Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
20 Jul 2017
Review article |
| 20 Jul 2017
Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Simon M. Smart
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Robert G. H. Bunce
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreuzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
Lisa R. Norton
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Lindsay C. Maskell
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
David C. Howard
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
W. Andrew Scott
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Peter A. Henrys
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
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Christopher G. Marston, Aneurin W. O'Neil, R. Daniel Morton, Claire M. Wood, and Clare S. Rowland
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4631–4649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, 2023
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The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class versions. It is intended to support a broad range of UK environmental research, including ecological and hydrological research. LCM2021 was produced by classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. LCM2021 is distributed as a suite of products to facilitate easy use for a range of applications. To support research at different spatial scales it includes 10 m, 25 m and 1 km resolution products.
Claire M. Wood, Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George, Peter A. Henrys, Russel Hobson, Susan Jarvis, Patrick Keenan, Aidan M. Keith, Inma Lebron, Lindsay C. Maskell, Lisa R. Norton, David A. Robinson, Fiona M. Seaton, Peter Scarlett, Gavin M. Siriwardena, James Skates, Simon M. Smart, Bronwen Williams, and Bridget A. Emmett
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The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016, as a national programme of ecological study in Wales. GMEP included a large field survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and land use, soils, freshwater, birds, and insect pollinators. GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment. Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Simon M. Smart, and Colin J. Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 899–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, 2018
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In the 1990s, ecological survey work was carried out in English landscapes containing semi-natural habitats that were perceived to be under threat, or which represented areas of concern ("key habitats"), complementing the national Countryside Survey of Great Britain. The landscapes were lowland heath, chalk and limestone grasslands, coasts and uplands. Standardised procedures were used to record ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout England in 1992 and 1993.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys, David C. Howard, Simon M. Wright, Michael J. Brown, Rod J. Scott, Rick C. Stuart, and John W. Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 745–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, 2018
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The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The mapping of ecological landscape elements has subsequently been repeated in 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007.
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In 1971, an ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out. This unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The repeatable survey collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and general site information from 27 major pinewood sites. The results from the survey helped to set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
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A survey of the natural environment was undertaken in Shetland in 1974, after concern was expressed that large-scale development from the new oil industry could threaten the natural features of the islands. A framework was constructed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology on which to select samples for the survey. The vegetation and habitat data that were collected, along with the sampling framework, have recently been made public.
C. M. Wood, S. M. Smart, and R. G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015
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The Woodland Survey of Great Britain is a unique data set, consisting of a detailed range of ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 30 years. A set of 103 semi-natural woods spread across Britain were first surveyed in 1971, which were again surveyed in 2000-2003. Standardised methods of describing the trees, shrubs, ground flora, soils and general habitats present were used for both sets of surveys.
Peter Levy, Laura Bentley, Peter Danks, Bridget Emmett, Angus Garbutt, Stephen Heming, Peter Henrys, Aidan Keith, Inma Lebron, Niall McNamara, Richard Pywell, John Redhead, David Robinson, and Alexander Wickenden
Biogeosciences, 21, 4301–4315, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4301-2024, 2024
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We collated a large data set (15 790 soil cores) on soil carbon stock in different land uses. Soil carbon stocks were highest in woodlands and lowest in croplands. The variability in the effects was large. This has important implications for agri-environment schemes seeking to sequester carbon in the soil by altering land use because the effect of a given intervention is very hard to verify.
Christopher G. Marston, Aneurin W. O'Neil, R. Daniel Morton, Claire M. Wood, and Clare S. Rowland
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4631–4649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, 2023
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The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class versions. It is intended to support a broad range of UK environmental research, including ecological and hydrological research. LCM2021 was produced by classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. LCM2021 is distributed as a suite of products to facilitate easy use for a range of applications. To support research at different spatial scales it includes 10 m, 25 m and 1 km resolution products.
Claire M. Wood, Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George, Peter A. Henrys, Russel Hobson, Susan Jarvis, Patrick Keenan, Aidan M. Keith, Inma Lebron, Lindsay C. Maskell, Lisa R. Norton, David A. Robinson, Fiona M. Seaton, Peter Scarlett, Gavin M. Siriwardena, James Skates, Simon M. Smart, Bronwen Williams, and Bridget A. Emmett
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The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016, as a national programme of ecological study in Wales. GMEP included a large field survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and land use, soils, freshwater, birds, and insect pollinators. GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment. Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Simon M. Smart, and Colin J. Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 899–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, 2018
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In the 1990s, ecological survey work was carried out in English landscapes containing semi-natural habitats that were perceived to be under threat, or which represented areas of concern ("key habitats"), complementing the national Countryside Survey of Great Britain. The landscapes were lowland heath, chalk and limestone grasslands, coasts and uplands. Standardised procedures were used to record ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout England in 1992 and 1993.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys, David C. Howard, Simon M. Wright, Michael J. Brown, Rod J. Scott, Rick C. Stuart, and John W. Watkins
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The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The mapping of ecological landscape elements has subsequently been repeated in 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007.
Aidan M. Keith, Peter A. Henrys, Rebecca L. Rowe, and Niall P. McNamara
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It is important to be able to assess whether changes in land use or management affect soil properties, but testing differences between soil profiles can be challenging. We developed a straightforward approach that makes use of soil core data (which are not spatially independent) to compare soil properties at specific locations down a depth profile. We hope that this approach can be used more widely, based on new or existing data, to examine the impacts of land use and management on soils.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 177–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, 2016
Short summary
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In 1971, an ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out. This unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The repeatable survey collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and general site information from 27 major pinewood sites. The results from the survey helped to set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A survey of the natural environment was undertaken in Shetland in 1974, after concern was expressed that large-scale development from the new oil industry could threaten the natural features of the islands. A framework was constructed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology on which to select samples for the survey. The vegetation and habitat data that were collected, along with the sampling framework, have recently been made public.
C. M. Wood, S. M. Smart, and R. G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Woodland Survey of Great Britain is a unique data set, consisting of a detailed range of ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 30 years. A set of 103 semi-natural woods spread across Britain were first surveyed in 1971, which were again surveyed in 2000-2003. Standardised methods of describing the trees, shrubs, ground flora, soils and general habitats present were used for both sets of surveys.
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Anbu Aravazhi Arunkumar and Arunachalam Manimekalan
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1457–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1457-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1457-2018, 2018
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Copepods are the predominant taxon in marine zooplankton and play an important role in the pelagic food web as intermediators between primary producers, the microbial loop and higher trophic levels. Here, we provide 33 data sets with abundances for a total of 312 copepod taxa from the Southern Ocean, the Magellan region, the Great Meteor Bank and the northern Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aqaba.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Simon M. Smart, and Colin J. Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 899–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, 2018
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In the 1990s, ecological survey work was carried out in English landscapes containing semi-natural habitats that were perceived to be under threat, or which represented areas of concern ("key habitats"), complementing the national Countryside Survey of Great Britain. The landscapes were lowland heath, chalk and limestone grasslands, coasts and uplands. Standardised procedures were used to record ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout England in 1992 and 1993.
Bingrui Jia and Guangsheng Zhou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 893–898, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-893-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-893-2018, 2018
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Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) is the dominant species in northeast China, which is situated in the southernmost part of the global boreal forest and is undergoing great climate change. Its growth characteristics (tree height, diameter at breast height, tree volume and/or stand volume) were collected from published studies from 1965 to 2015. The data set (N=743) provides a quantitative reference for plantation management practices and boreal forest growth prediction under future climate change.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys, David C. Howard, Simon M. Wright, Michael J. Brown, Rod J. Scott, Rick C. Stuart, and John W. Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 745–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The mapping of ecological landscape elements has subsequently been repeated in 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007.
Dieter Piepenburg, Alexander Buschmann, Amelie Driemel, Hannes Grobe, Julian Gutt, Stefanie Schumacher, Alexandra Segelken-Voigt, and Rainer Sieger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 461–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, 2017
Short summary
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An ocean floor observation system (OFOS) was used to collect seabed imagery on two cruises of the RV Polarstern, ANT-XXIX/3 (PS81) to the Antarctic Peninsula from January to March 2013 and ANT-XXXI/2 (PS96) to the Weddell Sea from December 2015 to February 2016. We report on the image and data collections gathered during these cruises. Seabed images, including metadata, are available from the data publisher PANGAEA via https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872719 (PS81) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.862097 (PS96).
Teja A. Wibawa, Patrick Lehodey, and Inna Senina
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 163–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-163-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-163-2017, 2017
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Geo-referenced catch and fishing effort data of the bigeye tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean over 1952–2014 were analyzed and standardized to facilitate population dynamics modeling studies. A total of 30 fisheries were finally determined from longline, purse seine and other-gears data sets. Nevertheless, still one-third of total nominal catch is not included due to a total lack of geo-referenced information and would need to be processed separately.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 177–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In 1971, an ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out. This unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The repeatable survey collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and general site information from 27 major pinewood sites. The results from the survey helped to set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A survey of the natural environment was undertaken in Shetland in 1974, after concern was expressed that large-scale development from the new oil industry could threaten the natural features of the islands. A framework was constructed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology on which to select samples for the survey. The vegetation and habitat data that were collected, along with the sampling framework, have recently been made public.
C. M. Wood, S. M. Smart, and R. G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Woodland Survey of Great Britain is a unique data set, consisting of a detailed range of ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 30 years. A set of 103 semi-natural woods spread across Britain were first surveyed in 1971, which were again surveyed in 2000-2003. Standardised methods of describing the trees, shrubs, ground flora, soils and general habitats present were used for both sets of surveys.
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Bunce, R. G. H., Carey, P. D., Elena-Rossello, R., Orr, J., Watkins, J., and Fuller, R.: A comparison of different biogeographical classifications of Europe, Great Britain and Spain, J. Environ. Manage., 65, 121–134, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0533, 2002.
Bunce, R. G. H., Carey, P. D., Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Scott, R. J., Smart, S. M., and Wood, C. M.: Countryside Survey 2007 vegetation plot data, NERC Environmental Information Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/57f97915-8ff1-473b-8c77-2564cbd747bc, 2014.
Burton, A. C., Huggard, D., Bayne, E., Schieck, J., Sólymos, P., Muhly, T., Farr, D., and Boutin, S.: A framework for adaptive monitoring of the cumulative effects of human footprint on biodiversity, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186, 3605–3617, 2014.
Carey, P., Barnett, C., Greenslade, P., Hulmes, S., Garbutt, R., Warman, E., Myhill, D., Scott, R., Smart, S., and Manchester, S.: A comparison of the ecological quality of land between an English agri-environment scheme and the countryside as a whole, Biol. Conserv., 108, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00105-2, 2002.
Carey, P. D., Wallis, S., Chamberlain, P. M., Cooper, A., Emmett, B. A., Maskell, L. C., McCann, T., Murphy, J., Norton, L. R., Reynolds, B., Scott, W. A., Simpson, I. C., Smart, S. M., and Ullyett, J. M.: Countryside Survey: UK Results from 2007, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008.
Carvell, C., Roy, D. B., Smart, S. M., Pywell, R. F., Preston, C. D., and Goulson, D.: Declines in forage availability for bumblebees at a national scale, Biol. Conserv., 132, 481–489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.008, 2006.
Chytrý, M., Maskell, L. C., Pino, J., Pyšek, P., Vilà, M., Font, X., and Smart, S. M.: Habitat invasions by alien plants: a quantitative comparison among Mediterranean, subcontinental and oceanic regions of Europe, J. Appl. Ecol., 45, 448–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01398.x, 2008.
Cooper, A., McCann, T., and Rogers, D.: Northern Ireland countryside survey 2007: broad habitat change 1998–2007, Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Coleraine, 2009.
Critchley, C., Wilson, L., Mole, A., Norton, L., and Smart, S.: A functional classification of herbaceous hedgerow vegetation for setting restoration objectives, Biodivers. Conserv., 22, 701–717, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0440-5, 2013.
De Vries, W., Wamelink, G., Van Dobben, H., Kros, J., Reinds, G., Mol-Dijkstra, J., Smart, S., Evans, C., Rowe, E., and Belyazid, S.: Use of dynamic soil-vegetation models to assess impacts of nitrogen deposition on plant species composition: an overview, Ecol. Appl., 20, 60–79, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1019.1, 2010.
Dramstad, W. E., Fjellstad, W., Strand, G.-H., Mathiesen, H. F., Engan, G., and Stokland, J. N.: Development and implementation of the Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes, J. Environ. Manage., 64, 49–63, 2002.
Dunnett, N., Willis, A., Hunt, R., and Grime, J.: A 38-year study of relations between weather and vegetation dynamics in road verges near Bibury, Gloucestershire, J. Ecol., 86, 610–623, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00297.x, 1998.
Ellenberg, H.: Vegetation ecology of central Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.
Emmett, B., Frogbrook, Z., Chamberlain, P., Griffiths, R., Pickup, R., Poskitt, J., Reynolds, B., Rowe, E., Spurgeon, D., and Rowland, P.: CS Technical Report No. 3/07: Soils Manual, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Wallingford, UK, 2008.
Emmett, B. A., Reynolds, B., Chamberlain, P. M., Rowe, E., Spurgeon, D., Brittain, S. A., Frogbrook, Z., Hughes, S., Lawlor, A. J., Poskitt, J., Potter, E., Robinson, D. A., Scott, A., Wood, C., and Woods, C.: Countryside Survey: Soils Report from 2007, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK, 2010.
Emmett, B. E. and GMEP team: Glastir Monitoring & Evaluation Programme, First Year Annual Report to Welsh Government (Contract reference: C147/2010/11), NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, 442 pp., 2014.
Emmett, B., Bell, C., Chadwick, D., Cheffings, C., Henrys, P., Prosser, H., Siriwardena, G., Smart, S., and Williams, B.: Options for a new integrated natural resources monitoring framework for Wales, Phase 1 project report, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, UK, 2016a.
Emmett, B., Cooper, D., Smart, S., Jackson, B., Thomas, A., Cosby, B., Evans, C., Glanville, H., McDonald, J. E., and Malham, S. K.: Spatial patterns and environmental constraints on ecosystem services at a catchment scale, Sci. Total Environ., 572, 1586–1600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.004, 2016b.
Emmett, B., Reynolds, B., Chamberlain, P. M., Rowe, E., Spurgeon, D., Brittain, S. A., Frogbrook, Z., Hughes, S., Lawlor, A. J., Poskitt, J., Potter, E., Robinson, D. A., Scott, A., Wood, C. M., Woods, C.: Soil physico-chemical properties 2007, Countryside Survey, NERC Environmental Information Data Centre, available at: https://doi.org/10.5285/79669141-cde5-49f0-b24d-f3c6a1a52db8, 2016c.
Garbutt, R. and Sparks, T.: Changes in the botanical diversity of a species rich ancient hedgerow between two surveys (1971–1998), Biol.Conserv., 106, 273–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00253-1, 2002.
Haines-Young, R. H., Barr, C. J., Black, H. I. J., Briggs, D. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Clarke, R. T., Cooper, A., Dawson, F. H., Firbank, L. G., Fuller, R. M., Furse, M. T., Gillespie, M. K., Hill, R., Hornung, M., Howard, D. C., McCann, T., Morecroft, M. D., Petit, S., Sier, A. R. J., Smart, S. M., Smith, G. M., Stott, A. P., Stuart, R. C., and Watkins, J. W.: Accounting for nature: assessing habitats in the UK countryside, London DETR, 2000.
Henrys, P., Bee, E., Watkins, J., Smith, N., and Griffiths, R.: Mapping natural capital: optimising the use of national scale datasets, Ecography, 38, 632–638, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00402, 2015a.
Henrys, P., Smart, S., Rowe, E., Jarvis, S., Fang, Z., Evans, C., Emmett, B., and Butler, A.: Niche models for British plants and lichens obtained using an ensemble approach, New J. Botany, 5, 89–100, 2015b.
Henrys, P. A., Butler, A., Jarvis, S., Smart, S. M., and Fang, Z.: MultiMOVE Model: Ensemble niche modelling of British vegetation v2.0.1, NERC Environmental Information Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/94ae1a5a-2a28-4315-8d4b-35ae964fc3b9, 2015c.
Hill, L., Hector, A., Hemery, G., Smart, S., Tanadini, M., and Brown, N.: Abundance distributions for tree species in Great Britain: a two-stage approach to modeling abundance using species distribution modeling and random forest, Ecol. Evol., 7, 1043–1056, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2661, 2017.
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Jones, H. E. and Bunce, R. G. H.: A preliminary classification of the climate of Europe from temperature and precipitation records, J. Environ. Manage., 20, 17–29, 1985.
Kimberley, A., Blackburn, G. A., Whyatt, J. D., Kirby, K., and Smart, S. M.: Identifying the trait syndromes of conservation indicator species: how distinct are British ancient woodland indicator plants from other woodland species?, Appl. Veg. Sci., 16, 667–675, https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12047, 2013.
Kimberley, A., Blackburn, G. A., Whyatt, J. D., and Smart, S. M.: How well is current plant trait composition predicted by modern and historical forest spatial configuration?, Ecography, 39, 67–76, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01607, 2016.
Lájer, K.: Statistical tests as inappropriate tools for data analysis performed on non-random samples of plant communities, Folia Geobotanica, 42, 115–122, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02893878, 2007.
Maddock, A.: UK Biodiversity Action Plan; Priority Habitat Descriptions, available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/PDF/UKBAP_PriorityHabitatDesc-Rev2011.pdf, 2008.
Maskell, L., Firbank, L., Thompson, K., Bullock, J., and Smart, S.: Interactions between non-native plant species and the floristic composition of common habitats, J. Ecol., 94, 1052–1060, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01172.x, 2006.
Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Smart, S. M., Scott, R., Carey, P. D., Murphy, J., Chamberlain, P. M., Wood, C. M., Bunce, R. G. H., and Barr, C. J.: Vegetation Plots Handbook CS Technical Report No. 2/07, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008.
Maskell, L. C., Smart, S. M., Bullock, J. M., Thompson, K., and Stevens, C. J.: Nitrogen deposition causes widespread loss of species richness in British habitats, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 671–679, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02022.x, 2010.
Maskell, L. C., Crowe, A., Dunbar, M. J., Emmett, B., Henrys, P., Keith, A. M., Norton, L. R., Scholefield, P., Clark, D. B., and Simpson, I. C.: Exploring the ecological constraints to multiple ecosystem service delivery and biodiversity, J. Appl. Ecol., 50, 561–571, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12085, 2013.
McCollin, D., Jackson, J., Bunce, R., Barr, C., and Stuart, R.: Hedgerows as habitat for woodland plants, J. Environ. Manage., 60, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0363, 2000.
Metzger, M., Bunce, R., Leemans, R., and Viner, D.: Projected environmental shifts under climate change: European trends and regional impacts, Environ. Conserv., 35, 64–75, 2008.
Metzger, M. J., Brus, D. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Carey, P. D., Gonçalves, J., Honrado, J. P., Jongman, R. H. G., Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.: Environmental stratifications as the basis for national, European and global ecological monitoring, Ecol. Indic., 33, 26–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.009, 2013. Morton, D., Rowland, C., Wood, C., Meek, L., Marston, C., Smith, G., Wadsworth, R., and Simpson, I.: Final Report for LCM2007 – the new UK land cover map, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, WallingfordCS Technical Report No. 9/07, 2011.
Norton, L., Inwood, H., Crowe, A., and Baker, A.: Trialling a method to quantify the “cultural services” of the English landscape using Countryside Survey data, Land Use Policy, 29, 449–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.09.002, 2012.
Norton, L., Greene, S., Scholefield, P., and Dunbar, M.: The importance of scale in the development of ecosystem service indicators?, Ecol. Indic., 61, 130–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.051, 2016.
Norton, L. R., Murphy, J., Reynolds, B., Marks, S., and Mackey, E. C.: Countryside Survey: Scotland results from 2007, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, 2009.
Norton, L. R., Maskell, L. C., Smart, S. S., Dunbar, M. J., Emmett, B. A., Carey, P. D., Williams, P., Crowe, A., Chandler, K., Scott, W. A., and Wood, C. M.: Measuring stock and change in the GB countryside for policy: key findings and developments from the Countryside Survey 2007 field survey, J. Environ. Manage., 113, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.030, 2012.
Ortega, M., Guerra, C., Honrado, J. P., Metzger, M. J., Bunce, R. G. H., and Jongman, R. H. G.: Surveillance of habitats and plant diversity indicators across a regional gradient in the Iberian Peninsula, Ecol. Indic., 33, 36–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.12.004, 2013.
Palmer, M. W.: Potential biases in site and species selection for ecological monitoring, Environ. Monit. Assess., 26, 277–282, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00547504, 1993.
Petit, S., Griffiths, L., Smart, S. S., Smith, G. M., Stuart, R. C., and Wright, S. M.: Effects of area and isolation of woodland patches on herbaceous plant species richness across Great Britain, Landsc. Ecol., 19, 463–471, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:LAND.0000036141.30359.53, 2004.
Prosser, M. V. and Wallace, H. L.: Countryside Survey 1990 Quality Assurance Exercise. Report to Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station, Canon Pyon, Herefordshire, 1992.
Prosser, M. V. and Wallace, H. L.: Countryside Survey 2000 Quality Assurance Exercise. Report to Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station. Second draft, Canon Pyon, Herefordshire, 1999.
Prosser, M. V. and Wallace, H. L.: Quality Assurance Exercise, Report to Centre of Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008.
Rhodes, C. J., Henrys, P., Siriwardena, G. M., Whittingham, M. J., and Norton, L. R.: The relative value of field survey and remote sensing for biodiversity assessment, Methods Ecol. Evol., 6, 772–781, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12385, 2015.
Rodwell, J. S.: National vegetation classification: Users' handbook, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 2006.
Rose, R., Monteith, D. T., Henrys, P., Smart, S., Wood, C., Morecroft, M., Andrews, C., Beaumont, D., Benham, S., and Bowmaker, V.: Evidence for increases in vegetation species richness across UK Environmental Change Network sites linked to changes in air pollution and weather patterns, Ecol. Indic., 68, 52–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.005, 2016.
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Rowe, E. C., Ford, A. E. S., Smart, S. M., Henrys, P. A., and Ashmore, M. R.: Using qualitative and quantitative methods to choose a habitat quality metric for air pollution policy evaluation, PLOS ONE, 11, e0161085, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161085, 2016.
Scott, W., Morecroft, M., Taylor, M., and Smart, S.: Countryside Survey-Environmental Change Network link, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK, 2010.
Scott, W. A., Smart, S. M., and Clarke, R.: Quality Assurance Report: QA and bias in vegetation recording, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008.
Sheail, J. and Bunce, R. G. H.: The development and scientific principles of an environmental classification for strategic ecological survey in the United Kingdom, Environ. Conserv., 30, 147–159, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000134, 2003.
Silvertown, J., Poulton, P., Johnston, E., Edwards, G., Heard, M., and Biss, P. M.: The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: its contribution to ecology, J. Ecol., 94, 801–814, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01145.x, 2006.
Smart, S., Clarke, R., Van De Poll, H., Robertson, E., Shield, E., Bunce, R., and Maskell, L.: National-scale vegetation change across Britain; an analysis of sample-based surveillance data from the Countryside Surveys of 1990 and 1998, J. Environ. Manage., 67, 239–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00177-9, 2003.
Smart, S., Ashmore, M., Hornung, M., Scott, W., Fowler, D., Dragosits, U., Howard, D., Sutton, M., and Famulari, D.: Detecting the signal of atmospheric N deposition in recent national-scale vegetation change across Britain, Water Air Soil Poll., 4, 269–278, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11267-005-3037-5, 2005a.
Smart, S., Bunce, R., Marrs, R., LeDuc, M., Firbank, L., Maskell, L., Scott, W., Thompson, K., and Walker, K.: Large-scale changes in the abundance of common higher plant species across Britain between 1978, 1990 and 1998 as a consequence of human activity: tests of hypothesised changes in trait representation, Biol. Conserv., 124, 355–371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.12.013, 2005b.
Smart, S., Maskell, L., Dunbar, M., Emmett, B., Marks, S., Norton, L., Rose, P., and Simpson, I.: An Integrated Assessment of Countryside Survey data to investigate Ecosystem Services in Great Britain. Countryside Survey Technical Report No. 10/07, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, 2010a.
Smart, S., Henrys, P. A., Scott, W. A., Hall, J. R., Evans, C. D., Crowe, A., Rowe, E. C., Dragosits, U., Page, T., Whyatt, J. D., Sowerby, A., and Clark, J. M.: Impacts of pollution and climate change on ombrotrophic Sphagnum species in the UK: analysis of uncertainties in two empirical niche models, Clim. Res., 45, 163–177, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00969 2010b.
Smart, S., Scott, W. A., Whitaker, J., Hill, M. O., Roy, D. B., Critchley, C. N., Marina, L., Evans, C., Emmett, B. A., Rowe, E. C., Crowe, A., and Marrs, R. H.: Empirical realised niche models for British higher and lower plants – development and preliminary testing, J. Veg. Sci., 21, 643–656, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01173.x, 2010c.
Smart, S. M. and DART Computing: Modular Analysis of Vegetation Information System (MAVIS), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, http://www.ceh.ac.uk/services/modular-analysis-vegetation-information-system-mavis, last access: 16 November, 2017.
Smart, S. M., Firbank, L. G., Bunce, R. G. H., and Watkins, J. W.: Quantifying changes in abundance of food plants for butterfly larvae and farmland birds, J. Appl. Ecol., 37, 398–414, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00508.x, 2000.
Smart, S. M., Bunce, R. G. H., Firbank, L. G., and Coward, P.: Do field boundaries act as refugia for grassland plant species diversity in intensively managed agricultural landscapes in Britain?, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 91, 73–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00259-6, 2002.
Smart, S. M., Marrs, R. H., Le Duc, M. G., Thompson, K., Bunce, R. G., Firbank, L. G., and Rossall, M. J.: Spatial relationships between intensive land cover and residual plant species diversity in temperate farmed landscapes, J. Appl. Ecol., 43, 1128–1137, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01231.x, 2006a.
Smart, S. M., Thompson, K., Marrs, R. H., Le Duc, M. G., Maskell, L. C., and Firbank, L. G.: Biotic homogenization and changes in species diversity across human-modified ecosystems, P. Roy. Soc. B, 273, 2659–2665, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3630, 2006b.
Smart, S. M., Scott, A., and Clarke, R.: Quality Assurance Report – Analysis of plant species recording bias in Countryside Survey terrestrial vegetation plots – summary report, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008.
Smart, S. M., Allen, D., Murphy, J., Carey, P. D., Emmett, B. A., Reynolds, B., Simpson, I. C., Evans, R. A., Skates, J., Scott, W. A., Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Rossall, M. J., and Wood, C.: Countryside Survey: Wales Results from 2007, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK, 94, 2009.
Smart, S. M., Henrys, P. A., Purse, B. V., Murphy, J. M., Bailey, M. J., and Marrs, R. H.: Clarity or confusion?: problems in attributing large-scale ecological changes to anthropogenic drivers, Ecol. Indic., 20, 51–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.01.022, 2012.
Smart, S. M., Glanville, H. C., Blanes, M. d. C., Mercado, L. M., Emmett, B. A., Jones, D. L., Cosby, B. J., Marrs, R. H., Butler, A., Marshall, M. R., Reinsch, S., Herrero-Jáuregui, C., and Hodgson, J. G.: Leaf dry matter content is better at predicting above-ground net primary production than specific leaf area, Funct. Ecol., 31, 1336–1344, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12832, 2017.
Ståhl, G., Allard, A., Esseen, P.-A., Glimskär, A., Ringvall, A., Svensson, J., Sundquist, S., Christensen, P., Torell, Å. G., and Högström, M.: National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS)—scope, design, and experiences from establishing a multiscale biodiversity monitoring system, Environ. Monit. Assess., 173, 579–595, 2011.
Stevens, C., Maskell, L., Smart, S., Caporn, S., Dise, N., and Gowing, D.: Identifying indicators of atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts in acid grasslands, Biol. Conserv., 142, 2069–2075, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.002, 2009.
Stevens, C. J., Payne, R. J., Kimberley, A., and Smart, S. M.: How will the semi-natural vegetation of the UK have changed by 2030 given likely changes in nitrogen deposition?, Environ. Pollut., 208, 879–889, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.013, 2016.
van den Berg, L. J., Jones, L., Sheppard, L. J., Smart, S. M., Bobbink, R., Dise, N. B., and Ashmore, M. R.: Evidence for differential effects of reduced and oxidised nitrogen deposition on vegetation independent of nitrogen load, Environ. Pollut., 208, 890–897, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.017, 2016.
Villoslada, M., Bunce, R. G. H., Sepp, K., Jongman, R. H. G., Metzger, M. J., Kull, T., Raet, J., Kuusemets, V., Kull, A., and Leito, A.: A framework for habitat monitoring and climate change modelling: construction and validation of the Environmental Stratification of Estonia, Reg. Environ. Change, 17, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1002-7, 2016.
Watson, R., Albon, S., Aspinall, R., Austen, M., Bardgett, B., Bateman, I., Berry, P., Bird, W., Bradbury, R., and Brown, C.: UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Technical Report, United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, 2011.
Wood, C. M. and Bunce, R. G. H.: Survey of the terrestrial habitats and vegetation of Shetland, 1974 – a framework for long-term ecological monitoring, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016, 2016.
Wood, C. M., Howard, D. C., Henrys, P. A., Bunce, R. G. H., and Smart, S. M.: Countryside Survey: measuring habitat change over 30 years: 1978 data rescue – final report, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, 2012.
Wood, C. M., Smart, S. M., and Bunce, R. G. H.: Woodland Survey of Great Britain 1971–2001, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015.
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The vegetation component has subsequently been repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007, and changes may be related to a range of drivers.
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological...
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