Articles | Volume 13, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3321-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3321-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Slope deformation, reservoir variation and meteorological data at the Khoko landslide, Enguri hydroelectric basin (Georgia), during 2016–2019
Alessandro Tibaldi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20129 Milan, Italy
Federico Pasquaré Mariotto
Department of Human Sciences and Innovation for the Territory, Insubria University,
22100 Como, Italy
Paolo Oppizzi
Geolog.ch, Mendrisio, Switzerland
Fabio Luca Bonali
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20129 Milan, Italy
Nino Tsereteli
Institute of Geophysics, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Levan Mebonia
Enguresi LtD Society, Enguri, Georgia
Johni Chania
Enguresi LtD Society, Enguri, Georgia
Related authors
Alessandro Tibaldi, Noemi Corti, Emanuela De Beni, Fabio Luca Bonali, Susanna Falsaperla, Horst Langer, Marco Neri, Massimo Cantarero, Danilo Reitano, and Luca Fallati
Solid Earth, 12, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Rift of Mt Etna is affected by ground deformation linked to gravity sliding of the volcano flank and dike injection. Drone surveys show that the rift is affected by NE-striking extensional fractures and normal faults. Given an age of 1614 CE for the offset lavas, we obtained an extension rate of 1.9 cm yr−1 for the last 406 years. The stress field is characterised by a NW–SE σHmin. Drone surveys allow us to quickly collect data with a resolution of 2–3 cm.
Alessandro Tibaldi, Paolo Oppizzi, John Gierke, Thomas Oommen, Nino Tsereteli, and Zurab Gogoladze
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 71–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the framework of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program, we have increased the knowledge on the geohazards affecting the Enguri hydroelectrical plant (Caucasus, Georgia). 2 km from the dam, active deformation (2–5 cm yr−1) affects a slope facing the water reservoir. Our field, seismological and numerical analyses show that the worst scenario is represented by seismic shaking with a local peak ground acceleration capable of generating an unstable rock volume of up to 48 ± 12 × 106 m3.
Federico Pasquaré Mariotto and Alessandro Tibaldi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoseismological techniques applied with artificial trenches at three deep-seated gravity slope deformations (DSGSDs) in the Alps document extensional deformation and reverse slips. The data indicate that reverse slip might occur both at the toe and in the central-upper portions of DSGSDs. The reverse slip is interpreted as due either to locking of the frontal blocks of a DSGSD or to the relative decrease in the rate of downward movement in the frontal blocks with respect to the rear blocks.
Roberto Basili, Laurentiu Danciu, Céline Beauval, Karin Sesetyan, Susana Pires Vilanova, Shota Adamia, Pierre Arroucau, Jure Atanackov, Stéphane Baize, Carolina Canora, Riccardo Caputo, Michele Matteo Cosimo Carafa, Edward Marc Cushing, Susana Custódio, Mine Betul Demircioglu Tumsa, João C. Duarte, Athanassios Ganas, Julián García-Mayordomo, Laura Gómez de la Peña, Eulàlia Gràcia, Petra Jamšek Rupnik, Hervé Jomard, Vanja Kastelic, Francesco Emanuele Maesano, Raquel Martín-Banda, Sara Martínez-Loriente, Marta Neres, Hector Perea, Barbara Šket Motnikar, Mara Monica Tiberti, Nino Tsereteli, Varvara Tsironi, Roberto Vallone, Kris Vanneste, Polona Zupančič, and Domenico Giardini
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3945–3976, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3945-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3945-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the European Fault-Source Model 2020 (EFSM20), a dataset of 1248 geologic crustal faults and four subduction systems, each having the necessary parameters to forecast long-term earthquake occurrences in the European continent. This dataset constituted one of the main inputs for the recently released European Seismic Hazard Model 2020, a key instrument to mitigate seismic risk in Europe. EFSM20 adopts recognized open-standard formats, and it is openly accessible and reusable.
Alessandro Tibaldi, Noemi Corti, Emanuela De Beni, Fabio Luca Bonali, Susanna Falsaperla, Horst Langer, Marco Neri, Massimo Cantarero, Danilo Reitano, and Luca Fallati
Solid Earth, 12, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Northeast Rift of Mt Etna is affected by ground deformation linked to gravity sliding of the volcano flank and dike injection. Drone surveys show that the rift is affected by NE-striking extensional fractures and normal faults. Given an age of 1614 CE for the offset lavas, we obtained an extension rate of 1.9 cm yr−1 for the last 406 years. The stress field is characterised by a NW–SE σHmin. Drone surveys allow us to quickly collect data with a resolution of 2–3 cm.
Alessandro Tibaldi, Paolo Oppizzi, John Gierke, Thomas Oommen, Nino Tsereteli, and Zurab Gogoladze
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 71–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the framework of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program, we have increased the knowledge on the geohazards affecting the Enguri hydroelectrical plant (Caucasus, Georgia). 2 km from the dam, active deformation (2–5 cm yr−1) affects a slope facing the water reservoir. Our field, seismological and numerical analyses show that the worst scenario is represented by seismic shaking with a local peak ground acceleration capable of generating an unstable rock volume of up to 48 ± 12 × 106 m3.
Federico Pasquaré Mariotto and Alessandro Tibaldi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoseismological techniques applied with artificial trenches at three deep-seated gravity slope deformations (DSGSDs) in the Alps document extensional deformation and reverse slips. The data indicate that reverse slip might occur both at the toe and in the central-upper portions of DSGSDs. The reverse slip is interpreted as due either to locking of the frontal blocks of a DSGSD or to the relative decrease in the rate of downward movement in the frontal blocks with respect to the rear blocks.
Related subject area
Geosciences – Geology
Greenland Geothermal Heat Flow Database and Map (Version 1)
MIS 5e sea-level history along the Pacific coast of North America
A spectral library for laser-induced fluorescence analysis as a tool for rare earth element identification
Marine terraces of the last interglacial period along the Pacific coast of South America (1° N–40° S)
A standardized database of Marine Isotope Stage 5e sea-level proxies in southern Africa (Angola, Namibia and South Africa)
Database of global glendonite and ikaite records throughout the Phanerozoic
A status report on a section-based stratigraphic and palaeontological database – the Geobiodiversity Database
Lake and mire isolation data set for the estimation of post-glacial land uplift in Fennoscandia
William Colgan, Agnes Wansing, Kenneth Mankoff, Mareen Lösing, John Hopper, Keith Louden, Jörg Ebbing, Flemming G. Christiansen, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Lillemor Claesson Liljedahl, Joseph A. MacGregor, Árni Hjartarson, Stefan Bernstein, Nanna B. Karlsson, Sven Fuchs, Juha Hartikainen, Johan Liakka, Robert S. Fausto, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Anders Bjørk, Jens-Ove Naslund, Finn Mørk, Yasmina Martos, Niels Balling, Thomas Funck, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Dorthe Petersen, Ulrik Gregersen, Gregers Dam, Tove Nielsen, Shfaqat A. Khan, and Anja Løkkegaard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2209–2238, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assemble all available geothermal heat flow measurements collected in and around Greenland into a new database. We use this database of point measurements, in combination with other geophysical datasets, to model geothermal heat flow in and around Greenland. Our geothermal heat flow model is generally cooler than previous models of Greenland, especially in southern Greenland. It does not suggest any high geothermal heat flows resulting from Icelandic plume activity over 50 million years ago.
Daniel R. Muhs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1271–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The last interglacial period, known as marine isotope substage (MIS) 5e, was the last time in recent geologic history when sea level was substantially higher than present. It is an important time period to understand because climate models forecast a higher global sea level in the not-too-distant future. Geologic records of this high-sea stand (marine terraces, reefs) along the Pacific coast of North America are reviewed here with the identification of knowledge gaps where more work is needed.
Margret C. Fuchs, Jan Beyer, Sandra Lorenz, Suchinder Sharma, Axel D. Renno, Johannes Heitmann, and Richard Gloaguen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4465–4483, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4465-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4465-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a library of high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence (LiF) reference spectra using the Smithsonian rare earth phosphate standards for electron microprobe analysis. With the recurring interest in rare earth elements (REEs), LiF may provide a powerful tool for their rapid and accurate identification. Applications of the spectral LiF library to natural materials such as rocks could complement the spectroscopy-based toolkit for innovative, non-invasive exploration technologies.
Roland Freisleben, Julius Jara-Muñoz, Daniel Melnick, José Miguel Martínez, and Manfred R. Strecker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2487–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonically active coasts are dynamic environments that host densely populated areas and associated infrastructure. We measured and described last interglacial marine terraces along 5000 km of the western South American coast. The pattern of terrace elevations displays short- to long-wavelength structures that may be controlled by crustal faults and the subduction of major bathymetric anomalies. Latitudinal climate characteristics may further influence their generation and preservation.
J. Andrew G. Cooper and Andrew N. Green
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 953–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-953-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-953-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A standardized database compiled to a common format is presented for indicators of sea level during the last interglacial from the southern African coast (Angola, Namibia and South Africa). These enable further analysis of the nature of the sea-level highstand and its regional variability.
Mikhail Rogov, Victoria Ershova, Oleg Vereshchagin, Kseniia Vasileva, Kseniia Mikhailova, and Aleksei Krylov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 343–356, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-343-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A database of a modern metastable cold-water mineral (ikaite) and its replacement mineral (glendonite) spanning 540 million years has been created to understand their distribution in space and time. A significant body of evidence suggests that glendonite occurrences are restricted mainly to cold-water settings; however they do not occur during every glaciation or cooling event reported from the Phanerozoic. This compilation improves our understanding of climatic conditions of the past.
Hong-He Xu, Zhi-Bin Niu, and Yan-Sen Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3443–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3443-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3443-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce here a comprehensive database of stratigraphy and palaeontology biodiversity, the Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB). The GBDB collects and provides a big volume of fossil and stratum record data and aims to be more widely used by geoscientists and contribute to better quantitative research on palaeontology and stratigraphy, and furthermore, to a deeper understanding of the evolution of life and of Earth's history.
Jari Pohjola, Jari Turunen, and Tarmo Lipping
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 869–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
When modelling land uplift processes, there is a need for historical data in which dating, elevation and consequently spatial data are connected to the shore level at that time. In addition, human settlements were located above the seawater level in Fennoscandia. This information can be used to validate and update the post-glacial land uplift model. In this paper, a collection of data consisting of geological and archaeological data sets is presented.
Cited articles
Bertolini, G., Guida, M., and Pizziolo, M.: Landslides in Emilia-Romagna
region (Italy): strategies for hazard assessment and risk management,
Landslides, 2, 302–312, 2005.
Bitelli, G., Dubbini, M., and Zanutta, A.: Terrestrial laser scanning and
digital photogrammetry techniques to monitor landslide bodies, International
Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,
35, 246–251, 2004.
Casagli, N., Tibaldi, A., Merri, A., Del Ventisette, C., Apuani, T., Guerri,
L., Fortuny-Guasch J., and Tarchi, D.: Deformation of Stromboli Volcano
(Italy) during the 2007 eruption revealed by radar interferometry, numerical
modelling and structural geological field data, J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 182, 182–200, 2009.
Fell, R., Ho, K. K., Lacasse, S., and Leroi, E.: A framework for landslide
risk assessment and management, Landslide Risk Management, Taylor and Francis, London, 3–25, 2005.
Froude, M. J. and Petley, D. N.: Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2161–2181, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2161-2018, 2018.
Gulen L. and EMME WP2 Team: Active faults and seismic sources of the Middle
East region: earthquake model of the Middle East (EMME) project, in:
Abstracts of the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, 5–9 December 2011, 2011.
Kaczmarek, H., Tyszkowski, S., and Banach, M.: Landslide development at the
shores of a dam reservoir (Włocławek, Poland), based on 40 years of
research, Environ. Earth Sci., 74, 4247–4259, 2015.
Kenney, T. C.: Slope stability in artificial reservoirs: influence of
reservoir level, selected cases, and possible solutions, in: Proceedings of the meeting on the 1963 Vajont
landslide, edited by: Semenza, E. and
Melidoro, G., 17–19 September 1986, Ferrara, Cansiglio and Vajont, Grafica
Ferrarese, Ferrara, Italy, 67–85, 1992.
Koçyigit, A., Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., and Kuloshvili, S.: Neotectonics
of East Anatolia Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: Implication for
transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting, Geodin. Acta, 14,
177–195, 2001.
Liu S. T.: Deformation measurements during the construction of large dam
projects, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 6.Z2,
1346–1348, 2006.
Macfarlane, D. F.: Observations and predictions of the behaviour of large,
slow-moving landslides in schist, Clyde Dam reservoir, New Zealand,
Eng. Geol., 109, 5–15, 2009.
Meisina, C., Zucca, F., Notti, D., Colombo, A., Cucchi, A., Savio, G.,
Giannico, C., and Bianchi, M.: Choice of surveying methods for landslides
monitoring, in: Landslides and engineered slopes: from the past to the
future, Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on landslides and
engineered slopes, Taylor & Francis, Xi'an, 2008.
Ospanov N. S. and Krivchenko, A. A.: Description of a 2-Year,
High-Resolution Geodetic Monitoring of the Khoko Landslide, Enguri
Reservoir, Georgia, in: Building Knowledge for
Geohazard Assessment and Management in the Caucasus and other Orogenic
Regions, edited by: Bonali, F. L., Pasquarè Mariotto F, and Tsereteli N.: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental
Security, Springer Nature, Switzerland, 301–316,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2046-3_16, 2021.
Paronuzzi, P., Rigo, E., and Bolla, A.: Influence of filling–drawdown
cycles of the Vajont reservoir on Mt. Toc slope stability, Geomorphology,
191, 75–93, 2013.
Pasquaré, F., Tormey, D., Vezzoli, L., Okrostsvaridze, A., and
Tutberidze, B.: Mitigating the consequences of extreme events on strategic
facilities: Evaluation of volcanic and seismic risk affecting the Caspian
oil and gas pipelines in the Republic of Georgia, J. Environ. Man., 92,
1774–1782, 2011.
Pasquaré Mariotto, F. and Tibaldi, A.: Inversion kinematics at deep-seated gravity slope deformations revealed by trenching techniques, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-663-2016, 2016.
Reilinger, R. E., McClusky, S. C., Oral, M. B., King, R. W., Toksoz, M. N.,
Barka, A. A., Kinik, I., Lenk, O., and Sanli, I.: Global Positioning System
measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia
plate collision zone, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9983–9999, 1997.
Reilinger, R. E., McClusky, S. C., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S.,
Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanian, R., Nadariya,
M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., Arrajehi, A., Paradissis, D.,
Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmirotsa, A., Filikov,
S. V., Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R., and Karam, G.: GPS constraints on
continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision
zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys.
Res., 111, B05411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051, 2006.
Schuster, R. L.: Reservoir-induced landslides, Bulletin of the International
Association of Engineering Geology, 20, 8–15, 1979.
Spiker, E. C. and Gori, P.: National landslide hazards mitigation strategy,
a framework for loss reduction (No. 1244), US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 56 pp., 2003.
Tibaldi, A. and Pasquaré F.: Quaternary deformations along the
“Engadine–Gruf tectonic system”, Swiss–Italian border, J. Quaternary
Sci., 23, 475–487, 2008.
Tibaldi, A., Rovida, A., and Corazzato, C.: A giant deep-seated slope
deformation in the Italian Alps studied by paleoseismological and
morphometric techniques, Geomorphology, 58, 27–47, 2004.
Tibaldi, A., Corazzato, C., Rust, D., Bonali, F. L., Pasquaré Mariotto,
F., Korzhenkov, A. M., Oppizzi P., and Bonzanigo, L.: Tectonic and
gravity-induced deformation along the active Talas–Fergana Fault, Tien
Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Tectonophysics, 657, 38–62, 2015.
Tibaldi, A., Alania, V., Bonali, F. L., Enukidze, O., Tsereteli, N.,
Kvavadze, N., and Varazanashvili, O.: Active inversion tectonics, simple
shear folding and back-thrusting at Rioni Basin, Georgia, J. Struct. Geol.,
96, 35–53, 2017a.
Tibaldi, A., Russo, E., Bonali, F. L., Alania, V., Chabukiani, A., Enukidze,
O., and Tsereteli, N.: 3-D anatomy of an active fault propagation fold: a
multidisciplinary case study from Tsaishi (Georgia), western Caucasus,
Tectonophysics, 717, 253–269, 2017b.
Tibaldi, A., Korzhenkov, A.M., Pasquaré Mariotto, F., Rust, D., and
Tsereteli, N.: NATO and earth scientists: An ongoing collaboration to assess
geohazards and contribute to societal security in Central Asia and the
Caucasus, Episodes, 41, 193–205, 2018.
Tibaldi, A., Oppizzi, P., Gierke, J., Oommen, T., Tsereteli, N., and Gogoladze, Z.: Landslides near Enguri dam (Caucasus, Georgia) and possible seismotectonic effects, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 71–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-71-2019, 2019.
Tibaldi, A., Oppizzi, P., Bonali, F. L., Pasquarè Mariotto, F.,
Tsereteli, N., and Mebonia, L.: Deformation and meteorological data of the
Khoko landslide, Enguri, Republic of Georgia, UniData – Bicocca Data
Archive, Milan. Study Number SI384, Data file version 1.0, https://doi.org/10.20366/unimib/unidata/SI384-2.0, 2020.
Tsereteli, N., Tibaldi, A., Alania, V., Gventsadse, A., Enukidze, O.,
Varazanashvili, O., and Müller B. I. R.: Active tectonics of
central-western Caucasus, Georgia, Tectonophysics, 691, 328–344, 2016.
Varazanashvili, O., Tsereteli, N., Bonali, F. L., Arabidze, V., Russo, E.,
Pasquaré Mariotto, F., Gogoladze, Z., Tibaldi, A., Kvavadze, N., and
Oppizzi, P.: GeoInt: the first macroseismic intensity database for the
Republic of Georgia, J. Seismol., 22, 625–667, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-017-9726-5, 2018.
Zhu, D., Yan, E., Hu, G., and Lin, Y.: Revival deformation mechanism of
Hefeng Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir based on FLAC3D software,
Procedia Engineer., 15, 2847–2851, 2011.
Short summary
Under a NATO project, we installed a monitoring system at the Khoko landslide facing the Enguri artificial reservoir (Greater Caucasus). During 2016–2019, we compare slope deformation with meteorological factors and variations in the water level of the reservoir. Our results indicate that the landslide displacements appear to be controlled by variations in hydraulic load and partially by rainfall.
Under a NATO project, we installed a monitoring system at the Khoko landslide facing the Enguri...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint