Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Collection:
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
19 Jun 2025
Data description paper |
| 19 Jun 2025
| 19 Jun 2025
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Chris Smith
Department of Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Vienna, Austria
Tristram Walsh
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
William F. Lamb
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Robin Lamboll
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
Christophe Cassou
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université PSL, Paris, France
CECI, Université de Toulouse, CERFACS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Mathias Hauser
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Zeke Hausfather
Berkeley Earth, Berkeley, CA, USA
Stripe Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
June-Yi Lee
Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
Matthew D. Palmer
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Karina von Schuckmann
Mercator Ocean international, Toulouse, France
Aimée B. A. Slangen
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Yerseke, the Netherlands
Sophie Szopa
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Blair Trewin
Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
Jeongeun Yun
Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Nathan P. Gillett
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Stuart Jenkins
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
H. Damon Matthews
Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
Krishnan Raghavan
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
Aurélien Ribes
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Joeri Rogelj
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Vienna, Austria
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
Grantham Institute for Climate Change and Environment, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Debbie Rosen
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Xuebin Zhang
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
Myles Allen
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Lara Aleluia Reis
CMCC Foundation, Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Lecce, Italy
RFF-CMCC, European Institute on Economics and the Environment, Milan, Italy
Robbie M. Andrew
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Richard A. Betts
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Global Systems Institute, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Alex Borger
Climate Change Tracker, Data for Action Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Jiddu A. Broersma
Climate Change Tracker, Data for Action Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Samantha N. Burgess
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECWMF, Reading, United Kingdom
Lijing Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Pierre Friedlingstein
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université PSL, Paris, France
Global Systems Institute, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Catia M. Domingues
Marine Physics and Ocean Climate, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Environmental Business Unit, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Marco Gambarini
CMCC Foundation, Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Lecce, Italy
RFF-CMCC, European Institute on Economics and the Environment, Milan, Italy
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Vienna, Austria
Johannes Gütschow
Climate Resource, Melbourne, Australia
Masayoshi Ishii
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Christopher Kadow
German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany
John Kennedy
independent researcher: Verdun, France
Rachel E. Killick
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Paul B. Krummel
CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Australia
Aurélien Liné
CECI, Université de Toulouse, CERFACS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Mercator Ocean international, Toulouse, France
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, INP, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Didier P. Monselesan
CSIRO, Environment Research Unit, Climate intelligence, climate variability and hazards, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Colin Morice
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Jens Mühle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Vaishali Naik
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
Glen P. Peters
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Anna Pirani
Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Venice, Italy
Julia Pongratz
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Jan C. Minx
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
Matthew Rigby
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Robert Rohde
Berkeley Earth, Berkeley, CA, USA
Abhishek Savita
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, Miami, FL, USA
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Peter Thorne
ICARUS Climate Research Centre, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
Christopher Wells
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Luke M. Western
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Guido R. van der Werf
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Susan E. Wijffels
CSIRO, Environment Research Unit, Climate intelligence, climate variability and hazards, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Valérie Masson-Delmotte
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Panmao Zhai
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
Data sets
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024 (Version v2025.06.11) C. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15639576
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023 Climate Change Tracker https://climatechangetracker.org/igcc
HadEX3: Global land-surface climate extremes indices v3.0.4 (1901-2018) R. J. H. Dunn et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/115d5e4ebf7148ec941423ec86fa9f26
Model code and software
Carbon Budget Calculator, 2025 R. Lamboll and J. Rogelj https://github.com/Rlamboll/AR6CarbonBudgetCalc/tree/v1.0.1
Data repository for Indicators of Global Climate Change C. Smith et al. https://github.com/ClimateIndicator/data/tree/v2025.06.11
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Short summary
In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets to track real-world changes over time. To make our work relevant to policymakers, we follow methods from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Human activities are increasing the Earth's energy imbalance and driving faster sea-level rise compared to the IPCC assessment.
In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and...
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