Articles | Volume 18, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2951-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2951-2026
Data description article
 | 
28 Apr 2026
Data description article |  | 28 Apr 2026

A historical nutrient dataset (1895–2024) for the North Pacific: reconstructed from machine learning and hydrographic observations

Chuanjun Du, Naiwen Zheng, Shuh-Ji Kao, Minhan Dai, Zhimian Cao, Dalin Shi, Qiancheng Li, Hao Wang, Xunlan Luo, and Xiaolin Li

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Cited articles

Arteaga, L., Pahlow, M., and Oschlies, A.: Global monthly sea surface nitrate fields estimated from remotely sensed sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and modeled mixed layer depth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1130–1138, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062937, 2015. 
Ascani, F., Richards, K. J., Firing, E., Grant, S., Johnson, K. S., Jia, Y., Lukas, R., and Karl, D. M.: Physical and biological controls of nitrate concentrations in the upper subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 93, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.034, 2013. 
Barone, B., Church, M. J., Dugenne, M., Hawco, N. J., Jahn, O., White, A. E., John, S. G., Follows, M. J., DeLong, E. F., and Karl, D. M.: Biogeochemical dynamics in adjacent mesoscale eddies of opposite polarity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 36, e2021GB007115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GB007115, 2022. 
Bidigare, R. R., Chai, F., Landry, M. R., Lukas, R., Hannides, C. C. S., Christensen, S. J., Karl, D. M., Shi, L., and Chao, Y.: Subtropical ocean ecosystem structure changes forced by North Pacific climate variations, J. Plankton Res., 31, 1131–1139, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp064, 2009. 
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Nutrient levels govern oceanic primary production, but measuring them is labor-intensive and costly. To address this, we used machine learning models to learn the hidden relationships between easy-to-measure ocean properties (like temperature and salinity) and nutrient levels. Applying this model, we created ~ 470 million nutrient data points across the North Pacific from 1895 to 2024. This data will help to understand nutrient dynamics and marine ecosystem variability under climate change.
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