Articles | Volume 18, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
13 May 2026
Data description article |
| 13 May 2026
| 13 May 2026
Global Carbon Budget 2025
Pierre Friedlingstein
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Michael O'Sullivan
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Matthew W. Jones
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Robbie M. Andrew
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Dorothee C. E. Bakker
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Judith Hauck
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
FB02 Biology/Chemistry Bremen, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Peter Landschützer
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Corinne Le Quéré
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Hongmei Li
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Ingrid T. Luijkx
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Glen P. Peters
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Wouter Peters
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Julia Pongratz
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Clemens Schwingshackl
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
Stephen Sitch
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Josep G. Canadell
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia
Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Kjetil Aas
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Simone R. Alin
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Peter Anthoni
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Leticia Barbero
Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric and Earth Science, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA
Nicholas R. Bates
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, AZ 85287-5502, USA
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), 17 Biological Lane, St. Georges, GE01, Bermuda
Nicolas Bellouin
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK
Alice Benoit-Cattin
Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland
Carla F. Berghoff
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo No 1, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
Raffaele Bernardello
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
Laurent Bopp
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, École Polytechnique, Paris, France
Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, 80361, Indonesia
Matthew A. Chamberlain
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
Naveen Chandra
Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Frédéric Chevallier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Louise P. Chini
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Nathan O. Collier
Computer Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
Thomas H. Colligan
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Margot Cronin
Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co Galway H91 R673, Ireland
Laique M. Djeutchouang
School for Climate Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
Southern Ocean Carbon – Climate Observatory, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Engr. Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Xinyu Dou
Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Matt P. Enright
Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, AZ 85287-5502, USA
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), 17 Biological Lane, St. Georges, GE01, Bermuda
Kazutaka Enyo
Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan
Michael Erb
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
Wiley Evans
Hakai Institute, 1713 Hyacinthe Bay Rd, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
Richard A. Feely
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Liang Feng
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
Daniel J. Ford
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Adrianna Foster
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Filippa Fransner
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Marion Gehlen
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Thanos Gkritzalis
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Jefferson Goncalves De Souza
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Giacomo Grassi
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Luke Gregor
Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Swiss Data Science Center, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
Nicolas Gruber
Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Bertrand Guenet
Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8538, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, PSL Research University, Paris, France
Özgür Gürses
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Kirsty Harrington
Smith School for Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Ian Harris
NCAS-Climate, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Jens Heinke
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), member of the Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
George C. Hurtt
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Yosuke Iida
Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan
Tatiana Ilyina
Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Akihiko Ito
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Andrew R. Jacobson
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Atul K. Jain
Department of Climate, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Tereza Jarníková
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Annika Jersild
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
Fei Jiang
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
Steve D. Jones
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Etsushi Kato
Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
Ralph F. Keeling
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department IMEW, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Jürgen Knauer
School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Yawen Kong
State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Jan Ivar Korsbakken
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Charles Koven
Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
Taro Kunimitsu
CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Junjie Liu
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Zhiqiang Liu
CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Claire Lo Monaco
LOCEAN Laboratory (Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
Lei Ma
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Gregg Marland
Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
Patrick C. McGuire
Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Galen A. McKinley
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Joe R. Melton
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Natalie Monacci
College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7220, USA
Erwan Monier
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Climate Adaptation Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Eric J. Morgan
University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
David R. Munro
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Jens D. Müller
Carbon to Sea Initiative, Washington D.C., USA
Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Lorna R. Nayagam
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Yosuke Niwa
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Tobias Nutzel
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 München, Germany
Are Olsen
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Abdirahman M. Omar
NORCE Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Naiqing Pan
Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Sudhanshu Pandey
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Denis Pierrot
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
Zhangcai Qin
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
Pierre Regnier
Department of Geoscience, Environment and Society-BGEOSYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Gregor Rehder
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
Laure Resplandy
Princeton University, Department of Geosciences and Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA
Alizée Roobaert
Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
Thais M. Rosan
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
Christian Rödenbeck
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 600164, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Jörg Schwinger
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
NORCE Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Ingunn Skjelvan
NORCE Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
T. Luke Smallman
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
Victoria Spada
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
Mohanan G. Sreeush
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Institute for Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Adrienne J. Sutton
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Colm Sweeney
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Didier Swingedouw
Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC) UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC – OASU, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
Roland Séférian
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, UMR 3589, Toulouse, France
Shintaro Takao
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Hiroaki Tatebe
Research Center for Environmental Modeling and Application, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology,Yokohama, Japan
Advanced Institute for Marine Ecosystem Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
Hanqin Tian
Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Xiangjun Tian
State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resource Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
Bronte Tilbrook
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
Australian Antarctic Partnership Program, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Hiroyuki Tsujino
JMA Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Francesco Tubiello
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
Erik van Ooijen
CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
Guido R. van der Werf
Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Sebastiaan J. van de Velde
Earth Sciences New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Anthony P. Walker
Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
Rik Wanninkhof
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
Xiaojuan Yang
Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
Wenping Yuan
Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, China
Jiye Zeng
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
Data sets
Data Supporting the Global Carbon Budget 2025 P. Friedlingstein et al. https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2025
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2025 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2025). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
The Global Carbon Budget 2025 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint