Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5089-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5089-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
01 Oct 2025
Data description paper |
| 01 Oct 2025
| 01 Oct 2025
Satellite-based regional Sea Surface Salinity maps for enhanced understanding of freshwater fluxes in the Southern Ocean
Verónica González-Gambau
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Estrella Olmedo
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Aina García-Espriu
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Cristina González-Haro
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Antonio Turiel
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Carolina Gabarró
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Alessandro Silvano
Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
Aditya Narayanan
Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
Alberto Naveira-Garabato
Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
Rafael Catany
Albavalor, SL, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Nina Hoareau
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Marta Umbert
Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) and Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, P. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
Giuseppe Aulicino
Department of Science and Technologies, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, 80143, Italy
Yuri Cotroneo
Department of Science and Technologies, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, 80143, Italy
Roberto Sabia
European Space Agency, ESA-ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1 Casella Postale 64 00044, Frascati, Italy
Diego Fernández-Prieto
European Space Agency, ESA-ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1 Casella Postale 64 00044, Frascati, Italy
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Short summary
Measuring salinity from space is challenging since the sensitivity of the brightness temperature to sea surface salinity is low, but the retrieval of SSS in cold waters is even more challenging. In 2019, the ESA launched a specific initiative called Arctic+Salinity to produce an enhanced Arctic SSS product with better quality and resolution than the available products. This paper presents the methodologies used to produce the new enhanced Arctic SMOS SSS product.
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Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
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We present the first dedicated satellite salinity product in the Black Sea. We use the measurements provided by the European Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission. We introduce enhanced algorithms for dealing with the contamination produced by the Radio Frequency Interferences that strongly affect this basin. We also provide a complete quality assessment of the new product and give an estimated accuracy of it.
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The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) is a community-based open-access data portal for soil water measurements taken at the ground and is accessible at https://ismn.earth. Over 1000 scientific publications and thousands of users have made use of the ISMN. The scope of this paper is to inform readers about the data and functionality of the ISMN and to provide a review of the scientific progress facilitated through the ISMN with the scope to shape future research and operations.
Estrella Olmedo, Cristina González-Haro, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Verónica González-Gambau, Justino Martínez, Carolina Gabarró, and Antonio Turiel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 857–888, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
After more than 10 years in orbit, the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) European mission is still a unique, high-quality instrument for providing soil moisture over land and sea surface salinity (SSS) over the oceans. At the Barcelona
Expert Center (BEC), a new reprocessing of 9 years (2011–2019) of global SMOS SSS maps has been generated. This work presents the algorithms used in the generation of the BEC global SMOS SSS product v2.0, as well as an extensive quality assessment.
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Short summary
This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS data and developed by the Barcelona Expert Center. It offers 9 d maps on a 25 km EASE-SL grid, from 2011 to 2023, covering areas south of 30° S. The product is accurate beyond 150 km from sea ice, with nearly zero bias and a ~0.22 STD. It tracks well seasonal and interannual changes and will contribute to the understanding of processes influenced by upper-ocean salinity, including ice formation/melt.
This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS...
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