapping temperatures in Norway applying
terrain information, geostatistics and GIS, Norsk Geogr. Tidsskr., 53, 202–212, https://doi.org/10.1080/002919599420794,
1999. a, b
Urraca, R., Huld, T., Gracia-Amillo, A., Martinez-de Pison, F. J., Kaspar, F.,
and Sanz-Garcia, A.: Evaluation of global horizontal irradiance estimates
from ERA5 and COSMO-REA6 reanalyses using ground and satellite-based data,
Sol. Energy, 164, 339–354, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2018.02.059, 2018. a, b
Vormoor, K. and Skaugen, T.: Temporal Disaggregation of Daily Temperature and
Precipitation Grid Data for Norway, J. Hydrometeorol., 14,
989–999, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0139.1, 2013. a
Warszawski, L., Frieler, K., Huber, V., Piontek, F., Serdeczny, O., and Schewe,
J.: The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project
(ISI–MIP): Project framework, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 111, 3228–3232, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312330110, 2014. a
Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E.,
Österle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.:
Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional
Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century, J.
Hydrometeorol., 12, 823–848, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1369.1, 2011. a, b
Weedon, G. P., Balsamo, G., Bellouin, N., Gomes, S., Best, M. J., and Viterbo,
P.: The WFDEI meteorological forcing data set: WATCH Forcing Data methodology
applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data, Water Resour. Res., 50,
7505–7514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015638, 2014. a, b, c
Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H. F.: A global, self-consistent, hierarchical,
high-resolution shoreline database, J. Geophys. Re.-Sol.
Ea., 101, 8741–8743, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00104, 1996. a
Wild, M., Gilgen, H., Roesch, A., Ohmura, A., Long, C. N., Dutton, E. G.,
Forgan, B., Kallis, A., Russak, V., and Tsvetkov, A.: From dimming to
brightening: decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface, Science, 308, 847–850, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103215, 2005. a
Wild, M., Folini, D., Hakuba, M. Z., Schär, C., Seneviratne, S. I., Kato,
S., Rutan, D., Ammann, C., Wood, E. F., and König-Langlo, G.: The
energy balance over land and oceans: an assessment based on direct
observations and CMIP5 climate models, Clim. Dynam., 44, 3393–3429,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2430-z, 2015.
a
Wild, M., Ohmura, A., Schär, C., Müller, G., Folini, D., Schwarz, M., Hakuba, M. Z., and Sanchez-Lorenzo, A.: The Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) version 2017: a database for worldwide measured surface energy fluxes, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 601–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-601-2017, 2017. a
Zib, B. J., Dong, X., Xi, B., Kennedy, A., Zib, B. J., Dong, X., Xi, B., and
Kennedy, A.: Evaluation and Intercomparison of Cloud Fraction and Radiative
Fluxes in Recent Reanalyses over the Arctic Using BSRN Surface Observations,
J. Climate, 25, 2291–2305, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00147.1, 2012. a, b
Short summary
Robust estimates of runoff, snow, and evaporation rely on high-quality estimates of incoming solar and thermal radiation at the surface and near surface humidity. Taking advantage of the physical soundness of a numerical weather reanalysis and the preciseness and spatial resolution of a national gridded temperature data set, new estimates of these variables are presented for Norway. Further, existing data sets and observations are compared, emphasizing daily correlation, trends, and gradients.
Robust estimates of runoff, snow, and evaporation rely on high-quality estimates of incoming...
