Articles | Volume 18, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2951-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-2951-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A historical nutrient dataset (1895–2024) for the North Pacific: reconstructed from machine learning and hydrographic observations
Chuanjun Du
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Naiwen Zheng
School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Shuh-Ji Kao
School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Minhan Dai
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Zhimian Cao
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Dalin Shi
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Qiancheng Li
School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Hao Wang
School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Xunlan Luo
School of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Jialu Huang, Moriaki Yasuhara, He Wang, Pedro Julião Jimenez, Jiying Li, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 22, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4763-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4763-2025, 2025
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We investigated the abundance, diversity, composition, and distribution of ostracods (a meiobenthic group) and their interactions with eutrophication and pollution through high-resolution sampling of surface sediment in Deep Bay, a small semi-enclosed riverine bay adjacent to two of the world’s most populated cities: Hong Kong and Shenzhen. The results support the idea that ostracods are a useful bioindicator of coastal benthic ecosystems shaped by distinct environmental problems.
Yuye Han, Zvi Steiner, Zhimian Cao, Di Fan, Junhui Chen, Jimin Yu, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 22, 3681–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3681-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3681-2025, 2025
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Our results suggest coccolithophore calcite accounts for a major fraction of PIC (particulate inorganic carbon) standing stocks in the western North Pacific, with a markedly higher contribution in the oligotrophic subtropical gyre than in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region, which highlights the importance of coccolithophores for PIC production in the pelagic ocean, particularly in oligotrophic ocean waters.
Yongkai Chang, Ehui Tan, Dengzhou Gao, Cheng Liu, Zongxiao Zhang, Zhixiong Huang, Jianan Liu, Yu Han, Zifu Xu, Bin Chen, and Shuh-Ji Kao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3521–3540, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3521-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3521-2025, 2025
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Denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) are two important nitrogen removal pathways that convert reactive nitrogen into dinitrogen gas. Here, we construct a global database on actual nitrogen loss rates, covering over 30 years of observations, measured in coastal and marine sediments. This work provides a global overview of the biogeography and potential controlling factors of denitrification and anammox and highlights the potential applications of this database.
Zuozhu Wen, Ruotong Jiang, Tianli He, Thomas Browning, Haizheng Hong, and Dalin Shi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-775, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-775, 2024
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The isotope effect of biological N2 fixation is a key parameter for understanding the nitrogen cycle, however, little is known about its regulatory mechanisms. Here we show for the first time that CO2 exerts important controls on the N isotopic composition in diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium and Crocosphaera, through the controls on nitrogenase enzyme efficiency. This study provides insights into understanding the fluctuations of δ15N records, and thus the past nitrogen cycle.
Yanmin Wang, Xianghui Guo, Guizhi Wang, Lifang Wang, Tao Huang, Yan Li, Zhe Wang, and Minhan Dai
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3155, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3155, 2024
Preprint archived
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This study reports higher nutrient release in fish farming system compared to river inputs and other sources with implications for coastal environment. DIN and DIP variation in Sansha Bay are dominated by mariculture activity relative to river input during spring. The N/P budget shows that 52.8 ± 4.7 % of DIN and 33.0 ± 3.7 % of DIP released from fish feeds exceeded other nutrient inputs. Co-culture strategies (e.g., of fish, kelp and oysters) allow effective mitigation of environmental impacts.
Zhibo Shao, Yangchun Xu, Hua Wang, Weicheng Luo, Lice Wang, Yuhong Huang, Nona Sheila R. Agawin, Ayaz Ahmed, Mar Benavides, Mikkel Bentzon-Tilia, Ilana Berman-Frank, Hugo Berthelot, Isabelle C. Biegala, Mariana B. Bif, Antonio Bode, Sophie Bonnet, Deborah A. Bronk, Mark V. Brown, Lisa Campbell, Douglas G. Capone, Edward J. Carpenter, Nicolas Cassar, Bonnie X. Chang, Dreux Chappell, Yuh-ling Lee Chen, Matthew J. Church, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Amália Maria Sacilotto Detoni, Scott C. Doney, Cecile Dupouy, Marta Estrada, Camila Fernandez, Bieito Fernández-Castro, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Rachel A. Foster, Ken Furuya, Nicole Garcia, Kanji Goto, Jesús Gago, Mary R. Gradoville, M. Robert Hamersley, Britt A. Henke, Cora Hörstmann, Amal Jayakumar, Zhibing Jiang, Shuh-Ji Kao, David M. Karl, Leila R. Kittu, Angela N. Knapp, Sanjeev Kumar, Julie LaRoche, Hongbin Liu, Jiaxing Liu, Caroline Lory, Carolin R. Löscher, Emilio Marañón, Lauren F. Messer, Matthew M. Mills, Wiebke Mohr, Pia H. Moisander, Claire Mahaffey, Robert Moore, Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Margaret R. Mulholland, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Joseph A. Needoba, Eric J. Raes, Eyal Rahav, Teodoro Ramírez-Cárdenas, Christian Furbo Reeder, Lasse Riemann, Virginie Riou, Julie C. Robidart, Vedula V. S. S. Sarma, Takuya Sato, Himanshu Saxena, Corday Selden, Justin R. Seymour, Dalin Shi, Takuhei Shiozaki, Arvind Singh, Rachel E. Sipler, Jun Sun, Koji Suzuki, Kazutaka Takahashi, Yehui Tan, Weiyi Tang, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Kendra Turk-Kubo, Zuozhu Wen, Angelicque E. White, Samuel T. Wilson, Takashi Yoshida, Jonathan P. Zehr, Run Zhang, Yao Zhang, and Ya-Wei Luo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3673–3709, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3673-2023, 2023
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N2 fixation by marine diazotrophs is an important bioavailable N source to the global ocean. This updated global oceanic diazotroph database increases the number of in situ measurements of N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundances, and nifH gene copy abundances by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Using the updated database, the global marine N2 fixation rate is estimated at 223 ± 30 Tg N yr−1, which triplicates that using the original database.
Yifan Ma, Kuanbo Zhou, Weifang Chen, Junhui Chen, Jin-Yu Terence Yang, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 20, 2013–2030, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2013-2023, 2023
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We distinguished particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes out of the nutrient-depleted layer (NDL) and the euphotic zone. The amount of POC export flux at the NDL base suggests that the NDL could be a hotspot of particle export. The substantial POC export flux at the NDL base challenges traditional concepts that the NDL was limited in terms of POC export. The dominant nutrient source for POC export fluxes should be subsurface nutrients, which was determined by 15N isotopic mass balance.
Zhixuan Wang, Guizhi Wang, Xianghui Guo, Yan Bai, Yi Xu, and Minhan Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1711–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023, 2023
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We reconstructed monthly sea surface pCO2 data with a high spatial resolution in the South China Sea (SCS) from 2003 to 2020. We validate our reconstruction with three independent testing datasets and present a new method to assess the uncertainty of the data. The results strongly suggest that our reconstruction effectively captures the main features of the spatiotemporal patterns of pCO2 in the SCS. Using this dataset, we found that the SCS is overall a weak source of atmospheric CO2.
Zuozhu Wen, Thomas J. Browning, Rongbo Dai, Wenwei Wu, Weiying Li, Xiaohua Hu, Wenfang Lin, Lifang Wang, Xin Liu, Zhimian Cao, Haizheng Hong, and Dalin Shi
Biogeosciences, 19, 5237–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5237-2022, 2022
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Fe and P are key factors controlling the biogeography and activity of marine N2-fixing microorganisms. We found lower abundance and activity of N2 fixers in the northern South China Sea than around the western boundary of the North Pacific, and N2 fixation rates switched from Fe–P co-limitation to P limitation. We hypothesize the Fe supply rates and Fe utilization strategies of each N2 fixer are important in regulating spatial variability in community structure across the study area.
Yangyang Zhao, Khanittha Uthaipan, Zhongming Lu, Yan Li, Jing Liu, Hongbin Liu, Jianping Gan, Feifei Meng, and Minhan Dai
Biogeosciences, 18, 2755–2775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021, 2021
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In situ oxygen consumption rates were estimated for the first time during destruction of coastal hypoxia as disturbed by a typhoon and its reinstatement in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary. The reinstatement of summer hypoxia was rapid with a comparable timescale with that of its initial disturbance from frequent tropical cyclones, which has important implications for better understanding the intermittent nature of coastal hypoxia and its prediction in a changing climate.
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Short summary
Nutrient levels govern oceanic primary production, but measuring them is labor-intensive and costly. To address this, we used machine learning models to learn the hidden relationships between easy-to-measure ocean properties (like temperature and salinity) and nutrient levels. Applying this model, we created ~ 470 million nutrient data points across the North Pacific from 1895 to 2024. This data will help to understand nutrient dynamics and marine ecosystem variability under climate change.
Nutrient levels govern oceanic primary production, but measuring them is labor-intensive and...
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