Articles | Volume 14, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5671-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5671-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
22 Dec 2022
Data description article |
| 22 Dec 2022
| 22 Dec 2022
High-resolution water level and storage variation datasets for 338 reservoirs in China during 2010–2021
Youjiang Shen
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering
Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Dedi Liu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering
Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Liguang Jiang
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
Karina Nielsen
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Jiabo Yin
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering
Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Jun Liu
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Simon Jakob Köhn and Karina Nielsen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 6443–6458, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6443-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6443-2026, 2026
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The new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite represents a leap in satellite-based observations of surface water elevations. We evaluated SWOT’s ability to measure water levels in Danish lakes larger than 0.25km2. We compared data from the SWOT satellite with in-situ station data from 37 lakes. To ensure valid water levels, we tested six methods for selecting SWOT's data. Furthermore, we show that SWOT Pixel Cloud data contains indications of a time-varying residual roll error.
Isabelle Schmidt, Jackson Ang’ong’a, Peter Bauer-Gottwein, Stephan Costabel, Christian Freier, Bastian Leykauf, Tina Lundgren, Miguel Martinez-Dorantes, Achim Peters, Ernst Rasel, Enrico Vogt, Gregor Willkommen, and Vladimir Schkolnik
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Gravitational force is proportional to the mass of the attracting body; therefore, temporal changes in subsurface mass can be detected through variations in the measured gravity. Instrument development in recent years has provided higher accuracy, even for mobile devices. This leads to more potential applications, including small mass changes like soil water and groundwater. The review provides an overview of the ongoing gravimeter development and of hydrological studies applying gravimeters.
Aske Folkmann Musaeus, Simon Jakob Köhn, Jakob Luchner, Cécile Marie Margaretha Kittel, Karina Nielsen, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4865, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4865, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
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Accurate river cross-sections are critical for modeling, but field surveys are costly and often unavailable. We developed an open-source method that uses satellite or airborne laser products together with river flow data to estimate river cross-sections in data-scarce regions. Tested on four rivers, the method reproduced key hydraulic behavior with typical water-level differences of around 0.5 m, showing strong potential for faster, scalable modeling and better targeting of future field surveys.
Natalia H. Andersen, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Karina Nielsen, Mai Winstrup, Baptiste Vandecrux, Hui Gao, Beata Csatho, Anton Schenk, and Louise Sandberg Sørensen
The Cryosphere, 20, 4327–4344, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4327-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4327-2026, 2026
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We developed a new statistical approach to track monthly changes in the surface height of the Greenland Ice Sheet using radar data from the CryoSat-2 satellite (2011–2025). The method lets seasonal and long-term variations emerge directly from the data, creating a consistent record of elevation change that helps reveal how Greenland responds to ongoing climate change.
Hanxu Liang, Dedi Liu, Jiayu Zhang, Feng Yue, and Yuling Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 4321–4341, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4321-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4321-2026, 2026
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We develop a novel framework to assess process connectivity in runoff generation through intensity integration. Applying this framework to 6,603 catchments globally over 1950–2020, we quantify the spatial patterns of process connectivity, diagnose their influencing factors, and examine their long-term trends and event-scale responses to precipitation intensity. Our findings enhance the understanding of runoff generation processes under the changing environment.
Shengyu Kang, Jiabo Yin, and Dai Yamazaki
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 5623–5640, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5623-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5623-2026, 2026
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Global floods pose serious risks, but existing models are too slow for large-scale prediction. We redesigned the Catchment-based Macro-scale Floodplain (CaMa-Flood) model for graphics processing units (GPUs), reformulating irregular river networks, flux updates, and floodplain dynamics into highly parallel algorithms. CaMa-Flood-GPU runs global simulations in hours instead of days with the same accuracy, enabling larger ensembles, better flood-risk analysis, and improved preparedness worldwide.
Zhen Zhou, Freja Damgaard Christensen, David Gustafsson, Xinqi Hu, Simon Jakob Köhn, Villads Flendsted Jensen, Michael Andreas Pedersen, Sune Nielsen, Daniel Wennerberg, Viktor Fagerström, Daniel Cendagorta-Galarza, Maria Jose Escorihuela, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
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This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
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Many rivers around the world lack direct flow measurements, limiting flood forecasting and water resource management. We developed a new method that combines occasional drone surveys with satellite observations to estimate river flow in poorly monitored areas. When tested on a river in northern Scandinavia, the method produced highly accurate flow estimates and successfully reconstructed an extreme flood event. The approach offers a practical way to improve river monitoring worldwide.
Javed Hassan, Karina Nielsen, William Colgan, Rijan Bhakta Kayastha, Mira Khadka, and Shfaqat Abbas Khan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-808, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-808, 2026
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High-altitude lakes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) are important sources of freshwater and sensitive indicators of environmental change. Using satellite data from 2010 to 2024, we examine water level changes in 232 lakes across HMA. Results show rising lake levels on the Tibetan Plateau, while lakes in the Himalaya are declining. These contrasting patterns highlight strong regional differences and provide valuable information for understanding water availability and associated hazards.
Jiayu Zhang, Dedi Liu, Jiaoyang Wang, Feng Yue, Hanxu Liang, Zhengbo Peng, and Wei Guan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 7149–7172, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-7149-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-7149-2025, 2025
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Water use is often estimated with coarse data that overlook spatial heterogeneity, limiting effective water planning. This study proposes a framework to simulate water use at multiple spatial scales across China, combining a grid-based approach and uncertainty analysis. It finds that both the model structure and spatial scale affect. The framework reveals detailed patterns in water use and can guide smarter water resources management.
Theerapol Charoensuk, Claudia Katrine Corvenius Lorentzen, Anne Beukel Bak, Jakob Luchner, Christian Tøttrup, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 5065–5097, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5065-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5065-2025, 2025
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The objective of this study is to enhance the performance of 1D–2D flood models using satellite Earth observation data. The main factor influencing a 1D–2D flood model is the accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM). Two workflows are introduced to improve the 1D–2D flood model: (1) in the DEM analysis workflow, 10 DEM products are evaluated using the ICESat-2 ATL08 benchmark, while (2) in the flood map analysis workflow, flood extent maps derived from multi-mission satellite datasets are compared with simulated flood maps.
Chao Ma, Weifeng Hao, Qing Cheng, Fan Ye, Ying Qu, Jiabo Yin, Fang Xu, Haojian Wu, and Fei Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4757–4778, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4757-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4757-2025, 2025
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Antarctic sea ice albedo is a key factor influencing the global energy balance. Here we present a daily 1 km shortwave albedo product for Antarctic sea ice from 2012 to 2021, based on Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) reflectance data. The albedo for missing pixels due to cloud cover was also reconstructed. This dataset can be used to assess changes in Antarctic sea ice, radiation budget, and the strength of sea ice albedo feedback, as well as their potential interconnections.
Jiaoyang Wang, Dedi Liu, Shenglian Guo, Lihua Xiong, Pan Liu, Hua Chen, Jie Chen, Jiabo Yin, and Yuling Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3315–3339, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3315-2025, 2025
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The unclear feedback loops of water supply–hydropower generation–environmental conservation (SHE) nexuses with inter-basin water diversion projects (IWDPs) increase the uncertainty in the rational scheduling of water resources for water receiving and water donation areas. To address the different impacts of IWDPs on dynamic SHE nexuses and explore synergies, a framework is proposed to identify these effects across the different temporal and spatial scales in a reservoir group.
Ruikang Zhang, Dedi Liu, Lihua Xiong, Jie Chen, Hua Chen, and Jiabo Yin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5229–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5229-2024, 2024
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Flash flood warnings cannot be effective without people’s responses to them. We propose a method to determine the threshold of issuing warnings based on a people’s response process simulation. The results show that adjusting the warning threshold according to people’s tolerance levels to the failed warnings can improve warning effectiveness, but the prerequisite is to increase forecasting accuracy and decrease forecasting variance.
Rutong Liu, Jiabo Yin, Louise Slater, Shengyu Kang, Yuanhang Yang, Pan Liu, Jiali Guo, Xihui Gu, Xiang Zhang, and Aliaksandr Volchak
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3305–3326, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3305-2024, 2024
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Climate change accelerates the water cycle and alters the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrological variables, thus complicating the projection of future streamflow and hydrological droughts. We develop a cascade modeling chain to project future bivariate hydrological drought characteristics over China, using five bias-corrected global climate model outputs under three shared socioeconomic pathways, five hydrological models, and a deep-learning model.
Zhen Cui, Shenglian Guo, Hua Chen, Dedi Liu, Yanlai Zhou, and Chong-Yu Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2809–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2809-2024, 2024
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Ensemble forecasting facilitates reliable flood forecasting and warning. This study couples the copula-based hydrologic uncertainty processor (CHUP) with Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and proposes the novel CHUP-BMA method of reducing inflow forecasting uncertainty of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The CHUP-BMA avoids the normal distribution assumption in the HUP-BMA and considers the constraint of initial conditions, which can improve the deterministic and probabilistic forecast performance.
Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Abhishek, Jiabo Yin, Chongyu Xu, Jun Wang, and Jing Guo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1873–1895, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1873-2024, 2024
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Temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of climate systems challenge accurate estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) in China. We use high-resolution precipitation data and climate models to explore the variability, trends, and shifts of PMP under climate change. Validated with multi-source estimations, our observations and simulations show significant spatiotemporal divergence of PMP over the country, which is projected to amplify in future due to land–atmosphere coupling.
Jérôme Benveniste, Salvatore Dinardo, Luciana Fenoglio-Marc, Christopher Buchhaupt, Michele Scagliola, Marcello Passaro, Karina Nielsen, Marco Restano, Américo Ambrózio, Giovanni Sabatino, Carla Orrù, and Beniamino Abis
Proc. IAHS, 385, 457–463, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-457-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-457-2024, 2024
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This paper presents the RDSAR, SAR/SARin & FF-SAR altimetry processors available in the ESA Altimetry Virtual Lab (AVL) hosted on the EarthConsole® platform. An overview on processors and features as well as preliminary analyses using AVL output data are reported to demonstrate the quality of the ESA Altimetry Virtual Lab altimetry services in providing innovative solutions to the radar altimetry community. https://earthconsole.eu//
Jiabo Yin, Louise J. Slater, Abdou Khouakhi, Le Yu, Pan Liu, Fupeng Li, Yadu Pokhrel, and Pierre Gentine
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5597–5615, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5597-2023, 2023
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This study presents long-term (i.e., 1940–2022) and high-resolution (i.e., 0.25°) monthly time series of TWS anomalies over the global land surface. The reconstruction is achieved by using a set of machine learning models with a large number of predictors, including climatic and hydrological variables, land use/land cover data, and vegetation indicators (e.g., leaf area index). Our proposed GTWS-MLrec performs overall as well as, or is more reliable than, previous TWS datasets.
Xinyu Chen, Liguang Jiang, Yuning Luo, and Junguo Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4463–4479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4463-2023, 2023
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River flow is experiencing changes under the impacts of climate change and human activities. For example, flood events are occurring more often and are more destructive in many places worldwide. To deal with such issues, hydrologists endeavor to understand the features of extreme events as well as other hydrological changes. One key approach is analyzing flow characteristics, represented by hydrological indices. Building such a comprehensive global large-sample dataset is essential.
Youjiang Shen, Karina Nielsen, Menaka Revel, Dedi Liu, and Dai Yamazaki
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2781–2808, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2781-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2781-2023, 2023
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Res-CN fills a gap in a comprehensive and extensive dataset of reservoir-catchment characteristics for 3254 Chinese reservoirs with 512 catchment-level attributes and significantly enhanced spatial and temporal coverage (e.g., 67 % increase in water level and 225 % in storage anomaly) of time series of reservoir water level (data available for 20 % of 3254 reservoirs), water area (99 %), storage anomaly (92 %), and evaporation (98 %), supporting a wide range of applications and disciplines.
Monica Coppo Frias, Suxia Liu, Xingguo Mo, Karina Nielsen, Heidi Ranndal, Liguang Jiang, Jun Ma, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1011–1032, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1011-2023, 2023
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This paper uses remote sensing data from ICESat-2 to calibrate a 1D hydraulic model. With the model, we can make estimations of discharge and water surface elevation, which are important indicators in flooding risk assessment. ICESat-2 data give an added value, thanks to the 0.7 m resolution, which allows the measurement of narrow river streams. In addition, ICESat-2 provides measurements on the river dry portion geometry that can be included in the model.
Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Abhishek, Jie Chen, and Jiabo Yin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6457–6476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6457-2022, 2022
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Although the "dry gets drier, and wet gets wetter (DDWW)" paradigm is prevalent in summarizing wetting and drying trends, we show that only 11.01 %–40.84 % of the global land confirms and 10.21 %–35.43 % contradicts the paradigm during 1985–2014 from a terrestrial water storage change perspective. Similar proportions that intensify with the increasing emission scenarios persist until the end of the 21st century. Findings benefit understanding of global hydrological responses to climate change.
Jing Tian, Zhengke Pan, Shenglian Guo, Jiabo Yin, Yanlai Zhou, and Jun Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4853–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4853-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4853-2022, 2022
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Most of the literature has focused on the runoff response to climate change, while neglecting the impacts of the potential variation in the active catchment water storage capacity (ACWSC) that plays an essential role in the transfer of climate inputs to the catchment runoff. This study aims to systematically identify the response of the ACWSC to a long-term meteorological drought and asymptotic climate change.
Yujie Zeng, Dedi Liu, Shenglian Guo, Lihua Xiong, Pan Liu, Jiabo Yin, and Zhenhui Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3965–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3965-2022, 2022
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The sustainability of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus remains challenge, as interactions between WEF and human sensitivity and water resource allocation in water systems are often neglected. We incorporated human sensitivity and water resource allocation into a WEF nexus and assessed their impacts on the integrated system. This study can contribute to understanding the interactions across the water–energy–food–society nexus and improving the efficiency of resource management.
Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Jie Chen, and Jiabo Yin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-645, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-645, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
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Although the “dry gets drier and wet gets wetter” (DDWW) paradigm is widely used to describe the trends in wetting and drying globally, we show that 27.1 % of global land agrees with the paradigm, while 22.4 % shows the opposite pattern during the period 1985–2014 from the perspective of terrestrial water storage change. Similar percentages are discovered under different scenarios during the future period. Our findings will benefit the understanding of hydrological responses under climate change.
Liguang Jiang, Silja Westphal Christensen, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6359–6379, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6359-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6359-2021, 2021
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River roughness and geometry are essential to hydraulic river models. However, measurements of these quantities are not available in most rivers globally. Nevertheless, simultaneous calibration of channel geometric parameters and roughness is difficult as they compensate for each other. This study introduces an alternative approach of parameterization and calibration that reduces parameter correlations by combining cross-section geometry and roughness into a conveyance parameter.
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Short summary
A data gap of 338 Chinese reservoirs with their surface water area (SWA), water surface elevation (WSE), and reservoir water storage change (RWSC) during 2010–2021. Validation against the in situ observations of 93 reservoirs indicates the relatively high accuracy and reliability of the datasets. The unique and novel remotely sensed dataset would benefit studies involving many aspects (e.g., hydrological models, water resources related studies, and more).
A data gap of 338 Chinese reservoirs with their surface water area (SWA), water surface...
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