Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5377-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5377-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
16 Oct 2025
Review article |
| 16 Oct 2025
| 16 Oct 2025
State of Wildfires 2024–2025
Water and Climate Science, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
Chantelle Burton
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Hadley Centre, Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Francesca Di Giuseppe
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
Matthew W. Jones
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Maria L. F. Barbosa
Water and Climate Science, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
Esther Brambleby
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Joe R. McNorton
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
Zhongwei Liu
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Space City, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK
Anna S. I. Bradley
Hadley Centre, Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Katie Blackford
Water and Climate Science, UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Chemistry Building CHEM062, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
Eleanor Burke
Hadley Centre, Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Andrew Ciavarella
Hadley Centre, Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Enza Di Tomaso
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Robert-Schuman-Platz 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany
Jonathan Eden
Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Wolston Ln, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry, CV8 3LG, UK
Igor José M. Ferreira
Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Astronautas Avenue 1758, São José dos Campos, 12227-010, Brazil
Lukas Fiedler
Institute of Oceanography, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Andrew J. Hartley
Hadley Centre, Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Theodore R. Keeping
Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Weeks Building, 16–18 Prince's Gardens, London, SW7 1NE, UK
Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment and Society, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BW, UK
Seppe Lampe
Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Anna Lombardi
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Robert-Schuman-Platz 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany
Guilherme Mataveli
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Earth Observation and Geoinformatics, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Astronautas Avenue 1758, São José dos Campos, 12227-010, Brazil
Yuquan Qu
Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1100, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
Patrícia S. Silva
School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
Fiona R. Spuler
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Brian Hoskins Building, Whiteknights Road, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6ET, UK
The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd., London, NW1 2DB, UK
Carmen B. Steinmann
Institute for Environmental Decisions, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Operation Center 1, P.O. Box 257, 8058 Zurich Airport, Switzerland
Miguel Ángel Torres-Vázquez
Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, Universidad de Alcalá, Calle Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
Renata Veiga
Laboratory for Environmental Satellite Applications (LASA), Department of Meteorology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-916, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Dave van Wees
BeZero Carbon Ltd, 25 Christopher Street, London, EC2A 2BS, UK
Jakob B. Wessel
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, University of Exeter, North Park Road, EX4 4QF, Exeter, UK
Emily Wright
Hadley Centre, Met Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
Bibiana Bilbao
Biology, Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Valle de Sartenejas, Aartado 89000, Caracas, Venezuela
UMR Art-Dev 5281, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, Site Saint-Charles, France, UMR 5281, Site Saint-Charles 1, Rue du Professeur Henri Serre, 34090 Montpellier, France
Mathieu Bourbonnais
Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University of British Columbia – Okanagan, 1177 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, 10F, The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
Carlos M. Di Bella
Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453 (1417), CABA, Argentina
IFEVA (Agricultural Physiology and Ecology Research Institute), Av. San Martin 4453 (1417), CABA, Argentina
Kebonye Dintwe
Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Plot 4775 Notwane Rd, Gaborone, Botswana
Victoria M. Donovan
West Florida Research and Education Center, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, 5988 Highway 90, Milton, FL 32583, USA
Sarah Harris
Fire Risk, Research and Community Preparedness, Country Fire Authority, Burwood East, Victoria, Australia
Elena A. Kukavskaya
Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Ecology, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences – separate subdivision of the FRC KSC SB RAS, 50/28 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation
Aya Brigitte N'Dri
Department of Natural Sciences, Nangui Abrogoua University, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
Cristina Santín
Research Institute of Biodiversity (IMIB), CSIC-University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias, IMIB, Research Building, Mieres Campus, Mieres, 33600 Spain
Biosciences, Swansea University, Wallace Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
Galia Selaya
Research and action, ECOSCONSULT, Calle Tte. H. Balcazar No. 24, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Research, Fundacion Innova, Calle Tte. H. Balcazar No. 24, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Johan Sjöström
Fire and Safety, RISE Research institutes of Sweden, Box 857, 51515 Borås, Sweden
John T. Abatzoglou
School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA 95343, USA
Niels Andela
BeZero Carbon Ltd, 25 Christopher Street, London, EC2A 2BS, UK
Rachel Carmenta
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Global Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Emilio Chuvieco
Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, Universidad de Alcalá, Calle Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain
Louis Giglio
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Douglas S. Hamilton
Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA
Stijn Hantson
Program in Earth System Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
Sarah Meier
Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute (LEEP), Department of Economics, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4ST, UK
Mark Parrington
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Robert-Schuman-Platz 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany
Mojtaba Sadegh
Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
Jesus San-Miguel-Ayanz
Disaster Risk Management Unit (E.1), Directorate E (Space, Security, and Migration), European Commission Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Rue du Champ de Mars 21, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Fernando Sedano
Disaster Risk Management Unit (E.1), Directorate E (Space, Security, and Migration), European Commission Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Rue du Champ de Mars 21, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Marco Turco
Regional Atmospheric Modelling (MAR) Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum (CEIR), Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Guido R. van der Werf
Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Sander Veraverbeke
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1100, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
Liana O. Anderson
Cemaden/MCTI, 500 – Distrito de Eugênio de Melo, São José dos Campos – São Paulo, Brazil
Hamish Clarke
FLARE Wildfire Research, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, 3010, Australia
Paulo M. Fernandes
ForestWISE – Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest and Fire Management, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
Crystal A. Kolden
Wildfire Resilience Center, School of Engineering, University of California, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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Short summary
The second State of Wildfires report examines extreme wildfire events from 2024 to early 2025. It analyses key regional events in Southern California, Northeast Amazonia, Pantanal–Chiquitano, and the Congo Basin, assessing their drivers and predictability and attributing them to climate change and land use. Seasonal outlooks and decadal projections are provided. Climate change greatly increased the likelihood of these fires, and without strong mitigation, such events will become more frequent.
The second State of Wildfires report examines extreme wildfire events from 2024 to early 2025....
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