Articles | Volume 14, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
07 Feb 2022
Review article |
| 07 Feb 2022
| 07 Feb 2022
Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation
Martin Horwath
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Benjamin D. Gutknecht
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Anny Cazenave
LEGOS, Toulouse, France
International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland
Hindumathi Kulaiappan Palanisamy
LEGOS, Toulouse, France
Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore
Florence Marti
LEGOS, Toulouse, France
Ben Marzeion
Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Frank Paul
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Raymond Le Bris
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Anna E. Hogg
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Inès Otosaka
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Andrew Shepherd
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Petra Döll
Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Denise Cáceres
Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Hannes Müller Schmied
Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Johnny A. Johannessen
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Jan Even Øie Nilsen
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Department of Oceanography and Climate, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
Roshin P. Raj
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
René Forsberg
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Louise Sandberg Sørensen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Valentina R. Barletta
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Sebastian B. Simonsen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Per Knudsen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Ole Baltazar Andersen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Heidi Ranndal
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Stine K. Rose
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Christopher J. Merchant
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Claire R. Macintosh
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Karina von Schuckmann
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Kristin Novotny
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Andreas Groh
Institut für Planetare Geodäsie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Marco Restano
Serco, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy
Jérôme Benveniste
ESRIN, ESA, Frascati, Italy
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- Global and regional ocean mass budget closure since 2003 C. Ludwigsen et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-45726-w
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- Deconstructing the causes of July sea level variability in the East Sea from 1994 to 2021 M. Han et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1133588
- How well can satellite altimetry and firn models resolve Antarctic firn thickness variations? M. Kappelsberger et al. 10.5194/tc-18-4355-2024
- Sea-Level Fingerprints Due to Present-Day Water Mass Redistribution in Observed Sea-Level Data L. Moreira et al. 10.3390/rs13224667
- The state of the global ocean K. von Schuckmann et al. 10.5194/sp-4-osr8-1-2024
- Global Sea Level Change Rate, Acceleration and Its Components from 1993 to 2016 F. Wang et al. 10.1080/01490419.2023.2276478
- Assessment of methods for reconstructing Little Ice Age glacier surfaces on the examples of Novaya Zemlya and the Swiss Alps J. Reinthaler & F. Paul 10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109321
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Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Dec 2024
Short summary
Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the combined effect of changes in water density (thermal expansion) and ocean mass. Ocean-mass change has been assessed through the contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, and land water storage or directly from satellite data since 2003. Our budget assessments of linear trends and monthly anomalies utilise new datasets and uncertainty characterisations developed within ESA's Climate Change Initiative.
Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the...
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Final-revised paper
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