Articles | Volume 14, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Collection:
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
26 Apr 2022
Data description paper |
| 26 Apr 2022
| 26 Apr 2022
Global Carbon Budget 2021
Pierre Friedlingstein
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS-ENS-UPMC-X, Paris, France
Matthew W. Jones
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Michael O'Sullivan
College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
Robbie M. Andrew
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Dorothee C. E. Bakker
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Judith Hauck
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Corinne Le Quéré
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Glen P. Peters
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Wouter Peters
Wageningen University, Environmental Sciences Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
University of Groningen, Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen, the Netherlands
Julia Pongratz
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Stephen Sitch
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
Josep G. Canadell
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Rob B. Jackson
Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305–2210, USA
Simone R. Alin
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Peter Anthoni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Nicholas R. Bates
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), 17 Biological Lane, Ferry Reach, St. Georges, GEO1, Bermuda
Meike Becker
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Nicolas Bellouin
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Laurent Bopp
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS-ENS-UPMC-X, Paris, France
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Frédéric Chevallier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Louise P. Chini
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Margot Cronin
Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
Kim I. Currie
NIWA, Union Place West, Dunedin, New Zealand
Bertrand Decharme
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Laique M. Djeutchouang
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
SOCCO, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Xinyu Dou
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Wiley Evans
Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada
Richard A. Feely
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Liang Feng
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1
2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Dennis Gilfillan
North Carolina School for Science and Mathematics, Durham, NC, USA
Thanos Gkritzalis
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOceanSite, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
Giacomo Grassi
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
Luke Gregor
Environmental Physics Group, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Nicolas Gruber
Environmental Physics Group, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Özgür Gürses
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Ian Harris
NCAS-Climate, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Richard A. Houghton
Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
George C. Hurtt
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Yosuke Iida
Atmosphere and Ocean Department, Japan Meteorological Agency, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8431, Japan
Tatiana Ilyina
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Ingrid T. Luijkx
Wageningen University, Environmental Sciences Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Atul Jain
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61821, USA
Steve D. Jones
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Etsushi Kato
Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
Daniel Kennedy
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics, Terrestrial Sciences Section, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department IMEW, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jürgen Knauer
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Jan Ivar Korsbakken
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Arne Körtzinger
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Peter Landschützer
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Siv K. Lauvset
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Nathalie Lefèvre
LOCEAN/IPSL laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France
Sebastian Lienert
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Junjie Liu
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Gregg Marland
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
Patrick C. McGuire
Department of Meteorology, Department of Geography & Environmental Science, National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Joe R. Melton
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
David R. Munro
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration/Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Julia E. M. S. Nabel
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Yosuke Niwa
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan
Tsuneo Ono
Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan
Denis Pierrot
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration/Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), Miami, FL 33149, USA
Benjamin Poulter
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Gregor Rehder
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende (IOW), Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
Laure Resplandy
Princeton University, Department of Geosciences and Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA
Eddy Robertson
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK
Christian Rödenbeck
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Thais M. Rosan
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
Jörg Schwinger
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Clemens Schwingshackl
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
Roland Séférian
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Adrienne J. Sutton
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Colm Sweeney
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration/Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Toste Tanhua
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Pieter P. Tans
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA ESRL), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Hanqin Tian
School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Ducan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Bronte Tilbrook
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Francesco Tubiello
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
Guido R. van der Werf
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Nicolas Vuichard
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Chisato Wada
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Rik Wanninkhof
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration/Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), Miami, FL 33149, USA
Andrew J. Watson
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
David Willis
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Andrew J. Wiltshire
Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK
Wenping Yuan
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 510245, China
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China
Sönke Zaehle
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Jiye Zeng
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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- Final revised paper (published on 26 Apr 2022)
- Preprint (discussion started on 04 Nov 2021)
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor
| : Report abuse
-
RC1: 'Comment on essd-2021-386', Anonymous Referee #1, 29 Nov 2021
Outstanding product! Excellent match for ESSD. Comments and musings in attrached file.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Pierre Friedlingstein, 11 Mar 2022
-
CC1: 'Comments on Global Carbon Budget 2021 (essd-2021-386)', Robert Gieseke, 03 Jan 2022
Thanks to all authors and contributors for this valuable and important resource.
Thanks also for opening up the peer review discussion process to the community.Given this opportunity I have the following comments you might consider for the final version.
Page 6, lines 6-16:
This paragraph was a bit confusing to me trying to understand where numbers came from.
I probably wouldn't say that the remaining carbon budget has shrunk but rather only say that emissions from 2020 and 2021 used up 77 GtCO2 of the remaining carbon budget as assessed in IPCC AR6.
The 2021 cumulative CO2 emissions from 1850 - 2019 (2393 Gt CO2) are closer then the 2020 version (2411 Gt CO2) to the historic emissions shown in
Table SPM.2 (2390 ± 240 Gt CO2), so if a newer assessment (like this study) of historical emissions had an effect on the remaining carbon budget calculation, the 2021 version would actually be in better agreement with the IPCC AR6 assessment than before.
As noted by anonymous reviewer 1 in their comment for page 47, line 24 with regards to 'hard' targets of the Paris Agreement it might be clearer to simply state the remaining budget in relation to the temperature of 1.5 degrees.
The Excel sheet proposes a conversion factor for carbon to CO2 of 3.664.
The numbers shown here appear to use different factors, probably due to rounding?Page 12, line 21:
Is it planned to publish Andrew and Peters (2021) as a separate publication?
It is a very valuable resource containing interesting and important points.
The information could also be part of this peer reviewed publication, maybe as supplementary material.Page 24, line 21, line 27:
PRIMAP-hist 2.3.1 does not seem to include bunker emissions either, see
https://www.pik-potsdam.de/paris-reality-check/primap-hist/PRIMAP-hist_v2.3.1_data-description.pdf
"Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the dataset."Page 53, lines 13-22:
The data availability section and the header information in the Excel files should probably be updated to include a reference to the data being released under a CC-BY 4.0 license.
The ICOS page and and file metadata include it but it would be clearer to write this in the manuscript and Excel files as well.Figures:
Some figures have very light gray text which is hard to read.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-386-CC1 - AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Pierre Friedlingstein, 11 Mar 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on essd-2021-386', Hélène Peiro, 25 Feb 2022
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Pierre Friedlingstein, 11 Mar 2022
Peer review completion
AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Pierre Friedlingstein on behalf of the Authors (15 Mar 2022)
Author's response
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ED: Publish as is (15 Mar 2022) by David Carlson
AR by Pierre Friedlingstein on behalf of the Authors (16 Mar 2022)
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Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the...
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