Articles | Volume 15, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Collection:
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
05 Dec 2023
Data description paper |
| 05 Dec 2023
| 05 Dec 2023
Global Carbon Budget 2023
Pierre Friedlingstein
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Michael O'Sullivan
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Matthew W. Jones
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Robbie M. Andrew
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway
Dorothee C. E. Bakker
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Judith Hauck
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Peter Landschützer
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Corinne Le Quéré
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Ingrid T. Luijkx
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Glen P. Peters
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway
Wouter Peters
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Julia Pongratz
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Clemens Schwingshackl
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Stephen Sitch
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Josep G. Canadell
CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Robert B. Jackson
Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA
Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA
Simone R. Alin
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Peter Anthoni
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Leticia Barbero
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA
Nicholas R. Bates
Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, School of Ocean Futures, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), 17 Biological Lane, St George's, GE01, Bermuda
Meike Becker
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Nicolas Bellouin
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK
Bertrand Decharme
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Laurent Bopp
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Faculty of Marine Science & Fisheries, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, 80361, Indonesia
Patricia Cadule
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Matthew A. Chamberlain
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
Naveen Chandra
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Frédéric Chevallier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Louise P. Chini
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Margot Cronin
Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co Galway H91 R673, Ireland
Xinyu Dou
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Kazutaka Enyo
Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan
Wiley Evans
Hakai Institute, 1713 Hyacinthe Bay Rd, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Stefanie Falk
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
Richard A. Feely
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Liang Feng
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Daniel J. Ford
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Josefine Ghattas
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Thanos Gkritzalis
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Giacomo Grassi
Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
Luke Gregor
Environmental Physics Group, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), Zurich, Switzerland
Nicolas Gruber
Environmental Physics Group, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), Zurich, Switzerland
Özgür Gürses
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Ian Harris
NCAS-Climate, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Matthew Hefner
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Jens Heinke
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
Richard A. Houghton
Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
George C. Hurtt
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Yosuke Iida
Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan
Tatiana Ilyina
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Andrew R. Jacobson
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Atul Jain
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61821, USA
Tereza Jarníková
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Annika Jersild
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Fei Jiang
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
Zhe Jin
State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resource Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Fortunat Joos
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Etsushi Kato
Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
Ralph F. Keeling
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
Daniel Kennedy
Terrestrial Sciences Section, Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Faculty of Geosciences, Department IMEW, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jürgen Knauer
Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Jan Ivar Korsbakken
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway
Arne Körtzinger
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Nathalie Lefèvre
LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Hongmei Li
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Junjie Liu
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Zhiqiang Liu
CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China
Lei Ma
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Greg Marland
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Nicolas Mayot
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Patrick C. McGuire
Department of Meteorology & National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Galen A. McKinley
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DEES), Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Gesa Meyer
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Eric J. Morgan
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
David R. Munro
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Yosuke Niwa
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Department of Climate and Geochemistry Research, Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan
Kevin M. O'Brien
Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Are Olsen
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Abdirahman M. Omar
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Tsuneo Ono
Marine Environment Division, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan
Melf Paulsen
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Denis Pierrot
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
Katie Pocock
Hakai Institute, 1713 Hyacinthe Bay Rd, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Benjamin Poulter
Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Carter M. Powis
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Gregor Rehder
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
Laure Resplandy
Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Eddy Robertson
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Christian Rödenbeck
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 600164, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Thais M. Rosan
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Jörg Schwinger
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
NORCE Climate & Environment, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Roland Séférian
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
T. Luke Smallman
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
Stephen M. Smith
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Victoria, BC, Canada
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Adrienne J. Sutton
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Colm Sweeney
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Shintaro Takao
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Pieter P. Tans
Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Hanqin Tian
Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Bronte Tilbrook
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Hiroyuki Tsujino
JMA Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan
Francesco Tubiello
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
Guido R. van der Werf
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Erik van Ooijen
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
Rik Wanninkhof
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
Michio Watanabe
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Dongxu Yang
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xiaojuan Yang
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
Wenping Yuan
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 510245, China
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China
Sönke Zaehle
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 600164, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Jiye Zeng
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to...
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