An observational record of global gridded near-surface air temperature change over land and ocean from 1781

Morice, Colin P.; Berry, David I.; Cornes, Richard C.; Cowtan, Kathryn; Cropper, Thomas; Hawkins, Ed; Kennedy, John J.; Osborn, Timothy J.; Rayner, Nick A.; Recinos Rivas, Beatriz; Schurer, Andrew P.; Taylor, Michael; Teleti, Praveen R.; Wallis, Emily J.; Winn, Jonathan; Kent, Elizabeth C.

doi:10.5194/essd-17-7079-2025

Articles | Volume 17, issue 12

https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7079-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7079-2025

© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 17, issue 12

Data description paper

|

15 Dec 2025

Data description paper |

| 15 Dec 2025

An observational record of global gridded near-surface air temperature change over land and ocean from 1781

Colin P. Morice, David I. Berry, Richard C. Cornes, Kathryn Cowtan, Thomas Cropper, Ed Hawkins, John J. Kennedy, Timothy J. Osborn, Nick A. Rayner, Beatriz Recinos Rivas, Andrew P. Schurer, Michael Taylor, Praveen R. Teleti, Emily J. Wallis, Jonathan Winn, and Elizabeth C. Kent

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-7079-2025-supplement

Data sets

GloSATMAT: monthly, global, gridded marine air temperature data Colin Peter Morice et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/e6251bf935304cfbb9c9269dc7757a35

CLASSnmat version 2: monthly, global, gridded night marine air temperature data Richard C. Cornes et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/306246329ae04eb3b2299446d911530a

GloSATMAT: monthly, global, gridded marine air temperature data Richard C. Cornes et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/e6251bf935304cfbb9c9269dc7757a35

GloSATref.1.0.0.0: An observational record of global gridded near surface air temperature change over land and ocean from 1781 Colin Peter Morice et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/a2519624a593402a83246bd359d098be

GloSATLAT.1.0.0.0: An observational record of global surface air temperature change over land from 1781 Colin Peter Morice et al. https://doi.org/10.5285/ef237f578329487eb02fb42f9db56bb2

Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Temperatures using Data from the Hadley Centre and the Climate Research Unit (Version 1.2) Bruce Calvert https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/HadCRU_MLE_v1.2

China global Merged surface temperature 2.0 during 1850-2020 Wenbin Sun and Qingxiang Li https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16929427.v4

CLASSnmat: monthly, global, gridded night marine air temperature data R. C. Cornes et al. https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/5bbf48b128bd488dbb10a56111feb36a

DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the earth surface Duo Chan et al. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW

FREVA-CLINT/climatereconstructionAI: v1.0.3b Johannes Meuer et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11262704

NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0 Boyin Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717

NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - PAGES2k Common Era Surface Temperature Reconstructions R. Neukom et al. https://doi.org/10.25921/tkxp-vn12

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Short summary

We present a new data set of global gridded surface air temperature change extending back to the 1780s. This is achieved using marine air temperature observations with newly available estimates of diurnal-heating biases together with an updated land station database that includes bias adjustments for early thermometer enclosures. These developments allow the data set to extend further into the past than current data sets that use sea surface temperature rather than marine air temperature data.