Ocean oxygen is vital for marine life and climate, but long records are uneven. We combine nearly one million ship and autonomous float measurements with careful quality control and machine learning to create GEOXYGEN, a monthly global map of dissolved oxygen from 1960–2024 with high spatial detail and full-depth coverage. It reveals broad long-term oxygen changes and offers a consistent basis for studies of ocean deoxygenation and climate impacts.

Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.

We explore the spatial-temporal characteristics of oceanic bottom mixed layer (BML) in the South China Sea (SCS) and investigated its potential formation mechanisms. We found that the BML in the SCS has significant inhomogeneity. In particular, the BML is thick and unstable over the northern continental slope and is relatively thin and stable over the continental shelf and in deep-sea regions. These findings may enhance our understanding of the BML dynamics in the SCS and other marginal seas.