Articles | Volume 18, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7515-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7515-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
15 Oct 2026
Data description article |
| 15 Oct 2026
| 15 Oct 2026
A standardized permafrost ground temperature collection for Canada 2025
Olivia Meier-Legault
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
NSERC PermafrostNet, Ottawa, Canada
Larry Adjun
Nunavut Parks and Special Places, Government of Nunavut, Kugluktuk, NU, Canada
Michel Allard
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Alejandro Alvarez
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Maude Auclair
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
Alex Bevington
Department of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Prince George, Canada
Samuel Bilodeau
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
William Cable
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Olivia Carpino
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
Ariane Castagner
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Geological Survey of Canada – Northern Division, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Lin Chen
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Alexandre Chiasson
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Northwest Territories Geological Survey, Yellowknife, Canada
Ryan Connon
Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Canada
Stephanie Coulombe
Polar Knowledge Canada, Government of Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
Jeffrey Crompton
Geological Survey of Canada – Pacific Division, Natural Resources Canada, Vancouver, Canada
Derek Cronmiller
Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Canada
Gautier Davesne
WSP Canada Inc., Montréal, Canada
Mason Dominico
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
Marc-André Ducharme
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Timothy Ensom
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
Northwest Territories Geological Survey, Yellowknife, Canada
Louise Farquharson
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Vanessa Foord
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Prince George, Canada
Daniel Fortier
Department of Geography, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Philippe Fortier
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Duane Froese
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Samuel Gagnon
Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
Francis Gauthier
Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
Marten Geertsema
Department of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
Etienne Godin
Department of Geography, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Galina Jonat
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Steven V. Kokelj
Northwest Territories Geological Survey, Yellowknife, Canada
Michelle Landry
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Antoni Lewkowicz
Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Panya Lipovsky
Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Canada
Emmanuel L'Hérault
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Hannah Macdonell
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Lancelot Massé
Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
Dmitry Nicolsky
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Moya Painter
Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Canada
Leesee Papatsie
Nunavut Parks and Special Places, Government of Nunavut, Kugluktuk, NU, Canada
Parks Canada, Nunavut, Canada
Victor Pozsgay
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
William Quinton
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
Vladimir Romanovsky
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Ashley C. A. Rudy
Northwest Territories Geological Survey, Yellowknife, Canada
Denis Sarrazin
Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Emilie Stewart-Jones
Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Canada
Donald Walker
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Thomas Wright
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
Joseph Young
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
Stephan Gruber
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Benjamin J. Stoker, Helen E. Dulfer, Chris R. Stokes, Victoria H. Brown, Christopher D. Clark, Colm Ó Cofaigh, David J. A. Evans, Duane Froese, Sophie L. Norris, and Martin Margold
The Cryosphere, 19, 869–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-869-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-869-2025, 2025
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Annett Bartsch, Xaver Muri, Markus Hetzenecker, Kimmo Rautiainen, Helena Bergstedt, Jan Wuite, Thomas Nagler, and Dmitry Nicolsky
The Cryosphere, 19, 459–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-459-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-459-2025, 2025
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We developed a robust freeze–thaw detection approach, applying a constant threshold to Copernicus Sentinel-1 data that is suitable for tundra regions. All global, coarser-resolution products, tested with the resulting benchmarking dataset, are of value for freeze–thaw retrieval, although differences were found depending on the seasons, particularly during the spring and autumn transition.
Samuel Gagnon, Daniel Fortier, Étienne Godin, and Audrey Veillette
The Cryosphere, 18, 4743–4763, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4743-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4743-2024, 2024
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Thermo-erosion gullies (TEGs) are one of the most common forms of abrupt permafrost degradation. While their inception has been examined in several studies, the processes of their stabilization remain poorly documented. For this study, we investigated two TEGs in the Canadian High Arctic. We found that, while the formation of a TEG leaves permanent geomorphological scars in landscapes, in the long term, permafrost can recover to conditions similar to those pre-dating the initial disturbance.
Xiaoran Zhu, Dong Chen, Maruko Kogure, Elizabeth Hoy, Logan T. Berner, Amy L. Breen, Abhishek Chatterjee, Scott J. Davidson, Gerald V. Frost, Teresa N. Hollingsworth, Go Iwahana, Randi R. Jandt, Anja N. Kade, Tatiana V. Loboda, Matt J. Macander, Michelle Mack, Charles E. Miller, Eric A. Miller, Susan M. Natali, Martha K. Raynolds, Adrian V. Rocha, Shiro Tsuyuzaki, Craig E. Tweedie, Donald A. Walker, Mathew Williams, Xin Xu, Yingtong Zhang, Nancy French, and Scott Goetz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3687–3703, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3687-2024, 2024
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The Arctic tundra is experiencing widespread physical and biological changes, largely in response to warming, yet scientific understanding of tundra ecology and change remains limited due to relatively limited accessibility and studies compared to other terrestrial biomes. To support synthesis research and inform future studies, we created the Synthesized Alaskan Tundra Field Dataset (SATFiD), which brings together field datasets and includes vegetation, active-layer, and fire properties.
Madeleine-Zoé Corbeil-Robitaille, Éliane Duchesne, Daniel Fortier, Christophe Kinnard, and Joël Bêty
Biogeosciences, 21, 3401–3423, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3401-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3401-2024, 2024
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In the Arctic tundra, climate change is transforming the landscape, and this may impact wildlife. We focus on three nesting bird species and the islets they select as refuges from their main predator, the Arctic fox. A geomorphological process, ice-wedge polygon degradation, was found to play a key role in creating these refuges. This process is likely to affect predator–prey dynamics in the Arctic tundra, highlighting the connections between nature's physical and ecological systems.
Frederieke Miesner, William Lambert Cable, Pier Paul Overduin, and Julia Boike
The Cryosphere, 18, 2603–2611, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2603-2024, 2024
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The temperature in the sediment below Arctic lakes determines the stability of the permafrost and microbial activity. However, measurements are scarce because of the remoteness. We present a robust and portable device to fill this gap. Test campaigns have demonstrated its utility in a range of environments during winter and summer. The measured temperatures show a great variability within and across locations. The data can be used to validate models and estimate potential emissions.
Sophie L. Norris, Martin Margold, David J. A. Evans, Nigel Atkinson, and Duane G. Froese
The Cryosphere, 18, 1533–1559, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1533-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1533-2024, 2024
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Associated with climate change between the Last Glacial Maximum and the current interglacial period, we reconstruct the behaviour of the southwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet, which covered the Canadian Prairies, using detailed landform mapping. Our reconstruction depicts three shifts in the ice sheet’s dynamics. We suggest these changes resulted from ice sheet thinning triggered by abrupt climatic change. However, we show that regional lithology and topography also play an important role.
Francis Meloche, Francis Gauthier, and Alexandre Langlois
The Cryosphere, 18, 1359–1380, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1359-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1359-2024, 2024
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Snow avalanches are a dangerous natural hazard. Backcountry recreationists and avalanche practitioners try to predict avalanche hazard based on the stability of snow cover. However, snow cover is variable in space, and snow stability observations can vary within several meters. We measure the snow stability several times on a small slope to create high-resolution maps of snow cover stability. These results help us to understand the snow variation for scientists and practitioners.
Florent Domine, Denis Sarrazin, Daniel F. Nadeau, Georg Lackner, and Maria Belke-Brea
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1523–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1523-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1523-2024, 2024
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The forest–tundra ecotone is the transition region between the boreal forest and Arctic tundra. It spans over 13 000 km across the Arctic and is evolving rapidly because of climate change. We provide extensive data sets of two sites 850 m apart, one in tundra and one in forest in this ecotone for use in various models. Data include meteorological and flux data and unique snow and soil physics data.
Joel Pumple, Alistair Monteath, Jordan Harvey, Mahya Roustaei, Alejandro Alvarez, Casey Buchanan, and Duane Froese
The Cryosphere, 18, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-489-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-489-2024, 2024
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Ice content is a critical variable in the context of thawing permafrost, and permafrost cores provide a means to measure the characteristics of frozen ground; however, these measurements are typically destructive and time intensive. Multi-sensor core logging (MSCL) provides a fast, non-destructive method to image permafrost cores, measure bulk density, and estimate ice content. The use of MSCL will improve existing digital permafrost archives by adding high-quality and reproducible data.
Eliot Sicaud, Daniel Fortier, Jean-Pierre Dedieu, and Jan Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 65–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-65-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-65-2024, 2024
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For vast northern watersheds, hydrological data are often sparse and incomplete. Our study used remote sensing and clustering to produce classifications of the George River watershed (GRW). Results show two types of subwatersheds with different hydrological behaviors. The GRW experienced a homogenization of subwatershed types likely due to an increase in vegetation productivity, which could explain the measured decline of 1 % (~0.16 km3 y−1) in the George River’s discharge since the mid-1970s.
Jennika Hammar, Inge Grünberg, Steven V. Kokelj, Jurjen van der Sluijs, and Julia Boike
The Cryosphere, 17, 5357–5372, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5357-2023, 2023
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Roads on permafrost have significant environmental effects. This study assessed the Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway (ITH) in Canada and its impact on snow accumulation, albedo and snowmelt timing. Our findings revealed that snow accumulation increased by up to 36 m from the road, 12-day earlier snowmelt within 100 m due to reduced albedo, and altered snowmelt patterns in seemingly undisturbed areas. Remote sensing aids in understanding road impacts on permafrost.
Jurjen van der Sluijs, Steven V. Kokelj, and Jon F. Tunnicliffe
The Cryosphere, 17, 4511–4533, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4511-2023, 2023
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There is an urgent need to obtain size and erosion estimates of climate-driven landslides, such as retrogressive thaw slumps. We evaluated surface interpolation techniques to estimate slump erosional volumes and developed a new inventory method by which the size and activity of these landslides are tracked through time. Models between slump area and volume reveal non-linear intensification, whereby model coefficients improve our understanding of how permafrost landscapes may evolve over time.
Nathan Alec Conroy, Jeffrey M. Heikoop, Emma Lathrop, Dea Musa, Brent D. Newman, Chonggang Xu, Rachael E. McCaully, Carli A. Arendt, Verity G. Salmon, Amy Breen, Vladimir Romanovsky, Katrina E. Bennett, Cathy J. Wilson, and Stan D. Wullschleger
The Cryosphere, 17, 3987–4006, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3987-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3987-2023, 2023
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This study combines field observations, non-parametric statistical analyses, and thermodynamic modeling to characterize the environmental causes of the spatial variability in soil pore water solute concentrations across two Arctic catchments with varying extents of permafrost. Vegetation type, soil moisture and redox conditions, weathering and hydrologic transport, and mineral solubility were all found to be the primary drivers of the existing spatial variability of some soil pore water solutes.
Tom Birien and Francis Gauthier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 343–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-343-2023, 2023
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On highly fractured rockwalls such as those found in northern Gaspésie, most rockfalls are triggered by weather conditions. This study highlights that in winter, rockfall frequency is 12 times higher during a superficial thaw than during a cold period in which temperature remains below 0 °C. In summer, rockfall frequency is 22 times higher during a heavy rainfall event than during a mainly dry period. This knowledge could be used to implement a risk management strategy.
Benjamin J. Stoker, Martin Margold, John C. Gosse, Alan J. Hidy, Alistair J. Monteath, Joseph M. Young, Niall Gandy, Lauren J. Gregoire, Sophie L. Norris, and Duane Froese
The Cryosphere, 16, 4865–4886, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4865-2022, 2022
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The Laurentide Ice Sheet was the largest ice sheet to grow and disappear in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation. In northwestern Canada, it covered the Mackenzie Valley, blocking the migration of fauna and early humans between North America and Beringia and altering the drainage systems. We reconstruct the timing of ice sheet retreat in this region and the implications for the migration of early humans into North America, the drainage of glacial lakes, and past sea level rise.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
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This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Hugo Beltrami, Stephan Gruber, Almudena García-García, and J. Fidel González-Rouco
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7913–7932, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7913-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7913-2022, 2022
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Inversions of subsurface temperature profiles provide past long-term estimates of ground surface temperature histories and ground heat flux histories at timescales of decades to millennia. Theses estimates complement high-frequency proxy temperature reconstructions and are the basis for studying continental heat storage. We develop and release a new bootstrap method to derive meaningful confidence intervals for the average surface temperature and heat flux histories from any number of profiles.
Élise G. Devoie, Stephan Gruber, and Jeffrey M. McKenzie
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3365–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3365-2022, 2022
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Soil freezing characteristic curves (SFCCs) relate the temperature of a soil to its ice content. SFCCs are needed in all physically based numerical models representing freezing and thawing soils, and they affect the movement of water in the subsurface, biogeochemical processes, soil mechanics, and ecology. Over a century of SFCC data exist, showing high variability in SFCCs based on soil texture, water content, and other factors. This repository summarizes all available SFCC data and metadata.
Stéphanie Coulombe, Daniel Fortier, Frédéric Bouchard, Michel Paquette, Simon Charbonneau, Denis Lacelle, Isabelle Laurion, and Reinhard Pienitz
The Cryosphere, 16, 2837–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2837-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2837-2022, 2022
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Buried glacier ice is widespread in Arctic regions that were once covered by glaciers and ice sheets. In this study, we investigated the influence of buried glacier ice on the formation of Arctic tundra lakes on Bylot Island, Nunavut. Our results suggest that initiation of deeper lakes was triggered by the melting of buried glacier ice. Given future climate projections, the melting of glacier ice permafrost could create new aquatic ecosystems and strongly modify existing ones.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Susan M. Natali, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kathleen Savage, Sara June Connon, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Darcy Peter, Christina Minions, Julia Nojeim, Roisin Commane, Craig A. Emmerton, Mathias Goeckede, Manuel Helbig, David Holl, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Pasi Kolari, Efrén López-Blanco, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Lutz Merbold, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Torsten Sachs, Oliver Sonnentag, Masahito Ueyama, Carolina Voigt, Mika Aurela, Julia Boike, Gerardo Celis, Namyi Chae, Torben R. Christensen, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sigrid Dengel, Han Dolman, Colin W. Edgar, Bo Elberling, Eugenie Euskirchen, Achim Grelle, Juha Hatakka, Elyn Humphreys, Järvi Järveoja, Ayumi Kotani, Lars Kutzbach, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Yojiro Matsuura, Gesa Meyer, Mats B. Nilsson, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sang-Jong Park, Roman Petrov, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Christopher Schulze, Vincent L. St. Louis, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, William Quinton, Andrej Varlagin, Donatella Zona, and Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 179–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, 2022
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The effects of climate warming on carbon cycling across the Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) remain poorly understood due to the relatively limited distribution of ABZ flux sites. Fortunately, this flux network is constantly increasing, but new measurements are published in various platforms, making it challenging to understand the ABZ carbon cycle as a whole. Here, we compiled a new database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes to help facilitate large-scale assessments of the ABZ carbon cycle.
Cited articles
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Arsenault, R., Bazile, R., Ouellet Dallaire, C., and Brissette, F.: CANOPEX: A Canadian hydrometeorological watershed database, Hydrol. Process., 30, 2734–2736, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10880, 2016. a
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Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, S., and Noetzli, J.: A statistical approach to modelling permafrost distribution in the European Alps or similar mountain ranges, The Cryosphere, 6, 125–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-125-2012, 2012. a
Boike, J., Chadburn, S., Martin, J., Zwieback, S., Althuizen, I. H., Anselm, N., Cai, L., Coulombe, S., Lee, H., Liljedahl, A. K., Schneebeli, M., Sjöberg, Y., Smith, N., Smith, S. L., Streletskiy, D. A., Stuenzi, S. M., Westermann, S., and Wilcox, E. J.: Standardized monitoring of permafrost thaw: a user-friendly, multiparameter protocol, Arctic Science, 8, 153–182, https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0007, 2022. a
Brown, N.: PermafrostNet ERDDAP metadata profile, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.18112261, 2026. a
Brown, N. and Gruber, S.: Beyond MAGT: learning more from permafrost thermal monitoring data with additional metrics, The Cryosphere, 20, 1771–1796, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1771-2026, 2026. a, b, c
Brown, N., Gruber, S., Pulsifer, P., and Stewart-Jones, E.: Permafrost Data Workshop 2020: Final Report, Tech. rep., Carleton University, Ottawa, https://doi.org/10.22215/pn/10120001, 2020. a
Brown, N., Stewart-Jones, E., Riddick, J., Meier-Legault, O., Kokelj, S., Karunaratne, K., and Gruber, S.: Air and ground temperature, air humidity and site characterization data from the Canadian Shield taiga near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada, v. 1.0 (2016–2021), D108, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45810XD-C9F549F3E93040BD, 2022. a, b
Brown, N., Gruber, S., Pulsifer, P., and Hayes, A.: A prototype field-to-publication data system for a multi-variable permafrost observation network, Environ. Modell. Softw., 175, 106006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106006, 2024. a, b, c, d
Brown, N., Gao, A., and Parker, R.: tempcf: cleaning and filtering for ground temperature data, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17469293, 2025. a, b
Brown, R. J. E.: Influence of vegetation on permafrost, in: Permafrost International Conference, 20–25, Building Research Advisory Board at Purdue University, Collection/Collection: NRC Publications Archive/Archives des publications du CNRC, https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=4c989143-5d15-4404-9363-db1742108798 (last access: 21 July 2026), 1963. a
Cao, B., Gruber, S., Zheng, D., and Li, X.: The ERA5-Land soil temperature bias in permafrost regions, The Cryosphere, 14, 2581–2595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2581-2020, 2020. a
CEN (Centre d'études nordiques): Données des stations climatiques de la région de Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik au Nunavik, Québec, Canada, v. 1.5 (1987–2019), D4, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45057SL-EADE4434146946A7, 2020a. a
CEN (Centre d'études nordiques): Données des stations climatiques de la région du Lac à l'Eau claire au Nunavik, Québec, Canada, v. 1.1 (1986–2019), D57, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45475SL-5A33FE09B0494D92, 2020b. a
CEN (Centre d'études nordiques): Données des stations climatiques de la région de Salluit au Nunavik, Québec, Canada, v. 1.7.0 (1987–2023), D3, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45048SL-4708BCCDFA124359, 2024a. a
CEN (Centre d'études nordiques): Données des stations climatiques de la région de la rivière Boniface au Nunavik, Québec, Canada, v. 1.4.0 (1988–2022), D7, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45129SL-DBDA2A77C0094963, 2024b. a
CEN (Centre d'études nordiques): Données des stations climatiques d'Umiujaq au Nunavik, Québec, Canada, v. 1.9.0 (1997–2023), D9, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45120SL-067305A53E914AF0, 2024c. a
Christensen, G., Dafoe, A., Miguel, E., Moore, D. A., and Rose, A. K.: A study of the impact of data sharing on article citations using journal policies as a natural experiment, PLOS ONE, 14, e0225883, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225883, 2019. a
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Colavizza, G., Cadwallader, L., LaFlamme, M., Dozot, G., Lecorney, S., Rappo, D., and Hrynaszkiewicz, I.: An analysis of the effects of sharing research data, code, and preprints on citations, PLoS ONE, 19, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311493, 2024. a
Connon, R. and Quinton, W.: Permafrost ground temperature report: Scotty Creek Research Station, Northwest Territories, NWT Open Report 2019-007, Northwest Territories Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.46887/2019-007, 2020. a
Cox, S. J., Gonzalez-Beltran, A. N., Magagna, B., and Marinescu, M. C.: Ten simple rules for making a vocabulary FAIR, PLoS Comput. Biol., 17, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009041, 2021. a
Cremonese, E., Gruber, S., Phillips, M., Pogliotti, P., Boeckli, L., Noetzli, J., Suter, C., Bodin, X., Crepaz, A., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Lang, K., Letey, S., Mair, V., Morra di Cella, U., Ravanel, L., Scapozza, C., Seppi, R., and Zischg, A.: Brief Communication: “An inventory of permafrost evidence for the European Alps”, The Cryosphere, 5, 651–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-651-2011, 2011. a
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L., Li, K., and Fei-Fei, L.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database, in: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 248–255, https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848, 2009. a
Devoie, É. G., Gruber, S., and McKenzie, J. M.: A repository of measured soil freezing characteristic curves: 1921 to 2021, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3365–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3365-2022, 2022. a
Duchesne, C., Morse, P. D., Wolfe, S. A., and Kokelj, S. V.: Report on 2010-2015 permafrost thermal investigations in the Yellowknife area, Northwest Territories, Tech. Rep. Open File 8093, Geological Survey of Canada, https://doi.org/10.4095/299189, 2016. a
Duchesne, C., Smith, S., Chartrand, J., and Parker, R.: Daily ground temperatures from selected sites between 2006–2018 in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada, Mendeley Data [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/w6jypmm87c.1, 2025. a, b
Eaton, B., Gregory, J., Drach, B., Taylor, K., Hankin, S., Caron, J., Signell, R., Bentley, P., Rappa, G., Höck, H., Pamment, A., Juckes, M., Raspaud, M., Horne, R., Whiteaker, T., Blodgett, D., Zender, C., and Lee, D.: NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) metadata conventions v1.8, http://cfconventions.org/Data/cf-conventions/cf-conventions-1.8/cf-conventions.html (last access: 21 July 2026), 2020. a
Ensom, T., Kokelj, S. V., and Kamo McHugh, K.: Permafrost ground temperature report: Inuvik to Tuktoyaktuk Highway stream crossing and alignment sites, Northwest Territories, NWT Open Report 2019-014, Northwest Territories Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.46887/2019-014, 2020. a, b
Fiddes, J., Endrizzi, S., and Gruber, S.: Large-area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global data sets: application to mountain permafrost, The Cryosphere, 9, 411–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-411-2015, 2015. a
Fortier, D. and Chen, L.: Températures au sol de la sous-base et du sol de remblai à Beaver Creek, Yukon – tronçon expérimental routier 2008-2018, v. 1.0 (2008–2018), D68, Nordicana [data set], https://doi.org/10.5885/45642CE-6883D8FF051E4E4B, 2020. a
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Gruber, S., Hayley, J., Karunaratne, K., King, J., MacLean, T., Marshall, S., and Moore, D.: Considerations toward a vision and strategy for permafrost knowledge in Canada, Arctic Science, https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2023-0016, 2023. a
Harp, D. R., Atchley, A. L., Painter, S. L., Coon, E. T., Wilson, C. J., Romanovsky, V. E., and Rowland, J. C.: Effect of soil property uncertainties on permafrost thaw projections: a calibration-constrained analysis, The Cryosphere, 10, 341–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-341-2016, 2016. a
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Short summary
Ground temperature data is vital for permafrost and climate research yet data is often fragmented. We created a standardized collection of ground temperatures from over 900 sites across Canada. From 42 published and unpublished sources, we manually verified, cleaned and standardized data with a new software tool. This dataset supports permafrost research on a nationwide scale and can help improve models by acting as a reliable benchmark.
Ground temperature data is vital for permafrost and climate research yet data is often...
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