Articles | Volume 17, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3679-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3679-2025
Data description paper
 | 
30 Jul 2025
Data description paper |  | 30 Jul 2025

Mapping the global distribution of lead and its isotopes in seawater with explainable machine learning

Arianna Olivelli, Rossella Arcucci, Mark Rehkämper, and Tina van de Flierdt

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Cited articles

Alleman, L. Y., Véron, A. J., Church, T. M., Flegal, A. R., and Hamelin, B.: Invasion of the abyssal North Atlantic by modern anthropogenic lead, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1477–1480, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900287, 1999. 
Benaltabet, T., Lapid, G., and Torfstein, A.: Seawater Pb concentration and isotopic composition response to daily time scale dust storms in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Mar. Chem., 227, 103895, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103895, 2020. 
Biass, S., Jenkins, S. F., Aeberhard, W. H., Delmelle, P., and Wilson, T.: Insights into the vulnerability of vegetation to tephra fallouts from interpretable machine learning and big Earth observation data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2829–2855, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2829-2022, 2022. 
Bollhöfer, A. and Rosman, K. J. R.: Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: The Southern Hemisphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 64, 3251–3262, 2000. 
Bollhöfer, A. and Rosman, K. J. R.: Isotopic source signatures for atmospheric lead: The Northern Hemisphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 1727–1740, 2001. 
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Short summary
In this study, we use machine learning models to produce the first global maps of Pb concentrations and isotope compositions in the ocean. In line with observations, we find that (i) the surface Indian Ocean has the highest levels of pollution, (ii) pollution from previous decades is sinking in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and (iii) waters carrying Pb pollution are spreading from the Southern Ocean throughout the Southern Hemisphere at intermediate depths.
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