Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
08 Jan 2025
Data description paper |
| 08 Jan 2025
| 08 Jan 2025
A machine-learning reconstruction of sea surface pCO2 in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin from 1993 to 2021
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
School of Marine Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Adaptability for Industrial Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519082, China
Alizée Roobaert
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, Ostend, 8400, Belgium
Luping Song
School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
Xiao-Hai Yan
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
Wei-Jun Cai
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
Related authors
Xueying Zhang, Enhui Liao, Wenfang Lu, Zelun Wu, Guansuo Wang, Xueming Zhu, and Shiyu Liang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-286, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-286, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We created a new global dataset that reveals how ocean surface carbon dioxide has changed each month over the past four decades. By applying a deep learning model trained on both observational data and model simulations, we improved the representation of interannual variability and more accurately captured ocean responses to climate events like El Niño. This work supports global efforts to understand the ocean’s role in the carbon cycle and its response to climate change.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Xueying Zhang, Enhui Liao, Wenfang Lu, Zelun Wu, Guansuo Wang, Xueming Zhu, and Shiyu Liang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-286, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-286, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We created a new global dataset that reveals how ocean surface carbon dioxide has changed each month over the past four decades. By applying a deep learning model trained on both observational data and model simulations, we improved the representation of interannual variability and more accurately captured ocean responses to climate events like El Niño. This work supports global efforts to understand the ocean’s role in the carbon cycle and its response to climate change.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Xinxin Wang, Jiuke Wang, Wenfang Lu, Changming Dong, Hao Qin, and Haoyu Jiang
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-181, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-181, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale wave modeling is essential for science and society, typically relying on resource-intensive numerical methods to simulate wave dynamics. In this study, we introduce a rolling AI-based method for modeling global significant wave height. Our model achieves accuracy comparable to traditional numerical methods while significantly improving speed, making it operable on standard laptops. This work demonstrates AI's potential to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of global wave modeling.
Quankun Li, Xue Bai, Lizhen Hu, Liangsheng Li, Yaohui Bao, Xupu Geng, and Xiao-Hai Yan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-222, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-222, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Overall, the SAR image dataset proposed in this study makes a significant contribution to oceanography, providing valuable data resources for studying the dynamic processes of multi-scale oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, validating deep learning models, and developing high-resolution models. This dataset is anticipated to stimulate further research and advancements in understanding the complex dynamics of sea surface.
Alizée Roobaert, Pierre Regnier, Peter Landschützer, and Goulven G. Laruelle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 421–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The quantification of the coastal air–sea CO2 exchange (FCO2) has improved in recent years, but its multiannual variability remains unclear. This study, based on interpolated observations, reconstructs the longest global time series of coastal FCO2 (1982–2020). Results show the coastal ocean acts as a CO2 sink, with increasing intensity over time. This new coastal FCO2-product allows establishing regional carbon budgets and provides new constraints for closing the global carbon cycle.
Andrew C. Ross, Charles A. Stock, Alistair Adcroft, Enrique Curchitser, Robert Hallberg, Matthew J. Harrison, Katherine Hedstrom, Niki Zadeh, Michael Alexander, Wenhao Chen, Elizabeth J. Drenkard, Hubert du Pontavice, Raphael Dussin, Fabian Gomez, Jasmin G. John, Dujuan Kang, Diane Lavoie, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Vincent Saba, Sang-Ik Shin, Samantha Siedlecki, and James Simkins
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate a model for northwest Atlantic Ocean dynamics and biogeochemistry that balances high resolution with computational economy by building on the new regional features in the MOM6 ocean model and COBALT biogeochemical model. We test the model's ability to simulate impactful historical variability and find that the model simulates the mean state and variability of most features well, which suggests the model can provide information to inform living-marine-resource applications.
Aubin Thibault de Chanvalon, George W. Luther, Emily R. Estes, Jennifer Necker, Bradley M. Tebo, Jianzhong Su, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 20, 3053–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The intensity of the oceanic trap of CO2 released by anthropogenic activities depends on the alkalinity brought by continental weathering. Between ocean and continent, coastal water and estuaries can limit or favour the alkalinity transfer. This study investigate new interactions between dissolved metals and alkalinity in the oxygen-depleted zone of estuaries.
Alizée Roobaert, Laure Resplandy, Goulven G. Laruelle, Enhui Liao, and Pierre Regnier
Ocean Sci., 18, 67–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a global oceanic model to investigate the seasonal dynamics of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the global coastal ocean. Our method quantifies the respective effects of thermal changes, biological activity, ocean circulation and freshwater fluxes on the temporal pCO2 variations. The performance of our model is also evaluated against a data product derived from observations to identify coastal regions where our approach is most robust.
Amanda R. Fay, Luke Gregor, Peter Landschützer, Galen A. McKinley, Nicolas Gruber, Marion Gehlen, Yosuke Iida, Goulven G. Laruelle, Christian Rödenbeck, Alizée Roobaert, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean is estimated using surface ocean carbon (pCO2) measurements and an equation including variables such as temperature and wind speed; the choices of these variables lead to uncertainties. We introduce the SeaFlux ensemble which provides carbon flux maps calculated in a consistent manner, thus reducing uncertainty by using common choices for wind speed and a set definition of "global" coverage.
Li-Qing Jiang, Richard A. Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Dana Greeley, Leticia Barbero, Simone Alin, Brendan R. Carter, Denis Pierrot, Charles Featherstone, James Hooper, Chris Melrose, Natalie Monacci, Jonathan D. Sharp, Shawn Shellito, Yuan-Yuan Xu, Alex Kozyr, Robert H. Byrne, Wei-Jun Cai, Jessica Cross, Gregory C. Johnson, Burke Hales, Chris Langdon, Jeremy Mathis, Joe Salisbury, and David W. Townsend
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Peter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Alizee Roobaert, and Pierre Regnier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2537–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, multiple estimates of the global air–sea CO2 flux emerged from upscaling shipboard pCO2 measurements. They are however limited to the open-ocean domain and do not consider the coastal ocean, i.e. a significant marine sink for CO2. We build towards an integrated pCO2 product that combines both the open-ocean and coastal-ocean domain and focus on the evaluation of the common overlap area of these products and how well the aquatic continuum is represented in the new climatology.
Zong-Pei Jiang, Wei-Jun Cai, John Lehrter, Baoshan Chen, Zhangxian Ouyang, Chengfeng Le, Brian J. Roberts, Najid Hussain, Michael K. Scaboo, Junxiao Zhang, and Yuanyuan Xu
Biogeosciences, 16, 3507–3525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3507-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3507-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The biological production and air–sea CO2 exchange in the surface water of the northern Gulf of Mexico during springtime were mainly controlled by the changes in the availability of light and nutrients during the river–ocean mixing process, with strong CO2 uptake occurring in the river plume regions. The slow air–sea CO2 exchange rate and buffering effect of the CO2 system may result in decoupling between biological production and CO2 flux.
Adrienne J. Sutton, Richard A. Feely, Stacy Maenner-Jones, Sylvia Musielwicz, John Osborne, Colin Dietrich, Natalie Monacci, Jessica Cross, Randy Bott, Alex Kozyr, Andreas J. Andersson, Nicholas R. Bates, Wei-Jun Cai, Meghan F. Cronin, Eric H. De Carlo, Burke Hales, Stephan D. Howden, Charity M. Lee, Derek P. Manzello, Michael J. McPhaden, Melissa Meléndez, John B. Mickett, Jan A. Newton, Scott E. Noakes, Jae Hoon Noh, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Joseph E. Salisbury, Uwe Send, Thomas W. Trull, Douglas C. Vandemark, and Robert A. Weller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 421–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-421-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term observations are critical records for distinguishing natural cycles from climate change. We present a data set of 40 surface ocean CO2 and pH time series that suggests the time length necessary to detect a trend in seawater CO2 due to uptake of atmospheric CO2 varies from 8 years in the least variable ocean regions to 41 years in the most variable coastal regions. This data set provides a tool to evaluate natural cycles of ocean CO2, with long-term trends emerging as records lengthen.
Wenfang Lu, Lie-Yauw Oey, Enhui Liao, Wei Zhuang, Xiao-Hai Yan, and Yuwu Jiang
Ocean Sci., 14, 1303–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1303-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1303-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the physical factors controlling the biological production in a coastal upwelling system, the Vietnam boundary upwelling system in the South China Sea. We found that, in addition to the effects from the wind (as a major factor driving the ocean), the ocean circulation could also contribute positively to the production here, which is distinct from other major coastal upwelling systems.
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Andrew Joesoef, David L. Kirchman, Christopher K. Sommerfield, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 14, 4949–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4949-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4949-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we focus on key, poorly understood properties of carbonate geochemistry in one of the largest estuaries in North America. We explore how varying environmental factors impact estuarine inorganic carbon fluxes and seasonal net ecosystem production. Comparisons with long-term records highlight the significance of tributary inputs as well as a regional shift towards increased riverine bicarbonate concentrations.
Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Nicolas Goossens, Sandra Arndt, Wei-Jun Cai, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 14, 2441–2468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2441-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2441-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The C-GEM generic reactive-transport model is applied to each tidal estuary of the US East Coast. Seasonal simulations are performed, which allows the understanding and quantification of the effect of the estuarine filter on the lateral fluxes of carbon coming from rivers.
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
Adrienne J. Sutton, Christopher L. Sabine, Richard A. Feely, Wei-Jun Cai, Meghan F. Cronin, Michael J. McPhaden, Julio M. Morell, Jan A. Newton, Jae-Hoon Noh, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir, Joseph E. Salisbury, Uwe Send, Douglas C. Vandemark, and Robert A. Weller
Biogeosciences, 13, 5065–5083, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5065-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5065-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean carbonate observations from surface buoys reveal that marine life is currently exposed to conditions outside preindustrial bounds at 12 study locations around the world. Seasonal conditions in the California Current Ecosystem and Gulf of Maine also exceed thresholds that may impact shellfish larvae. High-resolution observations place long-term change in the context of large natural variability: a necessary step to understand ocean acidification impacts under real-world conditions.
Zuo Xue, Ruoying He, Katja Fennel, Wei-Jun Cai, Steven Lohrenz, Wei-Jen Huang, Hanqin Tian, Wei Ren, and Zhengchen Zang
Biogeosciences, 13, 4359–4377, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4359-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4359-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we used a state-of-the-science coupled physical–biogeochemical model to simulate and examine temporal and spatial variability of sea surface CO2 concentration in the Gulf of Mexico. Our model revealed the Gulf was a net CO2 sink with a flux of 1.11 ± 0.84 × 1012 mol C yr−1. We also found that biological uptake was the primary driver making the Gulf an overall CO2 sink and that the carbon flux in the northern Gulf was very susceptible to changes in river inputs.
A. Joesoef, W.-J. Huang, Y. Gao, and W.-J. Cai
Biogeosciences, 12, 6085–6101, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6085-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6085-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we report the first seasonal distribution of pCO2 and air–water CO2 flux in the Delaware Estuary. We further assess the temperature and biological effects on pCO2 distributions as well as the overall contribution of internal versus riverine sources on CO2 inputs to the estuarine system. Finally, we present a summarized pCO2 distribution over the study area and provide a conceptual model to illustrate the control mechanisms on surface water CO2 dynamics in the Delaware Estuary.
D. C. E. Bakker, B. Pfeil, K. Smith, S. Hankin, A. Olsen, S. R. Alin, C. Cosca, S. Harasawa, A. Kozyr, Y. Nojiri, K. M. O'Brien, U. Schuster, M. Telszewski, B. Tilbrook, C. Wada, J. Akl, L. Barbero, N. R. Bates, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, W.-J. Cai, R. D. Castle, F. P. Chavez, L. Chen, M. Chierici, K. Currie, H. J. W. de Baar, W. Evans, R. A. Feely, A. Fransson, Z. Gao, B. Hales, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, M. Hoppema, W.-J. Huang, C. W. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, T. Johannessen, E. M. Jones, S. D. Jones, S. Jutterström, V. Kitidis, A. Körtzinger, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. B. Manke, J. T. Mathis, L. Merlivat, N. Metzl, A. Murata, T. Newberger, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, G.-H. Park, K. Paterson, D. Pierrot, A. F. Ríos, C. L. Sabine, S. Saito, J. Salisbury, V. V. S. S. Sarma, R. Schlitzer, R. Sieger, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, K. F. Sullivan, H. Sun, A. J. Sutton, T. Suzuki, C. Sweeney, T. Takahashi, J. Tjiputra, N. Tsurushima, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, P. Vlahos, D. W. R. Wallace, R. Wanninkhof, and A. J. Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014
J. Wang, H. Hong, Y. Jiang, and X.-H. Yan
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14685-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14685-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
W.-C. Chou, G.-C. Gong, W.-J. Cai, and C.-M. Tseng
Biogeosciences, 10, 3889–3899, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3889-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3889-2013, 2013
L. J. Zhang, L. Wang, W.-J. Cai, D. M. Liu, and Z. G. Yu
Biogeosciences, 10, 2513–2524, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2513-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2513-2013, 2013
L.-Q. Jiang, W.-J. Cai, Y. Wang, and J. E. Bauer
Biogeosciences, 10, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-839-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-839-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Ocean | Subject: Chemical oceanography
An updated synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2023: the SNAPO-CO2-v2 dataset
A global monthly 3D field of seawater pH over 3 decades: a machine learning approach
Mapping the global distribution of lead and its isotopes in seawater with explainable machine learning
The high-resolution global shipping emission inventory by the Shipping Emission Inventory Model (SEIM)
Tracer-based Rapid Anthropogenic Carbon Estimation (TRACE)
A consistent ocean oxygen profile dataset with new quality control and bias assessment
Global database of actual nitrogen loss rates in coastal and marine sediments
CO2 and hydrography acquired by autonomous surface vehicles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea: data correction and validation
A continual learning-based multilayer perceptron for improved reconstruction of three-dimensional nitrate concentration
Exploring the CO2 fugacity along the east coast of South America aboard the schooner Tara
A 20-year (1998–2017) global sea surface dimethyl sulfide gridded dataset with daily resolution
Distributions of in situ parameters, dissolved (in)organic carbon, and nutrients in the water column and pore waters of Arctic fjords (western Spitsbergen) during a melting season
Climatological distribution of ocean acidification variables along the North American ocean margins
Updated climatological mean ΔfCO2 and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global open ocean regions
The annual update GLODAPv2.2023: the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product
Synthesis Product for Ocean Time Series (SPOTS) – a ship-based biogeochemical pilot
French coastal network for carbonate system monitoring: the CocoriCO2 dataset
A global database of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration measurements in coastal waters (CoastDOM v1)
A decade-long cruise time series (2008–2018) of physical and biogeochemical conditions in the southern Salish Sea, North America
A regional pCO2 climatology of the Baltic Sea from in situ pCO2 observations and a model-based extrapolation approach
A 12-year-long (2010–2021) hydrological and biogeochemical dataset in the Sicily Channel (Mediterranean Sea)
A decade of marine inorganic carbon chemistry observations in the northern Gulf of Alaska – insights into an environment in transition
A novel sea surface pCO2-product for the global coastal ocean resolving trends over 1982–2020
A high-resolution synthesis dataset for multistressor analyses along the US West Coast
CMEMS-LSCE: a global, 0.25°, monthly reconstruction of the surface ocean carbonate system
A synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2022: the SNAPO-CO2-v1 dataset
A year of transient tracers (chlorofluorocarbon 12 and sulfur hexafluoride), noble gases (helium and neon), and tritium in the Arctic Ocean from the MOSAiC expedition (2019–2020)
Database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the global ocean
GOBAI-O2: temporally and spatially resolved fields of ocean interior dissolved oxygen over nearly 2 decades
Spatiotemporal variability in pH and carbonate parameters on the Canadian Atlantic continental shelf between 2014 and 2022
Barium in seawater: dissolved distribution, relationship to silicon, and barite saturation state determined using machine learning
Global oceanic diazotroph database version 2 and elevated estimate of global oceanic N2 fixation
High-frequency, year-round time series of the carbonate chemistry in a high-Arctic fjord (Svalbard)
OceanSODA-UNEXE: a multi-year gridded Amazon and Congo River outflow surface ocean carbonate system dataset
Evaluating the transport of surface seawater from 1956 to 2021 using 137Cs deposited in the global ocean as a chemical tracer
Spatial reconstruction of long-term (2003–2020) sea surface pCO2 in the South China Sea using a machine-learning-based regression method aided by empirical orthogonal function analysis
OceanSODA-MDB: a standardised surface ocean carbonate system dataset for model–data intercomparisons
Hyperspectral reflectance dataset of pristine, weathered, and biofouled plastics
A database of marine macronutrient, temperature and salinity measurements made around the highly productive island of South Georgia, the Scotia Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula between 1980 and 2009
GLODAPv2.2022: the latest version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product
Oil slicks in the Gulf of Guinea – 10 years of Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar observations
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, Bruno Bombled, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Steeve Comeau, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Pascale Cuet, Eva Ferreira, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Catherine Goyet, Emilie Grossteffan, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Coraline Leseurre, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Jean-François Ternon, Franck Touratier, Aline Tribollet, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1075–1100, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1075-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1075-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a new synthesis of 67 000 total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2023 in the global ocean, coastal zones, and the Mediterranean Sea. We describe the data assemblage and associated quality control and discuss some potential uses of this dataset. The dataset is provided in a single format and includes the quality flag for each sample.
Guorong Zhong, Xuegang Li, Jinming Song, Baoxiao Qu, Fan Wang, Yanjun Wang, Bin Zhang, Lijing Cheng, Jun Ma, Huamao Yuan, Liqin Duan, Ning Li, Qidong Wang, Jianwei Xing, and Jiajia Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 719–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-719-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The continuous uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean leads to decreasing seawater pH, which is an ongoing threat to the marine ecosystem. This pH change has been globally documented in the surface ocean, but information is limited below the surface. Here, we present a monthly 1° gridded product of global seawater pH based on a machine learning method and real pH observations. The pH product covers the years from 1992 to 2020 and depths from 0 to 2000 m.
Arianna Olivelli, Rossella Arcucci, Mark Rehkämper, and Tina van de Flierdt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-17, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we used machine learning models to produce the first global maps of Pb concentrations and isotope compositions in the ocean. We found that (i) the surface Indian Ocean has the highest levels of pollution, (ii) pollution from previous decades is sinking in the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and (iii) waters carrying Pb pollution are spreading from the Southern Ocean throughout the Southern Hemisphere at intermediate depths.
Wen Yi, Xiaotong Wang, Tingkun He, Huan Liu, Zhenyu Luo, Zhaofeng Lv, and Kebin He
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 277–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-277-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-277-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a detailed global dataset on ship emissions, covering the years 2013 and 2016–2021, using advanced modeling techniques. The dataset includes emissions data for four types of greenhouse gases and five types of air pollutants. The data, available for research, offer valuable insights into ship emission spatiotemporal patterns by vessel type and age, providing a solid data foundation for fine-scale scientific research and shipping emission mitigation.
Brendan R. Carter, Jörg Schwinger, Rolf Sonnerup, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jonathan D. Sharp, and Larissa M. Dias
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-560, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-560, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We infer ocean gas exchange and circulation from ocean tracer measurements and use this to create code to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean that is there due to human emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. The code works across the ocean depths for the past, present, or future from information about the location, temperature, and saltiness of the seawater. We produce a data product with estimates throughout the ocean throughout the last ~300 and next ~500 years.
Viktor Gouretski, Lijing Cheng, Juan Du, Xiaogang Xing, Fei Chai, and Zhetao Tan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5503–5530, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5503-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5503-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-quality observations are crucial to understanding ocean oxygen changes and their impact on marine biota. We developed a quality control procedure to ensure the high quality of the heterogeneous ocean oxygen data archive and to prove data consistency. Oxygen data obtained by means of oxygen sensors on autonomous Argo floats were compared with reference data based on the chemical analysis, and estimates of the residual offsets were obtained.
Yongkai Chang, Ehui Tan, Dengzhou Gao, Cheng Liu, Zongxiao Zhang, Zhixiong Huang, Jianan Liu, Yu Han, Zifu Xu, Bin Chen, and Shuh-Ji Kao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-539, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-539, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) are two important nitrogen removal pathways by converting reactive nitrogen into dinitrogen gas. Here we construct a global database on actual nitrogen loss rates, covering over 30 years of observations, measured in coastal and marine sediments. This work provides a global overview of the biogeography and potential controlling factors of denitrification and anammox, and highlights the potential applications of this database.
Riccardo Martellucci, Michele Giani, Elena Mauri, Laurent Coppola, Melf Paulsen, Marine Fourrier, Sara Pensieri, Vanessa Cardin, Carlotta Dentico, Roberto Bozzano, Carolina Cantoni, Anna Lucchetta, Alfredo Izquierdo, Miguel Bruno, and Ingunn Skjelvan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5333–5356, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5333-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5333-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As part of the ATL2MED demonstration experiment, two autonomous surface vehicles undertook a 9-month mission from the northeastern Atlantic to the Adriatic Sea. Biofouling affected the measurement of variables such as conductivity and dissolved oxygen. COVID-19 limited the availability of discrete samples for validation. We present correction methods for salinity and dissolved oxygen. We use model products to correct salinity and apply the Argo floats in-air correction method for oxygen
Xiang Yu, Huadong Guo, Jiahua Zhang, Yi Ma, Xiaopeng Wang, Guangsheng Liu, Mingming Xing, Nuo Xu, and Ayalkibet Seka
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-508, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-508, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping the 3D distribution of oceanic nitrate is challenging. We developed a continual learning-based multilayer perceptron, integrating prior knowledge from numerical models and Biogeochemical Argo validation to reconstruct the pan-European 3D nitrate field from 2010 to 2023 (0–2000 m depth, monthly, 0.25° horizontal resolution) using sea surface environmental features. This dataset helps bridge observational gaps and enhances understanding of the ocean's interior environment.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Christopher Hunt, Thomas Linkowski, Alison Chase, Nils Haentjens, Pedro C. Junger, Stephane Pesant, and Douglas Vandemark
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-452, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The air-sea CO2 flux in coastal waters plays a key role in the global carbon budget, yet remains poorly understood. In 2021, the Tara schooner collected 14,000 km of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) data along the South American coast. This dataset improves our understanding of fCO2 in the under-sampled Brazilian coastal region, and provides a unique insight into the complex biogeochemistry of the Amazon River-Ocean continuum.
Shengqian Zhou, Ying Chen, Shan Huang, Xianda Gong, Guipeng Yang, Honghai Zhang, Hartmut Herrmann, Alfred Wiedensohler, Laurent Poulain, Yan Zhang, Fanghui Wang, Zongjun Xu, and Ke Yan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4267–4290, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a crucial natural reactive gas in the global climate system due to its great contribution to aerosols and subsequent impact on clouds over remote oceans. Leveraging machine learning techniques, we constructed a long-term global sea surface DMS gridded dataset with daily resolution. Compared to previous datasets, our new dataset holds promise for improving atmospheric chemistry modeling and advancing our comprehension of the climate effects associated with oceanic DMS.
Seyed Reza Saghravani, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Wei-Li Hong, Karol Kuliński, Aivo Lepland, Arunima Sen, and Beata Szymczycha
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3419–3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A comprehensive study conducted in 2021 examined the distributions of dissolved nutrients and carbon in the western Spitsbergen fjords during the high-melting season. Significant spatial variability was observed in the water column and pore water concentrations of constituents, highlighting the unique biogeochemical characteristics of each fjord and their potential impact on ecosystem functioning and oceanographic processes.
Li-Qing Jiang, Tim P. Boyer, Christopher R. Paver, Hyelim Yoo, James R. Reagan, Simone R. Alin, Leticia Barbero, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we unveil a data product featuring ten coastal ocean acidification variables. These indicators are provided on 1°×1° spatial grids at 14 standardized depth levels, ranging from the surface to a depth of 500 m, along the North American ocean margins.
Amanda R. Fay, David R. Munro, Galen A. McKinley, Denis Pierrot, Stewart C. Sutherland, Colm Sweeney, and Rik Wanninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2123–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Presented here is a near-global monthly climatological estimate of the difference between atmosphere and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. The ocean's ability to take up carbon, both now and in the future, is defined by this difference in concentrations. With over 30 million measurements of surface ocean carbon over the last 40 years and utilization of an extrapolation technique, a mean estimate of surface ocean ΔfCO2 is presented.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2047–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2023 is the fifth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1108 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Nico Lange, Björn Fiedler, Marta Álvarez, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Heather Benway, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Laurent Coppola, Kim Currie, Susana Flecha, Dana S. Gerlach, Makio Honda, I. Emma Huertas, Siv K. Lauvset, Frank Muller-Karger, Arne Körtzinger, Kevin M. O'Brien, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir, Fernando C. Pacheco, Digna Rueda-Roa, Ingunn Skjelvan, Masahide Wakita, Angelicque White, and Toste Tanhua
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1901–1931, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1901-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1901-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Synthesis Product for Ocean Time Series (SPOTS) is a novel achievement expanding and complementing the biogeochemical data landscape by providing consistent and high-quality biogeochemical time-series data from 12 ship-based fixed time-series programs. SPOTS covers multiple unique marine environments and time-series ranges, including data from 1983 to 2021. All in all, it facilitates a variety of applications that benefit from the collective value of biogeochemical time-series observations.
Sébastien Petton, Fabrice Pernet, Valérian Le Roy, Matthias Huber, Sophie Martin, Éric Macé, Yann Bozec, Stéphane Loisel, Peggy Rimmelin-Maury, Émilie Grossteffan, Michel Repecaud, Loïc Quemener, Michael Retho, Soazig Manac'h, Mathias Papin, Philippe Pineau, Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe, Jonathan Deborde, Louis Costes, Pierre Polsenaere, Loïc Rigouin, Jérémy Benhamou, Laure Gouriou, Joséphine Lequeux, Nathalie Labourdette, Nicolas Savoye, Grégory Messiaen, Elodie Foucault, Vincent Ouisse, Marion Richard, Franck Lagarde, Florian Voron, Valentin Kempf, Sébastien Mas, Léa Giannecchini, Francesca Vidussi, Behzad Mostajir, Yann Leredde, Samir Alliouane, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Frédéric Gazeau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1667–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research highlights the concerning impact of rising carbon dioxide levels on coastal areas. To better understand these changes, we've established an observation network in France. By deploying pH sensors and other monitoring equipment at key coastal sites, we're gaining valuable insights into how various factors, such as freshwater inputs, tides, temperature, and biological processes, influence ocean pH.
Christian Lønborg, Cátia Carreira, Gwenaël Abril, Susana Agustí, Valentina Amaral, Agneta Andersson, Javier Arístegui, Punyasloke Bhadury, Mariana B. Bif, Alberto V. Borges, Steven Bouillon, Maria Ll. Calleja, Luiz C. Cotovicz Jr., Stefano Cozzi, Maryló Doval, Carlos M. Duarte, Bradley Eyre, Cédric G. Fichot, E. Elena García-Martín, Alexandra Garzon-Garcia, Michele Giani, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Renee Gruber, Dennis A. Hansell, Fuminori Hashihama, Ding He, Johnna M. Holding, William R. Hunter, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Valeria Ibello, Shan Jiang, Guebuem Kim, Katja Klun, Piotr Kowalczuk, Atsushi Kubo, Choon-Weng Lee, Cláudia B. Lopes, Federica Maggioni, Paolo Magni, Celia Marrase, Patrick Martin, S. Leigh McCallister, Roisin McCallum, Patricia M. Medeiros, Xosé Anxelu G. Morán, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Allison Myers-Pigg, Marit Norli, Joanne M. Oakes, Helena Osterholz, Hyekyung Park, Maria Lund Paulsen, Judith A. Rosentreter, Jeff D. Ross, Digna Rueda-Roa, Chiara Santinelli, Yuan Shen, Eva Teira, Tinkara Tinta, Guenther Uher, Masahide Wakita, Nicholas Ward, Kenta Watanabe, Yu Xin, Youhei Yamashita, Liyang Yang, Jacob Yeo, Huamao Yuan, Qiang Zheng, and Xosé Antón Álvarez-Salgado
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1107–1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1107-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1107-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present the first edition of a global database compiling previously published and unpublished measurements of dissolved organic matter (DOM) collected in coastal waters (CoastDOM v1). Overall, the CoastDOM v1 dataset will be useful to identify global spatial and temporal patterns and to facilitate reuse in studies aimed at better characterizing local biogeochemical processes and identifying a baseline for modelling future changes in coastal waters.
Simone R. Alin, Jan A. Newton, Richard A. Feely, Dana Greeley, Beth Curry, Julian Herndon, and Mark Warner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 837–865, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Salish cruise data product provides 2008–2018 oceanographic data from the southern Salish Sea and nearby coastal sampling stations. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrient, and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 715 oceanographic profiles will facilitate further study of ocean acidification, hypoxia, and marine heatwave impacts in this region. Three subsets of the compiled datasets from 35 cruises are available with consistent formatting and multiple commonly used units.
Henry C. Bittig, Erik Jacobs, Thomas Neumann, and Gregor Rehder
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 753–773, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-753-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-753-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a pCO2 climatology of the Baltic Sea using a new approach to extrapolate from individual observations to the entire Baltic Sea. The extrapolation approach uses (a) a model to inform on how data at one location are connected to data at other locations, together with (b) very accurate pCO2 observations from 2003 to 2021 as the base data. The climatology can be used e.g. to assess uptake and release of CO2 or to identify extreme events.
Francesco Placenti, Marco Torri, Katrin Schroeder, Mireno Borghini, Gabriella Cerrati, Angela Cuttitta, Vincenzo Tancredi, Carmelo Buscaino, and Bernardo Patti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 743–752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-743-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-743-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographic surveys were conducted in the Strait of Sicily between 2010 and 2021. This paper provides a description of the time series of nutrients and hydrological data collected in this zone. The dataset fills an important gap in field observations of a crucial area where exchanges with the Mediterranean sub-basin take place, providing support for studies aimed at describing ongoing processes and at realizing reliable projections of the effects of these processes in the near future.
Natalie M. Monacci, Jessica N. Cross, Wiley Evans, Jeremy T. Mathis, and Hongjie Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-647-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As carbon dioxide is released into the air through human-generated activity, about one third dissolves into the surface water of oceans, lowering pH and increasing acidity. This is known as ocean acidification. We merged 10 years of ocean carbon data and made them publicly available for adaptation planning during a time of change. The data confirmed that Alaska is already experiencing the effects of ocean acidification due to naturally cold water, high productivity, and circulation patterns.
Alizée Roobaert, Pierre Regnier, Peter Landschützer, and Goulven G. Laruelle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 421–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The quantification of the coastal air–sea CO2 exchange (FCO2) has improved in recent years, but its multiannual variability remains unclear. This study, based on interpolated observations, reconstructs the longest global time series of coastal FCO2 (1982–2020). Results show the coastal ocean acts as a CO2 sink, with increasing intensity over time. This new coastal FCO2-product allows establishing regional carbon budgets and provides new constraints for closing the global carbon cycle.
Esther G. Kennedy, Meghan Zulian, Sara L. Hamilton, Tessa M. Hill, Manuel Delgado, Carina R. Fish, Brian Gaylord, Kristy J. Kroeker, Hannah M. Palmer, Aurora M. Ricart, Eric Sanford, Ana K. Spalding, Melissa Ward, Guadalupe Carrasco, Meredith Elliott, Genece V. Grisby, Evan Harris, Jaime Jahncke, Catherine N. Rocheleau, Sebastian Westerink, and Maddie I. Wilmot
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 219–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new synthesis of oceanographic observations along the US West Coast that has been optimized for multiparameter investigations of coastal warming, deoxygenation, and acidification risk. This synthesis includes both previously published and new observations, all of which have been consistently formatted and quality-controlled to facilitate high-resolution investigations of climate risks and consequences across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.
Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, Nicolas Metzl, and Frédéric Chevallier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 121–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
CMEMS-LSCE leads as the first global observation-based reconstructions of six carbonate system variables for the years 1985–2021 at monthly and 0.25° resolutions. The high-resolution reconstructions outperform their 1° counterpart in reproducing horizontal and temporal gradients of observations over various oceanic regions to nearshore time series stations. New datasets can be exploited in numerous studies, including monitoring changes in ocean carbon uptake and ocean acidification.
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
Céline Heuzé, Oliver Huhn, Maren Walter, Natalia Sukhikh, Salar Karam, Wiebke Körtke, Myriel Vredenborg, Klaus Bulsiewicz, Jürgen Sültenfuß, Ying-Chih Fang, Christian Mertens, Benjamin Rabe, Sandra Tippenhauer, Jacob Allerholt, Hailun He, David Kuhlmey, Ivan Kuznetsov, and Maria Mallet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5517–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5517-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gases dissolved in the ocean water not used by the ecosystem (or "passive tracers") are invaluable to track water over long distances and investigate the processes that modify its properties. Unfortunately, especially so in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean, such gas measurements are sparse. We here present a data set of several passive tracers (anthropogenic gases, noble gases and their isotopes) collected over the full ocean depth, weekly, during the 1-year drift in the Arctic during MOSAiC.
Weiyi Tang, Bess B. Ward, Michael Beman, Laura Bristow, Darren Clark, Sarah Fawcett, Claudia Frey, François Fripiat, Gerhard J. Herndl, Mhlangabezi Mdutyana, Fabien Paulot, Xuefeng Peng, Alyson E. Santoro, Takuhei Shiozaki, Eva Sintes, Charles Stock, Xin Sun, Xianhui S. Wan, Min N. Xu, and Yao Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5039–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5039-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrification and nitrifiers play an important role in marine nitrogen and carbon cycles by converting ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification could affect microbial community structure, marine productivity, and the production of nitrous oxide – a powerful greenhouse gas. We introduce the newly constructed database of nitrification and nitrifiers in the marine water column and guide future research efforts in field observations and model development of nitrification.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Gregory C. Johnson, Cristina Schultz, and John P. Dunne
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4481–4518, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4481-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved oxygen content is a critical metric of ocean health. Recently, expanding fleets of autonomous platforms that measure oxygen in the ocean have produced a wealth of new data. We leverage machine learning to take advantage of this growing global dataset, producing a gridded data product of ocean interior dissolved oxygen at monthly resolution over nearly 2 decades. This work provides novel information for investigations of spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in ocean oxygen.
Olivia Gibb, Frédéric Cyr, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Joël Chassé, Darlene Childs, Carrie-Ellen Gabriel, Peter S. Galbraith, Gary Maillet, Pierre Pepin, Stephen Punshon, and Michel Starr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4127–4162, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4127-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4127-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean absorbs large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. This, in turn, causes ocean acidification, which poses a major threat to global ocean ecosystems. In this study, we compiled 9 years (2014–2022) of ocean carbonate data (i.e., ocean acidification parameters) collected in Atlantic Canada as part of the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program.
Öykü Z. Mete, Adam V. Subhas, Heather H. Kim, Ann G. Dunlea, Laura M. Whitmore, Alan M. Shiller, Melissa Gilbert, William D. Leavitt, and Tristan J. Horner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4023–4045, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4023-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4023-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from a machine learning model that accurately predicts dissolved barium concentrations for the global ocean. Our results reveal that the whole-ocean barium inventory is significantly lower than previously thought and that the deep ocean below 1000 m is at equilibrium with respect to barite. The model output can be used for a number of applications, including intercomparison, interpolation, and identification of regions warranting additional investigation.
Zhibo Shao, Yangchun Xu, Hua Wang, Weicheng Luo, Lice Wang, Yuhong Huang, Nona Sheila R. Agawin, Ayaz Ahmed, Mar Benavides, Mikkel Bentzon-Tilia, Ilana Berman-Frank, Hugo Berthelot, Isabelle C. Biegala, Mariana B. Bif, Antonio Bode, Sophie Bonnet, Deborah A. Bronk, Mark V. Brown, Lisa Campbell, Douglas G. Capone, Edward J. Carpenter, Nicolas Cassar, Bonnie X. Chang, Dreux Chappell, Yuh-ling Lee Chen, Matthew J. Church, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Amália Maria Sacilotto Detoni, Scott C. Doney, Cecile Dupouy, Marta Estrada, Camila Fernandez, Bieito Fernández-Castro, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Rachel A. Foster, Ken Furuya, Nicole Garcia, Kanji Goto, Jesús Gago, Mary R. Gradoville, M. Robert Hamersley, Britt A. Henke, Cora Hörstmann, Amal Jayakumar, Zhibing Jiang, Shuh-Ji Kao, David M. Karl, Leila R. Kittu, Angela N. Knapp, Sanjeev Kumar, Julie LaRoche, Hongbin Liu, Jiaxing Liu, Caroline Lory, Carolin R. Löscher, Emilio Marañón, Lauren F. Messer, Matthew M. Mills, Wiebke Mohr, Pia H. Moisander, Claire Mahaffey, Robert Moore, Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Margaret R. Mulholland, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Joseph A. Needoba, Eric J. Raes, Eyal Rahav, Teodoro Ramírez-Cárdenas, Christian Furbo Reeder, Lasse Riemann, Virginie Riou, Julie C. Robidart, Vedula V. S. S. Sarma, Takuya Sato, Himanshu Saxena, Corday Selden, Justin R. Seymour, Dalin Shi, Takuhei Shiozaki, Arvind Singh, Rachel E. Sipler, Jun Sun, Koji Suzuki, Kazutaka Takahashi, Yehui Tan, Weiyi Tang, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Kendra Turk-Kubo, Zuozhu Wen, Angelicque E. White, Samuel T. Wilson, Takashi Yoshida, Jonathan P. Zehr, Run Zhang, Yao Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3673–3709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
N2 fixation by marine diazotrophs is an important bioavailable N source to the global ocean. This updated global oceanic diazotroph database increases the number of in situ measurements of N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundances, and nifH gene copy abundances by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Using the updated database, the global marine N2 fixation rate is estimated at 223 ± 30 Tg N yr−1, which triplicates that using the original database.
Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Samir Alliouane, and Philipp Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2809–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2809-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic Ocean is subject to high rates of ocean warming and acidification, with critical implications for marine organisms, ecosystems and the services they provide. We report here on the first high-frequency (1 h), multi-year (5 years) dataset of the carbonate system at a coastal site in a high-Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). This site is a significant sink for CO2 every month of the year (9 to 17 mol m-2 yr-1). The saturation state of aragonite can be as low as 1.3.
Richard P. Sims, Thomas M. Holding, Peter E. Land, Jean-Francois Piolle, Hannah L. Green, and Jamie D. Shutler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2499–2516, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of carbon between the land and ocean is poorly quantified with existing measurements. It is not clear how seasonality and long-term variability impact this flow of carbon. Here, we demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to create decadal time series of the inorganic carbonate system in the Amazon and Congo River outflows.
Yayoi Inomata and Michio Aoyama
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1969–2007, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1969-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1969-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The behavior of 137Cs in surface seawater in the global ocean was analyzed by using the HAMGlobal2021 database. Approximately 32 % of 137Cs existed in the surface seawater in 1970. The 137Cs released into the North Pacific Ocean by large-scale nuclear weapons tests was transported to the Indian Ocean and then the Atlantic Ocean on a 4–5 decadal timescale, whereas 137Cs released from nuclear reprocessing plants was transported northward to the Arctic Ocean on a decadal scale.
Zhixuan Wang, Guizhi Wang, Xianghui Guo, Yan Bai, Yi Xu, and Minhan Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1711–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed monthly sea surface pCO2 data with a high spatial resolution in the South China Sea (SCS) from 2003 to 2020. We validate our reconstruction with three independent testing datasets and present a new method to assess the uncertainty of the data. The results strongly suggest that our reconstruction effectively captures the main features of the spatiotemporal patterns of pCO2 in the SCS. Using this dataset, we found that the SCS is overall a weak source of atmospheric CO2.
Peter Edward Land, Helen S. Findlay, Jamie D. Shutler, Jean-Francois Piolle, Richard Sims, Hannah Green, Vassilis Kitidis, Alexander Polukhin, and Irina I. Pipko
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 921–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of the ocean’s carbonate system (e.g. CO2 and pH) have increased greatly in recent years, resulting in a need to combine these data with satellite measurements and model results, so they can be used to test predictions of how the ocean reacts to changes such as absorption of the CO2 emitted by humans. We show a method of combining data into regions of interest (100 km circles over a 10 d period) and apply it globally to produce a harmonised and easy-to-use data archive.
Giulia Leone, Ana I. Catarino, Liesbeth De Keukelaere, Mattias Bossaer, Els Knaeps, and Gert Everaert
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 745–752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-745-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-745-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper illustrates a dataset of hyperspectral reflectance measurements of macroplastics. Plastic samples consisted of pristine, artificially weathered, and biofouled plastic items and field plastic debris. Samples were measured in dry conditions and a subset of plastics in wet and submerged conditions. This dataset can be used to better understand plastic optical features when exposed to natural agents and to support the development of algorithms for monitoring environmental plastics.
Michael J. Whitehouse, Katharine R. Hendry, Geraint A. Tarling, Sally E. Thorpe, and Petra ten Hoopen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 211–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a database of Southern Ocean macronutrient, temperature and salinity measurements collected on 20 oceanographic cruises between 1980 and 2009. Vertical profiles and underway surface measurements were collected year-round as part of an integrated ecosystem study. Our data provide a novel view of biogeochemical cycling in biologically productive regions across a critical period in recent climate history and will contribute to a better understanding of the drivers of primary production.
Siv K. Lauvset, Nico Lange, Toste Tanhua, Henry C. Bittig, Are Olsen, Alex Kozyr, Simone Alin, Marta Álvarez, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Leticia Barbero, Susan Becker, Peter J. Brown, Brendan R. Carter, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard A. Feely, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Masao Ishii, Emil Jeansson, Li-Qing Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Claire Lo Monaco, Akihiko Murata, Jens Daniel Müller, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Carsten Schirnick, Reiner Steinfeldt, Toru Suzuki, Bronte Tilbrook, Adam Ulfsbo, Anton Velo, Ryan J. Woosley, and Robert M. Key
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
GLODAP is a data product for ocean inorganic carbon and related biogeochemical variables measured by the chemical analysis of water bottle samples from scientific cruises. GLODAPv2.2022 is the fourth update of GLODAPv2 from 2016. The data that are included have been subjected to extensive quality controlling, including systematic evaluation of measurement biases. This version contains data from 1085 hydrographic cruises covering the world's oceans from 1972 to 2021.
Zhour Najoui, Nellya Amoussou, Serge Riazanoff, Guillaume Aurel, and Frédéric Frappart
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4569–4588, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4569-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4569-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oil spills could have serious repercussions for both the marine environment and ecosystem. The Gulf of Guinea is a very active area with respect to maritime traffic as well as oil and gas exploitation (platforms). As a result, the region is subject to a large number of oil pollution events. This study aims to detect oil slicks in the Gulf of Guinea and analyse their spatial and temporal distribution using satellite data.
Cited articles
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Machine Learning, 45, 5–32, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324, 2001.
Cahill, B., Wilkin, J., Fennel, K., Vandemark, D., and Friedrichs, M. A. M.: Interannual and seasonal variabilities in air-sea CO2 fluxes along the U.S. eastern continental shelf and their sensitivity to increasing air temperatures and variable winds: U.S. East Coast Shelf Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 295–311, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002939, 2016.
Cai, W.-J., Xu, Y.-Y., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Jönsson, B., Alin, S. R., Barbero, L., Cross, J. N., Azetsu-Scott, K., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Jiang, L.-Q., Pepin, P., Chen, B., Hussain, N., Reimer, J. J., Xue, L., Salisbury, J. E., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Langdon, C., Li, Q., Sutton, A. J., Chen, C.-T. A., and Gledhill, D. K.: Controls on surface water carbonate chemistry along North American ocean margins, Nat. Commun., 11, 2691, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16530-z, 2020.
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Williams, N. L., Dickson, A. G., Fong, M. B., and Takeshita, Y.: Updated methods for global locally interpolated estimation of alkalinity, pH, and nitrate: LIR: Global alkalinity, pH, and nitrate estimates, Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 16, 119–131, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10232, 2018.
Carton, J. A., Chepurin, G. A., and Chen, L.: SODA3: A New Ocean Climate Reanalysis, J. Climate, 31, 6967–6983, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0149.1, 2018.
Chau, T. T. T., Gehlen, M., and Chevallier, F.: A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans, Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022.
Chen, C.-T. A., Huang, T.-H., Chen, Y.-C., Bai, Y., He, X., and Kang, Y.: Air–sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's coastal seas, Biogeosciences, 10, 6509–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013, 2013.
Chen, S. and Hu, C.: Environmental controls of surface water pCO2 in different coastal environments: Observations from marine buoys, Cont. Shelf Res., 183, 73–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.06.007, 2019.
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (CMEMS): Global Ocean Gridded L4 Sea Surface Heights and Derived Variables Reprocessed (1993–ongoing), [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00148, 2021.
Dai, M., Su, J., Zhao, Y., Hofmann, E. E., Cao, Z., Cai, W.-J., Gan, J., Lacroix, F., Laruelle, G. G., Meng, F., Müller, J. D., Regnier, P. A. G., Wang, G., and Wang, Z.: Carbon Fluxes in the Coastal Ocean: Synthesis, Boundary Processes and Future Trends, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 50, 593–626, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-090746, 2022.
Fay, A. R., Gregor, L., Landschützer, P., McKinley, G. A., Gruber, N., Gehlen, M., Iida, Y., Laruelle, G. G., Rödenbeck, C., Roobaert, A., and Zeng, J.: SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardized approach, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021.
Fennel, K. and Wilkin, J.: Quantifying biological carbon export for the northwest North Atlantic continental shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L18605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039818, 2009.
Fennel, K., Alin, S., Barbero, L., Evans, W., Bourgeois, T., Cooley, S., Dunne, J., Feely, R. A., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Hu, X., Lohrenz, S., Muller-Karger, F., Najjar, R., Robbins, L., Shadwick, E., Siedlecki, S., Steiner, N., Sutton, A., Turk, D., Vlahos, P., and Wang, Z. A.: Carbon cycling in the North American coastal ocean: a synthesis, Biogeosciences, 16, 1281–1304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1281-2019, 2019.
Ford, D. J., Blannin, J., Watts, J., Watson, A. J., Landschützer, P., Jersild, A., and Shutler, J. D.: A Comprehensive Analysis of Air-Sea CO2 Flux Uncertainties Constructed From Surface Ocean Data Products, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 38, e2024GB008188, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008188, 2024.
Fu, Z., Hu, L., Chen, Z., Zhang, F., Shi, Z., Hu, B., Du, Z., and Liu, R.: Estimating spatial and temporal variation in ocean surface pCO2 in the Gulf of Mexico using remote sensing and machine learning techniques, Sci. Total Environ., 745, 140965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140965, 2020.
Gloege, L., Yan, M., Zheng, T., and McKinley, G. A.: Improved Quantification of Ocean Carbon Uptake by Using Machine Learning to Merge Global Models and pCO2 Data, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2021MS002620, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002620, 2022.
Gregor, L. and Gruber, N.: OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 777–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-777-2021, 2021.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., and others: ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1979 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), 10, 252–266, https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.f17050d7, 2019.
Huang, B., Liu, C., Banzon, V., Freeman, E., Graham, G., Hankins, B., Smith, T., and Zhang, H.-M.: Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1, J. Climate, 34, 2923–2939, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.1, 2021.
Hughes, I. and Hase, T. P. A.: Measurements and their uncertainties: a practical guide to modern error analysis, Oxford University Press, New York, 136 pp., ISBN 978-0-19-956632-7, 978-0-19-956633-4, 2010.
Iida, Y., Takatani, Y., Kojima, A., and Ishii, M.: Global trends of ocean CO2 sink and ocean acidification: an observation-based reconstruction of surface ocean inorganic carbon variables, J. Oceanogr., 77, 323–358, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-020-00571-5, 2021.
Kealoha, A. K., Shamberger, K. E. F., DiMarco, S. F., Thyng, K. M., Hetland, R. D., Manzello, D. P., Slowey, N. C., and Enochs, I. C.: Surface Water CO2 variability in the Gulf of Mexico (1996–2017), Sci. Rep., 10, 12279, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68924-0, 2020.
Lan, X., Tans, P., Thoning, K., and NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory: NOAA Greenhouse Gas Marine Boundary Layer Reference – CO2, NOAA GML [data set], https://doi.org/10.15138/DVNP-F961, 2023.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., and Schuster, U.: Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004853, 2014.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E.: An observation-based global monthly gridded sea surface pCO2 product from 1982 onward and its monthly climatology (NCEI Accession 0160558), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/V5Z899N6, 2017.
Landschützer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Roobaert, A., and Regnier, P.: A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2537–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, 2020.
Laruelle, G. G., Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Tison, J.-L., Delille, B., and Regnier, P.: Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation, Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017.
Laruelle, G. G., Cai, W.-J., Hu, X., Gruber, N., Mackenzie, F. T., and Regnier, P.: Continental shelves as a variable but increasing global sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, Nat. Commun., 9, 454, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02738-z, 2018.
Lavoie, D., Lambert, N., Starr, M., Chassé, J., Riche, O., Le Clainche, Y., Azetsu-Scott, K., Béjaoui, B., Christian, J. R., and Gilbert, D.: The Gulf of St. Lawrence Biogeochemical Model: A Modelling Tool for Fisheries and Ocean Management, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 732269, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.732269, 2021.
Lohrenz, S. E. and Cai, W.-J.: Satellite ocean color assessment of air-sea fluxes of CO2 in a river-dominated coastal margin: CO2 FLUXES in a River-Dominated Margin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023942, 2006.
Lu, W., Su, H., Yang, X., and Yan, X.-H.: Subsurface temperature estimation from remote sensing data using a clustering-neural network method, Remote Sens. Environ., 229, 213–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.009, 2019.
McWilliams, J. C.: Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean, Rev. Geophys., 23, 165–182, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG023i002p00165, 1985.
O'Reilly, J. E., Maritorena, S., Mitchell, B. G., Siegel, D. A., Carder, K. L., Garver, S. A., Kahru, M., and McClain, C.: Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 24937–24953, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC02160, 1998.
Ren, H., Lu, W., Xiao, W., Zhu, Q., Xiao, C., and Lai, Z.: Intraseasonal response of marine planktonic ecosystem to summertime Madden-Julian Oscillation in the South China Sea: A model study, Prog. Oceanogr., 224, 103251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103251, 2024.
Robbins, L. L., Daly, K. L., Barbero, L., Wanninkhof, R., He, R., Zong, H., Lisle, J. T., Cai, W. -J., and Smith, C. G.: Spatial and Temporal Variability of pCO2, Carbon Fluxes, and Saturation State on the West Florida Shelf, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 6174–6188, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014195, 2018.
Rödenbeck, C., DeVries, T., Hauck, J., Le Quéré, C., and Keeling, R. F.: Data-based estimates of interannual sea–air CO2 flux variations 1957–2020 and their relation to environmental drivers, Biogeosciences, 19, 2627–2652, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022, 2022.
Roobaert, A., Resplandy, L., Laruelle, G. G., Liao, E., and Regnier, P.: A framework to evaluate and elucidate the driving mechanisms of coastal sea surface pCO2 seasonality using an ocean general circulation model (MOM6-COBALT), Ocean Sci., 18, 67–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, 2022.
Roobaert, A., Regnier, P., Landschützer, P., and Laruelle, G. G.: A novel sea surface pCO2-product for the global coastal ocean resolving trends over 1982–2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 421–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, 2024a.
Roobaert, A., Resplandy, L., Laruelle, G. G., Liao, E., and Regnier, P.: Unraveling the Physical and Biological Controls of the Global Coastal CO2 Sink, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 38, e2023GB007799, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007799, 2024b.
Ross, A. C., Stock, C. A., Adcroft, A., Curchitser, E., Hallberg, R., Harrison, M. J., Hedstrom, K., Zadeh, N., Alexander, M., Chen, W., Drenkard, E. J., du Pontavice, H., Dussin, R., Gomez, F., John, J. G., Kang, D., Lavoie, D., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Saba, V., Shin, S.-I., Siedlecki, S., and Simkins, J.: A high-resolution physical–biogeochemical model for marine resource applications in the northwest Atlantic (MOM6-COBALT-NWA12 v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6943–6985, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6943-2023, 2023.
Rutherford, K., Fennel, K., Atamanchuk, D., Wallace, D., and Thomas, H.: A modelling study of temporal and spatial pCO2 variability on the biologically active and temperature-dominated Scotian Shelf, Biogeosciences, 18, 6271–6286, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6271-2021, 2021.
Salisbury, J. E. and Jönsson, B. F.: Rapid warming and salinity changes in the Gulf of Maine alter surface ocean carbonate parameters and hide ocean acidification, Biogeochemistry, 141, 401–418, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0505-3, 2018.
Sharp, J. D., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Lavin, P. D., and Sutton, A. J.: A monthly surface pCO2 product for the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2081–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, 2022.
Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Cai, W.-J., Salisbury, J., Wang, Z. A., Thomas, H., and Shadwick, E.: Surface ocean pCO2 seasonality and sea-air CO2 flux estimates for the North American east coast, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 5439–5460, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20369, 2013.
Song, L., Lee, Z., Shang, S., Huang, B., Wu, J., Wu, Z., Lu, W., and Liu, X.: On the spatial and temporal variations of primary production in the South China Sea, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 61, 4201514, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2023.3241209, 2023.
Su, H., Zhang, H., Geng, X., Qin, T., Lu, W., and Yan, X.-H.: OPEN: A New Estimation of Global Ocean Heat Content for Upper 2000 Meters from Remote Sensing Data, Remote Sensing, 12, 2294, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142294, 2020.
Sutton, A. J., Battisti, R., Carter, B., Evans, W., Newton, J., Alin, S., Bates, N. R., Cai, W.-J., Currie, K., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C., Tanhua, T., Tilbrook, B., and Wanninkhof, R.: Advancing best practices for assessing trends of ocean acidification time series, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 1045667, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1045667, 2022.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., and Kozyr, A.: Global Ocean Surface Water Partial Pressure of CO2 Database: Measurements Performed During 1957–2019 (LDEO Database Version 2019) (NCEI Accession 0160492). Version 9.9, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP088(V2015), 2020.
Taylor, J. R.: An introduction to error analysis: the study of uncertainties in physical measurements, 2nd edn., University Science Books, Sausalito, Calif, 327 pp., ISBN 978-0-935702-42-2, 978-0-935702-75-0, 1997.
Vandemark, D., Salisbury, J. E., Hunt, C. W., Shellito, S. M., Irish, J. D., McGillis, W. R., Sabine, C. L., and Maenner, S. M.: Temporal and spatial dynamics of CO2 air-sea flux in the Gulf of Maine, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C01012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006408, 2011.
Wang, T., Yu, P., Wu, Z., Lu, W., Liu, X., Li, Q. P., and Huang, B.: Revisiting the Intraseasonal Variability of Chlorophyll-a in the Adjacent Luzon Strait With a New Gap-Filled Remote Sensing Data Set, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 60, 4201311, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3067646, 2021.
Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Lu, W., Yu, S., Li, S., Meng, L., Geng, X., and Yan, X.-H.: Remote sensing estimations of the seawater partial pressure of CO2 using sea surface roughness derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 62, 4204913, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3379984, 2024.
Wang, Z., Wang, G., Guo, X., Bai, Y., Xu, Y., and Dai, M.: Spatial reconstruction of long-term (2003–2020) sea surface pCO2 in the South China Sea using a machine-learning-based regression method aided by empirical orthogonal function analysis, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1711–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023, 2023.
Wang, Z. A., Bienvenu, D. J., Mann, P. J., Hoering, K. A., Poulsen, J. R., Spencer, R. G. M., and Holmes, R. M.: Inorganic carbon speciation and fluxes in the Congo River: The Congo River Inorganic Carbon System, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 511–516, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50160, 2013.
Wanninkhof, R., Barbero, L., Byrne, R., Cai, W.-J., Huang, W.-J., Zhang, J.-Z., Baringer, M., and Langdon, C.: Ocean acidification along the Gulf Coast and East Coast of the USA, Cont. Shelf Res., 98, 54–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.02.008, 2015.
Weiss, R. F. and Price, B. A.: Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater, Mar. Chem., 8, 347–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9, 1980.
Wu, Z.: ReCAD, GitHub [code], https://github.com/zelunwu/ReCAD, last access: 1 December 2024.
Wu, Z., Lu, W., Roobaert, A., Song, L., Yan, X.-H., and Cai, W.-J.: A Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database (ReCAD) pCO2 data product for the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margins (1.1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14038561, 2024a.
Wu, Z., Wang, H., Liao, E., Hu, C., Edwing, K., Yan, X.-H., and Cai, W.-J.: Air-sea CO2 flux in the Gulf of Mexico from observations and multiple machine-learning data products, Prog. Oceanogr., 223, 103244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103244, 2024b.
Xu, Y., Cai, W., Wanninkhof, R., Salisbury, J., Reimer, J., and Chen, B.: Long-Term Changes of Carbonate Chemistry Variables Along the North American East Coast, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015982, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015982, 2020.
Yang, G. G., Wang, Q., Feng, J., He, L., Li, R., Lu, W., Liao, E., and Lai, Z.: Can three-dimensional nitrate structure be reconstructed from surface information with artificial intelligence? – A proof-of-concept study, Sci. Total Environ., 924, 171365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171365, 2024.
Zeng, J., Nojiri, Y., Landschützer, P., Telszewski, M., and Nakaoka, S.: A Global Surface Ocean fCO2 Climatology Based on a Feed-Forward Neural Network, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 1838–1849, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00137.1, 2014.
Short summary
This study addresses the lack of comprehensive sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) data in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin (NAACOM) by developing the Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database (ReCAD-NAACOM-pCO2). The product reconstructed sea surface pCO2 from 1993 to 2021 using machine-learning and environmental data, capturing seasonal cycles, regional variations, and long-term trends of pCO2 for coastal carbon research.
This study addresses the lack of comprehensive sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) data...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint