Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5641-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5641-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
27 Oct 2025
Data description paper |
| 27 Oct 2025
| 27 Oct 2025
Atmospheric and ocean CO2 measurements in the South Indian Ocean made by two uncrewed surface vehicles in 2022 and 2023
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Jennifer Bonin
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Adrienne Sutton
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA
Roman Battisti
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA
Stacy Maenner
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA
Veronica Tamsitt
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Submarine Scientific LLC, San Francisco, CA, USA
Nancy Williams
College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Related authors
Don P. Chambers and Sara J. Reinelt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-510, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-510, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Monthly maps of steric sea level, thermometric sea level, and ocean heat content anomalies from January 2003 through December 2023 are described. The maps were created from a statistical combination of satellite altimetry, satellite gravimetry, and in situ Argo profiles of temperature/salinity to 2000 m depth. Data are mapped at long wavelengths to reduce contamination from mesoscale eddies. The data are intended for the study of sea level budgets and changes in ocean heat uptake.
Don P. Chambers and Sara J. Reinelt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-510, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-510, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Monthly maps of steric sea level, thermometric sea level, and ocean heat content anomalies from January 2003 through December 2023 are described. The maps were created from a statistical combination of satellite altimetry, satellite gravimetry, and in situ Argo profiles of temperature/salinity to 2000 m depth. Data are mapped at long wavelengths to reduce contamination from mesoscale eddies. The data are intended for the study of sea level budgets and changes in ocean heat uptake.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Thomas Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Lan, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nützel, Lea Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Olivier Torres, Etienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido van der Werf, Rik Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2024 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2024). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Thea H. Heimdal, Galen A. McKinley, Adrienne J. Sutton, Amanda R. Fay, and Lucas Gloege
Biogeosciences, 21, 2159–2176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of ocean carbon are limited in time and space. Machine learning algorithms are therefore used to reconstruct ocean carbon where observations do not exist. Improving these reconstructions is important in order to accurately estimate how much carbon the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere. In this study, we find that a small addition of observations from the Southern Ocean, obtained by autonomous sampling platforms, could significantly improve the reconstructions.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Bertrand Decharme, Laurent Bopp, Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika, Patricia Cadule, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Xinyu Dou, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Thomas Gasser, Josefine Ghattas, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Fortunat Joos, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Xin Lan, Nathalie Lefèvre, Hongmei Li, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Lei Ma, Greg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Gesa Meyer, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Melf Paulsen, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Carter M. Powis, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Erik van Ooijen, Rik Wanninkhof, Michio Watanabe, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2023 describes the methodology, main results, and data sets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2023). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Jonathan D. Sharp, Andrea J. Fassbender, Brendan R. Carter, Paige D. Lavin, and Adrienne J. Sutton
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2081–2108, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographers calculate the exchange of carbon between the ocean and atmosphere by comparing partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2). Because seawater pCO2 is not measured everywhere at all times, interpolation schemes are required to fill observational gaps. We describe a monthly gap-filled dataset of pCO2 in the northeast Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America created by machine-learning interpolation. This dataset is unique in its robust representation of coastal seasonality.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Cited articles
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Bakker, D. C. E., Alin, S. R., Aramaki, T., Barbero, L., Bates, N., Gkritzalis, T., Jones, S. D., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Macovei, V. A., Metzl, N., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.,O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Pierrot, D., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Akl, J., Arbilla, L. A., Azetsu-Scott, K., Battisti, R., Beatty, C. M., Becker, M., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bonin, J. A., Bott, R., Bozzano, R., Burger, E. F., Brunetti, F., Cantoni, C., Castelli, G., Chambers, D. P., Chierici, M., Corbo, A., Cronin, M., Cross, J. N., Currie, K. I., Dentico, C., Emerson, S. R., Enochs, I. C., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Ericson, Y., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Fragiacomo, E., Fransson, A., Gehrung, M., Giani, M., Glockzin, M., Hamnca, S., Holodkov, N., Hoppema, M., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Kadono, K., Kamb, L., Kralj, M., Kristensen, T., Laudicella, V. A., Lefèvre, N., Leseurre, C., Lo Monaco, C., Maenner-Jones, S., Maenza, R. A., McAuliffe, A. M., Mdokwana, Baxolele, M., Natalie M., Musielewicz, S., Neill, C., Newberger, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohman, M. D., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Olivier, L., Omar, A. M., Osborne, J., Pensieri, S., Petersen, W., Plueddemann, A. J., Rehder, G., Roden, N. P., Rutgersson, A., Sallée, J.-B., Sanders, R., Sarpe, D., Schirnick, C., Schlitzer, R., Send, U., Skjelvan, I., Sutherland, S. C., T'Jampens, M., Tamsitt, V., Telszewski, M., Theetaert, H., Tilbrook, B., Trull, T., Tsanwani, M., van de Velde, S., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Veccia, M. H., Voynova, Y. G., Weller, R. A., and Williams, N. L.: Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2025 (SOCATv2025) (NCEI Accession 0304549), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/648f-fv35, 2025.
Bathmann, U. V., Scharek, R., Klaas, C., Dubischar, C. D., and Smetacek, V.: Spring development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in major water masses of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II, 44, 51–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(96)00063-X, 1997.
Bronselaer, B., Russell, J. L., Winton, M., Williams, N. L., Key, R. M., Dunne, J. P., Feely, R. A., Johnson, K. S., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Importance of wind and meltwater for observed chemical and physical changes in the Southern Ocean, Nature Geoscience, 13, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019- 0502-8, 2020.
Bushinsky, S. M., Landschützer, P., Rödenbeck, C., Gray, A. R., Baker, D., Mazloff, M. R., Resplandy, L., Johnson, K. S., and Sarmiento, J. L.: Reassessing Southern Ocean Air-Sea CO2 Flux Estimates with the Addition of Biogeochemical Float Observations, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 53, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006176, 2019.
Chambers, D. P., Bonin, J., Tamsitt, V., Williams, N. L., Sutton, A. J., Maenner-Jones, S., Battisti, R., Osborne, J., and Bott, R.: Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1039 (EXPOCODE 316420220901) in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean from 2022-09-01 to 2023-04-27 (NCEI Accession 0300658). [indicate subset used], NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/6b0k-r665, 2025a
Chambers, D. P., Bonin, J., Tamsitt, V., Williams, N. L., Sutton, A. J., Maenner-Jones, S., Battisti, R., Osborne, J., and Bott, R.: Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) Saildrone 1038 (EXPOCODE 316420220616) in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean from 2022-06-16 to 2022-07-26 (NCEI Accession 0302848). [indicate subset used], NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/r2mt-t398, 2025b.
Chambers, D., Bonin, J., Caggiano, J., Williams, N., and Tamsitt, V.: Physical and chemical surface observations in the South Indian Ocean from two uncrewed sailing vehicles. Version 1.0, University of South Florida. [data set], https://https://doi.org/10.17632/9ymsjsyhhp.1, 2025c.
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., Samelson, R. M., and de Szoeke, R. A: Global observations of large oceanic eddies, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030812, 2007.
Chiodi, A. M., Hristova, H., Foltz, G. R., Zhang, J. A., Mordy, C. W., Edwards, C. R., Zhang, C., Meinig, C., Zhang, D., Mazza, E., Cokelet, E. D., Burger, E. F., Bringas, F., Goni, G., Kim, H.-S., Chen, S., Triñanes, J., Bailey, K., O'Brien, K. M., Morales-Caez, M., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Chen, S. S., and Chen, X.: Surface ocean warming near the core of hurricane Sam and its representation in forecast models, Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1297974, 2024.
Devries, T.: The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink: Storage, air-sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004739, 2014.
Fay, A. R., Munro, D. R., McKinley, G. A., Pierrot, D., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., and Wanninkhof, R.: Updated climatological mean ΔfCO2 and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global open ocean regions, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2123–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024, 2024.
Gruber, N., Landschützer, P., and Lovenduski, N. S.: The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink. Annual Review of Marine Science, 11, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407, 2019.
Hauck, J., Gregor, L., Nissen, C., Patara, L., Hague, M., Mongwe, P., Bushinsky, S., Doney, S. C., Gruber, N., Le Quéré, C., Manizza, M., Mazloff, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., and Terhaar, J.: The Southern Ocean carbon cycle 1985–2018: Mean, seasonal cycle, trends, and storage. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2023GB007848. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007848, 2023.
Keppler, L., Eddebbar, Y. A., Gille, S. T., Guisewhite, N., Mazloff, M. R., Tamsitt, V., Verdy, A., and Talley, L. D.: Effects of mesoscale eddies on southern ocean biogeochemistry, AGU Advances, 5, e2024AV001355, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001355, 2024.
Kosempa, M. and Chambers, D. P.: Southern Ocean velocity and geostrophic transport fields estimated by combining Jason altimetry and Argo data, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009853, 2014.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Haumann, F. A., Rodenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Metzl, N., Sweeny, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., and Wanninkhof, R.: The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink. Science, 349, 1221–1224, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2620, 2015.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E.: Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30, 1396–1417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005359, 2016.
Landschützer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Roobaert, A., and Regnier, P.: A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2537–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, 2020a.
Landschützer, P., Laruelle, G., Roobaert, A., and Regnier, P.: A combined global ocean pCO2 climatology combining open ocean and coastal areas (NCEI Accession 0209633). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/qb25-f418, 2020b.
Lan, X., Mund, J. W., Crotwell, A. M., Thoning, K. W., Moglia, E., Madronich, M., Baugh, K., Petron, G., Crotwell, M. J., Neff, D., Wolter, S., Mefford, T., and DeVogel, S.: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968–2024, Version 2025-04-26, https://doi.org/10.15138/wkgj-f215, 2025.
Mason, E., Pascual, A., and McWilliams, J. C.: A New Sea Surface Height–Based Code for Oceanic Mesoscale Eddy Tracking, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 31, 1181–1188, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00019.1, 2014.
META3.2: Mesoscale Eddy Trajectories, SSALTO/DUACS/AVISO+, https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/value-added-products/global-mesoscale-eddy-trajectory-product/meta3-2-exp-nrt.html, last access: 3 January 2025.
McGillicuddy, D. J.: Mechanisms of Physical-Biological-Biogeochemical Interaction at the Oceanic Mesoscale, Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015606, 2016.
Mears, C., Lee, T., Ricciardulli, L., Wang, X., and Wentz, F.: RSS Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) 6-hourly ocean vector wind analysis on 0.25 deg grid, Version 3.0, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA, https://doi.org/10.56236/RSS-uv6h30, 2022a.
Mears, C., Lee, T., Ricciardulli, L., Wang, X., and Wentz, F.: Improving the Accuracy of the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) Ocean Vector Winds, Remote Sens., 14, 4230, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14174230, 2022b.
Müller, J. D., Gruber, N., Carter, B., Feely, R., Ishii, M., Lange, N., Lauvset, S. K., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Pérez, F. F., Sabine, C., Tanhua, T., Wanninkhof, R., and Zhu, D.: Decadal trends in the oceanic storage of anthropogenic carbon from 1994 to 2014, AGU Advances, 4, e2023AV000875, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV000875, 2023.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T. I., and Nowlin, W. D. J.: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Deep Sea Research Part I, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Ricciardulli, L., Foltz, G. R., Manaster, A., and Meissner, T.: Assessment of Saildrone Extreme Wind Measurements in Hurricane Sam Using MW Satellite Sensors, Remote Sens., 14, 2726, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122726, 2022.
Roemmich, D. and Gilson, J.: The 2004-2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program, Prog. Oceanogr., 82, 81–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004, 2009.
Sabine, C., Sutton, A., Mccabe, K., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Alin, S., Feely, R., Jenkins, R., Maenner, S., Meinig, C., Thomas, J., van Ooijen, E., Passmore, A., and Tilbrook, B.: Evaluation of a new carbon dioxide system for autonomous surface vehicles, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0010.1, 2020.
Sarmiento, J. L., Johnson, K. S., Arteaga, L. A., Bushinsky, S. M., Cullen, H. M., Gray, A. R., Hotinski, R. M., Maurer, T. L., Mazloff, M. R., Riser, S. C., Russell, J. L., Schofield, O. M., and Talley, L. D.: The Southern Ocean carbon and climate observations and modeling (SOCCOM) project: A review, Progress in Oceanography, 219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103130, 2023.
Shadwick, E. H., Wynn-Edwards, C. A., Matear, R. J., Jansen, P., Schulz, E., and Sutton, A. J.: Observed amplification of the seasonal CO2 cycle at the Southern Ocean Time Series, Front. Mar. Sci., 10, 1281854, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1281854, 2023.
Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Maenner-Jones, S., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Meinig, C., Feely, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Musielewicz, S., Bott, R., McLain, P. D., Fought, H. J., and Kozyr, A.: A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater pCO2 data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 353–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-353-2014, 2014.
Sutton, A. J., Battisti, R., Maenner Jones, S., Musielewicz, S., Bott, R., and Osborne, J.: Surface underway measurements of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and other parameters from Autonomous Surface Vehicle ASV_Saildrone1020 (EXPOCODE 32DB20190119) in the South Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean from 19 January 2019 to 3 August 2019 (NCEI Accession 0221912), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, https://doi.org/10.25921/6zja-cg56, 2020.
Sutton, A. J., Williams, N. L., and Tilbrook, B.: Constraining Southern Ocean CO2 flux uncertainty using uncrewed surface vehicle observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL091748, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091748, 2021.
Toggweiler, J. R.: Shifting westerlies. Science, 323, 1434–1435, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169823, 2009.
Williams, Nancy L., Juranek, L. W., Feely, R. A., Johnson, K. S., Sarmiento, J. L., Talley, L. D., Dickson, A. G., Gray, A. R., Wanninkhof, R., Russell, J. L., Riser, S. C., and Takeshita, Y.: Calculating surface ocean pCO2 from biogeochemical Argo floats equipped with pH: An uncertainty analysis, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31, 591–604, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005541, 2017.
Zhang, D., Cronin, M. F., Meinig, C., Farrar, T. J., Jenkins, R., Peacock, D., Keene, J., Sutton, A., and Yang, Q.: Comparing air-sea flux measurements from a new unmanned surface vehicle and proven platforms during the spurs-2 field campaign, Oceanography, 32, 122–133, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2019.220, 2019.
Short summary
Two Uncrewed Surface Vehicles (USVs) collected observations of ocean/atmosphere pCO2 in 2022–2023 in the South Indian Ocean. The primary goal of the mission was to collect data within cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies during Austral Winter along the Polar Front. Unfortunate issues with the vehicles led to observations being collected in the spring and summer months and north of the Polar Front. Twelve eddies were sampled, but no meaningful relationship between pCO2 anomalies and eddies was found.
Two Uncrewed Surface Vehicles (USVs) collected observations of ocean/atmosphere pCO2 in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint