Articles | Volume 17, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3949-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3949-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
18 Aug 2025
Data description paper |
| 18 Aug 2025
| 18 Aug 2025
A new-generation internal tide model based on 30 years of satellite sea surface height measurements: multiwave decomposition and isolated beams
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Related authors
Harpreet Kaur, Maarten C. Buijsman, Zhongxiang Zhao, and Jay F. Shriver
Ocean Sci., 20, 1187–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the seasonal variability in internal tide sea surface height in a global model simulation. We also compare this with altimetry and the seasonal variability in the internal tide energy terms. Georges Bank and the Arabian Sea show the strongest seasonal variability. This study also reveals that sea surface height may not be the most accurate indicator of the true seasonal variability in the internal tides because it is modulated by the seasonal variability in stratification.
Zhongxiang Zhao
Ocean Sci., 19, 1067–1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1067-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1067-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite altimetry provides a unique technique for observing the sea surface height (SSH) signature of internal tides from space. The advances in mapping technique, combined with the accumulation of satellite altimetry data, make it possible to construct empirical models for minor internal tide constituents. This paper demonstrates that N2 internal tides, the fifth largest tidal constituent, are observed using 100 satellite years of SSH data from 1993 to 2019 by a new mapping procedure.
Yi Gong, Haibin Song, Zhongxiang Zhao, Yongxian Guan, Kun Zhang, Yunyan Kuang, and Wenhao Fan
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 445–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
When the internal solitary wave propagates to the continental shelf and slope, the polarity reverses due to the shallower water depth. In this process, the internal solitary wave dissipates energy and enhances diapycnal mixing, thus affecting the local oceanic environment. In this study, we used reflection seismic data to evaluate the spatial distribution of the diapycnal mixing around the polarity-reversing internal solitary waves.
Loren Carrere, Brian K. Arbic, Brian Dushaw, Gary Egbert, Svetlana Erofeeva, Florent Lyard, Richard D. Ray, Clément Ubelmann, Edward Zaron, Zhongxiang Zhao, Jay F. Shriver, Maarten Cornelis Buijsman, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the ocean surface and need to be corrected from altimeter measurements. We present a detailed validation of several internal-tide models using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses on the main diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. Results show the interest of the methodology proposed, the quality of the internal-tide models tested and their positive contribution for estimating an accurate sea level.
Harpreet Kaur, Maarten C. Buijsman, Zhongxiang Zhao, and Jay F. Shriver
Ocean Sci., 20, 1187–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the seasonal variability in internal tide sea surface height in a global model simulation. We also compare this with altimetry and the seasonal variability in the internal tide energy terms. Georges Bank and the Arabian Sea show the strongest seasonal variability. This study also reveals that sea surface height may not be the most accurate indicator of the true seasonal variability in the internal tides because it is modulated by the seasonal variability in stratification.
Zhongxiang Zhao
Ocean Sci., 19, 1067–1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1067-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1067-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite altimetry provides a unique technique for observing the sea surface height (SSH) signature of internal tides from space. The advances in mapping technique, combined with the accumulation of satellite altimetry data, make it possible to construct empirical models for minor internal tide constituents. This paper demonstrates that N2 internal tides, the fifth largest tidal constituent, are observed using 100 satellite years of SSH data from 1993 to 2019 by a new mapping procedure.
Yi Gong, Haibin Song, Zhongxiang Zhao, Yongxian Guan, Kun Zhang, Yunyan Kuang, and Wenhao Fan
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 445–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
When the internal solitary wave propagates to the continental shelf and slope, the polarity reverses due to the shallower water depth. In this process, the internal solitary wave dissipates energy and enhances diapycnal mixing, thus affecting the local oceanic environment. In this study, we used reflection seismic data to evaluate the spatial distribution of the diapycnal mixing around the polarity-reversing internal solitary waves.
Loren Carrere, Brian K. Arbic, Brian Dushaw, Gary Egbert, Svetlana Erofeeva, Florent Lyard, Richard D. Ray, Clément Ubelmann, Edward Zaron, Zhongxiang Zhao, Jay F. Shriver, Maarten Cornelis Buijsman, and Nicolas Picot
Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the ocean surface and need to be corrected from altimeter measurements. We present a detailed validation of several internal-tide models using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses on the main diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents. Results show the interest of the methodology proposed, the quality of the internal-tide models tested and their positive contribution for estimating an accurate sea level.
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Ocean | Subject: Physical oceanography
The Italian contribution to the Synoptic Arctic Survey programme: the 2021 CASSANDRA cruise (LB21) through the Greenland Sea Gyre along the 75° N transect
A revisiting of early 18th-century environmental data to identify Gulf of Lion properties before the industrial era
A high-resolution temperature–salinity dataset observed by autonomous underwater vehicles for the evolution of mesoscale eddies and associated submesoscale processes in the South China Sea
A global daily mesoscale front dataset from satellite observations: in situ validation and cross-dataset comparison
ASM-SS: the first quasi-global high-spatial-resolution coastal storm surge dataset reconstructed from tide gauge records
Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data collected along the Southern Ocean chokepoint between Aotearoa / New Zealand and Antarctica, 1994–2024
HHU24SWDSCS: a shallow-water depth model over island areas in the South China Sea retrieved from satellite-derived bathymetry
Satellite-based regional Sea Surface Salinity maps for enhanced understanding of freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean
Gap-filled sub-surface mooring dataset off Western Australia during 2010–2023
The International Altimetry Service 2024 (IAS2024) coastal sea level dataset and first evaluations
Hydrodynamic and Atmospheric Conditions in a Volcanic Caldera: A Comprehensive Dataset at Deception Island, Antarctica
Global ocean surface heat fluxes derived from the maximum entropy production framework accounting for ocean heat storage and Bowen ratio adjustments
A European database of resources on coastal storm impacts
Multi-year observations of near-bed hydrodynamics and suspended sediment at the core of the estuarine turbidity maximum of the Changjiang Estuary
Surface current variability in the East Australian Current from long-term high-frequency radar observations
SDUST2023VGGA: a global ocean vertical gradient of gravity anomaly model determined from multidirectional data from mean sea surface
Air-sea interaction heat and momentum fluxes based on vessel’s experimental observations over Spanish waters
Satellite-based Analysis of Ocean-Surface Stress across the Ice-free and Ice-covered Polar Oceans
A new multi-grid bathymetric dataset of the Gulf of Naples (Italy) from complementary multi-beam echo sounders
A submesoscale eddy identification dataset in the northwest Pacific Ocean derived from GOCI I chlorophyll a data based on deep learning
MASCS 1.0: synchronous atmospheric and oceanic data from a cross-shaped moored array in the northern South China Sea during 2014–2015
Reprocessing of eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019 with a full metadata upgrade
Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP): the CoASTS-BiOMaP dataset
Spatio-temporal changes in China's mainland shorelines over 30 years using Landsat time series data (1990–2019)
ISASO2: recent trends and regional patterns of ocean dissolved oxygen change
Constructing a 22-year internal wave dataset for the northern South China Sea: spatiotemporal analysis using MODIS imagery and deep learning
Near-real-time atmospheric and oceanic science products of Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 geostationary satellites over the South China Sea
ReefTEMPS: The Pacific Islands Coastal Temperature Network
High-resolution observations of the ocean upper layer south of Cape St. Vincent, the western northern margin of the Gulf of Cádiz
Catalogue of coastal-based instances with bathymetric and topographic data
Oceanographic monitoring in Hornsund fjord, Svalbard
Salinity and Stratification at the Sea Ice Edge (SASSIE): an oceanographic field campaign in the Beaufort Sea
Weekly green tide mapping in the Yellow Sea with deep learning: integrating optical and synthetic aperture radar ocean imagery
30 months dataset of glider physico-chemical data off Mayotte Island near the Fani Maoré volcano
IAPv4 ocean temperature and ocean heat content gridded dataset
Probabilistic reconstruction of sea-level changes and their causes since 1900
Global Coastal Characteristics (GCC): a global dataset of geophysical, hydrodynamic, and socioeconomic coastal indicators
Insights from a topo-bathymetric and oceanographic dataset for coastal flooding studies: the French Flooding Prevention Action Program of Saint-Malo
Gap-filling techniques applied to the GOCI-derived daily sea surface salinity product for the Changjiang diluted water front in the East China Sea
A daily reconstructed chlorophyll-a dataset in the South China Sea from MODIS using OI-SwinUnet
Underwater light environment in Arctic fjords
Multiyear surface wave dataset from the subsurface “DeepLev” eastern Levantine moored station
SDUST2020MGCR: a global marine gravity change rate model determined from multi-satellite altimeter data
Lagrangian surface drifter observations in the North Sea: an overview of high-resolution tidal dynamics and surface currents
The physical and biogeochemical parameters along the coastal waters of Saudi Arabia during field surveys in summer, 2021
A Lagrangian coherent eddy atlas for biogeochemical applications in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Global marine gravity gradient tensor inverted from altimetry-derived deflections of the vertical: CUGB2023GRAD
Reconstruction of hourly coastal water levels and counterfactuals without sea level rise for impact attribution
3D reconstruction of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents in the North Atlantic Ocean
Laboratory data linking the reconfiguration of and drag on individual plants to the velocity structure and wave dissipation over a meadow of salt marsh plants under waves with and without current
Manuel Bensi, Giuseppe Civitarese, Diego Borme, Carmela Caroppo, Gabriella Caruso, Federica Cerino, Franco Decembrini, Alessandra de Olazabal, Tommaso Diociaiuti, Michele Giani, Vedrana Kovacevic, Martina Kralj, Angelina Lo Giudice, Giovanna Maimone, Marina Monti, Maria Papale, Luisa Patrolecco, Elisa Putelli, Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo, Federica Relitti, Carmen Rizzo, Francesca Spataro, Valentina Tirelli, Clara Turetta, and Maurizio Azzaro
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3701–3719, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3701-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3701-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In September 2021, the Italian Arctic Research Programme funded a multidisciplinary study along 75° N in the Greenland Sea as part of the CASSANDRA project and the Synoptic Arctic Survey (SAS) programme. This study emphasises the spatial variability of water properties, nutrient distribution, and biological communities determined by oceanographic dynamics in a region influenced by sea ice melting, Atlantic Water inflow, and climatic teleconnections during a record low summer sea ice extent.
Marina Locritani, Sara Garvani, Giancarlo Tamburello, Antonio Guarnieri, and Giuseppe Manzella
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3553–3566, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3553-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3553-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Histoire physique de la mer, written by Luigi Ferdinando Marsili in 1725, was one of the first treatises to analyse the science of the sea. However, it is difficult to understand Marsili's original data. This paper reports the results of a major effort that has been undertaken to re-evaluate Marsili's observations, converting historical measurements into modern units – water weight to water density – with bathymetric profiles mapping the locations where these measurements were made and sea level variations alongside consideration of the associated error.
Chunhua Qiu, Zhenyang Du, Haibo Tang, Zhenhui Yi, Jiawei Qiao, Dongxiao Wang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Wenbo Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3189–3202, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3189-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3189-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The high-resolution autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) dataset for the South China Sea (SCS) provides 13 491 temperature and salinity profiles and covers 463 d of experiments. To our knowledge, the resolution and length of this dataset are enough to detect the asymmetry, vertical tilt, and temporal evolution of mesoscale eddies (MEs) and the corresponding submesoscale processes. The dataset is expected to improve the accuracy of current and biogeochemistry numerical models. More projects conducting AUV experiments will be promoted in the future.
Qinwang Xing, Haiqing Yu, Wei Yu, Xinjun Chen, and Hui Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2831–2848, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2831-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2831-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean fronts play a key role in marine ecosystems and often implicitly exist in satellite observations. This work presents the first publicly available daily global front dataset spanning 1982 to 2023, with comprehensive validations using in situ global observations. Our validations enhance confidence in the application of satellite-based front detection and provide independent support for global front occurrence patterns. The dataset is expected to be widely used in front-related studies.
Lianjun Yang, Taoyong Jin, and Weiping Jiang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2793–2807, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2793-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2793-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges (SSs) cause massive loss of life and property in coastal areas each year. High-spatial-resolution and long-term SS records are important for assessing such events. However, tide gauges can provide limited SS information due to sparse and uneven distributions. Based on artificial intelligence technology and tide gauges, a high-spatial-coverage SS dataset was generated for the period from 1940 to 2020, which can provide possible alternative support for deepening our understanding of SSs.
Giuseppe Aulicino, Antonino Ian Ferola, Laura Fortunato, Giorgio Budillon, Pasquale Castagno, Pierpaolo Falco, Giannetta Fusco, Naomi Krauzig, Giancarlo Spezie, Enrico Zambianchi, and Yuri Cotroneo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2625–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents 30 years of water temperature data from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) probes collected between Aotearoa / New Zealand and the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Gathered during research cruises by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program, the data were rigorously verified and corrected for depth and temperature bias. This dataset provides a valuable insight into the Southern Ocean's climate and enhances satellite observations and ocean models.
Yihao Wu, Hongkai Shi, Dongzhen Jia, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Xiufeng He, Zhicai Luo, Yu Li, Shiyuan Chen, Xiaohuan Si, Sisu Diao, Yihuang Shi, and Yanglin Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2463–2488, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a high-quality and cost-effective shallow-water depth model for >120 islands in the South China Sea, using ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 satellite data. This model maps water depths with an accuracy of ~1 m. Our findings highlight the limitations of existing global bathymetry models in shallow regions. Our model exhibited superior performance in capturing fine-scale bathymetric features with unprecedented spatial resolution, providing essential data for marine applications.
Verónica González-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Aina García-Espriu, Cristina González-Haro, Antonio Turiel, Carolina Gabarró, Alessandro Silvano, Aditya Narayanan, Alberto Naveira-Garabato, Rafael Catany, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Giuseppe Aulicino, Yuri Cotroneo, Roberto Sabia, and Diego Fernández-Prieto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-212, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-212, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS data and developed by the Barcelona Expert Center. It offers 9-day maps on a 25 km EASE-SL grid, from 2011 to 2023, covering areas south of 30° S. The product is accurate beyond 150 km from sea ice, with nearly zero bias and a ~0.22 STD. It tracks well seasonal and interannual changes and will contribute to the understanding of processes influenced by upper-ocean salinity, including ice formation/melt.
Toan Bui, Ming Feng, and Christopher C. Chapman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1693–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Moored time series data are crucial for detecting changes in the ocean. However, mooring losses or instrument failures often result in data gaps. A gap-filled time series dataset of a shelf mooring array off the Western Australian coast is created using a machine learning tool to fill the data gaps. The gap-filled data show consistency with observations and can be used to characterize marine heat waves and cold spells influenced by ocean boundary currents.
Fukai Peng, Xiaoli Deng, Yunzhong Shen, and Xiao Cheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1441–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1441-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1441-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new reprocessed altimeter coastal sea level dataset, International Altimetry Service 2024 (IAS2024), for monitoring sea level changes along the world’s coastlines is presented. The evaluation and validation results confirm the reliability of this dataset. The altimeter-based virtual stations along the world’s coastlines can be built using this dataset to monitor the coastal sea level changes where tide gauges are unavailable. Therefore, it is beneficial for both oceanographic communities and policymakers.
Francesco Ferrari, Carmen Zarzuelo, Alejandro López-Ruiz, and Andrea Lira-Loarca
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-92, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a high-resolution, open-access dataset for Deception Island, Antarctica, covering 2005–2020. Using WRF and DELFT3D models, it includes 161 atmospheric variables (e.g., wind, precipitation, pressure) and hydrodynamic data (e.g., sea surface height, currents, wave height). Capturing spatial, seasonal, and extreme event variability, it enhances understanding of Antarctic coastal dynamics, supporting research on glacial melt, nutrient transport, and climate change impacts.
Yong Yang, Huaiwei Sun, Jingfeng Wang, Wenxin Zhang, Gang Zhao, Weiguang Wang, Lei Cheng, Lu Chen, Hui Qin, and Zhanzhang Cai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1191–1216, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Traditional methods for estimating ocean heat flux often introduce large uncertainties due to complex parameterizations. To tackle this issue, we developed a novel framework based on maximum entropy production (MEP) theory. By incorporating heat storage effects and refining the Bowen ratio, we enhanced the MEP method's accuracy. This research derives a new long-term global ocean latent heat flux dataset that offers high accuracy, enhancing our understanding of ocean energy dynamics.
Paola Emilia Souto-Ceccon, Juan Montes, Enrico Duo, Paolo Ciavola, Tomás Fernández-Montblanc, and Clara Armaroli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1041–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1041-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1041-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset supports the growing need for information on coastal storm impacts. It covers different European countries and is an open-access tool that can be exploited, updated, or complemented by different users and for different purposes. Via labelling with unique identifiers, the database allows for a quick and consistent retrieval of all of the resources associated with a storm event. The adopted approach can be easily exported to all European countries and beyond.
Zaiyang Zhou, Jianzhong Ge, Dirk Sebastiaan van Maren, Hualong Luan, Wenyun Guo, Jianfei Ma, Yingjia Tao, Peng Xu, Fuhai Dao, Wanlun Yang, Keteng Ke, Shenyang Shi, Jingting Zhang, Yu Kuai, Cheng Li, Jinghua Gu, and Pingxing Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 917–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The North Passage (NP) is the primary navigation channel of the Changjiang Estuary, supporting the shipping needs of Shanghai and its surrounding regions. To enhance our understanding of hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the NP, a multi-year field observation campaign was designed and conducted from 2015 to 2018. This campaign improves the temporal and spatial coverage compared to previous observations, enabling more detailed investigations of this important channel system.
Manh Cuong Tran, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 937–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The East Australian Current (EAC) plays an important role in the marine ecosystem and climate of the region. To understand the EAC regime and the inner shelf dynamics, we implement a variational approach to produce the first multiyear coastal radar dataset (2012–2023) in this region. The validated data allow for a comprehensive investigation of the EAC dynamics. This dataset will be useful for understanding the complex EAC regime and its far-reaching impacts on the shelf environment.
Ruichen Zhou, Jinyun Guo, Shaoshuai Ya, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 817–836, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
SDUST2023VGGA is a high-resolution (1' × 1') model developed to map the ocean's vertical gradient of gravity anomaly. By using multidirectional mean sea surface data, it reduces the impact of ocean dynamics and provides detailed global gravity anomaly change rates. This model provides critical insights into seafloor structures and ocean mass distribution, contributing to research in marine geophysics and oceanography. The dataset is freely available on Zenodo.
Ángel Sánchez-Lorente, Elena Tel, Lucía Sanz-Pinilla, and Gonzalo González-Nuevo González
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-597, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-597, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study has been done within the framework of JAE INTRO-ICU fellowship in the Instituto Español de Oceanografía, with an interest in understanding the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in a climate change context using experimental measurements aboard research vessels over Spanish waters. The distinct behavior in the different basins of the Spanish waters is reflected, and the need for further investment in experimental observations due to its great usefulness is also evidenced.
Chao Liu and Lisan Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
A daily dataset on ocean-surface stress is synthesized for both ice-covered and ice-free Arctic and Antarctic areas. It is based on satellite data on ocean winds, ice movement, and sea surface height. Sensitivity analyses address uncertainties, including variations in sea level products and ice-water drag. The dataset's accuracy is validated against in situ measurements, showing moderate to good agreement on monthly and longer timescales.
Federica Foglini, Marzia Rovere, Renato Tonielli, Giorgio Castellan, Mariacristina Prampolini, Francesca Budillon, Marco Cuffaro, Gabriella Di Martino, Valentina Grande, Sara Innangi, Maria Filomena Loreto, Leonardo Langone, Fantina Madricardo, Alessandra Mercorella, Paolo Montagna, Camilla Palmiotto, Claudio Pellegrini, Antonio Petrizzo, Lorenzo Petracchini, Alessandro Remia, Marco Sacchi, Daphnie Sanchez Galvez, Anna Nora Tassetti, and Fabio Trincardi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 181–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, the new CNR research vessel Gaia Blu explored the seabed of the Naples and Pozzuoli gulfs and the Amalfi coastal area (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) from 50–2000 m water depth, covering 5000 m2 of seafloor. This paper describes data acquisition and processing and provides maps in unprecedented detail of this area affected by geological changes and human impacts. The findings support future geological and geomorphological investigations and mapping and monitoring of the seafloor and habitats.
Yan Wang, Ge Chen, Jie Yang, Zhipeng Gui, and Dehua Peng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5737–5752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and account for 90 % of its kinetic energy, but their generation and dissipation are difficult to observe using current remote sensing technology. Our submesoscale eddy dataset, formed by suppressing large-scale circulation signals and enhancing small-scale chlorophyll structures, has important implications for understanding marine environments and ecosystems, as well as improving climate model predictions.
Han Zhang, Dake Chen, Tongya Liu, Di Tian, Min He, Qi Li, Guofei Wei, and Jian Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5665–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a cross-shaped moored array dataset (MASCS 1.0) of observations that consist of five buoys and four moorings in the northern South China Sea from 2014 to 2015. The moored array is influenced by atmospheric forcings such as tropical cyclones and monsoon as well as oceanic tides and flows. The data reveal variations of the air–sea interface and the ocean itself, which are valuable for studies of air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics in the northern South China Sea.
Simona Simoncelli, Franco Reseghetti, Claudia Fratianni, Lijing Cheng, and Giancarlo Raiteri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5531–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This data review is about the reprocessing of historical eXpendable BathyThermograp (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019. A new automated quality control analysis has been performed starting from the original raw data and operational log sheets. The data have been formatted and standardized according to the latest community best practices, and all available metadata have been inserted, including calibration information and uncertainty specification.
Giuseppe Zibordi and Jean-François Berthon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5477–5502, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP) programs produced bio-optical data supporting satellite ocean color applications across European seas for almost 2 decades. CoASTS and BiOMaP applied equal standardized instruments, measurement methods, quality control schemes and processing codes to ensure temporal and spatial consistency with data products.
Gang Yang, Ke Huang, Lin Zhu, Weiwei Sun, Chao Chen, Xiangchao Meng, Lihua Wang, and Yong Ge
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5311–5331, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous monitoring of shoreline dynamics is critical to understanding the drivers of shoreline change and evolution. This study uses long-term sequences of Landsat Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the coastlines of Hainan, mainland China, Taiwan, and other countries from 1990 to 2019.
Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Esther Portela, Virginie Thierry, and Annaig Prigent
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5191–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental for ocean biogeochemical cycles and marine life. To ease the computation of the ocean oxygen budget from in situ DO data, mapping of data on a regular 3D grid is useful. Here, we present a new DO gridded product from the Argo database. We compare it with existing DO mapping from a historical dataset. We suggest that the ocean has generally been losing oxygen since the 1980s, but large interannual and regional variabilities should be considered.
Xudong Zhang and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5131–5144, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Internal wave (IW) is an important ocean process and is frequently observed in the South China Sea (SCS). This study presents a detailed IW dataset for the northern SCS spanning from 2000 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 250 m, comprising 3085 IW MODIS images. This dataset can enhance understanding of IW dynamics and serve as a valuable resource for studying ocean dynamics, validating numerical models, and advancing AI-driven model building, fostering further exploration into IW phenomena.
Jian Liu, Jingjing Yu, Chuyong Lin, Min He, Haiyan Liu, Wei Wang, and Min Min
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4949–4969, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Japanese Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 (H8/9) geostationary (GEO) satellites are strategically positioned over the South China Sea (SCS), spanning from 3 November 2022 to the present. They mainly provide cloud mask, fraction, height, phase, optical, and microphysical property; layered precipitable water; and sea surface temperature products within a temporal resolution of 10 min and a gridded resolution of 0.05° × 0.05°.
Romain Le Gendre, David Varillon, Sylvie Fiat, Régis Hocdé, Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt, Jérôme Aucan, Sophie Cravatte, Maxime Duphil, Alexandre Ganachaud, Baptiste Gaudron, Elodie Kestenare, Vetea Liao, Bernard Pelletier, Alexandre Peltier, Anne-Lou Schaefer, Thomas Trophime, Simon Van Wynsberge, Yves Dandonneau, Michel Allenbach, and Christophe Menkes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Due to ocean warming, coral reef ecosystems are strongly impacted with dystrophic events and corals experiencing increasing frequencies of bleaching events. In-situ observation remains the best alternative for accurate characterization of trends and extremes in these shallow environments. This paper presents the coastal temperature dataset of the ReefTEMPS monitoring network which spreads over multiple Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) in the Western and Central South Pacific.
Sarah A. Rautenbach, Carlos Mendes de Sousa, Mafalda Carapuço, and Paulo Relvas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4641–4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents the data of a 4-month observation of the Iberian Margin Cape St. Vincent ocean observatory, in Portugal (2022), a European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory node. Three instruments at depths between 150 and 200 m collected physical/biogeochemical parameters at different spatial and temporal scales. EMSO-ERIC aims at developing strategies to enable sustainable ocean observation with regards to costs, time, and resolution.
Owein Thuillier, Nicolas Le Josse, Alexandru-Liviu Olteanu, Marc Sevaux, and Hervé Tanguy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4529–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unveils a comprehensive catalogue of 17 700 unique coastal digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) as of 2022. These DEMs are designed to support a variety of scientific and educational purposes. Organised into three libraries, they cover a wide range of coastal geometries and different sizes. Data and custom colour palettes for visualisation are made freely available online, promoting open science and collaboration.
Meri Korhonen, Mateusz Moskalik, Oskar Głowacki, and Vineet Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4511–4527, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2015, temperature and salinity have been monitored in Hornsund fjord (Svalbard), where retreating glaciers add meltwater and terrestrial matter to coastal waters. Therefore, turbidity and water sampling for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition are measured. The monitoring spans from May to October, enabling studies on seasonality and its variability over the years, and the dataset covers the whole fjord, including the inner basins in close proximity to the glaciers.
Kyla Drushka, Elizabeth Westbrook, Frederick M. Bingham, Peter Gaube, Suzanne Dickinson, Severine Fournier, Viviane Menezes, Sidharth Misra, Jaynice Pérez Valentín, Edwin J. Rainville, Julian J. Schanze, Carlyn Schmidgall, Andrey Shcherbina, Michael Steele, Jim Thomson, and Seth Zippel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4209–4242, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The NASA SASSIE mission aims to understand the role of salinity in modifying sea ice formation in early autumn. The 2022 SASSIE campaign collected measurements of upper-ocean properties, including stratification (layering of the ocean) and air–sea fluxes in the Beaufort Sea. These data are presented here and made publicly available on the NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), along with code to manipulate the data and generate the figures presented herein.
Le Gao, Yuan Guo, and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4189–4207, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2008, the Yellow Sea has faced a significant ecological issue, the green tide, which has become one of the world's largest marine disasters. Satellite remote sensing plays a pivotal role in detecting this phenomenon. This study uses AI-based models to extract the daily green tide from MODIS and SAR images and integrates these daily data to introduce a continuous weekly dataset, which aids research in disaster simulation, forecasting, and prevention.
Alexandre Heumann, Félix Margirier, Emmanuel Rinnert, Pascale Lherminier, Carla Scalabrin, Louis Geli, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, and Laurent Beguery
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-377, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Following an seismic crisis in May 2018 in Mayotte, an observation network has been created with the given objective of monitoring this volcanic phenomena. A SeaExplorer glider has been deployed to supplement the data obtained during a series of oceanographic surveys. The glider performed a continuous monitoring of 30 months of the water column from the sea surface to 1250 meters water depth with the objective to acquire hydrological properties, water currents and dissolved gas concentrations.
Lijing Cheng, Yuying Pan, Zhetao Tan, Huayi Zheng, Yujing Zhu, Wangxu Wei, Juan Du, Huifeng Yuan, Guancheng Li, Hanlin Ye, Viktor Gouretski, Yuanlong Li, Kevin E. Trenberth, John Abraham, Yuchun Jin, Franco Reseghetti, Xiaopei Lin, Bin Zhang, Gengxin Chen, Michael E. Mann, and Jiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Sönke Dangendorf, Qiang Sun, Thomas Wahl, Philip Thompson, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Ben Hamlington
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3471–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-level information from the global ocean is sparse in time and space, with comprehensive data being limited to the period since 2005. Here we provide a novel reconstruction of sea level and its contributing causes, as determined by a Kalman smoother approach applied to tide gauge records over the period 1900–2021. The new reconstruction shows a continuing acceleration in global mean sea-level rise since 1970 that is dominated by melting land ice. Contributors vary significantly by region.
Panagiotis Athanasiou, Ap van Dongeren, Maarten Pronk, Alessio Giardino, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Roshanka Ranasinghe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3433–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The shape of the coast, the intensity of waves, the height of the water levels, the presence of people or critical infrastructure, and the land use are important information to assess the vulnerability of the coast to coastal hazards. Here, we provide 80 indicators of this kind at consistent locations along the global ice-free coastline using open-access global datasets. These can be valuable for quick assessments of the vulnerability of the coast and at data-poor locations.
Léo Seyfried, Laurie Biscara, Héloïse Michaud, Fabien Leckler, Audrey Pasquet, Marc Pezerat, and Clément Gicquel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3345–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Saint-Malo, France, an initiative to enhance marine submersion prevention began in 2018. Shom conducted an extensive sea campaign, mapping the bay's topography and exploring coastal processes. High-resolution data improve knowledge of the interactions between waves, tide and surge and determine processes responsible for submersion. Beyond science, these findings contribute crucially to a local warning system, providing a tangible solution to protect the community from coastal threats.
Jisun Shin, Dae-Won Kim, So-Hyun Kim, Gi Seop Lee, Boo-Keun Khim, and Young-Heon Jo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3193–3211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We overcame the limitations of satellite and reanalysis sea surface salinity (SSS) datasets and produced a gap-free gridded SSS product with reasonable accuracy and a spatial resolution of 1 km using a machine learning model. Our data enabled the recognition of SSS distribution and movement patterns of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW) front in the East China Sea (ECS) during summer. These results will further advance our understanding and monitoring of long-term SSS variations in the ECS.
Haibin Ye, Chaoyu Yang, Yuan Dong, Shilin Tang, and Chuqun Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3125–3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A deep-learning model for gap-filling based on expected variance was developed. OI-SwinUnet achieves good performance reconstructing chlorophyll-a concentration data on the South China Sea. The reconstructed dataset depicts both the spatiotemporal patterns at the seasonal scale and a fast-change process at the weather scale. Reconstructed data show chlorophyll perturbations of individual eddies at different life stages, giving academics a unique and complete perspective on eddy studies.
Robert W. Schlegel, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Bernard Gentili, Simon Bélanger, Laura Castro de la Guardia, Dorte Krause-Jensen, Cale A. Miller, Mikael Sejr, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2773–2788, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fjords play a vital role in the Arctic ecosystems and human communities. It is therefore important to have as clear of an understanding of the processes within these systems as possible. While temperature and salinity tend to be well measured, light is usually not. The dataset described in this paper uses remotely sensed data from 2003 to 2022 to address this problem by providing high-spatial-resolution surface, water column, and seafloor light data for several well-studied Arctic fjords.
Nir Haim, Vika Grigorieva, Rotem Soffer, Boaz Mayzel, Timor Katz, Ronen Alkalay, Eli Biton, Ayah Lazar, Hezi Gildor, Ilana Berman-Frank, Yishai Weinstein, Barak Herut, and Yaron Toledo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2659–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper outlines the process of creating an open-access surface wave dataset, drawing from deep-sea research station observations located 50 km off the coast of Israel. The discussion covers the wave monitoring procedure, from instrument configuration to wave field retrieval, and aspects of quality assurance. The dataset presented spans over 5 years, offering uncommon in situ wave measurements in the deep sea, and addresses the existing gap in wave information within the region.
Fengshun Zhu, Jinyun Guo, Huiying Zhang, Lingyong Huang, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2281–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used multi-satellite altimeter data to construct a high-resolution marine gravity change rate (MGCR) model on 5′×5′ grids, named SDUST2020MGCR. The spatial distribution of SDUST2020MGCR and GRACE MGCR are similar, such as in the eastern seas of Japan (dipole), western seas of the Nicobar Islands (rising), and southern seas of Greenland (falling). The SDUST2020MGCR can provide a detailed view of long-term marine gravity change, which will help to study the seawater mass migration.
Lisa Deyle, Thomas H. Badewien, Oliver Wurl, and Jens Meyerjürgens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2099–2112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset from the North Sea of 85 surface drifters from 2017–2021 is presented. Surface drifters enable the analysis of ocean currents by determining the velocities of surface currents and tidal effects. The entire North Sea has not been studied using drifters before, but the analysis of ocean currents is essential, e.g., to understand the pathways of plastic. The results show that there are strong tidal effects in the shallow North Sea area and strong surface currents in the deep areas.
Yasser O. Abualnaja, Alexandra Pavlidou, James H. Churchill, Ioannis Hatzianestis, Dimitris Velaoras, Harilaos Kontoyiannis, Vassilis P. Papadopoulos, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Georgia Assimakopoulou, Helen Kaberi, Theodoros Kannelopoulos, Constantine Parinos, Christina Zeri, Dionysios Ballas, Elli Pitta, Vassiliki Paraskevopoulou, Afroditi Androni, Styliani Chourdaki, Vassileia Fioraki, Stylianos Iliakis, Georgia Kabouri, Angeliki Konstantinopoulou, Georgios Krokos, Dimitra Papageorgiou, Alkiviadis Papageorgiou, Georgios Pappas, Elvira Plakidi, Eleni Rousselaki, Ioanna Stavrakaki, Eleni Tzempelikou, Panagiota Zachioti, Anthi Yfanti, Theodore Zoulias, Abdulah Al Amoudi, Yasser Alshehri, Ahmad Alharbi, Hammad Al Sulami, Taha Boksmati, Rayan Mutwalli, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1703–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June and September 2021 in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. It is the first multidisciplinary survey within the Saudi Arabian coastal zone, extending from near the Saudi–Jordanian border in the north of the Red Sea to the south close to the Saudi--Yemen border and in the Arabian Gulf. The objective was to record the pollution status along the coastal zone of the kingdom related to specific pressures.
Alexandra E. Jones-Kellett and Michael J. Follows
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1475–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean eddies can limit horizontal mixing, potentially isolating phytoplankton populations and affecting their concentration. We used two decades of satellite data and computer simulations to identify and track eddy-trapping boundaries in the Pacific Ocean for application in phytoplankton research. Although some eddies trap water masses for months, many continuously mix with surrounding waters. A case study shows how eddy trapping can enhance the signature of a phytoplankton bloom.
Richard Fiifi Annan, Xiaoyun Wan, Ruijie Hao, and Fei Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1167–1176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity gradient tensor, a set of six unique gravity signals, is suitable for detecting undersea features. However, due to poor spatial resolution in past years, it has received less research interest and investment. However, current datasets have better accuracy and resolutions, thereby necessitating a revisit. Our analysis shows comparable results with reference models. We conclude that current-generation altimetry datasets can precisely resolve all six gravity gradients.
Simon Treu, Sanne Muis, Sönke Dangendorf, Thomas Wahl, Julius Oelsmann, Stefanie Heinicke, Katja Frieler, and Matthias Mengel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1121–1136, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article describes a reconstruction of monthly coastal water levels from 1900–2015 and hourly data from 1979–2015, both with and without long-term sea level rise. The dataset is based on a combination of three datasets that are focused on different aspects of coastal water levels. Comparison with tide gauge records shows that this combination brings reconstructions closer to the observations compared to the individual datasets.
Sarah Asdar, Daniele Ciani, and Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating 3D currents is crucial for the understanding of ocean dynamics, and a precise knowledge of ocean circulation is essential to ensure a sustainable ocean. In this context, a new high-resolution (1 / 10°) data-driven dataset of 3D ocean currents has been developed within the European Space Agency World Ocean Circulation project, providing 10 years (2010–2019) of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents at daily resolution over the North Atlantic Ocean, down to 1500 m depth.
Xiaoxia Zhang and Heidi Nepf
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1047–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study measured the wave-induced plant drag, flow structure, turbulent intensity, and wave energy attenuation in the presence of a salt marsh. We showed that leaves contribute to most of the total plant drag and wave dissipation. Plant resistance significantly reshapes the velocity profile and enhances turbulence intensity. Adding current obviously impact the plants' wave decay capacity. The dataset can be reused to develop and calibrate marsh-flow theoretical and numerical models.
Cited articles
Arbic, B. K.: Incorporating tides and internal gravity waves within global ocean general circulation models: A review, Prog. Oceanogr., 206, 102824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102824, 2022. a
Arbic, B. K., Alford, M., Ansong, J., Buijsman, M., Ciotti, R., Farrar, J., Hallberg, R., Henze, C., Hill, C., Luecke, C., Menemenlis, D., Metzger, E., Müeller, M., Nelson, A., Nelson, B., Ngodock, H., Ponte, R., Richman, J., Savage, A., and Zhao, Z.: A Primer on Global Internal Tide and Internal Gravity Wave Continuum Modeling in HYCOM and MITgcm, New Frontiers In Operational Oceanography, 307–392, https://doi.org/10.17125/gov2018.ch13, 2018. a, b
Assene, F., Koch-Larrouy, A., Dadou, I., Tchilibou, M., Morvan, G., Chanut, J., Costa da Silva, A., Vantrepotte, V., Allain, D., and Tran, T.-K.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf – Part 1: The importance of the structuring of ocean temperature during two contrasted seasons, Ocean Sci., 20, 43–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-43-2024, 2024. a, b, c
Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Tchilibou, M., and Carrere, L.: Background stratification impacts on internal tide generation and abyssal propagation in the western equatorial Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay, Ocean Sci., 17, 1563–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1563-2021, 2021. a
Buijsman, M. C., Arbic, B. K., Richman, J. G., Shriver, J. F., Wallcraft, A. J., and Zamudio, L.: Semidiurnal internal tide incoherence in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 5286–5305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012590, 2017. a, b
Carrere, L., Arbic, B. K., Dushaw, B., Egbert, G., Erofeeva, S., Lyard, F., Ray, R. D., Ubelmann, C., Zaron, E., Zhao, Z., Shriver, J. F., Buijsman, M. C., and Picot, N.: Accuracy assessment of global internal-tide models using satellite altimetry, Ocean Sci., 17, 147–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-147-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Carter, G. S., Merrifield, M. A., Becker, J. M., Katsumata, K., Gregg, M. C., Luther, D. S., Levine, M. D., Boyd, T. J., and Firing, Y. L.: Energetics of M2 Barotropic-to-Baroclinic Tidal Conversion at the Hawaiian Islands, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2205–2223, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3860.1, 2008. a
CMS2025a: Global Ocean Along Track L3 Sea Surface Heights Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing Tailored For Data Assimilation, E.U. Copernicus Marine Service [data set], SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L3_MY_008_062, https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00146, 2025. a
CMS2025b: Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights And Derived Variables Reprocessed 1993 Ongoing, E.U. Copernicus Marine Service [data set], SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047, https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2025. a
Colosi, J. A. and Munk, W.: Tales of the venerable Honolulu tide gauge, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 967–996, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2876.1, 2006. a
de Lavergne, C., Falahat, S., Madec, G., Roquet, F., Nycander, J., and Vic, C.: Toward global maps of internal tide energy sinks, Ocean Model., 137, 52–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.03.010, 2019. a
de Macedo, C. R., Koch-Larrouy, A., da Silva, J. C. B., Magalhães, J. M., Lentini, C. A. D., Tran, T. K., Rosa, M. C. B., and Vantrepotte, V.: Spatial and temporal variability in mode-1 and mode-2 internal solitary waves from MODIS-Terra sun glint off the Amazon shelf, Ocean Sci., 19, 1357–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-1357-2023, 2023. a
Dushaw, B. D.: Mode-1 internal tides in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 449–473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.12.009, 2006. a
Dushaw, B. D.: Surprises in Physical Oceanography: Contributions from Ocean Acoustic Tomography, Tellus A, 74, 33–67, https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.39, 2022. a, b
Dushaw, B. D. and Menemenlis, D.: Resonant Diurnal Internal Tides in the North Atlantic: 2. Modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL101193, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101193, 2023. a
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183–204, 2002. a
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: An approach to empirical mapping of incoherent internal tides with altimetry data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL095863, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095863, 2021. a
Egbert, G. D. and Ray, R. D.: Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data, Nature, 405, 775–778, https://doi.org/10.1038/35015531, 2000. a
Egbert, G. D. and Ray, R. D.: Semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal dissipation from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1907, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017676, 2003. a
Falahat, S., Nycander, J., Roquet, F., and Zarroug, M.: Global Calculation of Tidal Energy Conversion into Vertical Normal Modes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 44, 3225–3244, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0002.1, 2014. a
Fu, L.-L., Pavelsky, T., Cretaux, J.-F., Morrow, R., Farrar, J. T., Vaze, P., Sengenes, P., Vinogradova-Shiffer, N., Sylvestre-Baron, A., Picot, N., and Dibarboure, G.: The Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission: A Breakthrough in Radar Remote Sensing of the Ocean and Land Surface Water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107652, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107652, 2024. a
Garrett, C. and Kunze, E.: Internal tide generation in the deep ocean, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 39, 57–87, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110227, 2007. a
Geoffroy, G. and Nycander, J.: Global Mapping of the Nonstationary Semidiurnal Internal Tide Using Argo Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 127, e2021JC018283, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018283, 2022. a
Geoffroy, G., Pollmann, F., and Nycander, J.: Tidal Conversion into Vertical Normal Modes by Near-Critical Topography, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 54, 1949–1970, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-23-0255.1, 2024. a
Geoffroy, G., Kelly, S. M., and Nycander, J.: Tidal Conversion Into Vertical Normal Modes by Continental Margins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52, e2024GL112865, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112865, 2025. a, b
Gill, A. E.: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, Academic Press, ISBN 9780080570525, 1982. a
Guan, S., Jin, F.-F., Tian, J., Lin, I.-I., Pun, I.-F., Zhao, W., Huthnance, J., Xu, Z., Cai, W., Jing, Z., Zhou, L., Liu, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Yang, Q., Huang, X., Hou, Y., and Song, J.: Ocean internal tides suppress tropical cyclones in the South China Sea, Nat. Commun., 15, 3903, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48003-y, 2024. a
Jacobsen, J. R., Edwards, C. A., Powell, B. S., Colosi, J. A., and Fiechter, J.: Nutricline adjustment by internal tidal beam generation enhances primary production in idealized numerical models, Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1309011, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1309011, 2023. a
Jayne, S. R. and St. Laurent, L. C.: Parameterizing tidal dissipation over rough topography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 811–814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012044, 2001. a
Kaur, H., Buijsman, M. C., Zhao, Z., and Shriver, J. F.: Seasonal variability in the semidiurnal internal tide – a comparison between sea surface height and energetics, Ocean Sci., 20, 1187–1208, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1187-2024, 2024. a
Kelly, S. M.: The vertical mode decomposition of surface and internal tides in the presence of a free surface and arbitrary topography, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3777–3788, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0131.1, 2016. a, b
Li, Z. and von Storch, J.-S.: M2 Internal-Tide Generation in STORMTIDE2, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015453, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015453, 2020. a
Li, Z., von Storch, J.-S., and Müller, M.: The M2 Internal Tide Simulated by a
Llewellyn Smith, S. G. and Young, W. R.: Conversion of the Barotropic Tide, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1554–1566, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1554:COTBT>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a
Ma, J., Guo, D., Zhan, P., and Hoteit, I.: Seasonal M2 Internal Tides in the Arabian Sea, Remote Sensing, 13, 2823, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142823, 2021. a, b
MacKinnon, J. A., Zhao, Z., Whalen, C. B., Waterhouse, A. F., Trossman, D. S., Sun, O. M., Laurent, L. C. S., Simmons, H. L., Polzin, K., Pinkel, R., Pickering, A., Norton, N. J., Nash, J. D., Musgrave, R., Merchant, L. M., Melet, A. V., Mater, B., Legg, S., Large, W. G., Kunze, E., Klymak, J. M., Jochum, M., Jayne, S. R., Hallberg, R. W., Griffies, S. M., Diggs, S., Danabasoglu, G., Chassignet, E. P., Buijsman, M. C., Bryan, F. O., Briegleb, B. P., Barna, A., Arbic, B. K., Ansong, J. K., and Alford, M. H.: Climate process team on internal wave-driven ocean mixing, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 2429–2454, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0030.1, 2017. a
Magalhaes, J. M., da Silva, J. C. B., Buijsman, M. C., and Garcia, C. A. E.: Effect of the North Equatorial Counter Current on the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves off the Amazon shelf (SAR observations), Ocean Sci., 12, 243–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-243-2016, 2016. a
Merrifield, M. A. and Holloway, P. E.: Model estimates of M2 internal tide energetics at the Hawaiian Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3179, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000996, 2002. a
Morrow, R., Fu, L.-L., Ardhuin, F., Benkiran, M., Chapron, B., Cosme, E., d'Ovidio, F., Farrar, J. T., Gille, S. T., Lapeyre, G., Le Traon, P.-Y., Pascual, A., Ponte, A., Qiu, B., Rascle, N., Ubelmann, C., Wang, J., and Zaron, E. D.: Global observations of fine-scale ocean surface topography with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 232, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00232, 2019. a, b
Müller, M., Cherniawsky, J. Y., Foreman, M. G. G., and von Storch, J.-S.: Global M2 internal tide and its seasonal variability from high resolution ocean circulation and tide modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053320, 2012. a
Munk, W. H. and Wunsch, C.: Abyssal recipes II: Energetics of tidal and wind mixing, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 45, 1977–2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3, 1998. a
Nycander, J.: Generation of internal waves in the deep ocean by tides, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C10028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002487, 2005. a, b, c
Pawlowicz, R., Beardsley, B., and Lentz, S.: Classical tidal harmonic analysis including error estimates in MATLAB using T_TIDE, Comput. Geosci., 28, 929–937, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00013-4, 2002. a
Pollmann, F. and Nycander, J.: Resolving the Horizontal Direction of Internal Tide Generation: Global Application for the M2 Tide's First Mode, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 53, 1251–1267, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-22-0144.1, 2023. a, b
Pugh, D. and Woodworth, P.: Sea-Level Science: Understanding Tides, Surges, Tsunamis and Mean Sea-Level Changes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139235778, 2014. a, b
Pujol, M.-I., Schaeffer, P., Faugère, Y., Raynal, M., Dibarboure, G., and Picot, N.: Gauging the Improvement of Recent Mean Sea Surface Models: A New Approach for Identifying and Quantifying Their Errors, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 5889–5911, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013503, 2018. a
Rainville, L. and Pinkel, R.: Propagation of Low-Mode Internal Waves through the Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 1220–1236, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2889.1, 2006. a
Rainville, L., Johnston, T. M. S., Carter, G. S., Merrifield, M. A., Pinkel, R., Worcester, P. F., and Dushaw, B. D.: Interference Pattern and Propagation of the M2 Internal Tide South of the Hawaiian Ridge, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 311–325, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4256.1, 2010. a
Ray, R. D. and Byrne, D. A.: Bottom pressure tides along a line in the southeast Atlantic Ocean and comparisons with satellite altimetry, Ocean Dynam., 60, 1167–1176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0316-0, 2010. a, b
Ray, R. D. and Cartwright, D. E.: Estimates of internal tide energy fluxes from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry: Central North Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1259–1262, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012447, 2001. a
Ray, R. D. and Mitchum, G. T.: Surface manifestation of internal tides generated near Hawaii, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2101–2104, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02050, 1996. a, b
Shriver, J. F., Arbic, B. K., Richman, J. G., Ray, R. D., Metzger, E. J., Wallcraft, A. J., and Timko, P. G.: An evaluation of the barotropic and internal tides in a high-resolution global ocean circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C10024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008170, 2012. a
Simmons, H. L., Hallberg, R. W., and Arbic, B. K.: Internal wave generation in a global baroclinic tide model, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 3043–3068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.015, 2004. a, b
Smith, S. G. L. and Young, W. R.: Conversion of the Barotropic Tide, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1554–1566, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1554:COTBT>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a
Subeesh, M. P. and Unnikrishnan, A. S.: Observed internal tides and near-inertial waves on the continental shelf and slope off Jaigarh, central west coast of India, J. Marine Syst., 157, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.005, 2016. a
Subeesh, M. P., Unnikrishnan, A. S., and Francis, P. A.: Generation, propagation and dissipation of internal tides on the continental shelf and slope off the west coast of India, Cont. Shelf Res., 214, 104321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2020.104321, 2021. a, b
Taburet, G., Sanchez-Roman, A., Ballarotta, M., Pujol, M.-I., Legeais, J.-F., Fournier, F., Faugere, Y., and Dibarboure, G.: DUACS DT2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products, Ocean Sci., 15, 1207–1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1207-2019, 2019. a
Tchilibou, M., Koch-Larrouy, A., Barbot, S., Lyard, F., Morel, Y., Jouanno, J., and Morrow, R.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf during two contrasted seasons: interactions with background circulation and SSH imprints, Ocean Sci., 18, 1591–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-1591-2022, 2022. a, b, c, d
Tchilibou, M., Carrere, L., Lyard, F., Ubelmann, C., Dibarboure, G., Zaron, E. D., and Arbic, B. K.: Internal tides off the Amazon shelf in the western tropical Atlantic: analysis of SWOT Cal/Val mission data, Ocean Sci., 21, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-325-2025, 2025. a
Tuerena, R. E., Williams, R. G., Mahaffey, C., Vic, C., Green, J. A. M., Naveira-Garabato, A., Forryan, A., and Sharples, J.: Internal Tides Drive Nutrient Fluxes Into the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Over Mid-ocean Ridges, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 995–1009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006214, 2019. a
Ubelmann, C., Carrere, L., Durand, C., Dibarboure, G., Faugère, Y., Ballarotta, M., Briol, F., and Lyard, F.: Simultaneous estimation of ocean mesoscale and coherent internal tide sea surface height signatures from the global altimetry record, Ocean Sci., 18, 469–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-469-2022, 2022. a
Whalen, C. B., de Lavergne, C., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Klymak, J. M., MacKinnon, J. A., and Sheen, K. L.: Internal wave-driven mixing: governing processes and consequences for climate, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, 1, 606–621, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0097-z, 2020. a
Wingham, D. J., Francis, C. R., Baker, S., Bouzinac, C., Cullen, R., de Chateau-Thierry, P., Laxon, S. W., Mallow, U., Mavrocordatos, C., Phalippou, L., Ratier, G., Rey, L., Rostan, F., Viau, P., and Wallis, D.: CryoSat: A mission to determine the fluctuations in Earth's land and marine ice fields, Adv. Space Res., 37, 841–871, 2006. a
Wunsch, C.: Internal tides in the ocean, Rev. Geophys., 13, 167–182, 1975. a
Yadidya, B., Arbic, B. K., Shriver, J. F., Nelson, A. D., Zaron, E. D., Buijsman, M. C., and Thakur, R.: Phase-Accurate Internal Tides in a Global Ocean Forecast Model: Potential Applications for Nadir and Wide-Swath Altimetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL107232, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL107232, 2024. a
Zaron, E. D.: Nonstationary internal tides observed using dual-satellite altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 2239–2246, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0020.1, 2015. a
Zaron, E. D.: Mapping the nonstationary internal tide with satellite altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 539–554, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012487, 2017. a
Zaron, E. D. and Elipot, S.: Estimates of Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level and Currents from Lagrangian Drifters and Satellite Altimetry, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 41, 781–802, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-23-0159.1, 2024. a, b, c
Zaron, E. D. and Ray, R. D.: Aliased tidal variability in mesoscale sea level anomaly maps, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 35, 2421–2435, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0089.1, 2018. a
Zhang, W. G., Cheng, Z., and Ashton, A. D.: Exploring the potential for internal tides to reshape the continental shelf edge seafloor, Prog. Oceanogr., 195, 102575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102575, 2021. a
Zhao, Z.: Internal tide oceanic tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 9157–9164, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070567, 2016. a
Zhao, Z.: The Global mode-1 S2 internal tide, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8794–8812, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013112, 2017. a, b, c
Zhao, Z.: The global mode-2 M2 internal tides, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 7725–7746, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014475, 2018. a, b, c
Zhao, Z.: Seasonal mode-1 M2 internal tides from satellite altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 51, 3015–3035, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-21-0001.1, 2021. a, b, c, d
Zhao, Z.: Satellite Evidence for Strengthened M2 Internal Tides in the Past 30 Years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL105764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL105764, 2023a. a, b, c
Zhao, Z.: Internal Tides from SWOT: A 75-day Instantaneous Mode-1 M2 Internal Tide Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 129, e2024JC021174, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021174, 2024a. a
Zhao, Z.: ZHAO30yr: An internal tide model based on 30 years of satellite sea surface height measurements, figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28078523.v1, 2024b. a, b
Zhao, Z.: ZHAO30yr: model errors and geographic mask, figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28559978.v3, 2025. a, b, c
Zhao, Z. and Alford, M. H.: New altimetric estimates of mode-1 M2 internal tides in the central North Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1669–1684, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO3922.1, 2009. a, b, c
Zhao, Z., Wang, J., Menemenlis, D., Fu, L.-L., Chen, S., and Qiu, B.: Decomposition of the multimodal multidirectional M2 internal tide field, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 36, 1157–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0022.1, 2019. a
Short summary
Internal tides are ubiquitous in the world's stratified oceans and play an important role in a wide variety of ocean processes. I developed a new-generation internal tide model, ZHAO30yr, using 30 years of satellite altimetry data. ZHAO30yr contains 12 (eight mode-1 and four mode-2) internal tide constituents. ZHAO30yr decomposes the global internal tide field and reveals numerous long-range beams that contain important information on their generation, propagation, and dissipation.
Internal tides are ubiquitous in the world's stratified oceans and play an important role in a...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint