Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
07 Feb 2022
Review article |
| 07 Feb 2022
| 07 Feb 2022
Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation
Martin Horwath
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Benjamin D. Gutknecht
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Anny Cazenave
LEGOS, Toulouse, France
International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
Hindumathi Kulaiappan Palanisamy
LEGOS, Toulouse, France
Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore
Florence Marti
LEGOS, Toulouse, France
Ben Marzeion
Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Frank Paul
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Raymond Le Bris
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Anna E. Hogg
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Inès Otosaka
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Andrew Shepherd
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Petra Döll
Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Denise Cáceres
Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Hannes Müller Schmied
Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Johnny A. Johannessen
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Jan Even Øie Nilsen
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oceanography and Climate, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
Roshin P. Raj
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
René Forsberg
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Louise Sandberg Sørensen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Valentina R. Barletta
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Sebastian B. Simonsen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Per Knudsen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Ole Baltazar Andersen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Heidi Ranndal
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Stine K. Rose
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Christopher J. Merchant
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Claire R. Macintosh
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Karina von Schuckmann
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Kristin Novotny
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Andreas Groh
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Marco Restano
Serco, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy
Jérôme Benveniste
ESRIN, ESA, Frascati, Italy
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50 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- High-resolution temporal gravity field data products: Monthly mass grids and spherical harmonics from 1994 to 2021 M. Uz et al. 10.1038/s41597-023-02887-5
- What is the global glacier ice volume outside the ice sheets? R. Hock et al. 10.1017/jog.2023.1
- Empirical-singular-wavelet based machine learning models for sea level forecasting in the bosphorus strait: A performance analysis E. Kartal & A. Altunkaynak 10.1016/j.ocemod.2024.102324
- Benefit of MAGIC and multipair quantum satellite gravity missions in Earth science applications J. Kusche et al. 10.1093/gji/ggaf195
- Community estimate of global glacier mass changes from 2000 to 2023 M. Zemp et al. 10.1038/s41586-024-08545-z
- Cause of Substantial Global Mean Sea Level Rise Over 2014–2016 W. Llovel et al. 10.1029/2023GL104709
- Deconstructing the causes of July sea level variability in the East Sea from 1994 to 2021 M. Han et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1133588
- How well can satellite altimetry and firn models resolve Antarctic firn thickness variations? M. Kappelsberger et al. 10.5194/tc-18-4355-2024
- Coastal sea level rise at altimetry-based virtual stations in the Gulf of Mexico L. Leclercq et al. 10.1016/j.asr.2024.11.069
- Variability in manometric sea level from reanalyses and observation-based products over the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans and the Mediterranean Sea A. Storto et al. 10.5194/sp-4-osr8-12-2024
- Sea level along the world’s coastlines can be measured by a network of virtual altimetry stations A. Cazenave et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00448-z
- Why is the Earth System Oscillating at a 6-Year Period? A. Cazenave et al. 10.1007/s10712-024-09874-4
- The system of atmosphere, land, ice and ocean in the region near the 79N Glacier in northeast Greenland: synthesis and key findings from the Greenland Ice Sheet–Ocean Interaction (GROCE) experiment T. Kanzow et al. 10.5194/tc-19-1789-2025
- Determining sea-level rise in the Caribbean: A shift from temperature to mass control D. Maitland et al. 10.1038/s41598-024-60201-8
- Satellite Altimetry: Achievements and Future Trends by a Scientometrics Analysis L. Yang et al. 10.3390/rs14143332
- ISMIP6-based Antarctic projections to 2100: simulations with the BISICLES ice sheet model J. O'Neill et al. 10.5194/tc-19-541-2025
- Revisiting the global mean ocean mass budget over 2005–2020 A. Barnoud et al. 10.5194/os-19-321-2023
- Low-frequency fluctuations in the yearly misclosures of the global mean sea level budget during 1900–2018 H. Iz 10.1515/jogs-2022-0130
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- Contemporary sea-level changes from global to local scales: a review A. Cazenave & L. Moreira 10.1098/rspa.2022.0049
- Using a Web Map Service to map Little Ice Age glacier extents at regional scales J. Reinthaler & F. Paul 10.1017/aog.2023.39
- Sea level variability along the Japanese coast forced by the Kuroshio and its extension N. Usui & K. Ogawa 10.1007/s10872-022-00657-2
- Basin-Scale Sea Level Budget from Satellite Altimetry, Satellite Gravimetry, and Argo Data over 2005 to 2019 Y. Yang et al. 10.3390/rs14184637
- Thermodynamic Analysis of Climate Change N. Swedan 10.3390/e25010072
- Time-variations of the climate feedback parameter λ are associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation B. Meyssignac et al. 10.1038/s43247-023-00887-2
- Adaptation to sea level rise in France G. Le Cozannet & A. Cazenave 10.1007/s12210-024-01225-0
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- Global and regional ocean mass budget closure since 2003 C. Ludwigsen et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-45726-w
- Uncertainty of Low‐Degree Space Gravimetry Observations: Surface Processes Versus Earth's Core Signal H. Lecomte et al. 10.1029/2023JB026503
- Importance of solid earth structure for understanding the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet J. Ebbing et al. 10.1144/jgs2024-291
- Sea-Level Fingerprints Due to Present-Day Water Mass Redistribution in Observed Sea-Level Data L. Moreira et al. 10.3390/rs13224667
- The state of the global ocean K. von Schuckmann et al. 10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024
- Global Sea Level Change Rate, Acceleration and Its Components from 1993 to 2016 F. Wang et al. 10.1080/01490419.2023.2276478
- Bathymetry-constrained impact of relative sea-level change on basal melting in Antarctica M. Kreuzer et al. 10.5194/tc-19-1181-2025
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- How accurate is accurate enough for measuring sea-level rise and variability B. Meyssignac et al. 10.1038/s41558-023-01735-z
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- Present-day land subsidence over Semarang revealed by time series InSAR new small baseline subset technique A. Aditiya & T. Ito 10.1016/j.jag.2023.103579
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Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 10 Jul 2025
Short summary
Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the combined effect of changes in water density (thermal expansion) and ocean mass. Ocean-mass change has been assessed through the contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, and land water storage or directly from satellite data since 2003. Our budget assessments of linear trends and monthly anomalies utilise new datasets and uncertainty characterisations developed within ESA's Climate Change Initiative.
Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the...
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