Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-5027-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-5027-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The DTU25 mean sea surface: from and for SWOT
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Ole Baltazar Andersen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Per Knudsen
DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Christian Solgaard, Finn Bo Madsen, Malte Winther-Dahl, Thomas Henry Nylen, Danjal Longfors Berg, Ole Bjerregaard, Javed Hassan, Per Knudsen, Michael Bevis, and Shfaqat Abbas Khan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 5117–5142, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-5117-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-5117-2026, 2026
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The Greenland GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Network consists of more than 70 high-grade GNSS stations placed along the perimeter of Greenland. With this work, we present the processed position solutions for the 20+ year record in a daily resolution. Along with the processed time series, we also publish the extensive metadata record for the network and raw data. A comparison with other subsets of the data showed an increased stability in the full processed dataset we publish here.
Michael G. Hart-Davis, Roman Sulzbach, Stefan A. Talke, Ivan D. Haigh, Marta Marcos, Philip Woodworth, Richard Ray, Ole B. Andersen, Florent Lyard, Ergane Fouchet, Denise Dettmering, Maik Thomas, and Florian Seitz
Ocean Sci., 22, 1681–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1681-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1681-2026, 2026
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Ocean tides are a critical component of the global climate system, influencing a wide range of geophysical processes. Tide gauges have been a valuable source for developing the theory of ocean tides and for understanding their variability. We provide updated and new insights on tidal properties using the Global Extreme Sea Level Analysis tide gauge dataset, intended to be useful to a range of applications, from navigation and fishing communities to ocean scientists and tidal experts.
Yihao Wu, Hongkai Shi, Dongzhen Jia, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Xiufeng He, Zhicai Luo, Yu Li, Shiyuan Chen, Xiaohuan Si, Sisu Diao, Yihuang Shi, and Yanglin Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2463–2488, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2463-2025, 2025
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We developed a high-quality and cost-effective shallow-water depth model for >120 islands in the South China Sea, using ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2 satellite data. This model maps water depths with an accuracy of ~1 m. Our findings highlight the limitations of existing global bathymetry models in shallow regions. Our model exhibited superior performance in capturing fine-scale bathymetric features with unprecedented spatial resolution, providing essential data for marine applications.
Ole Baltazar Andersen, Stine Kildegaard Rose, Adili Abulaitijiang, Shengjun Zhang, and Sara Fleury
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4065–4075, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4065-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4065-2023, 2023
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The mean sea surface (MSS) is an important reference for mapping sea-level changes across the global oceans. It is widely used by space agencies in the definition of sea-level anomalies as mapped by satellite altimetry from space. Here a new fully global high-resolution mean sea surface called DTU21MSS is presented, and a suite of evaluations are performed to demonstrate its performance.
Martin Horwath, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Anny Cazenave, Hindumathi Kulaiappan Palanisamy, Florence Marti, Ben Marzeion, Frank Paul, Raymond Le Bris, Anna E. Hogg, Inès Otosaka, Andrew Shepherd, Petra Döll, Denise Cáceres, Hannes Müller Schmied, Johnny A. Johannessen, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Roshin P. Raj, René Forsberg, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Valentina R. Barletta, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Per Knudsen, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Heidi Ranndal, Stine K. Rose, Christopher J. Merchant, Claire R. Macintosh, Karina von Schuckmann, Kristin Novotny, Andreas Groh, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 411–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, 2022
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Global mean sea-level change observed from 1993 to 2016 (mean rate of 3.05 mm yr−1) matches the combined effect of changes in water density (thermal expansion) and ocean mass. Ocean-mass change has been assessed through the contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, and land water storage or directly from satellite data since 2003. Our budget assessments of linear trends and monthly anomalies utilise new datasets and uncertainty characterisations developed within ESA's Climate Change Initiative.
Carsten Bjerre Ludwigsen, Ole Baltazar Andersen, and Stine Kildegaard Rose
Ocean Sci., 18, 109–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-109-2022, 2022
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This study uses a novel satellite-independent approach to quantify the components of Arctic sea level change. The 21-year time series allows studying climate-related changes in Arctic sea level. The decomposition shows that fresh water is governing sea level change, while Arctic land ice loss contributes to a small Arctic sea level rise. The reconstruction yields good agreement with sea level observations from altimetry, despite both datasets being challenged by the harsh environment.
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Short summary
The average height of the sea surface is important to understand if we are to accurately understand either the dynamic ocean or improve our understanding of the shape of the earth's surface. Currently we have been able to understand this to a certain degree, but with data from the new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite, we are now able to map the sea surface at a very small scale. We utilize this new data to better understand and map the shape of the global oceans.
The average height of the sea surface is important to understand if we are to accurately...
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