Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7203-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7203-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
16 Dec 2025
Data description article |
| 16 Dec 2025
| 16 Dec 2025
Two centuries of oceanographic data in the Indonesian Seas and surroundings: historical patterns of data availability, gaps, and future challenges
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Indonesia Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission/IOC UNESCO, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Ghelby M. Faid
KomitmenX Research Group, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, & Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
Li Rui
Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, & Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, 266071, China
Mohd. Fadzil Akhir
Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia
Weidong Yu
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
Rangga A. Mulya
KomitmenX Research Group, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Fadli Syamsudin
National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Ibnu Faizal
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Buntora Pasaribu
Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Teguh Agustiadi
Research Centre Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Bayu Priyono
Research Centre Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Muhammad Fadli
Research Centre for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Priyadi D. Santoso
Research Centre for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Wahyu W. Pandoe
Indonesia Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission/IOC UNESCO, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Research Centre for Deep Sea, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Huiwu Wang
The First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Shujiang Li
The First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
Zexun Wei
The First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
R. Dwi Susanto
The University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, United States of America
Dwiyoga Nugroho
Research Centre Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
Adi Purwandana
Research Centre Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
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Short summary
Indonesia's seas link the Pacific and Indian Oceans and shape weather and climate. We analyzed more than 460 000 ocean measurements and found major gaps, especially in deep waters and coastal areas. Most data come from ship routes, leaving many regions unobserved. These gaps limit our ability to understand currents and climate patterns. We propose expanding modern ocean monitoring tools to improve future predictions.
Indonesia's seas link the Pacific and Indian Oceans and shape weather and climate. We analyzed...
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