Earth System Science Data
Earth System Science Data
Earth System Science Data
Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7203-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7203-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
Data description paper
 | 
16 Dec 2025
Data description paper |  | 16 Dec 2025

Two centuries of oceanographic data in the Indonesian Seas and surroundings: historical patterns of data availability, gaps, and future challenges

Noir P. Purba, Ghelby M. Faid, Wang Zheng, Li Rui, Mohd. Fadzil Akhir, Weidong Yu, Rangga A. Mulya, Fadli Syamsudin, Ibnu Faizal, Buntora Pasaribu, Teguh Agustiadi, Bayu Priyono, Muhammad Fadli, Priyadi D. Santoso, Wahyu W. Pandoe, Huiwu Wang, Shujiang Li, Zexun Wei, R. Dwi Susanto, Dwiyoga Nugroho, and Adi Purwandana

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Short summary

Indonesia's seas link the Pacific and Indian Oceans and shape weather and climate. We analyzed more than 460 000 ocean measurements and found major gaps, especially in deep waters and coastal areas. Most data come from ship routes, leaving many regions unobserved. These gaps limit our ability to understand currents and climate patterns. We propose expanding modern ocean monitoring tools to improve future predictions.

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