Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2165-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2165-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Predictive mapping of organic carbon stocks in surficial sediments of the Canadian continental margin
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
Susanna D. Fuller
Oceans North, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 1E6, Canada
Dipti Hingmire
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences (SEOS), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
Paul G. Myers
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
Angelica Peña
Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Ocean Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada
Clark Pennelly
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
Julia K. Baum
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Jan-Hendrik Malles, Ben Marzeion, and Paul G. Myers
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1425, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the northern hemisphere outside Greenland are losing mass at roughly half the Greenland ice sheet's (GrIS) rate. Still, this is usually not included in the freshwater input data for numerical ocean circulation models. Also, the submarine melt of glaciers (outside the ice sheets) has not been quantified yet. We tackle both issues by using a numerical glacier model's output as additional freshwater for the ocean model and by using the ocean model's output to quantify submarine melt.
Sacchidanandan Viruthasalam Pillai, M. Angelica Peña, Brandon J. McNabb, William J. Burt, and Philippe D. Tortell
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2851, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how hyperspectral optical data collected in the North Pacific can be used to determine the phytoplankton community composition. We used the optically derived infomation of the phytoplankton community to examine the phytoplankton sizes, oceanographic controls and links to other biogeochemical variables. This work was motivated by the upcoming launch of the PACE satellite by NASA and the increased availability of hyperspectral optical measurements in oceanographic studies.
Clark Pennelly and Paul G. Myers
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4959–4975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution ocean simulation was carried out within the Labrador Sea, a region that low-resolution climate simulations may misrepresent. We show that small-scale eddies and their associated transport are better resolved at higher resolution than at lower resolution. These eddies transport important properties to the interior of the Labrador Sea, impacting the stratification and reducing the convection extent so that it is far more accurate when compared to what observations suggest.
Laura C. Gillard, Xianmin Hu, Paul G. Myers, Mads Hvid Ribergaard, and Craig M. Lee
The Cryosphere, 14, 2729–2753, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2729-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Greenland's glaciers in contact with the ocean drain the majority of the ice sheet (GrIS). Deep troughs along the shelf branch into fjords, connecting glaciers with ocean waters. The heat from the ocean entering deep troughs may then accelerate the mass loss. Onshore heat transport through troughs was investigated with an ocean model. Processes that drive the delivery of ocean heat respond differently by region to increasing GrIS meltwater, mean circulation, and filtering out of storms.
Hakase Hayashida, James R. Christian, Amber M. Holdsworth, Xianmin Hu, Adam H. Monahan, Eric Mortenson, Paul G. Myers, Olivier G. J. Riche, Tessa Sou, and Nadja S. Steiner
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1965–1990, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1965-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice algae, the primary producer in sea ice, play a fundamental role in shaping marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling of key elements in polar regions. In this study, we developed a process-based numerical model component representing sea-ice biogeochemistry for a sea ice–ocean coupled general circulation model. The model developed can be used to simulate the projected changes in sea-ice ecosystems and biogeochemistry in response to on-going rapid decline of the Arctic.
Bo Yang, Steven R. Emerson, and M. Angelica Peña
Biogeosciences, 15, 6747–6759, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6747-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6747-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A large anomalously warm water patch appeared in the NE Pacific in winter 2013–14 and persisted through 2016. Its effect on biological carbon export was determined using O2 and dissolved inorganic carbon data from a profiling float and a surface mooring. Results show the carbon export decreased after the first year when warmer water invaded and then returned to the previous value, with a similar trend in phytoplankton abundance and corresponding changes in phytoplankton community composition.
Xianmin Hu, Jingfan Sun, Ting On Chan, and Paul G. Myers
The Cryosphere, 12, 1233–1247, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the sea ice thickness simulation in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago region using 1/4 and 1/12 degree NEMO LIM2 configurations. Model resolution dose not play a significant role. Relatively smaller thermodynamic contribution in the winter season is found in the thick ice covered areas, with larger contributions in the thin ice covered regions. No significant trend in winter maximum ice volume is found in the northern CAA and Baffin Bay but a decline is simulated within Parry Channel.
Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Paul G. Myers, Xianmin Hu, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 1011–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1011-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the fall of 2014, the upwelling of water from the deep Canada Basin brought water onto the shallower Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea. This increased the concentration of CO2 in water on the shelf, which alters pH and changes the transfer of CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere. These findings were a combined result of water sampling for CO2 parameters and the use of a computer model that simulates water movement in the ocean.
Josiane Mélançon, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Michael Scarratt, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Philippe Tortell, Gui-Peng Yang, Guang-Yu Shi, Huiwang Gao, David Semeniuk, Marie Robert, Michael Arychuk, Keith Johnson, Nes Sutherland, Marty Davelaar, Nina Nemcek, Angelica Peña, and Wendy Richardson
Biogeosciences, 13, 1677–1692, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1677-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1677-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean acidification is likely to affect iron-limited phytoplankton fertilization by desert dust. Short incubations of northeast subarctic Pacific waters enriched with dust and set at pH 8.0 and 7.8 were conducted. Acidification led to a significant reduction (by 16–38 %) of the final concentration of chl a reached after enrichment. These results show that dust deposition events in a low-pH iron-limited ocean are likely to stimulate phytoplankton growth to a lesser extent than in today's ocean.
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Ocean | Subject: Marine geology
The SDUST2022GRA global marine gravity anomalies recovered from radar and laser altimeter data: contribution of ICESat-2 laser altimetry
Demersal fishery Impacts on Sedimentary Organic Matter (DISOM): a global harmonized database of studies assessing the impacts of demersal fisheries on sediment biogeochemistry
SCShores: a comprehensive shoreline dataset of Spanish sandy beaches from a citizen-science monitoring programme
The Modern Ocean Sediment Archive and Inventory of Carbon (MOSAIC): version 2.0
Large freshwater-influx-induced salinity gradient and diagenetic changes in the northern Indian Ocean dominate the stable oxygen isotopic variation in Globigerinoides ruber
Zhen Li, Jinyun Guo, Chengcheng Zhu, Xin Liu, Cheinway Hwang, Sergey Lebedev, Xiaotao Chang, Anatoly Soloviev, and Heping Sun
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4119–4135, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4119-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4119-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new global marine gravity model, SDUST2022GRA, is recovered from radar and laser altimeter data. The accuracy of SDUST2022GRA is 4.43 mGal on a global scale, which is at least 0.22 mGal better than that of other models. The spatial resolution of SDUST2022GRA is approximately 20 km in a certain region, slightly superior to other models. These assessments suggest that SDUST2022GRA is a reliable global marine gravity anomaly model.
Sarah Paradis, Justin Tiano, Emil De Borger, Antonio Pusceddu, Clare Bradshaw, Claudia Ennas, Claudia Morys, and Marija Sciberras
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3547–3563, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
DISOM is a database that compiles data of 71 independent studies that assess the effect of demersal fisheries on sedimentological and biogeochemical properties. This database also provides crucial metadata (i.e. environmental and fishing descriptors) needed to understand the effects of demersal fisheries in a global context.
Rita González-Villanueva, Jesús Soriano-González, Irene Alejo, Francisco Criado-Sudau, Theocharis Plomaritis, Àngels Fernàndez-Mora, Javier Benavente, Laura Del Río, Miguel Ángel Nombela, and Elena Sánchez-García
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4613–4629, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4613-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4613-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sandy beaches, shaped by tides, waves, and winds, constantly change. Studying these changes is crucial for coastal management, but obtaining detailed shoreline data is difficult and costly. Our paper introduces a unique dataset of high-resolution shorelines from five Spanish beaches collected through the CoastSnap citizen-science program. With 1721 shorelines, our dataset provides valuable information for coastal studies.
Sarah Paradis, Kai Nakajima, Tessa S. Van der Voort, Hannah Gies, Aline Wildberger, Thomas M. Blattmann, Lisa Bröder, and Timothy I. Eglinton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4105–4125, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4105-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4105-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
MOSAIC is a database of global organic carbon in marine sediments. This new version holds more than 21 000 sediment cores and includes new variables to interpret organic carbon distribution, such as sedimentological parameters and biomarker signatures. MOSAIC also stores data from specific sediment and molecular fractions to better understand organic carbon degradation and ageing. This database is continuously expanding, and version control will allow reproducible research outputs.
Rajeev Saraswat, Thejasino Suokhrie, Dinesh K. Naik, Dharmendra P. Singh, Syed M. Saalim, Mohd Salman, Gavendra Kumar, Sudhira R. Bhadra, Mahyar Mohtadi, Sujata R. Kurtarkar, and Abhayanand S. Maurya
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 171–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-171-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-171-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Much effort is made to project monsoon changes by reconstructing the past. The stable oxygen isotopic ratio of marine calcareous organisms is frequently used to reconstruct past monsoons. Here, we use the published and new stable oxygen isotopic data to demonstrate a diagenetic effect and a strong salinity influence on the oxygen isotopic ratio of foraminifera in the northern Indian Ocean. We also provide updated calibration equations to deduce monsoons from the oxygen isotopic ratio.
Cited articles
Amoroso, R. O., Pitcher, C. R., Rijnsdorp, A. D., McConnaughey, R. A., Parma, A. M., Suuronen, P., Eigaard, O. R., Bastardie, F., Hintzen, N. T., Althaus, F., Baird, S. J., Black, J., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Campbell, A. B., Catarino, R., Collie, J., Cowan, J. H., Jr., Durholtz, D., Engstrom, N., Fairweather, T. P., Fock, H. O., Ford, R., Galvez, P. A., Gerritsen, H., Gongora, M. E., Gonzalez, J. A., Hiddink, J. G., Hughes, K. M., Intelmann, S. S., Jenkins, C., Jonsson, P., Kainge, P., Kangas, M., Kathena, J. N., Kavadas, S., Leslie, R. W., Lewis, S. G., Lundy, M., Makin, D., Martin, J., Mazor, T., Gonzalez-Mirelis, G., Newman, S. J., Papadopoulou, N., Posen, P. E., Rochester, W., Russo, T., Sala, A., Semmens, J. M., Silva, C., Tsolos, A., Vanelslander, B., Wakefield, C. B., Wood, B. A., Hilborn, R., Kaiser, M. J., and Jennings, S.: Bottom trawl fishing footprints on the world's continental shelves, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, E10275–E10282, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802379115, 2018.
Ani, C. J. and Robson, B.: Responses of marine ecosystems to climate change impacts and their treatment in biogeochemical ecosystem models, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 166, 112223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112223, 2021.
Arndt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., LaRowe, D. E., Middelburg, J. J., Pancost, R. D., and Regnier, P.: Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis, Earth-Sci. Rev., 123, 53–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.008, 2013.
Assis, J., Tyberghein, L., Bosch, S., Verbruggen, H., Serrão, E. A., and De Clerck, O.: Bio-ORACLE v2.0: Extending marine data layers for bioclimatic modelling, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 27, 277–284, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12693, 2018.
Atwood, T. B., Witt, A., Mayorga, J., Hammill, E., and Sala, E.: Global Patterns in Marine Sediment Carbon Stocks, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 165, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00165, 2020.
Avelar, S., van der Voort, T. S., and Eglinton, T. I.: Relevance of carbon stocks of marine sediments for national greenhouse gas inventories of maritime nations, Carbon Balance and Management, 12, 10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0077-x, 2017.
Bauer, J. E., Cai, W.-J., Raymond, P. A., Bianchi, T. S., Hopkinson, C. S., and Regnier, P. A. G.: The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean, Nature, 504, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12857, 2013.
Berner, R. A.: Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean; its geochemical and environmental significance, Am. J. Sci., 282, 451–473, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.282.4.451, 1982.
Burdige, D. J.: Preservation of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments: Controls, Mechanisms, and an Imbalance in Sediment Organic Carbon Budgets?, Chem. Rev., 107, 467–485, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050347q, 2007.
Cavan, E. L. and Hill, S. L.: Commercial fishery disturbance of the global ocean biological carbon sink, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 1212–1221, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16019, 2022.
Clare, M. A., Lichtschlag, A., Paradis, S., and Barlow, N. L. M.: Assessing the impact of the global subsea telecommunications network on sedimentary organic carbon stocks, Nat. Commun., 14, 2080, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37854-6, 2023.
Copernicus: Arctic Ocean Wave Hindcast – ARCTIC_MULTIYEAR_WAV_002_013 – Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Copernicus Marine Data Store [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00008, 2022a.
Copernicus: Global Ocean Colour (GlobColour) – ACRI – OCEANCOLOUR_GLO_BGC_L3_MY_009_103 – Bio-Geo-Chemical, L3 (daily) from Satellite Observations (1997–ongoing), Copernicus Marine Data Store [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00280, 2022b.
Copernicus: Global Ocean Waves Reanalysis – WAVERYS – GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_WAV_001_032 – Mercator Océan International, Copernicus Marine Data Store [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00022, 2022c.
DFO: Federal Marine Bioregions, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Open Canada [data set], Record ID: 23eb8b56-dac8-4efc-be7c-b8fa11ba62e9, 2022.
Diesing, M., Kroger, S., Parker, R., Jenkins, C., Mason, C., and Weston, K.: Predicting the standing stock of organic carbon in surface sediments of the North-West European continental shelf, Biogeochemistry, 135, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0310-4, 2017.
Diesing, M., Thorsnes, T., and Bjarnadóttir, L. R.: Organic carbon densities and accumulation rates in surface sediments of the North Sea and Skagerrak, Biogeosciences, 18, 2139–2160, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2139-2021, 2021.
Diesing, M., Paradis, S., Jensen, H., Thorsnes, T., Bjarnadóttir, L. R., and Knies, J.: Organic Carbon Stocks and Accumulation Rates in Surface Sediments of the Norwegian Continental Margin, ESS Open Archive [preprint], https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.170067250.09972865/v1, 2023.
Duarte, C. M., Middelburg, J. J., and Caraco, N.: Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle, Biogeosciences, 2, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-1-2005, 2005.
Enkin, J. R.: Sediment Grain Size Distribution Measurements, from Canadian Pacific Seafloor Samples, Collected from 1951 to 2017, NRCan Open S&T Repository (OSTR) [data set], in press, 2024.
Epstein, G. and Roberts, C. M.: Identifying priority areas to manage mobile bottom fishing on seabed carbon in the UK, PLOS Climate, 1, e0000059, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000059, 2022.
Epstein, G. and Roberts, C. M.: Does biodiversity-focused protection of the seabed deliver carbon benefits? A U.K. case study, Conserv. Lett., 16, e12929, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12929, 2023.
Epstein, G., Middelburg, J. J., Hawkins, J. P., Norris, C. R., and Roberts, C. M.: The impact of mobile demersal fishing on carbon storage in seabed sediments, Glob. Change Biol., 28, 2875–2894, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16105, 2022.
Epstein, G., Fuller, S. D., Hingmire, D., Myers, P., Peña, A., Pennelly, C., and Baum, J. K.: Predictive maps and related data on organic carbon stocks in surficial sediments of the Canadian continental margin, Borealis V1 [data set], https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/ICHVVA, 2024.
Evans, J. S. and Murphy, M. A.: spatialEco, R package version 1.3-6, CRAN [code], https://github.com/jeffreyevans/spatialEco (last access: 24 November 2022), 2021.
Flanders Marine Institute: Boundies of Canda EEZ – mrgid 8493, Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase: Maritime Boundaries and Exclusive Economic Zones (200NM), version 11, https://doi.org/10.14284/386, 2019.
GEBCO: GEBCO Compilation Group – GEBCO_2022 Grid, The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, https://doi.org/10.5285/e0f0bb80-ab44-2739-e053-6c86abc0289c, 2022.
Gräler, B., Pebesma, E., and Heuvelink, G.: Spatio-Temporal Interpolation using gstat, R J., 8, 204–218, https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2016-014, 2016.
Graw, J. H., Wood, W. T., and Phrampus, B. J.: Predicting Global Marine Sediment Density Using the Random Forest Regressor Machine Learning Algorithm, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 126, e2020JB020135, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB020135, 2021.
Gregr, E. J., Haggarty, D. R., Davies, S. C., Fields, C., and Lessard, J.: Comprehensive marine substrate classification applied to Canada's Pacific shelf, PLOS ONE, 16, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259156, 2021.
Gudmundsson, L., Bremnes, J. B., Haugen, J. E., and Engen-Skaugen, T.: Technical Note: Downscaling RCM precipitation to the station scale using statistical transformations – a comparison of methods, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3383–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3383-2012, 2012.
Halpern, B. S., Frazier, M., Afflerbach, J., Lowndes, J. S., Micheli, F., O'Hara, C., Scarborough, C., and Selkoe, K. A.: Recent pace of change in human impact on the world's ocean, Sci. Rep., 9, 11609, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47201-9, 2019.
Hiddink, J. G., van de Velde, S. J., McConnaughey, R. A., De Borger, E., Tiano, J., Kaiser, M. J., Sweetman, A. K., and Sciberras, M.: Quantifying the carbon benefits of ending bottom trawling, Nature, 617, E1–E2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06014-7, 2023.
Hijmans, R. J.: terra: Spatial Data Analysis, R package version 1.5-21, CRAN [code], https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=terra (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
Hilborn, R. and Kaiser, M. J.: A path forward for analysing the impacts of marine protected areas, Nature, 607, E1–E2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04775-1, 2022.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lovelock, C., Caldeira, K., Howard, J., Chopin, T., and Gaines, S.: The ocean as a solution to climate change: five opportunities for action, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, http://www.oceanpanel.org/climate (last access: 4 July 2023), 2019.
Hu, X., Myers, P. G., and Lu, Y.: Pacific Water Pathway in the Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Gyre in Two Simulations With Different Horizontal Resolutions, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 6414–6432, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015111, 2019.
Hülse, D., Arndt, S., Wilson, J. D., Munhoven, G., and Ridgwell, A.: Understanding the causes and consequences of past marine carbon cycling variability through models, Earth-Sci. Rev., 171, 349–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.004, 2017.
Ilich, A. R., Misiuk, B., Lecours, V., and Lecours, S. A.: MultiscaleDTM, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5548338, 2021.
IPCC: 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, edited by: Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize, S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P., and Federici, S., IPCC, Switzerland, 2019.
Jakobsson, M., Mayer, L. A., Bringensparr, C., Castro, C. F., Mohammad, R., Johnson, P., Ketter, T., Accettella, D., Amblas, D., An, L., Arndt, J. E., Canals, M., Casamor, J. L., Chauché, N., Coakley, B., Danielson, S., Demarte, M., Dickson, M.-L., Dorschel, B., Dowdeswell, J. A., Dreutter, S., Fremand, A. C., Gallant, D., Hall, J. K., Hehemann, L., Hodnesdal, H., Hong, J., Ivaldi, R., Kane, E., Klaucke, I., Krawczyk, D. W., Kristoffersen, Y., Kuipers, B. R., Millan, R., Masetti, G., Morlighem, M., Noormets, R., Prescott, M. M., Rebesco, M., Rignot, E., Semiletov, I., Tate, A. J., Travaglini, P., Velicogna, I., Weatherall, P., Weinrebe, W., Willis, J. K., Wood, M., Zarayskaya, Y., Zhang, T., Zimmermann, M., and Zinglersen, K. B.: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean Version 4.0, Sci. Data, 7, 176, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0520-9, 2020.
Jenkins, C. J.: Summary of the onCALCULATION methods used in dbSEABED, in: usSEABED: Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean (Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands) Offshore Surficial Sediment Data Release: U.S, edited by: Buczkowski, B. J., Reid, J. A., Jenkins, C. J., Reid, J. M., Williams, S. J., and Flocks, J. G., United States Geological Survey, Series 146, version 1.0, http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/146/ (last access: 24 November 2022), 2005.
Keil, R.: Anthropogenic Forcing of Carbonate and Organic Carbon Preservation in Marine Sediments, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 9, 151–172, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060724, 2017.
Kuhn, M.: Building Predictive Models in R Using the caret Package, J. Stat. Softw., 28, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v028.i05, 2008.
Kuhn, M. and Silge, J.: Tidy Modeling with R, O'Reilly Media, Inc, ISBN 9781492096481, 2023.
Kuhn, M. and Wickham, H.: Tidymodels: a collection of packages for modeling and machine learning using tidyverse principles, CRAN [code], https://cran.r-project.org/package=tidymodels (last access: 24 November 2022), 2020.
Kuzyk, Z. Z. A., Gobeil, C., Goñi, M. A., and Macdonald, R. W.: Early diagenesis and trace element accumulation in North American Arctic margin sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 203, 175–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.015, 2017.
LaRowe, D. E., Arndt, S., Bradley, J. A., Burwicz, E., Dale, A. W., and Amend, J. P.: Organic carbon and microbial activity in marine sediments on a global scale throughout the Quaternary, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 286, 227–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.017, 2020a.
LaRowe, D. E., Arndt, S., Bradley, J. A., Estes, E. R., Hoarfrost, A., Lang, S. Q., Lloyd, K. G., Mahmoudi, N., Orsi, W. D., Shah Walter, S. R., Steen, A. D., and Zhao, R.: The fate of organic carbon in marine sediments – New insights from recent data and analysis, Earth-Sci. Rev., 204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103146, 2020b.
Lee, T. R., Wood, W. T., and Phrampus, B. J.: A Machine Learning (kNN) Approach to Predicting Global Seafloor Total Organic Carbon, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 37–46, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gb005992, 2019.
Legge, O., Johnson, M., Hicks, N., Jickells, T., Diesing, M., Aldridge, J., Andrews, J., Artioli, Y., Bakker, D. C. E., Burrows, M. T., Carr, N., Cripps, G., Felgate, S. L., Fernand, L., Greenwood, N., Hartman, S., Kröger, S., Lessin, G., Mahaffey, C., Mayor, D. J., Parker, R., Queirós, A. M., Shutler, J. D., Silva, T., Stahl, H., Tinker, J., Underwood, G. J. C., Van Der Molen, J., Wakelin, S., Weston, K., and Williamson, P.: Carbon on the Northwest European Shelf: Contemporary Budget and Future Influences, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 143, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00143, 2020.
Ludwig, M., Moreno-Martinez, A., Hölzel, N., Pebesma, E., and Meyer, H.: Assessing and improving the transferability of current global spatial prediction models, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 32, 356–368, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13635, 2023.
Luisetti, T., Turner, R. K., Andrews, J. E., Jickells, T. D., Kröger, S., Diesing, M., Paltriguera, L., Johnson, M. T., Parker, E. R., Bakker, D. C. E., and Weston, K.: Quantifying and valuing carbon flows and stores in coastal and shelf ecosystems in the UK, Ecosystem Services, 35, 67–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.013, 2019.
Luisetti, T., Ferrini, S., Grilli, G., Jickells, T. D., Kennedy, H., Kröger, S., Lorenzoni, I., Milligan, B., van der Molen, J., Parker, R., Pryce, T., Turner, R. K., and Tyllianakis, E.: Climate action requires new accounting guidance and governance frameworks to manage carbon in shelf seas, Nat. Commun., 11, 4599, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18242-w, 2020.
Macreadie, P. I., Costa, M. D. P., Atwood, T. B., Friess, D. A., Kelleway, J. J., Kennedy, H., Lovelock, C. E., Serrano, O., and Duarte, C. M.: Blue carbon as a natural climate solution, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2, 826–839, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00224-1, 2021.
Madec, G., Delecluse, P., Imbard, M., and Lévy, C.: OPA 8.1Ocean General Circulation Model, Technical Report of LODYC/IPSL, Note 11, https://www.nemo-ocean.eu/wp-content/uploads/Doc_OPA8.1.pdf (last access: 2 Feburary 2023), 1998.
Mahoney, M. J., Johnson, L. K., Silge, J., Frick, H., Kuhn, M., and Beier, C. M.: Assessing the performance of spatial cross-validation approaches for models of spatially structured data, arXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.07334, 2023.
Martens, J., Romankevich, E., Semiletov, I., Wild, B., van Dongen, B., Vonk, J., Tesi, T., Shakhova, N., Dudarev, O. V., Kosmach, D., Vetrov, A., Lobkovsky, L., Belyaev, N., Macdonald, R. W., Pieńkowski, A. J., Eglinton, T. I., Haghipour, N., Dahle, S., Carroll, M. L., Åström, E. K. L., Grebmeier, J. M., Cooper, L. W., Possnert, G., and Gustafsson, Ö.: CASCADE – The Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2561–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, 2021.
Martin, K. M., Wood, W. T., and Becker, J. J.: A global prediction of seafloor sediment porosity using machine learning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10640–10646, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065279, 2015.
Masson, D. and Fine, I.: Modeling seasonal to interannual ocean variability of coastal British Columbia, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C10019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008151, 2012.
Maxwell, A. E. and Shobe, C. M.: Land-surface parameters for spatial predictive mapping and modeling, Earth-Sci. Rev., 226, 103944, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103944, 2022.
Meyer, H. and Pebesma, E.: Machine learning-based global maps of ecological variables and the challenge of assessing them, Nat. Commun., 13, 2208, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29838-9, 2022.
Meyer, H., Reudenbach, C., Wöllauer, S., and Nauss, T.: Importance of spatial predictor variable selection in machine learning applications – Moving from data reproduction to spatial prediction, Ecol. Modell., 411, 108815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108815, 2019.
Meyer, H., Milà, C., and Ludwig, M.: CAST: “caret” Applications for Spatial-Temporal Models, R package version 0.7.1, CRAN [code], https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=CAST (last access: 24 November 2022), 2023.
Microsoft Corporation and Weston, S.: doParallel: Foreach Parallel Adaptor for the “parallel” Package, R package version 1.0.17, CRAN [code], https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/doParallel/index.html (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
Middelburg, J. J.: Reviews and syntheses: to the bottom of carbon processing at the seafloor, Biogeosciences, 15, 413–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-413-2018, 2018.
Middelburg, J. J.: Marine Carbon Biogeochemistry: A Primer for Earth System Scientists, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 118 pp., ISBN 978-3-030-10822-9, 2019.
Mitchell, P. J., Aldridge, J., and Diesing, M.: Legacy Data: How Decades of Seabed Sampling Can Produce Robust Predictions and Versatile Products, Geosciences, 9, 182, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040182, 2019.
Molnar, C., Bischl, B., and Casalicchio, G.: iml: An R package for Interpretable Machine Learning, JOSS, 3, 786, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00786, 2018.
Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C. M., Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., and Grimsditch, G.: Blue Carbon: A Rapid Response Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, Norway, https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7772, 2009.
NRCan: Lakes, Rivers and Glaciers in Canada – Hydrographic Features – Natural Resources Canada, Topographic Data of Canada – CanVec Series, Open Canada [data set], Record ID: 9d96e8c9-22fe-4ad2-b5e8-94a6991b744b, 2019.
NRCan: Canada west coast topo-bathymetric digital elevation model – Natural Resources Canada/Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Open Canada, Open Canada [data set], Record ID: e6e11b99-f0cc-44f7-f5eb-3b995fb1637e, 2021.
NRCan: The Expedition Database (ED), Natural Resources Canada – Grain Size Data, https://ed.marine-geo.canada.ca/index_e.php (last access: 21 November 2022), 2022.
Pace, M. C., Bailey, D. M., Donnan, D. W., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Smith, H. J., Speirs, D. C., Turrell, W. R., and Heath, M. R.: Modelling seabed sediment physical properties and organic matter content in the Firth of Clyde, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5847–5866, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5847-2021, 2021.
PANGAEA®: Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA, 2022.
Paradis, S., Nakajima, K., Van der Voort, T. S., Gies, H., Wildberger, A., Blattmann, T. M., Bröder, L., and Eglinton, T. I.: The Modern Ocean Sediment Archive and Inventory of Carbon (MOSAIC): version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4105–4125, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4105-2023, 2023.
Pebesma, E.: Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data, R J., 10, 439–446, https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2018-009, 2018.
Pebesma, E. and Bivand, R.: Spatial Data Science: With applications in R. Chapman and Hall/CRC, London, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429459016, 2023.
Pedersen, T. L.: patchwork: The Composer of Plots, R package version 1.1.2, CRAN [code], https://cran.r-project.org/package=patchwork (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
Peña, M. A., Fine, I., and Callendar, W.: Interannual variability in primary production and shelf-offshore transport of nutrients along the northeast Pacific Ocean margin, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 169–170, 104637, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104637, 2019.
Philibert, G., Todd, B. J., Campbell, D. C., King, E. L., Normandeau, A., Hayward, S. E., Patton, E. R., and Campbell, L.: Updated surficial geology compilation of the Scotian Shelf bioregion, offshore Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Geological Survey of Canada – Open file, 8911, .zip file, https://doi.org/10.4095/330474, 2022.
Posit Team: RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, Posit Software, PBC, Boston, MA, https://posit.co/products/open-source/rstudio/ (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
Probst, P., Wright, M. N., and Boulesteix, A.-L.: Hyperparameters and tuning strategies for random forest, WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 9, e1301, https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1301, 2019.
QGIS.org: QGIS Geographic Information System, QGIS Association, http://www.qgis.org (last access: 15 May 2023), 2021.
Raven, J.: Blue carbon: past, present and future, with emphasis on macroalgae, Biol. Lett., 14, 20180336, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0336, 2018.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
Restreppo, G. A., Wood, W. T., Graw, J. H., and Phrampus, B. J.: A machine-learning derived model of seafloor sediment accumulation, Mar. Geol., 440, 106577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106577, 2021.
Roy, M.-H. and Larocque, D.: Prediction intervals with random forests, Stat Methods Med. Res., 29, 205–229, https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280219829885, 2020.
Sala, E., Mayorga, J., Bradley, D., Cabral, R. B., Atwood, T. B., Auber, A., Cheung, W., Costello, C., Ferretti, F., Friedlander, A. M., Gaines, S. D., Garilao, C., Goodell, W., Halpern, B. S., Hinson, A., Kaschner, K., Kesner-Reyes, K., Leprieur, F., McGowan, J., Morgan, L. E., Mouillot, D., Palacios-Abrantes, J., Possingham, H. P., Rechberger, K. D., Worm, B., and Lubchenco, J.: Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate, Nature, 592, 397–402, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z, 2021.
Seiter, K., Hensen, C., Schröter, J., and Zabel, M.: Organic carbon content in surface sediments–defining regional provinces, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 2001–2026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.06.014, 2004.
Smeaton, C., Hunt, C. A., Turrell, W. R., and Austin, W. E. N.: Marine Sedimentary Carbon Stocks of the United Kingdom's Exclusive Economic Zone, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 50, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.593324, 2021.
Snelgrove, P. V. R., Soetaert, K., Solan, M., Thrush, S., Wei, C. L., Danovaro, R., Fulweiler, R. W., Kitazato, H., Ingole, B., Norkko, A., Parkes, R. J., and Volkenborn, N.: Global Carbon Cycling on a Heterogeneous Seafloor, Trends Ecol. Evol., 33, 96–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.004, 2018.
Soontiens, N. and Allen, S. E.: Modelling sensitivities to mixing and advection in a sill-basin estuarine system, Ocean Model., 112, 17–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.02.008, 2017.
Soontiens, N., Allen, S. E., Latornell, D., Le Souëf, K., Machuca, I., Paquin, J.-P., Lu, Y., Thompson, K., and Korabel, V.: Storm Surges in the Strait of Georgia Simulated with a Regional Model, Atmos.-Ocean, 54, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2015.1108899, 2016.
Sothe, C., Gonsamo, A., Arabian, J., Kurz, W. A., Finkelstein, S. A., and Snider, J.: Large Soil Carbon Storage in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Canada, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 36, e2021GB007213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007213, 2022.
Soulsby, R. L.: Simplified calculation of wave orbital velocities, Report TR 155 – HR Wallingford, 1, http://eprints.hrwallingford.com/id/eprint/588 (last access: 10 January 2023), 2006.
Stephens, D. and Diesing, M.: Towards Quantitative Spatial Models of Seabed Sediment Composition, PLOS ONE, 10, e0142502, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142502, 2015.
Sumner, M.: tidync: A Tidy Approach to “NetCDF” Data Exploration and Extraction, R package version 0.3.0, CRAN [code], https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidync/index.html (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
Turner, J. T.: Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the ocean's biological pump, Prog. Oceanogr., 130, 205–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.005, 2015.
Van Rossum, G. and Drake, F. L.: Python 3 Reference Manual, CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, CA, ISBN:978-1-4414-1269-0 2009.
VERRA: Methods for Monitoring of Carbon Stock Changes and Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals in Tidal Wetland Restoration and Conservation Project Activities (M-TW), VCS Module VMD0051, Sectoiral Scope 14, 1, https://verra.org/methodologies/methods-for-monitoring-of-carbon-stock-changes-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-removals-in-tidal-wetland-restoration-and-conservation-project-activities-m-tw-v1-0/ (last access: 18 March 2023), 2020.
Wager, S., Hastie, T., and Efron, B.: Confidence Intervals for Random Forests: The Jackknife and the Infinitesimal Jackknife, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 15, 1625–1651, 2014.
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., and Vaughan, D.: Welcome to the {tidyverse}, J. Open Source Softw., 4, 1686, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686, 2019.
Wilson, R. J., Speirs, D. C., Sabatino, A., and Heath, M. R.: A synthetic map of the north-west European Shelf sedimentary environment for applications in marine science, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 109–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-109-2018, 2018.
Wood, S. N., Pya, N., and Säfken, B.: Smoothing Parameter and Model Selection for General Smooth Models, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 111, 1548–1563, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2016.1180986, 2016.
Wright, M. N. and Ziegler, A.: {ranger}: A Fast Implementation of Random Forests for High Dimensional Data in {C } and {R}, J. Stat. Softw., 77, 1–17, 2017.
Wright, M. N., Ziegler, A., and König, I. R.: Do little interactions get lost in dark random forests?, BMC Bioinformatics, 17, 1–10, 2016.
Zhang, X., Chen, S., Xue, J., Wang, N., Xiao, Y., Chen, Q., Hong, Y., Zhou, Y., Teng, H., Hu, B., Zhuo, Z., Ji, W., Huang, Y., Gou, Y., Richer-de-Forges, A. C., Arrouays, D., and Shi, Z.: Improving model parsimony and accuracy by modified greedy feature selection in digital soil mapping, Geoderma, 432, 116383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116383, 2023.
Short summary
Improved mapping of surficial seabed sediment organic carbon is vital for best-practice marine management. Here, using systematic data review, data unification process and machine learning techniques, the first national predictive maps were produced for Canada at 200 m resolution. We show fine-scale spatial variation of organic carbon across the continental margin and estimate the total standing stock in the top 30 cm of the sediment to be 10.9 Gt.
Improved mapping of surficial seabed sediment organic carbon is vital for best-practice marine...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint