Articles | Volume 14, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4901-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4901-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
04 Nov 2022
Data description paper |
| 04 Nov 2022
| 04 Nov 2022
Mesoscale observations of temperature and salinity in the Arctic Transpolar Drift: a high-resolution dataset from the MOSAiC Distributed Network
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Ivan Kuznetsov
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Ying-Chih Fang
Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Benjamin Rabe
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Related authors
Salar Karam, Céline Heuzé, Mario Hoppmann, and Laura de Steur
Ocean Sci., 20, 917–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A long-term mooring array in the Fram Strait allows for an evaluation of decadal trends in temperature in this major oceanic gateway into the Arctic. Since the 1980s, the deep waters of the Greenland Sea and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic have warmed rapidly at a rate of 0.11°C and 0.05°C per decade, respectively, at a depth of 2500 m. We show that the temperatures of the two basins converged around 2017 and that the deep waters of the Greenland Sea are now a heat source for the Arctic Ocean.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Benjamin Rabe, Alexey Androsov, Ying-Chih Fang, Mario Hoppmann, Alejandra Quintanilla-Zurita, Sven Harig, Sandra Tippenhauer, Kirstin Schulz, Volker Mohrholz, Ilker Fer, Vera Fofonova, and Markus Janout
Ocean Sci., 20, 759–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research introduces a tool for dynamically mapping the Arctic Ocean using data from the MOSAiC experiment. Incorporating extensive data into a model clarifies the ocean's structure and movement. Our findings on temperature, salinity, and currents reveal how water layers mix and identify areas of intense water movement. This enhances understanding of Arctic Ocean dynamics and supports climate impact studies. Our work is vital for comprehending this key region in global climate science.
Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Robbie Mallett, Julienne Stroeve, Torsten Geldsetzer, Randall Scharien, Rasmus Tonboe, John Yackel, Jack Landy, David Clemens-Sewall, Arttu Jutila, David N. Wagner, Daniela Krampe, Marcus Huntemann, Mallik Mahmud, David Jensen, Thomas Newman, Stefan Hendricks, Gunnar Spreen, Amy Macfarlane, Martin Schneebeli, James Mead, Robert Ricker, Michael Gallagher, Claude Duguay, Ian Raphael, Chris Polashenski, Michel Tsamados, Ilkka Matero, and Mario Hoppmann
The Cryosphere, 17, 2211–2229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show that wind redistributes snow on Arctic sea ice, and Ka- and Ku-band radar measurements detect both newly deposited snow and buried snow layers that can affect the accuracy of snow depth estimates on sea ice. Radar, laser, meteorological, and snow data were collected during the MOSAiC expedition. With frequent occurrence of storms in the Arctic, our results show that
wind-redistributed snow needs to be accounted for to improve snow depth estimates on sea ice from satellite radars.
Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Bin Cheng, Marcel Nicolaus, Fanyi Zhang, Benjamin Rabe, Long Lin, Julia Regnery, and Donald K. Perovich
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-25, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-25, 2023
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
To characterize the freezing and melting of different types of sea ice, we deployed four IMBs during the MOSAiC second drift. The drifting pattern, together with a large snow accumulation, relatively warm air temperatures, and a rapid increase in oceanic heat close to Fram Strait, determined the seasonal evolution of the ice mass balance. The refreezing of ponded ice and voids within the unconsolidated ridges amplifies the anisotropy of the heat exchange between the ice and the atmosphere/ocean.
Long Lin, Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Donald K. Perovich, and Hailun He
The Cryosphere, 16, 4779–4796, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice mass balance observations indicated that average basal melt onset was comparable in the central Arctic Ocean and approximately 17 d earlier than surface melt in the Beaufort Gyre. The average onset of basal growth lagged behind the surface of the pan-Arctic Ocean for almost 3 months. In the Beaufort Gyre, both drifting-buoy observations and fixed-point observations exhibit a trend towards earlier basal melt onset, which can be ascribed to the earlier warming of the surface ocean.
Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Bin Cheng, Guangyu Zuo, Dawei Gui, Qiongqiong Cai, H. Jakob Belter, and Wangxiao Yang
The Cryosphere, 15, 1321–1341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Quantification of ice deformation is useful for understanding of the role of ice dynamics in climate change. Using data of 32 buoys, we characterized spatiotemporal variations in ice kinematics and deformation in the Pacific sector of Arctic Ocean for autumn–winter 2018/19. Sea ice in the south and west has stronger mobility than in the east and north, which weakens from autumn to winter. An enhanced Arctic dipole and weakened Beaufort Gyre in winter lead to an obvious turning of ice drifting.
Christian Katlein, Lovro Valcic, Simon Lambert-Girard, and Mario Hoppmann
The Cryosphere, 15, 183–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To improve autonomous investigations of sea ice optical properties, we designed a chain of multispectral light sensors, providing autonomous in-ice light measurements. Here we describe the system and the data acquired from a first prototype deployment. We show that sideward-looking planar irradiance sensors basically measure scalar irradiance and demonstrate the use of this sensor chain to derive light transmittance and inherent optical properties of sea ice.
Julienne Stroeve, Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Rasmus Tonboe, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, James Mead, Robbie Mallett, Marcus Huntemann, Polona Itkin, Martin Schneebeli, Daniela Krampe, Gunnar Spreen, Jeremy Wilkinson, Ilkka Matero, Mario Hoppmann, and Michel Tsamados
The Cryosphere, 14, 4405–4426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4405-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a first look at the data collected by a new dual-frequency Ka- and Ku-band in situ radar over winter sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The instrument shows potential for using both bands to retrieve snow depth over sea ice, as well as sensitivity of the measurements to changing snow and atmospheric conditions.
Stefanie Arndt, Mario Hoppmann, Holger Schmithüsen, Alexander D. Fraser, and Marcel Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020
Thomas Krumpen, Florent Birrien, Frank Kauker, Thomas Rackow, Luisa von Albedyll, Michael Angelopoulos, H. Jakob Belter, Vladimir Bessonov, Ellen Damm, Klaus Dethloff, Jari Haapala, Christian Haas, Carolynn Harris, Stefan Hendricks, Jens Hoelemann, Mario Hoppmann, Lars Kaleschke, Michael Karcher, Nikolai Kolabutin, Ruibo Lei, Josefine Lenz, Anne Morgenstern, Marcel Nicolaus, Uwe Nixdorf, Tomash Petrovsky, Benjamin Rabe, Lasse Rabenstein, Markus Rex, Robert Ricker, Jan Rohde, Egor Shimanchuk, Suman Singha, Vasily Smolyanitsky, Vladimir Sokolov, Tim Stanton, Anna Timofeeva, Michel Tsamados, and Daniel Watkins
The Cryosphere, 14, 2173–2187, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2019 the research vessel Polarstern was moored to an ice floe in order to travel with it on the 1-year-long MOSAiC journey through the Arctic. Here we provide historical context of the floe's evolution and initial state for upcoming studies. We show that the ice encountered on site was exceptionally thin and was formed on the shallow Siberian shelf. The analyses presented provide the initial state for the analysis and interpretation of upcoming biogeochemical and ecological studies.
Gaziza Konyssova, Vera Sidorenko, Alexey Androsov, Sabine Horn, Sara Rubinetti, Ivan Kuznetsov, Karen Helen Wiltshire, and Justus van Beusekom
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2135, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2135, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how winds, tides, and biological activity influence suspended particle concentrations in a tidal basin of the Wadden Sea. Combining long-term measurements, ocean modelling, and machine learning, we found that wind dominates in winter, while biological processes like algae growth gain importance in spring and summer. The results also reveal contrasting short-term dynamics at shallow and deep stations, identifying the drivers of variability in coastal waters.
Salar Karam, Céline Heuzé, Mario Hoppmann, and Laura de Steur
Ocean Sci., 20, 917–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A long-term mooring array in the Fram Strait allows for an evaluation of decadal trends in temperature in this major oceanic gateway into the Arctic. Since the 1980s, the deep waters of the Greenland Sea and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic have warmed rapidly at a rate of 0.11°C and 0.05°C per decade, respectively, at a depth of 2500 m. We show that the temperatures of the two basins converged around 2017 and that the deep waters of the Greenland Sea are now a heat source for the Arctic Ocean.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Benjamin Rabe, Alexey Androsov, Ying-Chih Fang, Mario Hoppmann, Alejandra Quintanilla-Zurita, Sven Harig, Sandra Tippenhauer, Kirstin Schulz, Volker Mohrholz, Ilker Fer, Vera Fofonova, and Markus Janout
Ocean Sci., 20, 759–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research introduces a tool for dynamically mapping the Arctic Ocean using data from the MOSAiC experiment. Incorporating extensive data into a model clarifies the ocean's structure and movement. Our findings on temperature, salinity, and currents reveal how water layers mix and identify areas of intense water movement. This enhances understanding of Arctic Ocean dynamics and supports climate impact studies. Our work is vital for comprehending this key region in global climate science.
Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni, Elin Almroth-Rosell, Lars Axell, Sam T. Fredriksson, Jenny Hieronymus, Magnus Hieronymus, Sandra-Esther Brunnabend, Matthias Gröger, Ivan Kuznetsov, Filippa Fransner, Robinson Hordoir, Saeed Falahat, and Lars Arneborg
Biogeosciences, 21, 2087–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The health of the Baltic and North seas is threatened due to high anthropogenic pressure; thus, different methods to assess the status of these regions are urgently needed. Here, we validated a novel model simulating the ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry of the Baltic and North seas that can be used to create future climate and nutrient scenarios, contribute to European initiatives on de-eutrophication, and provide water quality advice and support on nutrient load reductions for both seas.
Céline Heuzé, Oliver Huhn, Maren Walter, Natalia Sukhikh, Salar Karam, Wiebke Körtke, Myriel Vredenborg, Klaus Bulsiewicz, Jürgen Sültenfuß, Ying-Chih Fang, Christian Mertens, Benjamin Rabe, Sandra Tippenhauer, Jacob Allerholt, Hailun He, David Kuhlmey, Ivan Kuznetsov, and Maria Mallet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5517–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gases dissolved in the ocean water not used by the ecosystem (or "passive tracers") are invaluable to track water over long distances and investigate the processes that modify its properties. Unfortunately, especially so in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, such gas measurements are sparse. We here present a data set of several passive tracers (anthropogenic gases, noble gases and their isotopes) collected over the full ocean depth, weekly, during the 1-year drift in the Arctic during MOSAiC.
Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Robbie Mallett, Julienne Stroeve, Torsten Geldsetzer, Randall Scharien, Rasmus Tonboe, John Yackel, Jack Landy, David Clemens-Sewall, Arttu Jutila, David N. Wagner, Daniela Krampe, Marcus Huntemann, Mallik Mahmud, David Jensen, Thomas Newman, Stefan Hendricks, Gunnar Spreen, Amy Macfarlane, Martin Schneebeli, James Mead, Robert Ricker, Michael Gallagher, Claude Duguay, Ian Raphael, Chris Polashenski, Michel Tsamados, Ilkka Matero, and Mario Hoppmann
The Cryosphere, 17, 2211–2229, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show that wind redistributes snow on Arctic sea ice, and Ka- and Ku-band radar measurements detect both newly deposited snow and buried snow layers that can affect the accuracy of snow depth estimates on sea ice. Radar, laser, meteorological, and snow data were collected during the MOSAiC expedition. With frequent occurrence of storms in the Arctic, our results show that
wind-redistributed snow needs to be accounted for to improve snow depth estimates on sea ice from satellite radars.
Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Bin Cheng, Marcel Nicolaus, Fanyi Zhang, Benjamin Rabe, Long Lin, Julia Regnery, and Donald K. Perovich
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-25, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-25, 2023
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
To characterize the freezing and melting of different types of sea ice, we deployed four IMBs during the MOSAiC second drift. The drifting pattern, together with a large snow accumulation, relatively warm air temperatures, and a rapid increase in oceanic heat close to Fram Strait, determined the seasonal evolution of the ice mass balance. The refreezing of ponded ice and voids within the unconsolidated ridges amplifies the anisotropy of the heat exchange between the ice and the atmosphere/ocean.
Francesca Doglioni, Robert Ricker, Benjamin Rabe, Alexander Barth, Charles Troupin, and Torsten Kanzow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 225–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new satellite-derived gridded dataset, including 10 years of sea surface height and geostrophic velocity at monthly resolution, over the Arctic ice-covered and ice-free regions, up to 88° N. We assess the dataset by comparison to independent satellite and mooring data. Results correlate well with independent satellite data at monthly timescales, and the geostrophic velocity fields can resolve seasonal to interannual variability of boundary currents wider than about 50 km.
Long Lin, Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Donald K. Perovich, and Hailun He
The Cryosphere, 16, 4779–4796, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice mass balance observations indicated that average basal melt onset was comparable in the central Arctic Ocean and approximately 17 d earlier than surface melt in the Beaufort Gyre. The average onset of basal growth lagged behind the surface of the pan-Arctic Ocean for almost 3 months. In the Beaufort Gyre, both drifting-buoy observations and fixed-point observations exhibit a trend towards earlier basal melt onset, which can be ascribed to the earlier warming of the surface ocean.
Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6945–6975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a test case of river plume spreading to evaluate coastal ocean models. Our test case reveals the level of numerical mixing (due to parameterizations used and numerical treatment of processes in the model) and the ability of models to reproduce complex dynamics. The major result of our comparative study is that accuracy in reproducing the analytical solution depends less on the type of applied model architecture or numerical grid than it does on the type of advection scheme.
Amy Solomon, Céline Heuzé, Benjamin Rabe, Sheldon Bacon, Laurent Bertino, Patrick Heimbach, Jun Inoue, Doroteaciro Iovino, Ruth Mottram, Xiangdong Zhang, Yevgeny Aksenov, Ronan McAdam, An Nguyen, Roshin P. Raj, and Han Tang
Ocean Sci., 17, 1081–1102, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1081-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1081-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean plays a critical role in the global climate system by impacting ocean circulations, stratification, mixing, and emergent regimes. In this review paper we assess how Arctic Ocean freshwater changed in the 2010s relative to the 2000s. Estimates from observations and reanalyses show a qualitative stabilization in the 2010s due to a compensation between a freshening of the Beaufort Gyre and a reduction in freshwater in the Amerasian and Eurasian basins.
Francesca Doglioni, Robert Ricker, Benjamin Rabe, and Torsten Kanzow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-170, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-170, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new satellite-derived gridded dataset of sea surface height and geostrophic velocity, over the Arctic ice-covered and ice-free regions up to 88° N. The dataset includes velocities north of 82° N, which were not available before. We assess the dataset by comparison to one independent satellite dataset and to independent mooring data. Results show that the geostrophic velocity fields can resolve seasonal to interannual variability of boundary currents wider than about 50 km.
Ruibo Lei, Mario Hoppmann, Bin Cheng, Guangyu Zuo, Dawei Gui, Qiongqiong Cai, H. Jakob Belter, and Wangxiao Yang
The Cryosphere, 15, 1321–1341, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Quantification of ice deformation is useful for understanding of the role of ice dynamics in climate change. Using data of 32 buoys, we characterized spatiotemporal variations in ice kinematics and deformation in the Pacific sector of Arctic Ocean for autumn–winter 2018/19. Sea ice in the south and west has stronger mobility than in the east and north, which weakens from autumn to winter. An enhanced Arctic dipole and weakened Beaufort Gyre in winter lead to an obvious turning of ice drifting.
Christian Katlein, Lovro Valcic, Simon Lambert-Girard, and Mario Hoppmann
The Cryosphere, 15, 183–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To improve autonomous investigations of sea ice optical properties, we designed a chain of multispectral light sensors, providing autonomous in-ice light measurements. Here we describe the system and the data acquired from a first prototype deployment. We show that sideward-looking planar irradiance sensors basically measure scalar irradiance and demonstrate the use of this sensor chain to derive light transmittance and inherent optical properties of sea ice.
Julienne Stroeve, Vishnu Nandan, Rosemary Willatt, Rasmus Tonboe, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker, James Mead, Robbie Mallett, Marcus Huntemann, Polona Itkin, Martin Schneebeli, Daniela Krampe, Gunnar Spreen, Jeremy Wilkinson, Ilkka Matero, Mario Hoppmann, and Michel Tsamados
The Cryosphere, 14, 4405–4426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4405-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a first look at the data collected by a new dual-frequency Ka- and Ku-band in situ radar over winter sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The instrument shows potential for using both bands to retrieve snow depth over sea ice, as well as sensitivity of the measurements to changing snow and atmospheric conditions.
Jean-Louis Bonne, Hanno Meyer, Melanie Behrens, Julia Boike, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Benjamin Rabe, Toni Schmidt, Lutz Schönicke, Hans Christian Steen-Larsen, and Martin Werner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10493–10511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10493-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10493-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces 2 years of continuous near-surface in situ observations of the stable isotopic composition of water vapour in parallel with precipitation in north-eastern Siberia. We evaluate the atmospheric transport of moisture towards the region of our observations with simulations constrained by meteorological reanalyses and use this information to interpret the temporal variations of the vapour isotopic composition from seasonal to synoptic timescales.
Stefanie Arndt, Mario Hoppmann, Holger Schmithüsen, Alexander D. Fraser, and Marcel Nicolaus
The Cryosphere, 14, 2775–2793, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2775-2020, 2020
Thomas Krumpen, Florent Birrien, Frank Kauker, Thomas Rackow, Luisa von Albedyll, Michael Angelopoulos, H. Jakob Belter, Vladimir Bessonov, Ellen Damm, Klaus Dethloff, Jari Haapala, Christian Haas, Carolynn Harris, Stefan Hendricks, Jens Hoelemann, Mario Hoppmann, Lars Kaleschke, Michael Karcher, Nikolai Kolabutin, Ruibo Lei, Josefine Lenz, Anne Morgenstern, Marcel Nicolaus, Uwe Nixdorf, Tomash Petrovsky, Benjamin Rabe, Lasse Rabenstein, Markus Rex, Robert Ricker, Jan Rohde, Egor Shimanchuk, Suman Singha, Vasily Smolyanitsky, Vladimir Sokolov, Tim Stanton, Anna Timofeeva, Michel Tsamados, and Daniel Watkins
The Cryosphere, 14, 2173–2187, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In October 2019 the research vessel Polarstern was moored to an ice floe in order to travel with it on the 1-year-long MOSAiC journey through the Arctic. Here we provide historical context of the floe's evolution and initial state for upcoming studies. We show that the ice encountered on site was exceptionally thin and was formed on the shallow Siberian shelf. The analyses presented provide the initial state for the analysis and interpretation of upcoming biogeochemical and ecological studies.
Vera Fofonova, Alexey Androsov, Lasse Sander, Ivan Kuznetsov, Felipe Amorim, H. Christian Hass, and Karen H. Wiltshire
Ocean Sci., 15, 1761–1782, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study is dedicated to tidally induced dynamics in the Sylt-Rømø Bight with a focus on the non-linear component. The tidal residual circulation and asymmetric tidal cycles largely define the circulation pattern, transport and accumulation of sediment, and the distribution of bedforms. The newly obtained high-quality bathymetric data supported the use of high-resolution grids (up to 2 m in the intertidal zone) and elaboration of the details of tidal energy transformation in the domain.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-103, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-103, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal regions play a significant role in global processes. Numerical models are one of the major instruments in understanding ocean dynamics. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the representativeness of the simulations with the new FESOM-C model by comparing the results with observational data for the southeastern part of the North Sea. An equally important objective is to present the application of convergence analysis of solutions for grids of different spatial resolutions.
Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Ivan Kuznetsov, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, Holger Brix, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1009–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description of a coastal ocean circulation model designed to work on variable-resolution meshes made of triangular and quadrilateral cells. This hybrid mesh functionality allows for higher numerical performance and less dissipative solutions.
Axel Behrendt, Hiroshi Sumata, Benjamin Rabe, and Ursula Schauer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1119–1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1119-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1119-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographic data have been collected in the Arctic Ocean over many decades. They were measured by a large variety of platforms. Most of these data are publicly available from the World Ocean Database (WOD). This important online archive, however, does not contain all available modern data and has quality problems in the upper water layers. To enable a quick access to nearly all available temperature and salinity profiles, we compiled UDASH, a complete data archive with a higher quality.
Amelie Driemel, Eberhard Fahrbach, Gerd Rohardt, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller, Antje Boetius, Gereon Budéus, Boris Cisewski, Ralph Engbrodt, Steffen Gauger, Walter Geibert, Patrizia Geprägs, Dieter Gerdes, Rainer Gersonde, Arnold L. Gordon, Hannes Grobe, Hartmut H. Hellmer, Enrique Isla, Stanley S. Jacobs, Markus Janout, Wilfried Jokat, Michael Klages, Gerhard Kuhn, Jens Meincke, Sven Ober, Svein Østerhus, Ray G. Peterson, Benjamin Rabe, Bert Rudels, Ursula Schauer, Michael Schröder, Stefanie Schumacher, Rainer Sieger, Jüri Sildam, Thomas Soltwedel, Elena Stangeew, Manfred Stein, Volker H Strass, Jörn Thiede, Sandra Tippenhauer, Cornelis Veth, Wilken-Jon von Appen, Marie-France Weirig, Andreas Wisotzki, Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow, and Torsten Kanzow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-211-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-211-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Our oceans are always in motion – huge water masses are circulated by winds and by global seawater density gradients resulting from different water temperatures and salinities. Measuring temperature and salinity of the world's oceans is crucial e.g. to understand our climate. Since 1983, the research icebreaker Polarstern has been the basis of numerous water profile measurements in the Arctic and the Antarctic. We report on a unique collection of 33 years of polar salinity and temperature data.
M. Fernández-Méndez, C. Katlein, B. Rabe, M. Nicolaus, I. Peeken, K. Bakker, H. Flores, and A. Boetius
Biogeosciences, 12, 3525–3549, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3525-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3525-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthetic production in the central Arctic Ocean is controlled by light availability below the ice, nitrate and silicate concentrations in the upper ocean, and the role of sub-ice algae that contributed up to 60% to primary production in summer 2012 during the record sea-ice minimum. As sea ice decreases, an overall change in Arctic PP would be foremost related to a change in the role of the ice algal production and nutrient availability.
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Ocean | Subject: Physical oceanography
Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data collected along the Southern Ocean chokepoint between Aotearoa / New Zealand and Antarctica, 1994–2024
HHU24SWDSCS: a shallow-water depth model over island areas in the South China Sea retrieved from satellite-derived bathymetry
Gap-filled sub-surface mooring dataset off Western Australia during 2010–2023
The International Altimetry Service 2024 (IAS2024) coastal sea level dataset and first evaluations
Global ocean surface heat fluxes derived from the maximum entropy production framework accounting for ocean heat storage and Bowen ratio adjustments
A European database of resources on coastal storm impacts
Multi-year observations of near-bed hydrodynamics and suspended sediment at the core of the estuarine turbidity maximum of the Changjiang Estuary
Surface current variability in the East Australian Current from long-term high-frequency radar observations
SDUST2023VGGA: a global ocean vertical gradient of gravity anomaly model determined from multidirectional data from mean sea surface
The Italian contribution to the Synoptic Arctic Survey programme: the 2021 CASSANDRA cruise (LB21) through the Greenland Sea Gyre along the 75°N transect
A revisiting of early 18th century environmental data to identify Gulf of Lion properties before the industrial era
A global daily mesoscale front dataset from satellite observations: In situ validation and cross-dataset comparison
Satellite-based Analysis of Ocean-Surface Stress across the Ice-free and Ice-covered Polar Oceans
A new multi-grid bathymetric dataset of the Gulf of Naples (Italy) from complementary multi-beam echo sounders
A New-Generation Internal Tide Model Based on 30 Years of Satellite Sea Surface Height Measurements
A submesoscale eddy identification dataset in the northwest Pacific Ocean derived from GOCI I chlorophyll a data based on deep learning
MASCS 1.0: synchronous atmospheric and oceanic data from a cross-shaped moored array in the northern South China Sea during 2014–2015
Reprocessing of eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019 with a full metadata upgrade
Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP): the CoASTS-BiOMaP dataset
Spatio-temporal changes in China's mainland shorelines over 30 years using Landsat time series data (1990–2019)
ISASO2: recent trends and regional patterns of ocean dissolved oxygen change
Constructing a 22-year internal wave dataset for the northern South China Sea: spatiotemporal analysis using MODIS imagery and deep learning
Near-real-time atmospheric and oceanic science products of Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 geostationary satellites over the South China Sea
ReefTEMPS: The Pacific Islands Coastal Temperature Network
High-resolution observations of the ocean upper layer south of Cape St. Vincent, the western northern margin of the Gulf of Cádiz
Catalogue of coastal-based instances with bathymetric and topographic data
Oceanographic monitoring in Hornsund fjord, Svalbard
Salinity and Stratification at the Sea Ice Edge (SASSIE): an oceanographic field campaign in the Beaufort Sea
Weekly green tide mapping in the Yellow Sea with deep learning: integrating optical and synthetic aperture radar ocean imagery
A High Dense Temperature-Salinity Dataset Observed by Automatic Underwater Vehicles toward Mesoscale eddies’ Evolutions and Associated Submesoscale Processes in South China Sea
ASM-SS: The First Quasi-Global High Spatial Resolution Coastal Storm Surge Dataset Reconstructed from Tide Gauge Records
IAPv4 ocean temperature and ocean heat content gridded dataset
Probabilistic reconstruction of sea-level changes and their causes since 1900
Global Coastal Characteristics (GCC): a global dataset of geophysical, hydrodynamic, and socioeconomic coastal indicators
Insights from a topo-bathymetric and oceanographic dataset for coastal flooding studies: the French Flooding Prevention Action Program of Saint-Malo
Gap-filling techniques applied to the GOCI-derived daily sea surface salinity product for the Changjiang diluted water front in the East China Sea
A daily reconstructed chlorophyll-a dataset in the South China Sea from MODIS using OI-SwinUnet
Underwater light environment in Arctic fjords
Multiyear surface wave dataset from the subsurface “DeepLev” eastern Levantine moored station
SDUST2020MGCR: a global marine gravity change rate model determined from multi-satellite altimeter data
Lagrangian surface drifter observations in the North Sea: an overview of high-resolution tidal dynamics and surface currents
The physical and biogeochemical parameters along the coastal waters of Saudi Arabia during field surveys in summer, 2021
A Lagrangian coherent eddy atlas for biogeochemical applications in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Global marine gravity gradient tensor inverted from altimetry-derived deflections of the vertical: CUGB2023GRAD
Reconstruction of hourly coastal water levels and counterfactuals without sea level rise for impact attribution
3D reconstruction of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents in the North Atlantic Ocean
Laboratory data linking the reconfiguration of and drag on individual plants to the velocity structure and wave dissipation over a meadow of salt marsh plants under waves with and without current
Exploring multi-decadal time series of temperature extremes in Australian coastal waters
Measurements of morphodynamics of a sheltered beach along the Dutch Wadden Sea
Lagoon hydrodynamics of pearl farming islands: the case of Gambier (French Polynesia)
Giuseppe Aulicino, Antonino Ian Ferola, Laura Fortunato, Giorgio Budillon, Pasquale Castagno, Pierpaolo Falco, Giannetta Fusco, Naomi Krauzig, Giancarlo Spezie, Enrico Zambianchi, and Yuri Cotroneo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2625–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents 30 years of water temperature data from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) probes collected between Aotearoa / New Zealand and the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Gathered during research cruises by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program, the data were rigorously verified and corrected for depth and temperature bias. This dataset provides a valuable insight into the Southern Ocean's climate and enhances satellite observations and ocean models.
Yihao Wu, Hongkai Shi, Dongzhen Jia, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Xiufeng He, Zhicai Luo, Yu Li, Shiyuan Chen, Xiaohuan Si, Sisu Diao, Yihuang Shi, and Yanglin Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2463–2488, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a high-quality and cost-effective shallow-water depth model for >120 islands in the South China Sea, using ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 satellite data. This model maps water depths with an accuracy of ~1 m. Our findings highlight the limitations of existing global bathymetry models in shallow regions. Our model exhibited superior performance in capturing fine-scale bathymetric features with unprecedented spatial resolution, providing essential data for marine applications.
Toan Bui, Ming Feng, and Christopher C. Chapman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1693–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Moored time series data are crucial for detecting changes in the ocean. However, mooring losses or instrument failures often result in data gaps. A gap-filled time series dataset of a shelf mooring array off the Western Australian coast is created using a machine learning tool to fill the data gaps. The gap-filled data show consistency with observations and can be used to characterize marine heat waves and cold spells influenced by ocean boundary currents.
Fukai Peng, Xiaoli Deng, Yunzhong Shen, and Xiao Cheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1441–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1441-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1441-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new reprocessed altimeter coastal sea level dataset, International Altimetry Service 2024 (IAS2024), for monitoring sea level changes along the world’s coastlines is presented. The evaluation and validation results confirm the reliability of this dataset. The altimeter-based virtual stations along the world’s coastlines can be built using this dataset to monitor the coastal sea level changes where tide gauges are unavailable. Therefore, it is beneficial for both oceanographic communities and policymakers.
Yong Yang, Huaiwei Sun, Jingfeng Wang, Wenxin Zhang, Gang Zhao, Weiguang Wang, Lei Cheng, Lu Chen, Hui Qin, and Zhanzhang Cai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1191–1216, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Traditional methods for estimating ocean heat flux often introduce large uncertainties due to complex parameterizations. To tackle this issue, we developed a novel framework based on maximum entropy production (MEP) theory. By incorporating heat storage effects and refining the Bowen ratio, we enhanced the MEP method's accuracy. This research derives a new long-term global ocean latent heat flux dataset that offers high accuracy, enhancing our understanding of ocean energy dynamics.
Paola Emilia Souto-Ceccon, Juan Montes, Enrico Duo, Paolo Ciavola, Tomás Fernández-Montblanc, and Clara Armaroli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1041–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1041-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1041-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset supports the growing need for information on coastal storm impacts. It covers different European countries and is an open-access tool that can be exploited, updated, or complemented by different users and for different purposes. Via labelling with unique identifiers, the database allows for a quick and consistent retrieval of all of the resources associated with a storm event. The adopted approach can be easily exported to all European countries and beyond.
Zaiyang Zhou, Jianzhong Ge, Dirk Sebastiaan van Maren, Hualong Luan, Wenyun Guo, Jianfei Ma, Yingjia Tao, Peng Xu, Fuhai Dao, Wanlun Yang, Keteng Ke, Shenyang Shi, Jingting Zhang, Yu Kuai, Cheng Li, Jinghua Gu, and Pingxing Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 917–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The North Passage (NP) is the primary navigation channel of the Changjiang Estuary, supporting the shipping needs of Shanghai and its surrounding regions. To enhance our understanding of hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the NP, a multi-year field observation campaign was designed and conducted from 2015 to 2018. This campaign improves the temporal and spatial coverage compared to previous observations, enabling more detailed investigations of this important channel system.
Manh Cuong Tran, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 937–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The East Australian Current (EAC) plays an important role in the marine ecosystem and climate of the region. To understand the EAC regime and the inner shelf dynamics, we implement a variational approach to produce the first multiyear coastal radar dataset (2012–2023) in this region. The validated data allow for a comprehensive investigation of the EAC dynamics. This dataset will be useful for understanding the complex EAC regime and its far-reaching impacts on the shelf environment.
Ruichen Zhou, Jinyun Guo, Shaoshuai Ya, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 817–836, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
SDUST2023VGGA is a high-resolution (1' × 1') model developed to map the ocean's vertical gradient of gravity anomaly. By using multidirectional mean sea surface data, it reduces the impact of ocean dynamics and provides detailed global gravity anomaly change rates. This model provides critical insights into seafloor structures and ocean mass distribution, contributing to research in marine geophysics and oceanography. The dataset is freely available on Zenodo.
Manuel Bensi, Giuseppe Civitarese, Diego Borme, Carmela Caroppo, Gabriella Caruso, Federica Cerino, Franco Decembrini, Alessandra de Olazabal, Tommaso Diociaiuti, Michele Giani, Vedrana Kovacevic, Martina Kralj, Angelina Lo Giudice, Giovanna Maimone, Marina Monti, Maria Papale, Luisa Patrolecco, Elisa Putelli, Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo, Federica Relitti, Carmen Rizzo, Francesca Spataro, Valentina Tirelli, Clara Turetta, and Maurizio Azzaro
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-37, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In September 2021, the Italian Arctic Research Programme funded a multidisciplinary study along the 75° N in the Greenland Sea as part of the CASSANDRA project and the Synoptic Arctic Survey programme. The study emphasises the spatial variability of water properties, nutrient distribution and biological communities determined by oceanographic dynamics, in a region influenced by sea ice melting, Atlantic water inflow and climatic teleconnections during a record low summer sea ice extent.
Marina Locritani, Sara Garvani, Giuseppe Manzella, Giancarlo Tamburello, and Antonio Guarnieri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-53, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Histoire Physique de la Mer, written by L.F. Marsili in 1725, was one of the first treatises to analyse the science of the sea. However, it is difficult to understand Marsili's original data. This paper has undertaken a major effort to re-evaluate Marsili's observations, converting historical measurements into modern units: water weight in water density, bathymetric profiles mapping the locations where these measurements were made, and sea level variations, considering the associated error.
Qinwang Xing, Haiqing Yu, Wei Yu, Xinjun Chen, and Hui Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-592, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean fronts play a key role in marine ecosystems and often implicitly exist in satellite observations. This work presents the first publicly available daily global front dataset spanning from 1982 to 2023, with comprehensive validations using in-situ global observations. Our validations enhance confidence in the application of satellite-based front detection and provide independent support for global front occurrence patterns. The dataset is expected to be widely used in front-related studies.
Chao Liu and Lisan Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
A daily dataset on ocean-surface stress is synthesized for both ice-covered and ice-free Arctic and Antarctic areas. It is based on satellite data on ocean winds, ice movement, and sea surface height. Sensitivity analyses address uncertainties, including variations in sea level products and ice-water drag. The dataset's accuracy is validated against in situ measurements, showing moderate to good agreement on monthly and longer timescales.
Federica Foglini, Marzia Rovere, Renato Tonielli, Giorgio Castellan, Mariacristina Prampolini, Francesca Budillon, Marco Cuffaro, Gabriella Di Martino, Valentina Grande, Sara Innangi, Maria Filomena Loreto, Leonardo Langone, Fantina Madricardo, Alessandra Mercorella, Paolo Montagna, Camilla Palmiotto, Claudio Pellegrini, Antonio Petrizzo, Lorenzo Petracchini, Alessandro Remia, Marco Sacchi, Daphnie Sanchez Galvez, Anna Nora Tassetti, and Fabio Trincardi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 181–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In 2022, the new CNR research vessel Gaia Blu explored the seabed of the Naples and Pozzuoli gulfs and the Amalfi coastal area (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) from 50–2000 m water depth, covering 5000 m2 of seafloor. This paper describes data acquisition and processing and provides maps in unprecedented detail of this area affected by geological changes and human impacts. The findings support future geological and geomorphological investigations and mapping and monitoring of the seafloor and habitats.
Zhongxiang Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-611, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-611, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Internal tides are generated by barotropic tidal currents flowing over variable topography. They play an important role in a variety of ocean processes such as diapycnal mixing and tracer transport. A global internal tide model is developed using 30 years of satellite altimetry data and a new mapping technique. It decomposes the internal tide field into 60 plane waves at each point, giving numerous long-range beams that contain key information on their generation, propagation, and dissipation.
Yan Wang, Ge Chen, Jie Yang, Zhipeng Gui, and Dehua Peng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5737–5752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and account for 90 % of its kinetic energy, but their generation and dissipation are difficult to observe using current remote sensing technology. Our submesoscale eddy dataset, formed by suppressing large-scale circulation signals and enhancing small-scale chlorophyll structures, has important implications for understanding marine environments and ecosystems, as well as improving climate model predictions.
Han Zhang, Dake Chen, Tongya Liu, Di Tian, Min He, Qi Li, Guofei Wei, and Jian Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5665–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides a cross-shaped moored array dataset (MASCS 1.0) of observations that consist of five buoys and four moorings in the northern South China Sea from 2014 to 2015. The moored array is influenced by atmospheric forcings such as tropical cyclones and monsoon as well as oceanic tides and flows. The data reveal variations of the air–sea interface and the ocean itself, which are valuable for studies of air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics in the northern South China Sea.
Simona Simoncelli, Franco Reseghetti, Claudia Fratianni, Lijing Cheng, and Giancarlo Raiteri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5531–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This data review is about the reprocessing of historical eXpendable BathyThermograp (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019. A new automated quality control analysis has been performed starting from the original raw data and operational log sheets. The data have been formatted and standardized according to the latest community best practices, and all available metadata have been inserted, including calibration information and uncertainty specification.
Giuseppe Zibordi and Jean-François Berthon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5477–5502, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP) programs produced bio-optical data supporting satellite ocean color applications across European seas for almost 2 decades. CoASTS and BiOMaP applied equal standardized instruments, measurement methods, quality control schemes and processing codes to ensure temporal and spatial consistency with data products.
Gang Yang, Ke Huang, Lin Zhu, Weiwei Sun, Chao Chen, Xiangchao Meng, Lihua Wang, and Yong Ge
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5311–5331, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Continuous monitoring of shoreline dynamics is critical to understanding the drivers of shoreline change and evolution. This study uses long-term sequences of Landsat Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the coastlines of Hainan, mainland China, Taiwan, and other countries from 1990 to 2019.
Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Esther Portela, Virginie Thierry, and Annaig Prigent
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5191–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental for ocean biogeochemical cycles and marine life. To ease the computation of the ocean oxygen budget from in situ DO data, mapping of data on a regular 3D grid is useful. Here, we present a new DO gridded product from the Argo database. We compare it with existing DO mapping from a historical dataset. We suggest that the ocean has generally been losing oxygen since the 1980s, but large interannual and regional variabilities should be considered.
Xudong Zhang and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5131–5144, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Internal wave (IW) is an important ocean process and is frequently observed in the South China Sea (SCS). This study presents a detailed IW dataset for the northern SCS spanning from 2000 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 250 m, comprising 3085 IW MODIS images. This dataset can enhance understanding of IW dynamics and serve as a valuable resource for studying ocean dynamics, validating numerical models, and advancing AI-driven model building, fostering further exploration into IW phenomena.
Jian Liu, Jingjing Yu, Chuyong Lin, Min He, Haiyan Liu, Wei Wang, and Min Min
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4949–4969, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Japanese Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 (H8/9) geostationary (GEO) satellites are strategically positioned over the South China Sea (SCS), spanning from 3 November 2022 to the present. They mainly provide cloud mask, fraction, height, phase, optical, and microphysical property; layered precipitable water; and sea surface temperature products within a temporal resolution of 10 min and a gridded resolution of 0.05° × 0.05°.
Romain Le Gendre, David Varillon, Sylvie Fiat, Régis Hocdé, Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt, Jérôme Aucan, Sophie Cravatte, Maxime Duphil, Alexandre Ganachaud, Baptiste Gaudron, Elodie Kestenare, Vetea Liao, Bernard Pelletier, Alexandre Peltier, Anne-Lou Schaefer, Thomas Trophime, Simon Van Wynsberge, Yves Dandonneau, Michel Allenbach, and Christophe Menkes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Due to ocean warming, coral reef ecosystems are strongly impacted with dystrophic events and corals experiencing increasing frequencies of bleaching events. In-situ observation remains the best alternative for accurate characterization of trends and extremes in these shallow environments. This paper presents the coastal temperature dataset of the ReefTEMPS monitoring network which spreads over multiple Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) in the Western and Central South Pacific.
Sarah A. Rautenbach, Carlos Mendes de Sousa, Mafalda Carapuço, and Paulo Relvas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4641–4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents the data of a 4-month observation of the Iberian Margin Cape St. Vincent ocean observatory, in Portugal (2022), a European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory node. Three instruments at depths between 150 and 200 m collected physical/biogeochemical parameters at different spatial and temporal scales. EMSO-ERIC aims at developing strategies to enable sustainable ocean observation with regards to costs, time, and resolution.
Owein Thuillier, Nicolas Le Josse, Alexandru-Liviu Olteanu, Marc Sevaux, and Hervé Tanguy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4529–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unveils a comprehensive catalogue of 17 700 unique coastal digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) as of 2022. These DEMs are designed to support a variety of scientific and educational purposes. Organised into three libraries, they cover a wide range of coastal geometries and different sizes. Data and custom colour palettes for visualisation are made freely available online, promoting open science and collaboration.
Meri Korhonen, Mateusz Moskalik, Oskar Głowacki, and Vineet Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4511–4527, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2015, temperature and salinity have been monitored in Hornsund fjord (Svalbard), where retreating glaciers add meltwater and terrestrial matter to coastal waters. Therefore, turbidity and water sampling for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition are measured. The monitoring spans from May to October, enabling studies on seasonality and its variability over the years, and the dataset covers the whole fjord, including the inner basins in close proximity to the glaciers.
Kyla Drushka, Elizabeth Westbrook, Frederick M. Bingham, Peter Gaube, Suzanne Dickinson, Severine Fournier, Viviane Menezes, Sidharth Misra, Jaynice Pérez Valentín, Edwin J. Rainville, Julian J. Schanze, Carlyn Schmidgall, Andrey Shcherbina, Michael Steele, Jim Thomson, and Seth Zippel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4209–4242, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The NASA SASSIE mission aims to understand the role of salinity in modifying sea ice formation in early autumn. The 2022 SASSIE campaign collected measurements of upper-ocean properties, including stratification (layering of the ocean) and air–sea fluxes in the Beaufort Sea. These data are presented here and made publicly available on the NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), along with code to manipulate the data and generate the figures presented herein.
Le Gao, Yuan Guo, and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4189–4207, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Since 2008, the Yellow Sea has faced a significant ecological issue, the green tide, which has become one of the world's largest marine disasters. Satellite remote sensing plays a pivotal role in detecting this phenomenon. This study uses AI-based models to extract the daily green tide from MODIS and SAR images and integrates these daily data to introduce a continuous weekly dataset, which aids research in disaster simulation, forecasting, and prevention.
Chunhua Qiu, Zhenyang Du, Jiancheng Yu, Huabin Mao, Haibo Tang, Zhenhui Yi, Jiawei Qiao, Dongxiao Wang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Yeqiang Shu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-338, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-338, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The high dense AUVs’ dataset in SCS provides 24498 temperature and salinity profiles and covers 463 days’ experiments, including 83 AUGs’ and 2 AUVs’ experiments. To our knowledge, the resolution and length of this dataset is enough in detecting the asymmetry, vertical tilt, temporal evolution of MEs, and the submesoscale processes. The dataset is expected to improve the accuracy of current and biogeochemistry numerical model. More projects gathering AUVs network will be promoted in future.
Lianjun Yang, Taoyong Jin, and Weiping Jiang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-350, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-350, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges (SSs) cause massive loss of life and property in coastal areas each year. High spatial resolution and long-term SS records are the basis for assessing such events. However, tide gauges can provide limited SS information due to sparse and uneven distributions. Based on artificial intelligence technology and tide gauges, a high spatial coverage SS dataset was generated for period from 1940 to 2020, which can provide possible alternative support for deepening our understanding of SSs.
Lijing Cheng, Yuying Pan, Zhetao Tan, Huayi Zheng, Yujing Zhu, Wangxu Wei, Juan Du, Huifeng Yuan, Guancheng Li, Hanlin Ye, Viktor Gouretski, Yuanlong Li, Kevin E. Trenberth, John Abraham, Yuchun Jin, Franco Reseghetti, Xiaopei Lin, Bin Zhang, Gengxin Chen, Michael E. Mann, and Jiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Sönke Dangendorf, Qiang Sun, Thomas Wahl, Philip Thompson, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Ben Hamlington
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3471–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea-level information from the global ocean is sparse in time and space, with comprehensive data being limited to the period since 2005. Here we provide a novel reconstruction of sea level and its contributing causes, as determined by a Kalman smoother approach applied to tide gauge records over the period 1900–2021. The new reconstruction shows a continuing acceleration in global mean sea-level rise since 1970 that is dominated by melting land ice. Contributors vary significantly by region.
Panagiotis Athanasiou, Ap van Dongeren, Maarten Pronk, Alessio Giardino, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Roshanka Ranasinghe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3433–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The shape of the coast, the intensity of waves, the height of the water levels, the presence of people or critical infrastructure, and the land use are important information to assess the vulnerability of the coast to coastal hazards. Here, we provide 80 indicators of this kind at consistent locations along the global ice-free coastline using open-access global datasets. These can be valuable for quick assessments of the vulnerability of the coast and at data-poor locations.
Léo Seyfried, Laurie Biscara, Héloïse Michaud, Fabien Leckler, Audrey Pasquet, Marc Pezerat, and Clément Gicquel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3345–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In Saint-Malo, France, an initiative to enhance marine submersion prevention began in 2018. Shom conducted an extensive sea campaign, mapping the bay's topography and exploring coastal processes. High-resolution data improve knowledge of the interactions between waves, tide and surge and determine processes responsible for submersion. Beyond science, these findings contribute crucially to a local warning system, providing a tangible solution to protect the community from coastal threats.
Jisun Shin, Dae-Won Kim, So-Hyun Kim, Gi Seop Lee, Boo-Keun Khim, and Young-Heon Jo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3193–3211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We overcame the limitations of satellite and reanalysis sea surface salinity (SSS) datasets and produced a gap-free gridded SSS product with reasonable accuracy and a spatial resolution of 1 km using a machine learning model. Our data enabled the recognition of SSS distribution and movement patterns of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW) front in the East China Sea (ECS) during summer. These results will further advance our understanding and monitoring of long-term SSS variations in the ECS.
Haibin Ye, Chaoyu Yang, Yuan Dong, Shilin Tang, and Chuqun Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3125–3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A deep-learning model for gap-filling based on expected variance was developed. OI-SwinUnet achieves good performance reconstructing chlorophyll-a concentration data on the South China Sea. The reconstructed dataset depicts both the spatiotemporal patterns at the seasonal scale and a fast-change process at the weather scale. Reconstructed data show chlorophyll perturbations of individual eddies at different life stages, giving academics a unique and complete perspective on eddy studies.
Robert W. Schlegel, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Bernard Gentili, Simon Bélanger, Laura Castro de la Guardia, Dorte Krause-Jensen, Cale A. Miller, Mikael Sejr, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2773–2788, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fjords play a vital role in the Arctic ecosystems and human communities. It is therefore important to have as clear of an understanding of the processes within these systems as possible. While temperature and salinity tend to be well measured, light is usually not. The dataset described in this paper uses remotely sensed data from 2003 to 2022 to address this problem by providing high-spatial-resolution surface, water column, and seafloor light data for several well-studied Arctic fjords.
Nir Haim, Vika Grigorieva, Rotem Soffer, Boaz Mayzel, Timor Katz, Ronen Alkalay, Eli Biton, Ayah Lazar, Hezi Gildor, Ilana Berman-Frank, Yishai Weinstein, Barak Herut, and Yaron Toledo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2659–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper outlines the process of creating an open-access surface wave dataset, drawing from deep-sea research station observations located 50 km off the coast of Israel. The discussion covers the wave monitoring procedure, from instrument configuration to wave field retrieval, and aspects of quality assurance. The dataset presented spans over 5 years, offering uncommon in situ wave measurements in the deep sea, and addresses the existing gap in wave information within the region.
Fengshun Zhu, Jinyun Guo, Huiying Zhang, Lingyong Huang, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2281–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used multi-satellite altimeter data to construct a high-resolution marine gravity change rate (MGCR) model on 5′×5′ grids, named SDUST2020MGCR. The spatial distribution of SDUST2020MGCR and GRACE MGCR are similar, such as in the eastern seas of Japan (dipole), western seas of the Nicobar Islands (rising), and southern seas of Greenland (falling). The SDUST2020MGCR can provide a detailed view of long-term marine gravity change, which will help to study the seawater mass migration.
Lisa Deyle, Thomas H. Badewien, Oliver Wurl, and Jens Meyerjürgens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2099–2112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A dataset from the North Sea of 85 surface drifters from 2017–2021 is presented. Surface drifters enable the analysis of ocean currents by determining the velocities of surface currents and tidal effects. The entire North Sea has not been studied using drifters before, but the analysis of ocean currents is essential, e.g., to understand the pathways of plastic. The results show that there are strong tidal effects in the shallow North Sea area and strong surface currents in the deep areas.
Yasser O. Abualnaja, Alexandra Pavlidou, James H. Churchill, Ioannis Hatzianestis, Dimitris Velaoras, Harilaos Kontoyiannis, Vassilis P. Papadopoulos, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Georgia Assimakopoulou, Helen Kaberi, Theodoros Kannelopoulos, Constantine Parinos, Christina Zeri, Dionysios Ballas, Elli Pitta, Vassiliki Paraskevopoulou, Afroditi Androni, Styliani Chourdaki, Vassileia Fioraki, Stylianos Iliakis, Georgia Kabouri, Angeliki Konstantinopoulou, Georgios Krokos, Dimitra Papageorgiou, Alkiviadis Papageorgiou, Georgios Pappas, Elvira Plakidi, Eleni Rousselaki, Ioanna Stavrakaki, Eleni Tzempelikou, Panagiota Zachioti, Anthi Yfanti, Theodore Zoulias, Abdulah Al Amoudi, Yasser Alshehri, Ahmad Alharbi, Hammad Al Sulami, Taha Boksmati, Rayan Mutwalli, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1703–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June and September 2021 in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. It is the first multidisciplinary survey within the Saudi Arabian coastal zone, extending from near the Saudi–Jordanian border in the north of the Red Sea to the south close to the Saudi--Yemen border and in the Arabian Gulf. The objective was to record the pollution status along the coastal zone of the kingdom related to specific pressures.
Alexandra E. Jones-Kellett and Michael J. Follows
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1475–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean eddies can limit horizontal mixing, potentially isolating phytoplankton populations and affecting their concentration. We used two decades of satellite data and computer simulations to identify and track eddy-trapping boundaries in the Pacific Ocean for application in phytoplankton research. Although some eddies trap water masses for months, many continuously mix with surrounding waters. A case study shows how eddy trapping can enhance the signature of a phytoplankton bloom.
Richard Fiifi Annan, Xiaoyun Wan, Ruijie Hao, and Fei Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1167–1176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity gradient tensor, a set of six unique gravity signals, is suitable for detecting undersea features. However, due to poor spatial resolution in past years, it has received less research interest and investment. However, current datasets have better accuracy and resolutions, thereby necessitating a revisit. Our analysis shows comparable results with reference models. We conclude that current-generation altimetry datasets can precisely resolve all six gravity gradients.
Simon Treu, Sanne Muis, Sönke Dangendorf, Thomas Wahl, Julius Oelsmann, Stefanie Heinicke, Katja Frieler, and Matthias Mengel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1121–1136, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article describes a reconstruction of monthly coastal water levels from 1900–2015 and hourly data from 1979–2015, both with and without long-term sea level rise. The dataset is based on a combination of three datasets that are focused on different aspects of coastal water levels. Comparison with tide gauge records shows that this combination brings reconstructions closer to the observations compared to the individual datasets.
Sarah Asdar, Daniele Ciani, and Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating 3D currents is crucial for the understanding of ocean dynamics, and a precise knowledge of ocean circulation is essential to ensure a sustainable ocean. In this context, a new high-resolution (1 / 10°) data-driven dataset of 3D ocean currents has been developed within the European Space Agency World Ocean Circulation project, providing 10 years (2010–2019) of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents at daily resolution over the North Atlantic Ocean, down to 1500 m depth.
Xiaoxia Zhang and Heidi Nepf
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1047–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study measured the wave-induced plant drag, flow structure, turbulent intensity, and wave energy attenuation in the presence of a salt marsh. We showed that leaves contribute to most of the total plant drag and wave dissipation. Plant resistance significantly reshapes the velocity profile and enhances turbulence intensity. Adding current obviously impact the plants' wave decay capacity. The dataset can be reused to develop and calibrate marsh-flow theoretical and numerical models.
Michael Hemming, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 887–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-887-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present new datasets that are useful for exploring extreme ocean temperature events in Australian coastal waters. These datasets span multiple decades, starting from the 1940s and 1950s, and include observations from the surface to the bottom at four coastal sites. The datasets provide valuable insights into the intensity, frequency and timing of extreme warm and cold temperature events and include event characteristics such as duration, onset and decline rates and their categorisation.
Marlies A. van der Lugt, Jorn W. Bosma, Matthieu A. de Schipper, Timothy D. Price, Marcel C. G. van Maarseveen, Pieter van der Gaag, Gerben Ruessink, Ad J. H. M. Reniers, and Stefan G. J. Aarninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 903–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-903-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A 6-week field campaign was carried out at a sheltered sandy beach on Texel along the Dutch Wadden Sea with the aim of gaining new insights into the driving processes behind sheltered beach morphodynamics. Detailed measurements of the local hydrodynamics, bed-level changes and sediment composition were collected. The morphological evolution on this sheltered site is the result of the subtle interplay between waves, currents and bed composition.
Oriane Bruyère, Romain Le Gendre, Vetea Liao, and Serge Andréfouët
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 667–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During 2019–2020, the lagoon and forereefs of Gambier Island (French Polynesia) were monitored with oceanographic instruments to measure lagoon hydrodynamics and ocean–lagoon water exchanges. Gambier Island is a key black pearl producer and the study goal was to understand the processes influencing spat collection of pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, the species used to produce black pearls. The data set is provided to address local pearl farming questions and other investigations as well.
Cited articles
Athanase, M., Sennéchael, N., Garric, G., Koenig, Z., Boles, E., and Provost,
C.: New Hydrographic Measurements of the Upper Arctic Western Eurasian Basin
in 2017 Reveal Fresher Mixed Layer and Shallower Warm Layer Than 2005–2012
Climatology, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1091–1114,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014701, 2019. a
Beszczynska-Möller, A., Fahrbach, E., Schauer, U., and Hansen, E.:
Variability in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to
the Arctic Ocean, 1997–2010, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 852–863,
https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss056, 2012. a
Biddle, L. C. and Swart, S.: The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Submesoscale
Processes in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015587, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015587, 2020. a
Bretherton, F. P., Davis, R. E., and Fandry, C. B.: A technique for objective
analysis and design of oceanographic experiments applied to MODE-73, Deep
Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 23, 559–582,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(76)90001-2, 1976. a
Capet, X., McWilliams, J. C., Molemaker, M. J., and Shchepetkin, A. F.:
Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California Current system. Part
I: Flow structure, eddy flux, and observational tests, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 38, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3671.1, 2008. a
Chelton, D. B., DeSzoeke, R. A., Schlax, M. G., El Naggar, K., and Siwertz,
N.: Geographical Variability of the First Baroclinic Rossby Radius of
Deformation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 433–460,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0433:GVOTFB>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
D'Asaro, E., Lee, C., Rainville, L., Harcourt, R., and Thomas, L.: Enhanced
Turbulence and Energy Dissipation at Ocean Fronts, Science, 332, 318–322, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201515, 2011. a
D'Asaro, E. A.: Observations of small eddies in the Beaufort Sea, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 93, 6669–6684, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC093iC06p06669,
1988. a
du Plessis, M., Swart, S., Ansorge, I. J., Mahadevan, A., and Thompson, A. F.:
Southern Ocean Seasonal Restratification Delayed by Submesoscale
Wind–Front Interactions, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 1035–1053,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-18-0136.1, 2019. a
Fadeev, E., Wietz, M., von Appen, W.-J., Iversen, M. H., Nöthig, E.-M., Engel,
A., Grosse, J., Graeve, M., and Boetius, A.: Submesoscale physicochemical
dynamics directly shape bacterioplankton community structure in space and
time, Limnol. Oceanogr., 66, 2901–2913, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11799,
2021. a
Ferrari, R. and Wunsch, C.: Ocean Circulation Kinetic Energy: Reservoirs,
Sources, and Sinks, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 41, 253–282,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139, 2008. a
Gallaher, S. G., Stanton, T. P., Shaw, W. J., Cole, S. T., Toole, J. M.,
Wilkinson, J. P., Maksym, T., and Hwang, B.: Evolution of a Canada Basin
ice-ocean boundary layer and mixed layer across a developing
thermodynamically forced marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 6223–6250, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011778, 2016. a
Gaube, P., Chelton, D. B., Samelson, R. M., Schlax, M. G., and O'Neill, L. W.:
Satellite observations of mesoscale eddy-induced Ekman pumping, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 104–132, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1, 2015. a
Gill, A., Green, J., and Simmons, A.: Energy partition in the large-scale
ocean circulation and the production of mid-ocean eddies, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 21, 509–528,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90010-2, 1974. a
Gommenginger, C., Chapron, B., Hogg, A., Buckingham, C., Fox-Kemper, B.,
Eriksson, L., Soulat, F., Ubelmann, C., Ocampo-Torres, F., Nardelli, B. B.,
Griffin, D., Lopez-Dekker, P., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., Stenseng, L.,
Stapleton, N., Perrie, W., Violante-Carvalho, N., Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,
Woolf, D., Isern-Fontanet, J., Ardhuin, F., Klein, P., Mouche, A., Pascual,
A., Capet, X., Hauser, D., Stoffelen, A., Morrow, R., Aouf, L., Breivik, O.,
Fu, L.-L., Johannessen, J. A., Aksenov, Y., Bricheno, L., Hirschi, J.,
Martin, A. C. H., Martin, A. P., Nurser, G., Polton, J., Wolf, J., Johnsen,
H., Soloviev, A., Jacobs, G. A., Collard, F., Groom, S., Kudryavtsev, V.,
Wilkin, J., Navarro, V., Babanin, A., Martin, M., Siddorn, J., Saulter, A.,
Rippeth, T., Emery, B., Maximenko, N., Romeiser, R., Graber, H., Azcarate,
A. A., Hughes, C. W., Vandemark, D., Silva, J. d., Leeuwen, P. J. V.,
Naveira-Garabato, A., Gemmrich, J., Mahadevan, A., Marquez, J., Munro, Y.,
Doody, S., and Burbidge, G.: SEASTAR: A Mission to Study Ocean Submesoscale
Dynamics and Small-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Processes in Coastal, Shelf and
Polar Seas, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 457, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00457,
2019. a
Hatakeyama, K., Hosono, M., Shimada, K., Kikuchi, T., and Nishino,
S.: JAMSTEC Compact Arctic Drifter (J-CAD): A new Generation drifting buoy
to observe the Arctic Ocean, Journal of the Japan Society for Marine Surveys
and Technology, 13, 1_55–1_68,
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JJSMS..13.1.55H (last access: 29 September 2022), 2012. a
Hewitt, C. D., Golding, N., Zhang, P., Dunbar, T., Bett, P. E., Camp, J.,
Mitchell, T. D., and Pope, E.: The Process and Benefits of Developing
Prototype Climate Services – Examples in China, Journal of Meteorological
Research, 34, 893–903, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-020-0042-6, 2020. a
Hill, V. J., Light, B., Steele, M., and Zimmerman, R. C.: Light Availability and Phytoplankton Growth Beneath Arctic Sea Ice: Integrating Observations and Modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 3651–3667, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013617, 2018. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O1 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933934, 2021a. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O2 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933928, 2021b. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O3 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933932, 2021c. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O4 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933933, 2021d. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O5 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933937, 2021e. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O6 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933941, 2021f. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O7 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933939, 2021g. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O8 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.933942, 2021h. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Raw seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained with CTD buoys as part of the
MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937271,
2021i. a, b, c
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O1 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940271, 2022a. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O2 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940298, 2022b. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O3 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940282, 2022c. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O4 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940291, 2022d. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O5 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940301, 2022e. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O6 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940296, 2022f. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O7 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940303, 2022g. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed seawater
temperature, conductivity and salinity obtained at different depths by CTD
buoy 2019O8 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940304, 2022h. a
Hoppmann, M., Kuznetsov, I., Fang, Y.-C., and Rabe, B.: Processed data of CTD
buoys 2019O1 to 2019O8 as part of the MOSAiC Distributed Network, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.940320, 2022i. a, b, c
Huang, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Zhou, C., Yang, Q., Zhao, W., and
Tian, J.: Role of Mesoscale Eddies in Modulating the Semidiurnal Internal
Tide: Observation Results in the Northern South China Sea, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1749–1770, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-17-0209.1, 2018. a
Ilicak, M., Drange, H., Wang, Q., Gerdes, R., Aksenov, Y., Bailey, D., Bentsen,
M., Biastoch, A., Bozec, A., Boening, C., Cassou, C., Chassignet, E., Coward,
A. C., Curry, B., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Fernandez, E., Fogli, P. G.,
Fujii, Y., Griffies, S. M., Iovino, D., Jahn, A., Jung, T., Large, W. G.,
Lee, C., Lique, C., Lu, J., Masina, S., Nurser, A. J. G., Roth, C., Salas y
Melia, D., Samuels, B. L., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Valcke, S., Voldoire, A.,
Wang, X., and Yeager, S. G.: An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of
interannual CORE-II simulations. Part III: Hydrography and fluxes, Ocean
Model., 100, 141–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.02.004, 2016. a
Jackson, K., Wilkinson, J., Maksym, T., Beckers, J., Haas, C., Meldrum, D., and
Mackenzie, D.: A Novel and Low Cost Sea Ice Mass Balance Buoy, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2676–2688, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00058.1, 2013. a
Jakobsson, M., Mayer, L. A., Bringensparr, C., Castro, C. F., Mohammad, R.,
Johnson, P., Ketter, T., Accettella, D., Amblas, D., An, L., Arndt, J. E.,
Canals, M., Casamor, J. L., Chauché, N., Coakley, B., Danielson, S.,
Demarte, M., Dickson, M.-L., Dorschel, B., Dowdeswell, J. A., Dreutter, S.,
Fremand, A. C., Gallant, D., Hall, J. K., Hehemann, L., Hodnesdal, H., Hong,
J., Ivaldi, R., Kane, E., Klaucke, I., Krawczyk, D. W., Kristoffersen, Y.,
Kuipers, B. R., Millan, R., Masetti, G., Morlighem, M., Noormets, R.,
Prescott, M. M., Rebesco, M., Rignot, E., Semiletov, I., Tate, A. J.,
Travaglini, P., Velicogna, I., Weatherall, P., Weinrebe, W., Willis, J. K.,
Wood, M., Zarayskaya, Y., Zhang, T., Zimmermann, M., and Zinglersen, K. B.:
The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean Version 4.0,
Scientific Data, 7, 176, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0520-9, 2020. a
Jochum, M. and Murtugudde, R. (Eds.): Physical Oceanography: Developments Since
1950, 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33152-2, 2006. a
Kaiser, P., Hagen, W., von Appen, W.-J., Niehoff, B., Hildebrandt, N., and
Auel, H.: Effects of a submesoscale oceanographic filament on zooplankton
dynamics in the Arctic marginal ice zone, Frontiers in Marine Research, 8, 625395,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.625395, 2021. a
Kikuchi, T., Inoue, J., and Langevin, D.: Argo-type profiling float
observations under the Arctic multiyear ice, Deep-Sea Res. I, 54,
1675–1686, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.05.011, 2007. a
Koenig, Z., Provost, C., Villacieros-Robineau, N., Sennechael, N., and Meyer,
A.: Winter ocean-ice interactions under thin sea ice observed by IAOOS
platforms during N-ICE2015: Salty surface mixed layer and active basal melt,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 7898–7916,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012195, 2016. a
Krumpen, T., Birrien, F., Kauker, F., Rackow, T., von Albedyll, L., Angelopoulos, M., Belter, H. J., Bessonov, V., Damm, E., Dethloff, K., Haapala, J., Haas, C., Harris, C., Hendricks, S., Hoelemann, J., Hoppmann, M., Kaleschke, L., Karcher, M., Kolabutin, N., Lei, R., Lenz, J., Morgenstern, A., Nicolaus, M., Nixdorf, U., Petrovsky, T., Rabe, B., Rabenstein, L., Rex, M., Ricker, R., Rohde, J., Shimanchuk, E., Singha, S., Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V., Stanton, T., Timofeeva, A., Tsamados, M., and Watkins, D.: The MOSAiC ice floe: sediment-laden survivor from the Siberian shelf, The Cryosphere, 14, 2173–2187, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2173-2020, 2020. a
Lee, C. M., Thomson, J., Team, M. I. Z., and Team, A. S. S.: An Autonomous
Approach to Observing the Seasonal Ice Zone in the Western Arctic,
Oceanography, 30, 56–68, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.222, 2017. a
Lévy, M., Iovino, D., Resplandy, L., Klein, P., Madec, G.,
Tréguier, A.-M., Masson, S., and Takahashi, K.: Large-scale impacts of
submesoscale dynamics on phytoplankton: Local and remote effects, Ocean
Model., 43-44, 77–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.12.003, 2012. a
Lévy, M., Franks, P., and Smith, K. S.: The role of submesoscale
currents in structuring marine ecosystems, Nat. Commun., 9, 4758,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07059-3, 2018. a
Mahadevan, A.: The Impact of Submesoscale Physics on Primary Productivity of
Plankton, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, 161–184,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015912, 2016. a
Mahadevan, A., Tandon, A., and Ferrari, R.: Rapid changes in mixed layer
stratification driven by submesoscale instabilities and winds, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C03017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005203, 2010. a, b
Manley, T. O. and Hunkins, K.: Mesoscale eddies of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 90, 4911–4930,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC03p04911, 1985. a
Manucharyan, G. E. and Thompson, A. F.: Submesoscale Sea Ice-Ocean
Interactions in Marginal Ice Zones, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
122, 9455–9475, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012895, 2017. a
Manucharyan, G. E. and Timmermans, M.-L.: Generation and Separation of
Mesoscale Eddies from Surface Ocean Fronts, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 43, 2545–2562, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-094.1, 2013. a
Marcinko, C. L., Martin, A. P., and Allen, J. T.: Characterizing horizontal
variability and energy spectra in the Arctic Ocean halocline, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 436–450, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010381,
2015. a
McGillicuddy, D. J.: Mechanisms of Physical-Biological-Biogeochemical
Interaction at the Oceanic Mesoscale, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8,
125–159, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015606, 2016. a
McWilliams, J. C.: Maps from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment: Part I.
Geostrophic Streamfunction, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 810–827,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0810:MFTMOD>2.0.CO;2, 1976. a
McWilliams, J. C.: Submesoscale currents in the ocean, P. R. Soc. A, 472, 20160117, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0117, 2016. a
Nicolaus, M., Hoppmann, M., Arndt, S., Hendricks, S., Katlein, C., Nicolaus,
A., Rossmann, L., Schiller, M., and Schwegmann, S.: Snow Depth and Air
Temperature Seasonality on Sea Ice Derived From Snow Buoy Measurements,
Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 655446, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.655446,
2021a. a
Nicolaus, M., Riemann-Campe, K., Hutchings, J. K., Granskog, M. A., Krishfield,
R. A., Lei, R., Li, T., Hoppmann, M., and Rabe, B.: Drift trajectories of the
main sites of the Distributed Network of MOSAiC 2019/2020, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937204, 2021b. a
Nicolaus, M., Perovich, D. K., Spreen, G., Granskog, M. A., von Albedyll, L.,
Angelopoulos, M., Anhaus, P., Arndt, S., Belter, H. J., Bessonov, V.,
Birnbaum, G., Brauchle, J., Calmer, R., Cardellach, E., Cheng, B.,
Clemens-Sewall, D., Dadic, R., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Demir, O., Dethloff,
K., Divine, D. V., Fong, A. A., Fons, S., Frey, M. M., Fuchs, N., Gabarró,
C., Gerland, S., Goessling, H. F., Gradinger, R., Haapala, J., Haas, C.,
Hamilton, J., Hannula, H.-R., Hendricks, S., Herber, A., Heuzé, C.,
Hoppmann, M., Høyland, K. V., Huntemann, M., Hutchings, J. K., Hwang, B.,
Itkin, P., Jacobi, H.-W., Jaggi, M., Jutila, A., Kaleschke, L., Katlein, C.,
Kolabutin, N., Krampe, D., Kristensen, S. S., Krumpen, T., Kurtz, N.,
Lampert, A., Lange, B. A., Lei, R., Light, B., Linhardt, F., Liston, G. E.,
Loose, B., Macfarlane, A. R., Mahmud, M., Matero, I. O., Maus, S.,
Morgenstern, A., Naderpour, R., Nandan, V., Niubom, A., Oggier, M., Oppelt,
N., Pätzold, F., Perron, C., Petrovsky, T., Pirazzini, R., Polashenski, C.,
Rabe, B., Raphael, I. A., Regnery, J., Rex, M., Ricker, R., Riemann-Campe,
K., Rinke, A., Rohde, J., Salganik, E., Scharien, R. K., Schiller, M.,
Schneebeli, M., Semmling, M., Shimanchuk, E., Shupe, M. D., Smith, M. M.,
Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V., Stanton, T., Stroeve, J., Thielke, L.,
Timofeeva, A., Tonboe, R. T., Tavri, A., Tsamados, M., et al.: Overview of
the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice, Elementa: Science of the
Anthropocene, 10, 000046, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046, 2022. a
Nixdorf, U., Dethloff, K., Rex, M., Shupe, M., Sommerfeld, A., Perovich, D. K.,
Nicolaus, M., Heuzé, C., Rabe, B., Loose, B., Damm, E., Gradinger, R., Fong,
A., Maslowski, W., Rinke, A., Kwok, R., Spreen, G., Wendisch, M., Herber, A.,
Hirsekorn, M., Mohaupt, V., Frickenhaus, S., Immerz, A., Weiss-Tuider, K.,
König, B., Mengedoht, D., Regnery, J., Gerchow, P., Ransby, D., Krumpen, T.,
Morgenstern, A., Haas, C., Kanzow, T., Rack, F. R., Saitzev, V., Sokolov, V.,
Makarov, A., Schwarze, S., Wunderlich, T., Wurr, K., and Boetius, A.: MOSAiC
Extended Acknowledgement, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5541624, 2021. a
Nurser, A. J. G. and Bacon, S.: The Rossby radius in the Arctic Ocean, Ocean Sci., 10, 967–975, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-967-2014, 2014. a, b
Ocean University of China: The Drift-Towing Ocean Profiler,
http://coas.ouc.edu.cn/pogoc/2021/0713/c9714a342585/page.htm (last access: 29 September 2022),
2021. a
Polyakov, I. V., Pnyushkov, A. V., Rember, R., Padman, L., Carmack, E. C., and
Jackson, J. M.: Winter Convection Transports Atlantic Water Heat to the
Surface Layer in the Eastern Arctic Ocean, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 43, 2142–2155, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-12-0169.1, 2013. a
Porter, M., Henley, S. F., Orkney, A., Bouman, H. A., Hwang, B., Dumont, E.,
Venables, E. J., and Cottier, F.: A Polar Surface Eddy Obscured by Thermal
Stratification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086281,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086281, 2020. a
Rabe, B., Heuzé, C., Regnery, J., Aksenov, Y., Allerholt, J., Athanase, M.,
Bai, Y., Basque, C., Bauch, D., Baumann, T. M., Chen, D., Cole, S. T., Craw,
L., Davies, A., Damm, E., Dethloff, K., Divine, D. V., Doglioni, F., Ebert,
F., Fang, Y.-C., Fer, I., Fong, A. A., Gradinger, R., Granskog, M. A.,
Graupner, R., Haas, C., He, H., He, Y., Hoppmann, M., Janout, M., Kadko, D.,
Kanzow, T., Karam, S., Kawaguchi, Y., Koenig, Z., Kong, B., Krishfield,
R. A., Krumpen, T., Kuhlmey, D., Kuznetsov, I., Lan, M., Laukert, G., Lei,
R., Li, T., Torres-Valdés, S., Lin, L., Lin, L., Liu, H., Liu, N., Loose,
B., Ma, X., McKay, R., Mallet, M., Mallett, R. D. C., Maslowski, W., Mertens,
C., Mohrholz, V., Muilwijk, M., Nicolaus, M., O’Brien, J. K., Perovich, D.,
Ren, J., Rex, M., Ribeiro, N., Rinke, A., Schaffer, J., Schuffenhauer, I.,
Schulz, K., Shupe, M. D., Shaw, W., Sokolov, V., Sommerfeld, A., Spreen, G.,
Stanton, T., Stephens, M., Su, J., Sukhikh, N., Sundfjord, A., Thomisch, K.,
Tippenhauer, S., Toole, J. M., Vredenborg, M., Walter, M., Wang, H., Wang,
L., Wang, Y., Wendisch, M., Zhao, J., Zhou, M., and Zhu, J.: Overview of the
MOSAiC expedition: Physical oceanography, Elementa: Science of the
Anthropocene, 10, 00062, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00062, 2022. a, b, c
Schulz, K., Mohrholz, V., Fer, I., Janout, M., Hoppmann, M., Schaffer, J., and Koenig, Z.: A full year of turbulence measurements from a drift campaign in the Arctic Ocean 2019–2020, Sci. Data, 9, 472, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01574-1, 2022. a
Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Blomquist, B., Persson, P. O. G., Schmale, J., Uttal,
T., Althausen, D., Angot, H., Archer, S., Bariteau, L., Beck, I., Bilberry,
J., Bucci, S., Buck, C., Boyer, M., Brasseur, Z., Brooks, I. M., Calmer, R.,
Cassano, J., Castro, V., Chu, D., Costa, D., Cox, C. J., Creamean, J.,
Crewell, S., Dahlke, S., Damm, E., de Boer, G., Deckelmann, H., Dethloff, K.,
Dütsch, M., Ebell, K., Ehrlich, A., Ellis, J., Engelmann, R., Fong, A. A.,
Frey, M. M., Gallagher, M. R., Ganzeveld, L., Gradinger, R., Graeser, J.,
Greenamyer, V., Griesche, H., Griffiths, S., Hamilton, J., Heinemann, G.,
Helmig, D., Herber, A., Heuzé, C., Hofer, J., Houchens, T., Howard, D.,
Inoue, J., Jacobi, H.-W., Jaiser, R., Jokinen, T., Jourdan, O., Jozef, G.,
King, W., Kirchgaessner, A., Klingebiel, M., Krassovski, M., Krumpen, T.,
Lampert, A., Landing, W., Laurila, T., Lawrence, D., Lonardi, M., Loose, B.,
Lüpkes, C., Maahn, M., Macke, A., Maslowski, W., Marsay, C., Maturilli, M.,
Mech, M., Morris, S., Moser, M., Nicolaus, M., Ortega, P., Osborn, J.,
Pätzold, F., Perovich, D. K., Petäjä, T., Pilz, C., Pirazzini, R., Posman,
K., Powers, H., Pratt, K. A., Preußer, A., Quéléver, L., Radenz, M., Rabe,
B., Rinke, A., Sachs, T., Schulz, A., Siebert, H., Silva, T., Solomon, A.,
Sommerfeld, A., et al.: Overview of the MOSAiC expedition – Atmosphere,
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 10, 00060,
https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00060, 2022. a
Smith, K. S.: The geography of linear baroclinic instability in Earth's
oceans, J. Mar. Res., 65, 655–683,
https://doi.org/10.1357/002224007783649484, 2007. a, b
Stedmon, C. A., Amon, R. M. W., Bauch, D., Bracher, A., Gonçalves-Araujo, R., Hoppmann, M., Krishfield, R., Laney, S., Rabe, B., Reader, H., and Granskog, M. A.: Insights into Water Mass Circulation and Origins in the Central
Arctic Ocean from in-situ Dissolved Organic Matter Fluorescence, J.
Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 126, e2021JC017407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017407, 2021. a
Steele, M.: UpTempO buoys deployed in the Arctic Ocean in 2017, Arctic Data
Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.18739/A2JS9H85P, 2017. a
Thomas, L. N.: Destruction of Potential Vorticity by Winds, J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2457–2466, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2830.1, 2005. a
Thomas, L. N., Tandon, A., and Mahadevan, A.: Submesoscale Processes and
Dynamics, in: Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime, Vol. 177, edited by: Hecht, M. W. and Hasumi, H., Geophysical Monograph Series, American Geophysical Union, https://doi.org/10.1029/177GM04, 2008. a, b
Timmermans, M.-L. and Marshall, J.: Understanding Arctic Ocean Circulation: A
Review of Ocean Dynamics in a Changing Climate, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 125, e2018JC014378, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014378, 2020. a
Timmermans, M.-L., Cole, S., and Toole, J.: Horizontal Density Structure and
Restratification of the Arctic Ocean Surface Layer, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 42, 659–668, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0125.1, 2012. a, b
Toole, J., Krishfield, R., Proshutinsky, A., Ashjian, C., Doherty, K., Frye,
D., Hammar, T., Kemp, J., Peters, D., Timmermans, M.-L., von der Heydt, K.,
Packard, G., and Shanahan, T.: Ice-tethered profilers sample the upper Arctic
Ocean, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 87, 434–438,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO410003, 2006.
a, b, c
UNESCO-IOC: Ocean Data Standards Volume 3. Recommendation for a Quality Flag
Scheme for the Exchange of Oceanographic and Marine Meteorological Data,
https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-6, 2013. a, b
von Appen, W. J., Wekerle, C., Hehemann, L., Schourup-Kristensen, V., Konrad,
C., and Iversen, M. H.: Observations of a Submesoscale Cyclonic Filament in
the Marginal Ice Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6141–6149,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077897, 2018. a
von Appen, W.-J., Baumann, T., Janout, M., Koldunov, N., Lenn, Y.-D., Pickart,
R., Scott, R., and Wang, Q.: Eddies and the Distribution of Eddy Kinetic
Energy in the Arctic Ocean, Oceanography, 35,
https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2022.122, 2022. a
Wang, Q., Koldunov, N. V., Danilov, S., Sidorenko, D., Wekerle, C., Scholz, P.,
Bashmachnikov, I. L., and Jung, T.: Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean
From a Global Simulation With a 1-km Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
47, e2020GL088550, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088550, 2020. a, b
Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H. F.: A global, self-consistent, hierarchical,
high-resolution shoreline database, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 101, 8741–8743, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00104, 1996. a
Zhang, X., Dai, H., Zhao, J., and Yin, H.: Generation mechanism of an observed
submesoscale eddy in the Chukchi Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 148, 80–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.04.015,
2019. a
Zhao, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Cole, S., Krishfield, R., Proshutinsky, A., and
Toole, J.: Characterizing the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean halocline,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 8800–8817,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010488, 2014. a, b, c
Zhao, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Cole, S., Krishfield, R., and Toole, J.:
Evolution of the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin, 2005–2015,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8106–8114,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069671, 2016. a, b
Short summary
The role of eddies and fronts in the oceans is a hot topic in climate research, but there are still many related knowledge gaps, particularly in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Here we present a unique dataset of ocean observations collected by a set of drifting buoys installed on ice floes as part of the 2019/2020 MOSAiC campaign. The buoys recorded temperature and salinity data for 10 months, providing extraordinary insights into the properties and processes of the ocean along their drift.
The role of eddies and fronts in the oceans is a hot topic in climate research, but there are...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint