Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| Highlight paper
| 
11 Jun 2026
Data description article | Highlight paper |
| 11 Jun 2026
| 11 Jun 2026
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Tristram Walsh
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Chris Smith
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
William F. Lamb
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
Robin Lamboll
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Christophe Cassou
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Paris, France
Mathias Hauser
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Zeke Hausfather
Berkeley Earth, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
Stripe Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
June-Yi Lee
Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
Matthew D. Palmer
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Karina von Schuckmann
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Aimée B. A. Slangen
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Yerseke, the Netherlands
ICARUS Climate Research Centre, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
Sophie Szopa
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Blair Trewin
Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
Jeongeun Yun
Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Nathan P. Gillett
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Stuart Jenkins
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
H. Damon Matthews
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Krishnan Raghavan
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
Aurélien Ribes
CNRM, Météo-France, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Joeri Rogelj
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Grantham Institute for Climate Change and Environment, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Debbie Rosen
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Xuebin Zhang
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Myles Allen
Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Robbie M. Andrew
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Chris Atkinson
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
Richard A. Betts
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Antonio Bombelli
Global Climate Observing System, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Samantha N. Burgess
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom
Lijing Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Helen E. Claxton
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Pierre Friedlingstein
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Paris, France
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Thomas L. Frölicher
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Catia M. Domingues
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Catherine H. Gregory
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Rachel M. Hoesly
Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
Daniel Huppmann
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Masayoshi Ishii
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Christopher Kadow
German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany
Alexia Karwat
Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
John Kennedy
Global Climate Observing System, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Rachel E. Killick
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
Mahesh V. M. Kovilakam
Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
Paul B. Krummel
CSIRO Environment, Environmental Business Unit, Hobart, Australia
Xin Lan
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO, United States of America
Jean-François Lamarque
Three Cairns Group, New York, NY, United States of America
Aurélien Liné
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Belén Martín-Míguez
Global Climate Observing System, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Didier P. Monselesan
CSIRO Environment, Climate Intelligence, Hobart, Australia
Colin Morice
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
Jens Mühle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
Pino Mussak
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Glen P. Peters
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
Anna Pirani
Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Venice, Italy
Julia Pongratz
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Matthew Rigby
School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Robert Rohde
Berkeley Earth, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
Abhishek Savita
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Steven J. Smith
Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
Ghassan Taha
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States of America
Langley Research Center, NASA, Hampton, VA, United States of America
Caterina Tassone
Global Climate Observing System, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Peter Thorne
ICARUS Climate Research Centre, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
Christopher Wells
Priestley Centre for Climate Futures, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Luke M. Western
Center for Sustainability Science and Strategy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
Guido R. van der Werf
Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Susan E. Wijffels
CSIRO Environment, Climate Intelligence, Hobart, Australia
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
Marco Zecchetto
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
Junting Zhong
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
Xiao-Ye Zhang
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
Valérie Masson-Delmotte
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Panmao Zhai
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
Data sets
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025 C. Smith et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20499280
HadEX3: Global land-surface climate extremes indices v3.0.4 (1901-2018) R. J. H. Dunn et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/115d5e4ebf7148ec941423ec86fa9f26
Model code and software
Carbon Budget Calculator, 2025 R. Lamboll and J. Rogelj https://github.com/Rlamboll/AR6CarbonBudgetCalc/releases/tag/RCB2025-v1
Data repository for Indicators of Global Climate Change C. Smith et al. https://github.com/ClimateIndicator/data/tree/v2026.06.02
Editorial statement
The global climate indicators with their annual updates are highly relevant for climate change in research but also as information for climate negotiations and the broader public.
The global climate indicators with their annual updates are highly relevant for climate change...
Short summary
We give our annual update of key climate indicators. Our work quantifies the human contribution to global warming and the pace of climate change. This represents a large effort by the international community akin to an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report.
We give our annual update of key climate indicators. Our work quantifies the human contribution...
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