Articles | Volume 16, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
04 Apr 2024
Data description article |
| 04 Apr 2024
| 04 Apr 2024
The physical and biogeochemical parameters along the coastal waters of Saudi Arabia during field surveys in summer, 2021
Yasser O. Abualnaja
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
James H. Churchill
Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Ioannis Hatzianestis
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Dimitris Velaoras
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Harilaos Kontoyiannis
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Vassilis P. Papadopoulos
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Aristomenis P. Karageorgis
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Georgia Assimakopoulou
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Helen Kaberi
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Theodoros Kannelopoulos
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Constantine Parinos
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Christina Zeri
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Dionysios Ballas
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Elli Pitta
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Vassiliki Paraskevopoulou
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15784, Greece
Afroditi Androni
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Styliani Chourdaki
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Vassileia Fioraki
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Stylianos Iliakis
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Georgia Kabouri
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Angeliki Konstantinopoulou
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Georgios Krokos
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Dimitra Papageorgiou
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Alkiviadis Papageorgiou
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Georgios Pappas
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Elvira Plakidi
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Eleni Rousselaki
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Ioanna Stavrakaki
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Eleni Tzempelikou
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Panagiota Zachioti
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Anthi Yfanti
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 15784, Greece
Theodore Zoulias
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanography, Mavro Lithari, 19013, Greece
Abdulah Al Amoudi
Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture (MEWA), National Center for Environmental Compliance, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Yasser Alshehri
Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture (MEWA), National Center for Environmental Compliance, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Ahmad Alharbi
Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture (MEWA), National Center for Environmental Compliance, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Hammad Al Sulami
Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture (MEWA), National Center for Environmental Compliance, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Taha Boksmati
Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture (MEWA), National Center for Environmental Compliance, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rayan Mutwalli
Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture (MEWA), National Center for Environmental Compliance, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim Hoteit
Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Related authors
No articles found.
Manuel Vargas-Yáñez, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Emanuela Clementi, Christian Ferrarin, Svitlana Liubertseva, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Baptiste Mourre, Salvatore Aronica, Rosa Balbin, Joaquín Ballabrera-Poy, Sana Ben Ismail, Nathaniel Benssousan, Ismail Bessa, Alicia Blanco, Anthony Bosse, Evi Bourma, François Bourrin, Carlo Brandini, Fulvio Capodici, Clara Casals-Baixas, Branko Cermelj, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Lorenzo Corgnati, Joaquín del Río, Emilie Diamond Riquier, Lara Diaz-Barroso, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Milad Fakhri, Costantine Frangoulis, Claudia Fratianni, Emilio García-Ladona, Jesus García-Lafuente, M. Carmen García-Martínez, Joaquín Garrabou, Josep Gasol, Adam Gauci, Frédéric Gazeau, Gerard Gregory, Abed El Raman Hassoun, Jordi Isern-Fontanet, Dominique Lefevre, Nadia Lo Bue, Guiomar López, Pablo Lorente, Deny Malengros, Ramon Massana, Sinan Mavruk, Stefano Miserocchi, Behzad Mostajir, Laure Mousseau, Francina Moya, Antonio Novellino, Arianna Orasi, Emanuele Organelli, Vicent Ouisse, Tal Ozer, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Susana Pérez-Rubio, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Georges Petihakis, Anne Petrenko, Sebastien Pinel, Xavier Pitarch, Angela Pomaro, Lucía Quirós-Collazos, Emma Reyes, Simone Sammartino, Anna Sánchez-Vidal, Katrin Schroeder, Stefano Taddei, Elena Tel, Pierre Testor, Marco Torri, Daniela Turk, Laura Ursella, Dimitris Velaoras, Francesca Vidussi, Ivica Vilivić, Enrico Zambiachi, D. Nikolaos Zarokanellos, George Zodiatis, and Vanessa Cardin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2632, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Ocean Science (OS).
Short summary
Short summary
This work compiles current marine observation capabilities in the Mediterranean Sea, making this information accessible to scientists, organizations, stakeholders, and environmental policymakers. It supports initiatives such as Copernicus Marine Service, EMODNet, the European Ocean Pact, and EU directives. It is intended as a living resource to be updated, identifying strengths and gaps in Mediterranean observation systems.
Evi Bourma, Dionysios Ballas, Gerasimi Anastasopoulou, Natalia Stamataki, Spyros Velanas, Manos Pettas, George Petihakis, and Leonidas Perivoliotis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6542, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6542, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
A glider dataset from six years of seasonal missions in the Cretan Sea was analyzed to estimate the status of the water masses and changes in oceanographic properties that occurred throughout the study period. The glider data recorded the aftermath of extreme events such as the prolonged hot summer of 2023 and abrupt changes in the vertical structure of the water masses, as well as the salinification and warming of the intermediate and deeper layers.
Alexander Ukhov, Georgiy Stenchikov, Jordan Schnell, Ravan Ahmadov, Umberto Rizza, Georg Grell, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 9805–9825, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9805-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9805-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions are natural hazards impacting aviation, the environment, and climate. Here, we improve the simulation of volcanic material transport using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) version 4.8. Analysis of ash, sulfate, and SO2 mass budgets was performed. The direct radiative effect of volcanic aerosols was implemented. A preprocessor, PrepEmisSources, was developed to streamline the preparation of volcanic emissions.
Elli Pitta, Eleni Tzempelikou, and Christina Zeri
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5405, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5405, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study examines dissolved organic matter in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and underlying water at a Mediterranean site (2016–2017). The SML was enriched in DOC, CDOM, and FDOM, showing strong humic- and protein-like fluorescence. Photodegradation, biological activity, and atmospheric inputs jointly shaped the optical properties, revealing the SML’s active role in air–sea biogeochemical exchange.
Ibrahim Hoteit, Eric Chassignet, and Mike Bell
State Planet, 5-opsr, 21, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-21-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-21-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores how using multiple predictions instead of just one can improve ocean forecasts and help prepare for changes in ocean conditions. By combining different forecasts, scientists can better understand the uncertainty in predictions, leading to more reliable forecasts and better decision-making. This method is useful for responding to hazards like oil spills, improving climate forecasts, and supporting decision-making in fields like marine safety and resource management.
Andreas Schiller, Simon A. Josey, John Siddorn, and Ibrahim Hoteit
State Planet, 5-opsr, 18, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-18-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-18-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study illustrates the way atmospheric fields are used in ocean models as boundary conditions for the provisioning of the exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum fluxes. Such fluxes can be based on remote sensing instruments or provided directly by numerical weather prediction systems. Air–sea flux datasets are defined by their spatial and temporal resolutions and are limited by associated biases. Air–sea flux datasets for ocean models should be chosen with the applications in mind.
Matthew J. Martin, Ibrahim Hoteit, Laurent Bertino, and Andrew M. Moore
State Planet, 5-opsr, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-9-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-9-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of the ocean from satellites and platforms in the ocean are combined with information from computer models to produce predictions of how the ocean temperature, salinity, and currents will evolve over the coming days and weeks and to describe how the ocean has evolved in the past. This paper summarises the methods used to produce these ocean forecasts at various centres around the world and outlines the practical considerations for implementing such forecasting systems.
Ségolène Berthou, John Siddorn, Vivian Fraser-Leonhardt, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, and Ibrahim Hoteit
State Planet, 5-opsr, 20, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-20-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-20-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean forecasting is traditionally done independently from atmospheric, wave, or river modelling. We discuss the benefits and challenges of bringing all these modelling systems together for ocean forecasting.
Manal Hamdeno, Aida Alvera-Azcárate, George Krokos, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Ocean Sci., 20, 1087–1107, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study focuses on the characteristics of MHWs in the Red Sea during the last 4 decades. Using satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), we found a clear warming trend in the Red Sea since 1994, which has intensified significantly since 2016. This SST rise was associated with an increase in the frequency and days of MHWs. In addition, a correlation was found between the frequency of MHWs and some climate modes, which was more pronounced in some years of the study period.
France Van Wambeke, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Vincent Taillandier, Olivier Crispi, Alexandra Pavlidou, Sandra Nunige, Morgane Didry, Christophe Salmeron, and Elvira Pulido-Villena
Biogeosciences, 21, 2621–2640, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Phosphomonoesterase (PME) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities over the epipelagic zone are described in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in winter and autumn. The types of concentration kinetics obtained for PDE (saturation at 50 µM, high Km, high turnover times) compared to those of PME (saturation at 1 µM, low Km, low turnover times) are discussed in regard to the possible inequal distribution of PDE and PME in the size continuum of organic material and accessibility to phosphodiesters.
Stefania A. Ciliberti, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Jay Pearlman, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Pierre Bahurel, Fabrice Ardhuin, Alain Arnaud, Mike Bell, Segolene Berthou, Laurent Bertino, Arthur Capet, Eric Chassignet, Stefano Ciavatta, Mauro Cirano, Emanuela Clementi, Gianpiero Cossarini, Gianpaolo Coro, Stuart Corney, Fraser Davidson, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Renaud Dussurget, Ghada El Serafy, Katja Fennel, Marcos Garcia Sotillo, Patrick Heimbach, Fabrice Hernandez, Patrick Hogan, Ibrahim Hoteit, Sudheer Joseph, Simon Josey, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Simone Libralato, Marco Mancini, Pascal Matte, Angelique Melet, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Andrew M. Moore, Antonio Novellino, Andrew Porter, Heather Regan, Laia Romero, Andreas Schiller, John Siddorn, Joanna Staneva, Cecile Thomas-Courcoux, Marina Tonani, Jose Maria Garcia-Valdecasas, Jennifer Veitch, Karina von Schuckmann, Liying Wan, John Wilkin, and Romane Zufic
State Planet, 1-osr7, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-1-osr7-2-2023, 2023
Rui Sun, Alison Cobb, Ana B. Villas Bôas, Sabique Langodan, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Matthew R. Mazloff, Bruce D. Cornuelle, Arthur J. Miller, Raju Pathak, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3435–3458, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3435-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we integrated the WAVEWATCH III model into the regional coupled model SKRIPS. We then performed a case study using the newly implemented model to study Tropical Cyclone Mekunu, which occurred in the Arabian Sea. We found that the coupled model better simulates the cyclone than the uncoupled model, but the impact of waves on the cyclone is not significant. However, the waves change the sea surface temperature and mixed layer, especially in the cold waves produced due to the cyclone.
Georgia Filippi, Manos Dassenakis, Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou, and Konstantinos Lazogiannis
Biogeosciences, 20, 163–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The pollution of the western Saronikos Gulf from heavy metals has been examined through the study of marine sediment cores. It is a deep gulf (maximum depth 440 m) near Athens affected by industrial and volcanic activity. Eight cores were received from various stations and depths and analysed for their heavy metal content and geochemical characteristics. The results were evaluated by using statistical methods, environmental indicators and comparisons with old data.
M. G. Ziliani, M. U. Altaf, B. Aragon, R. Houborg, T. E. Franz, Y. Lu, J. Sheffield, I. Hoteit, and M. F. McCabe
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2022, 1045–1052, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-1045-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2022-1045-2022, 2022
Irini Tsiodra, Georgios Grivas, Kalliopi Tavernaraki, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Maria Apostolaki, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Alexandra Gogou, Constantine Parinos, Konstantina Oikonomou, Maria Tsagkaraki, Pavlos Zarmpas, Athanasios Nenes, and Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17865–17883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze observations from year-long measurements at Athens, Greece. Nighttime wintertime PAH levels are 4 times higher than daytime, and wintertime values are 15 times higher than summertime. Biomass burning aerosol during wintertime pollution events is responsible for these significant wintertime enhancements and accounts for 43 % of the population exposure to PAH carcinogenic risk. Biomass burning poses additional health risks beyond those associated with the high PM levels that develop.
Cited articles
Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council (ADQCC): Ambient Marine Water and Sediments Specifications, Abu Dhabi Specification (ADS 18/2017), 2017.
Abualnaja, Y., Papadopoulos, V. P., Josey, S. A., Hoteit, I., Kontoyiannis, H., and Raitsos, D. E.: Impacts of climate modes on air–sea heat exchange in the Red Sea, J. Climate, 28, 2665–2681, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00379.1, 2015.
Abualnaja, Y., Pavlidou, A., Churchill, J., Hatzianestis, I., Velaoras, D., Kontoyiannis, H., Papadopoulos, V. P., Karageorgis, A., Assimakopoulou, G., Kaberi, E., Kannelopoulos, Th., Parinos, C., Zeri, Ch., Ballas, D., Pitta, E., Paraskevopoulou, V., Adroni, A., Chourdaki, S., Fioraki, V., Iliakis, S., Kabouri, G., Konstantinopoulou, A., Krokos, G., Papageorgiou, D., Papageorgiou, A., Pappas, G., Plakidi, E., Rousselaki, E., Stavrakaki, I., Tzempelikou, E., Zachioti, P., Yfanti, A., Zoulias, Th., Al Amoudi, A., Alshehri, Y., Alharbi, A., Alsulmi, H., Boksmati, T., Mutwalli, R., and Hoteit, I.: Water and Sediment data in the coastal zone of the Red Sea and the Arabian (Persian) Gulf (Saudi Arabia), SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/96463, 2023.
Abu-Zied, R. H. and Hariri, M. S. B.: Geochemistry and benthic foraminifera of the nearshore sediments from Yanbu to Al-Lith, eastern Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia, Arab. J. Geosci., 9, 245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2274-9, 2016.
Al Azhar, M., Temimi, M., Zhao, J., and Ghedira, H.: Modeling of circulation in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman: Skill assessment and seasonal thermohaline structure, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 121, 1700–1720, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011038, 2016.
Al-Farawati, R. K., Gazzaz, M. O., El Sayed, M. A., and El-Maradny, A.: Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni and Zn in the coastal waters of Jeddah, eastern Red Sea, Arab. J. Geosci., 4, 1229–1238, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0137-y, 2011.
Alharbi, T. and El-Sorogy, A.: Assessment of metal contamination in coastal sediments of Al-Khobar area, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 129, 458–468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.02.007, 2017.
Alharbi, T. and El-Sorogy, A.: Assessment of seawater pollution of the Al-Khafji coastal area, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Environ. Monit. Assess., 191, 383, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7505-1, 2019.
Alharbi, T., Alfaifi, H., Almadani, S. A., and El-Sorogy, A.: Spatial distribution and metal contamination in the coastal sediments of Al-Khafji area, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Environ. Monit. Ass., 189, 634, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6352-1, 2017.
Alharbi, T., Al-Kahtany, K., Nour, H. E., Giacobbe, S., and El-Sorogy, A. S.: Contamination and health risk assessment of arsenic and chromium in coastal sediments of Al-Khobar area, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 185, part A, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114255, 2022.
Ali, A. M., Rønning, H. T., Al Arif, W. M., Kallenborn, R., and Kallenborn, R.: Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in effluent-dominated Saudi Arabian coastal waters of the Red Sea, Chemosphere, 175, 505–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.095, 2017.
Ali, E. B., Churchill, J. H., Barthel, K., Skjelvan, I., Omar, A. M., de Lange, T. E., and Eltaib, E. B. A.: Seasonal variations of hydrographic parameters in the Sudanese coast of the Red Sea, 2009–2015, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., 18, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.12.004, 2018.
Al-Kahtany, K., El-Sorogy, A., Al-Kahtany, F., and Youssef, M.: Heavy metals in mangrove sediments of the central Arabian Gulf shoreline, Saudi Arabia, Arab. J. Geosci., 11, 155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3463-0, 2018.
Al-Mur, B. A.: Assessing nutrient salts and trace metals distributions in the coastal water of Jeddah, Red Sea, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 27, 3087–3098, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.012, 2020.
Al-Mur, B. A., Quicksall, A. N., and Al-Ansari, A. M. A.: Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in coastal core sediments from the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, Oceanologia, 59, 262–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.03.003, 2017.
Alzahrani, H., El-Sorogy, A. S., Qaysi, S., and Alshehri, F.: Contamination and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Coastal Sediments of the Area between Al-Jubail and Al-Khafji, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Water, 15, 573, https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030573, 2023.
Amin, S. A. and Almahasheer, H.: Pollution indices of heavy metals in the Western Arabian Gulf coastal area, Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 48, 21–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2021.10.002, 2022.
Asfahani, K., Krokos, G., Papadopoulos, V. P., Jones, B. H., Sofianos, S. S., Kheireddine, M., and Hoteit, I.: Capturing a mode of intermediate water formation in the Red Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015803, 2020.
Bantan, R. A., Khawfany, A. A., Basaham, A. S., and Gheith, A. M.: Geochemical Characterization of Al-Lith Coastal Sediments, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 45, 291–306, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04161-6, 2020.
Brima, E. I. and AlBishri, H. M.: Major and trace elements in water from different sources in Jeddah City, KSA, Arab. J. Geosci., 10, 436, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3221-8, 2017.
Carpenter, J. H.: The accuracy of the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen analysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 135–140, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1965.10.1.0135, 1965a.
Carpenter, J. H.: The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for dissolved oxygen method, Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, 141–143, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1965.10.1.0141, 1965b.
Cauwet, G.: HTCO method for dissolved organic carbon analysis in seawater: influence of catalyst on blank estimation, Mar. Chem., 47, 55–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(94)90013-2, 1994.
Chao, S. Y., Kao, T. W., and Al-Hajri, K. R.: A numerical investigation of circulation in the Arabian Gulf, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11.219–11.236, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00841, 1992.
Churchill, J. H., Bower, A. S., McCorkle, D. C., and Abualnaja, Y.: The transport of nutrient-rich Indian Ocean water through the Red Sea and into coastal reef systems, J. Mar. Res., 72, 165–181, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224014814901994, 2014a.
Churchill, J. H., Lentz, S. J., Farrar, J. T., and Abualnaja, Y.: Properties of Red Sea coastal currents, Cont. Shelf Res., 78, 51–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.01.025, 2014b.
Cline, J. D.: Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 454–458, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454, 1969.
El-Maradny, A., Orif, M., AlKobati, A., Ghandourah, M., and Al-Farawati, R.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water column of three hot spot areas, Jeddah coast, eastern of Red Sea, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., 64, 103047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103047, 2023.
El-Sorogy, A., Al-Kahtany, K., Youssef, M., Al-Kahtany, F., and Al-Malky, M.: Distribution and metal contamination in the coastal sediments of Dammam Al-Jubail area, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 128, 8–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.066, 2018.
El-Sorogy, A. S., Youssef, M., and Al-Hashim, M. H.: Water Quality Assessment and Environmental Impact of Heavy Metals in the Red Sea Coastal Seawater of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, Water, 15, 201, https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010201, 2023.
El Zokm, G. M., Al-Mur, B. A., and Okbah, M. A.: Ecological risk indices for heavy metal pollution assessment in marine sediments of Jeddah Coast in the Red Sea, Int. J. Environ. Anal., 102, 4496–4517, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1784888, 2022.
EPA method 1631, Revision E: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, EPA-821-R-02-019, August 2002.
EPA method 1664, Revision B: n-Hexane Extractable Material (HEM; Oil and Grease) and Silica Gel Treated n-Hexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM; Non-polar Material) by Extraction and Gravimetry, EPA-821-R-10-001, February 2010.
EPA method 420.1: Phenolics (Spectrophotometric, Manual 4-AAP With Distillation), no. 32730, 1978.
EPA method 5021A: Volatile Organic Compounds in Various Sample Matrices using Equilibrium Headspace Analysis, July 2014 (Revision 2).
EPA method 5210B: 5-days BOD test, Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 24th ed., Washington DC, APHA Press, https://doi.org/10.2105/SMWW.2882.102, 2023.
EPA method 528: Determination of phenols in drinking water by solid phase extraction and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), https://www.epa.gov/dwanalyticalmethods/method-528-determination-phenols-drinking-water (last access: 25 March 2024), 2000.
EPA method 8260D: Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), June 2018 (Revision 4).
Fallatah, M. M., Kavil, Y. N., Ibrahim, A. S. A., Orif, M. I., Shaban, Y. A., and Al Farawati, R.: Hydrographic parameters and distribution of dissolved Cu, Ni, Zn and nutrients near Jeddah desalination plant, Open Chem., 16, 245–257, https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0029, 2018.
Freije, A. M.: Heavy metal, trace element and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf: Review, Arab J. Basic Appl. Sci., 17, 90–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2014.02.001, 2015.
Garrison, V., Lamothe, P., Morman, S., and Plumlee, G. S.: Trace-metal concentrations in African dust: effects of long-distance transport and implications for human health, in: 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Book of Abstracts, Brisbane, Australia, 1–6 August 2010, 33–36, 130090454, 2010.
GEBCO Compilation Group: The GEBCO_2020 Grid – a continuous terrain model of the global oceans and land, British Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, NERC, UK, https://doi.org/10.5285/a29c5465-b138-234d-e053-6c86abc040b9 2020.
Gherboudj, I. and Ghedira, H.: Spatiotemporal assessment of dust loading over the United Arab Emirates, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 3321–3335, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3909, 2014.
Guo, D., Kartadikaria, A., Zhan, P., Xie, J., Li, M., and Hoteit, I.: Baroclinic Tides Simulation in the Red Sea: Comparison to Observations and Basic Characteristics, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 9389–9404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013970, 2018.
Halawani, R. F., Wilson, M. E., Hamilton, K. M., Aloufi, F. A., Taleb, M. A., Al-Zubieri, A. G., and Quicksall, A. N.: Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Near-Shore Marine Sediments of the Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Region: Enrichment and Associated Risk Indices, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10, 614, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050614, 2022.
Harper, D. and Riley, J. P.: Determination of Low concentrations of Dissolved and Particulate Chromium in Natural Waters, Technical report TR 215, University of Liverpool, Department of Oceanography, OL13839981M, 1985.
ISO 9377-2:2000: Water quality–Determination of hydrocarbon oil index–Part 2: Method using solvent extraction and gas chromatography, 13.060.50, 2000.
ISO/IEC 17025:2017: General Requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:17025:ed-3:v1:en (last access: 25 March 2024), 2018.
Jiang, H., Farrar, J., Beardsley, R., Chen, R., and Chen, C.: Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett, 36, L19605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040008, 2009.
John, V., Coles, S., and Abozed, A.: Seasonal cycles of temperature, salinity, and water masses of the Western Arabian Gulf, Oceanol. Acta, 13, 273–282, 1990.
Johns, W. E., Yao, F., Olson, D. B., Josey, S. A., Grist, J. P., and Smeed, D. A.: Observations of seasonal exchange through the Straits of Hormuz and the inferred heat and freshwater budgets of the Persian Gulf, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3391, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001881, 2003.
Jones, D. A., Hayes, M., Krupp, F., Sabatini, G., Watt, I., and Weishar, L.: The impact of the Gulf War (1990–91) oil release upon the intertidal Gulf coast line of Saudi Arabia and subsequent recovery, in: Protecting the Gulf's Marine Ecosystems from Pollution, edited by: Abuzinada, A. H., Barth, H. J., Krupp, F., Böer, B., and Al Abdessalaam, T. Z., Springer, Switzerland, 237–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7947-6_3, 2008.
Kahal, A., El-Sorogy, A. S., Qaysi, S., Almadani, S., Kassem, O. M., and Al-Dossari, A.: Contamination and ecological risk assessment of the Red Sea coastal sediments, southwest Saudi Arabia, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 154, 111125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111125, 2020.
Koroleff, F.: Revised version of “Direct determination of ammonia in natural waters as indophenol blue, Int. Con. Explor. Sea, C. M. 1969/C:9”, ICES Information on Techniques and Methods for Sea Water Analysis Interlab, Rep. No 3, 19–22, 1970.
Mahboob, S., Ahmed, Z., Muhammad Farooq Khan, M., Virik, P., Al-Mulhm, N., and Baabbad, A. A. A.: Assessment of heavy metals pollution in seawater and sediments in the Arabian Gulf, near Dammam, Saudi Arabia, J. King Saud. Univ. Sci., 34, 101677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101677, 2022.
Maillard, C. and Soliman, G.: Hydrography of the Red Sea and exchanges with the Indian Ocean in summer, Oceanol. Acta, 9, 249–269, 1986.
Mannaa, A. A., Khan, A. A., Haredy, R., and Al-Zubieri, A. G.: Contamination evaluation of heavy metals in a sediment core from the al-salam lagoon, jeddah coast, Saudi Arabia, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9, 899, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080899, 2021.
Milne, A., Landing, W., Bizimis, M., and Morton, P.: Determination of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater using high resolution magnetic sector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS), Anal. Chim. Acta, 665, 200–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.027, 2010.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J. P.: A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters, Anal. Chim. Acta, 27, 31–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5, 1962.
Naser, H. A.: Assessment and management of heavy metal pollution in the marine environment of the Arabian Gulf: A review, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 72, 6–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.030, 2013.
Naser, H. A.: Biodiversity – The Dynamic Balance of the Planet, in: Marine ecosystem diversity in the Arabian Gulf: Threats and conservation, edited by: Grillo, O., InTech, Croatia, 297–328, https://doi.org/10.5772/57425, 2014.
Naser, H. A.: The role of environmental impact assessment in protecting coastal and marine environments in rapidly developing islands: The case of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf, Ocean Coast. Manag., 104, 159–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.12.009, 2015.
Neelamani, S., Al-Osairi, Y., Al-Salem K., and Rakha, K.: Some Physical Oceanographic Aspects of Kuwait and Arabian Gulf Marine Environment, in: The Arabian Seas: Biodiversity, Environmental Challenges and Conservation Measures, edited by: Jawad L. A., Springer, Switzerland AG, 99–119, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51506-5_5, 2021.
Neumann, A. C. and McGill, D. A.: Circulation of the Red Sea in early summer, Deep-Sea Res., 8, 223–285, 1962.
Ospar: JAMP Guidelines for Monitoring of Contaminants in Seawater, Agreement 2013-03, https://mcc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/OSPAR/Guidelines_forMonitoring_of_ContaminantsSeawater.pdf (last access: 25 March 2024), 2013.
Papadopoulos, V. P., Abualnaja, Y., Josey, S. A., Bower, A., Raitsos, D. E., Kontoyiannis, H., and Hoteit, I.: Atmospheric forcing of the winter air–sea heat fluxes over the northern Red Sea, J. Climate, 26, 1685–1701, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00267.1, 2013.
Papadopoulos, V. P., Zhan, P., Sofianos, S. S., Raitsos, D. E., Qurban, M., Abualnaja, Y., Bower, A. S., Kontoyiannis, H., Pavlidou, A., Ashraf, T. T. M., Zarokanellos, N., and Hoteit, I.: Factors governing the deep ventilation of the Red Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 7493–7505, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010996, 2015.
Paparella, F., D'Agostino, D., and Burt, J.A.: Long-term, basin-scale salinity impacts from desalination in the Arabian/Persian Gulf, Sci. Rep.-UK, 12, 20549, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25167-5, 2022.
Pavlidou, A., Hatzianestis, I., Papadopoulos, V. P., Parinos, K., Kaberi, E., Zeri, C., Tzempelikou, E., Pitta, E., Assimakopoulou, G., Papageorgiou, D., Velaoras, D., and Kannelopoulos, T.: Marine and Coastal Environment Protection Initiative (MCEP) Task 6: Field Surveillance Report, 145 pp., 2021.
Peña-García, D., Ladwig, N., Turki, A. J., and Mudarris, M. S.: Input and dispersion of nutrients from the Jeddah Metropolitan Area, Red Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 80, 41–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.052, 2014.
Povinec, P. P., Papadopoulos, V. P., Krokos, G., Abualnaja, Y., Pavlidou, A., Kontul, I., Kaizer, J., Cherkinsky, A., Molnár, A., Palcsu, L., Al Ghamdi, A. S., Anber, H. A., Al Othman, A. S., and Hoteit, I.: Tritium and radiocarbon in the water column of the Red Sea, J. Environ. Radioactiv., 256, 107051, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107051, 2023.
Pugh, D. T., Abualnaja, Y., and Jarosz, E.: The Tides of the Red Sea, in: Oceanographic and Biological Aspects of the Red Sea, edited by: Rasul, N. M. A. and Stewart, I. C. F., Springer Cham Springer Oceanography, 11–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99417-8, 2019.
Rasul, N. M. A., Stewart, I. C. F., and Nawab, Z. A.: Introduction to the Red Sea: Its origin, structure, and environment, in: The Red Sea: the Formation, Morphology, Oceanography and Environment of a Young Ocean Basin, edited by: Rasul, N. M. A. and Stewart I. C. F., Springer, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_20, 2015.
Raventós, N., Macpherson, E., and García-Rubies, A.: Effect of brine discharge from a desalination plant on macrobenthic communities in the NW Mediterranean, Mar. Environ. Res., 62, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.02.002, 2006.
Reynolds, R. M.: Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman?, Results from the Mt Mitchell expedition, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 27, 35–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90007-7, 1993.
Roberts, D. A., Johnston, E. L., and Knott, N. A.: Impacts of desalination plant discharges on the marine environment: a critical review of published studies, Water Res. 44, 5117–5128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.036, 2010.
Schröder, C., Sánchez, A., Rodriguez, D., and Abdul Malak, D.: Marine and Coastal Assessment Protection Study for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Hotspot analysis. A report prepared by ETC-UMA for the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 118 pp., 2021.
Sheppard, C., Price, A., and Roberts, C.: Marine Ecology of the Arabian Region: Patterns and Processes in Extreme Tropical Environments, Toronto, Academic Press, ISBN 0126394903, 1992.
Sheppard, C., Al-Husiani, M., Al-Jamali, F., Al-Yamani, F., Baldwin, R., Bishop, J., Benzoni, F., Dutrieux, E., Dulvy, N. K., Durvasula, S. R., Jones, D. A., Loughland, R., Medio, D., Nithyanandan, M., Pilling, G. M., Polikarpov, I., Price, A. R., Purkis, S., Riegl, B., Saburova, M., Namin, K. S., Taylor, O., Wilson, S., and Zainal, K.: The Gulf: A young sea in decline, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 60, 13–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.10.017, 2010.
Sofianos, S. S. and Johns, W. E.: An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation: 2. Three-dimensional circulation in the Red Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3066, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001185, 2003.
Sofianos, S. S. and Johns, W. E.: Observations of the summer Red Sea circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C06025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003886, 2007.
Sofianos, S. S. and Johns, W. E.: Water mass formation, overturning circulation, and the exchange of the Red Sea with the adjacent basins, in: The Red Sea: the Formation, Morphology, Oceanography and Environment of a Young Ocean Basin, edited by: Rasul, N. M. A. and Stewart, I. C. F., Springer Earth System Sciences, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 343–353, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_20, 2015.
Sohaib, M., Al-Barakah, F. N. I., Migdadi, H. M., Alyousif, M., and Ahmed, I.: Ecological assessment of physico-chemical properties in mangrove environments along the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea coasts of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, J. Aquat. Res., 49, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.002, 2023.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater: Cyanide 4500-CN–E. Colorimetric Method, Washington, DC, American Public Health Association, https://www.standardmethods.org/doi/abs/10.2105/SMWW.2882.077# (last access: 25 March 2024), 1992.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater: Total Residual Chlorine 4500-Cl G. DPD Colorimetric Method, Washington, DC, American Public Health Association, https://www.standardmethods.org/doi/abs/10.2105/SMWW.2882.078 (last access: 25 March 2024), 1992.
Strickland, J. D. H. and Parsons, T. R.: A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis, Bulletin 167, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1791, 1968.
Sugimura, Y. and Suzuki, Y.: A high-temperature catalytic oxidation method for the determination of non-volatile dissolved organic carbon in seawater by direct injection of a liquid sample, Mar. Chem., 24, 105–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(88)90043-6, 1988.
Uddin, S., Al Ghadban, A. N., and Khabbaz, A.: Localized hyper saline waters in Arabian Gulf from desalination activity–an example from South Kuwait, Environ. Monit. Assess., 181, 587–594, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1853-1, 2011.
UNEP/IOC/IAEA: Determination of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sediments, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, No. 20, 75, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/determination-petroleum-hydrocarbons-sediments (last access: 25 March 2024)1992.
Vaughan, G. O., Al-Mansoori, N., and Burt, J. A.: The Arabian Gulf, in: World Seas, An Environmental Evaluation, the Indian Ocean to the Pacific, 2nd ed., edited by: Sheppard, C., Elsevier, UK, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100853-9.00001-4, 2019.
Viswanadhapalli, Y., Dasari, H. P., Langodan, S., Challa, V. S., and Hoteit, I.: Climatic features of the Red Sea from a regional assimilative model, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 2563–2581, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4865, 2017.
Willie, S. N., Iida, Y., and McLaren, J. W.: Determination of Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Co, Pb, Cd and V in seawater using flow-injection ICP-MS, At. Spectrosc., 19, 67–72, 1998.
Yao, F. and Hoteit, I.: Rapid Red Sea deep water renewals caused by volcanic eruptions and the North Atlantic oscillation, Sci. Adv., 4, 6, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5637, 2018.
Yao, F., Hoteit, I., Pratt, L. J., Bower, A. S., Zhai, P., Köhl, A., and Gopalakrishnan, G.: Seasonal overturning circulation in the Red Sea: 1. Model validation and summer circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 2238–2262, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009004, 2014.
Youssef, M.: Heavy metals contamination and distribution of benthic foraminifera from the Red Sea coastal area, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Oceanologia, 57, 236–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2015.04.002, 2015.
Zhai, P., Bower, A. S., Smethie Jr., W. M., and Pratt, L. J.: Formation and spreading of Red Sea Outflow Water in the Red Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 6542–6563, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010751, 2015.
Zhan, P., Subramanian, A. C., Yao, F., and Hoteit, I.: Eddies in the Red Sea: A statistical and dynamical study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 3909–3925, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009563, 2014.
Short summary
We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June and September 2021 in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. It is the first multidisciplinary survey within the Saudi Arabian coastal zone, extending from near the Saudi–Jordanian border in the north of the Red Sea to the south close to the Saudi--Yemen border and in the Arabian Gulf. The objective was to record the pollution status along the coastal zone of the kingdom related to specific pressures.
We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint